1 Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Departamento de Enfermagem na Saúde da Mulher. R. Napoleão de Barros, 754, 3º andar, Vila Clementino, 04024-002, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. Correspondência para/Correspondence to: KP COCA. E-mail: <kcoca@unifesp.br>.
2 Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Support: MASM was granted a research scholarship from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científi co e Tecnológico (CNPq, National Council of Scientifi c and Technological Development) through the Institutional Scholarship Program by UNIFESP (2015-2017).
Como citar este artigo/How to cite this article
Moreno MAS, Castro LS, Abrão ACFV, Coca KP. Food safety and quality of distribution of raw human milk from a University Hospital. Rev Nutr. 2018;31(6):547-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-98652018000600004
Food safety and quality of distribution
of raw human milk from a
University Hospital
Segurança alimentar e qualidade da
distribuição do leite humano cru
de um Hospital Universitário
Marina Aparecida da Silva MORENO1 0000-0002-9566-1551
Lucíola Sant’Anna de CASTRO2 0000-0001-9729-8306
Ana Cristina Freitas de Vilhena ABRÃO1 0000-0001-6249-2467
Kelly Pereira COCA1 0000-0002-3604-852X
A B S T R A C T
Objective
To evaluate the quality of raw human milk distributed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital of the city of São Paulo.
Methods
tests were used for the analysis of the energy profile and the degree of Dornic acidity, according to the stage of the raw human milk and the gestational age of the child.
Results
The study was composed of 40 samples of 40 different women, with a mean age of 27 years, an average of 11.8 years of education, most of them were multiparous and with a partner. Regarding milk analysis, 55.0% was classified as colostrum, 27.5% as mature milk and 17.5% as transitional milk. All samples presented negative results for dirt and normal coloration. The mean milk acidity was 3.24º Dornic and most of the samples were classified as hypercaloric energy content. There was no association between the lactation stage and gestational age with the acidity value and energy content.
Conclusion
The quality of raw human milk distributed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the institution evaluated was considered adequate and the samples analyzed had a high energy content and excellent Dornic acidity.
Keywords: Food and Nutrition Security. Human milk. Milk Banks. Premature Infant.
R E S U M O
Objetivo
Avaliar a qualidade do leite humano cru distribuído para a Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de um Hospital Universitário do município de São Paulo.
Métodos
Estudo transversal com alíquotas de leite humano cru de mães que frequentaram o Posto de Coleta de Leite Humano de um Hospital Universitário, analisadas entre maio de 2016 a janeiro de 2017, sendo excluídas alíquotas de mães de gêmeos. Verificou-se a qualidade do Leite Humano Cru pela presença de sujidade, coloração, acidez titulável pelo Método Dornic e conteúdo energético. Empregou-se os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney para as análises do perfil energético e do grau de acidez Dornic, segundo estágio do Leite Humano Cru e idade gestacional da criança.
Resultados
A pesquisa foi composta por 40 alíquotas de 40 mulheres diferentes, com média de idade de 27 anos, 11,8 anos de estudos, a maioria multíparas e com companheiro. Quanto à análise do leite, 55,0% foi classificado em colostro, 27,5% em leite maduro e 17,5% em leite de transição. A totalidade das alíquotas apresentou resultado negativo para a avaliação de sujidade e com coloração normal. A média da acidez do leite foi de 3,24º Dornic e a maioria das amostras foi classificada como perfil energético hipercalórico. Não foi observada associação entre o estágio de lactação e idade gestacional com o valor da acidez e conteúdo energético.
Conclusão
A qualidade do leite humano cru distribuído na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal da instituição avaliada foi considerada adequada sendo as amostras analisadas com alto conteúdo energético e grau de acidez Dornic excelente.
Palavras-chave: Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. Leite Humano. Banco de Leite Humano. Recém-nascido Prematuro.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
Food and Nutrition Security (FNS) is defined in Brazil by the Lei Orgânica de Segurança
Alimentar e Nutricional (LOSAN, Organic Law of
Food and Nutrition Security – No.11.346, of July 15, 2006) as the “realization of the right of all to regular and permanent access to quality food
studied can be an effective tool for the orientation of public policies [2].
Regarding eating habits for children, the World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age with no liquids other than breast milk, and continue breastfeeding with appropriate supplementary food until two years of age or older [3], given the numerous mutual mother-baby benefits, such as lower risk of postpartum hemorrhage, anemia, breast cancer, and improved metabolic parameters in women; and reduction of occurrences of respiratory, gastrointestinal, sudden death and necrotizing enterocolitis in children [4-7].
However, the limitations of preterm and/ or hospitalized infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are challenges to be faced in order to allow the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding [8,9]. In this perspective, the Human Milk Bank (HMB) has been a strategic policy to support and promote breastfeeding, which enables the offer and guides the supply of pasteurized and Raw Human Milk (rHM) in order to enable breastfeeding among these children [10].
The objective of the HMB is to promote and protect breastfeeding and to ensure the quality of the whole process of collection and distribution of Human Milk (HM) to reduce infant mortality [10]. Due to the benefits of rHM supply, pasteurized HM is only recommended for children who have been admitted to a NICU in cases where their mother’s raw milk is not available, with infant formula being the last food of choice [11].
Thus, the quality control of rHM offered to children hospitalized in NICU has a direct impact on their benefit, since, for example, acidification of milk may lead to a decrease in the bioavailability of calcium and phosphorus and immunological factors [12]. Likewise, the low energy content of HM results in a loss of adequate weight gain, and even more serious, the occurrence of contamination during collection may make it inappropriate for consumption [13].
One way to ensure FNS for these children is through the standardization of norms and routines stipulated by the Brazilian Network of Human Milk Banks (rHMB-Br), a reference for several countries in the world, in which donated milk is evaluated before being pasteurized and rHM is extracted in a suitable environment to be offered from the mother to the child [10,14]. However, studies demonstrating the quality of rHM are scarce in the literature.
Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of raw human milk distributed in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital of the city of São Paulo.
M E T H O D S
This is a cross-sectional, observational study with data collected routinely at the Human Milk Collection Station (HMCS) of the HMB at the University Hospital of the Universidade Federal
de São Paulo (UH-UNIFESP, University Hospital
of the Federal University of São Paulo), from May 2016 to January 2017. The UH-UNIFESP is a reference institution for women in the South Region of the city of São Paulo.
Included in the study were samples of rHM donated by nursing mothers who attended the HMCS for milk extraction and thus providing breast milk to their hospitalized child at the NICU, who signed the Free and Informed Consent Form (ICF) (Figure 1).
extremely preterm (IG<28 incomplete weeks) [15]. To identify the different stages of lactation, the rHM was characterized in: colostrum (0 to 7 days postpartum), transitional (8 to 14 days postpartum) and mature (15 days postpartum or longer).
Samples were collected in the afternoon at the HMCS, immediately after the mother had provided this milk sample. All women in the study followed the standard HMCS routine: wrapped hair, wearing a disposable hair net, a mask and an apron, with their hands washed and sanitized breasts with gauze soaked in physiological solution (0.9%) immediately prior to the extraction of milk [10,14]. Then they received a sterile vial and connectors for the extraction of milk from both breasts, by means of electric pump, from the brand Medela® (Lactina model,
Baar, Switzerland), for 30 minutes. At the end of the procedure, a professional responsible for the HMCS collected a 5mL sample with a disposable sterile syringe, placing it in a glass test tube. Together with this professional, a researcher evaluated the presence of dirt and the color of
Women who had their delivery in the UH during
the study period n=688
Women who had their child hospitalazed at the UH NICU during the study period
n=237
Women who visited the UH HMCS in the study period
n=144
Women who agreed to participate in the study and
signed the ICF
n=40
Multiparous mothers; fetal death; breast milk extracted
directly from the mother s’
breast; women who did not visit the HMCS by their own decision; women
who did not want to participate in the study
n=104
Figure 1. Flowchart of the study sample. São Paulo (SP), Brazil, 2016/17.
the freshly extracted human milk. Subsequently, the 5mL sample was redistributed in 3 other 1mL test tubes each for acidity analysis and the remaining 2mL in three capillary tubes for energy content analysis. All analyzes were performed in the HMCS, shortly after sample collection.
The quality of the rHM was evaluated by verifying the presence of dirt, the coloration of the milk, the titratable acidity using the Dornic method (°D), and through its energy content [10,14]. Dirt was defined as the presence of hair and/or lint after the milk extraction. White and yellow colors were considered as normal or suitable colors of human milk, while the colors “brick red” and dark green were considered as abnormal or inadequate, and milk should be discarded [10]. To determine the titratable
acidity, a Dornic acidometer (EME Equipment®,
São Paulo, Brazil) graduated of 0.01mL, a
standard 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution and a solution of 1% hydroalcoholic phenolphthalein in 95ºGL alcohol (ninety-five degrees Gay-Lussac) neutralized [13], and values between 1 and 8ºD were considered appropriate for the classification [10,14].
For the analysis of energy content, the Crematocrit method was used, which consisted of centrifuging the HM samples in a Fanem Century® Centrifuge (São Paulo, Brazil), followed
by measuring the cream column with a ruler of 20cm with subdivisions of 1 millimeter, and calculating the energy value with the formula: Energy content=[% of cream (cream column in mmx100/total column in mm)x66.8+290]=Kcal/L [10,14]. In order to classify the energy content, milk samples were considered as: hypocaloric (<500Kcal/L), normocaloric (500 to 700Kcal/L) and hypercaloric (>700Kcal/L) [16,17]. Both the Dornic acidity and the crematocrit value were obtained by calculating the mean value of the three individual samples (in triplicate).
As a secondary endpoint, the HM stage and the GA of the child were compared with the acidity and energy profile values. The sample was obtained for convenience. In the Note: UH: University Hospital; NICU: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit;
data description measures of central tendency (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation, minimum and maximum values) were used for quantitative variables and relative and absolute frequencies for those of a qualitative nature. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney statistics were used in the analyzes of the endpoints (energy content and degree of Dornic acidity), the second stage of the rHM and the GA of the child, considering the level of significance α equal to 5%. The statistical software Stata (Statistical Software for Professionals, StataCorp, College Station, Texas, United States of America), version 10.0, was used in data analysis.
The study complied with Resolution No.466/12 of the National Health Council, and was submitted and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of São Paulo, Protocol No.1.517.396, after authorization from the Teaching and Research Commission of the UH-UNIFESP.
Table 1. Characterization of the studied population. São Paulo (SP), Brazil, 2016/17.
Variables n % Mean SD
Characteristics of the woman
Age (years) (n=40) - 27.0 7.7
Education (years) (n=37)* - 11.8 2.0
Parity (n=40) - 2.0 1.2
Number of prenatal appointments (n=31)* - 8.0 4.8
With partner (n=40) 35 87.5
-Cesarean delivery (n=40) 28 70.0
-Infant data
Female (n=40) 20 50.0
-Classification of gestational age
Full-term newborn 13 32.5
-Moderate preterm 15 37.5
-Very preterm 6 15.0
-Extremely preterm 6 15.0
-Gestational age (weeks) (n=40) - 34.4 5.0
Birth weight (grams) (n=40) - 2,333.8 928.5
Note: *Sample variation due to data loss.
SD: Standard Deviation.
R E S U L T S
The research was composed of 40 samples from 40 women, with a mean age of 27 years, 11.8 years of education, the majority of them multiparous and with a partner. The newborns had a mean gestational age of 34 weeks, mean birth weight of 2,333.8 grams, most of them were classified as moderate preterm cases and were equally divided between the sexes (Table 1).
Most of the analyzed samples were classified as colostrum. Regarding the analysis of the presence of dirt, all samples were negative; in relation to the colors, all were evaluated as adequate. The mean Dornic acidity score was 3.2º and all samples were classified as adequate.
Figure 2 shows the distribution of the degree of Dornic Acidity among the samples analyzed. Most of the samples had a hypercaloric profile, with a mean of 764.2Kcal/L (Table 2).
Figure 2. Distribution of the degrees of Dornic acidity (oD) by
the number of samples analyzed. São Paulo (SP), Brazil, 2016/17.
whose children were preterm (830.2Kcal/L), there was no statistically significant difference (Table 3) when compared to full-term mothers (704.6Kcal/L). There were no statistically significant differences between the different stages of HM and the degree of Dornic acidity
Table 2. Analysis of raw human milk samples according to their characteristics and quality evaluation. São Paulo (SP), Brazil, 2016/17.
Human milk variable n % Mean (SD) Min-Max
Classification (n=40)
Colostrum 22 55.0
-Transitional 7 17.5
-Mature 11 27.5
-Presence of dirt (n=40) 0 0
-Color (n=40)
Yellow 17 42.5
-Whitish 23 57.5
-“Brick red” 0 0
-Energy profile (n=40)
Hypocaloric 6 15.0
-Caloric 13 32.5
-Hypercaloric 21 52.5
-Degree of Dornic acidity (n=39)* - 3.2 (0.8) 2.1-5.6
Energy value (Kcal/L) (n=40) - 764.2 (237.0) 387.1-1,769.6
Note: *Sample variation due to data loss.
SD: Standard Deviation.
and energy content of the milk, nor was there any difference between the GA of the child and the values of acidity and energy content (Table 3).
D I S C U S S I O N
Preserving the characteristics of rHM distributed to hospitalized children is critical to obtaining all the benefits of breastfeeding and ensuring child food security.
According to the standards of the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency, the extraction of HM can be done in a HMB or a HMCS, since they are considered indicators of milk quality control. In 2018, rHMB-Br introduced a technical standard that deals with the use of exclusive rHM in Neonatal environments, aiming to guide the procedures that ensure the biological quality of the milk offered and, consequently, FNS of children [18]. Milk extraction in an inappropriate environment may increase the risk of contamination and the presence of foreign odors, as well as
non-Values (Dornic degrees)
2 3 4 5 6
Dornic Acidity
25
20
15
10
5
0
Table 3. Mean and Standard Deviation (SD) of milk acidity (Dornic degrees) and energy content (Kcal/L) of raw human milk samples, according to the stage of lactation and gestational age. São Paulo (SP), Brazil, 2016/17.
Variable Dornic acidity Energy content (Kcal/L)
Mean SD p Mean SD p
Stage of lactation
Colostrum 3.3 0.9 0.614* 703.3 155.9 0.109*
Transitional 3.0 0.4 853.5 138.4
Mature 3.5 1.1 820.3 447.7
Gestational Age
Preterm 3.2 0.8 0.830** 830.2 296.5 0.180**
Full-Term 3.3 0.8 704.6 163.1
Note: *Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05); **Mann-Whitney test (p<0.05).
SD: Standard deviation.
compliance with hygiene and sanitary standards [10]. In this study, no samples analyzed showed dirt, which demonstrates compliance with the established standards.
As for the coloration of HM, performed with the naked eye, it was observed that the samples varied between yellow and white, that is, they were adequate. The variation occurs according to the predominance of the constituents of a certain fraction of the milk. Colostrum has shades of yellow-orange due to the presence of carotene. The transition milk will gradually change to a bluish/opaque white color. Mature milk may have its color altered according to the diet of the nursing mother or by the use of medications, for example, milk with a greenish coloration due to a diet rich in riboflavin [10,16]. The “dark green” coloration is caused by the bacterium of the genus Pseudomonas, and the “brick red” coloration, may be due to the suspicion of blood in the milk by papillary discharge or nipple injury, or by the presence of the bacterium Serratiamarcescens, making such sample unfit for human consumption [10], since this bacterium has been the causative agent of infections in children hospitalized in NICU [19]. In a study that investigated an outbreak of Serratia
marcescens in an NICU in Turkey, it suggested
the possibility of contamination through rHM, although it was not statistically correlated
[19]. This research was not aimed at analyzing possible strains in rHM samples but identifying and eliminate possible contamination risks by changes in rHM colors.
In relation to the acidity, the HM has a natural acidity, which varies between 1.0 and 4.0ºD. This acidity, practically free of lactic acid, results from the presence of milk constituents such as casein micelles, mineral salts and whey proteins. The acidity developed is due to the lactic acid which is produced from the bacterial growth related to external contamination, such as contaminated hands and tools [10,13]. In addition to raising the acidity of HM, the production of lactic acid contributes to the non-absorption of calcium and phosphorus [13,20,21]. Despite the increase in the acidity of human milk, by being exposed to the environment after extracted, is considered as quality value ≤8 by the Dornic Method [10].
The Dornic Method is a simple and convenient test to identify the quality of HM in relation to the presence of developed acidity and its correlation with bacterial growth [22].
of the milk and preserving the quality. At the institution in question, milk samples are labeled and immediately packaged in a refrigerator with a temperature below 5°C, avoiding the development of microorganisms in the milk, and consequently, maintaining the quality of the extracted rHM. A study analyzed the effect of storage on the acidity of rHM (in a refrigerator at 5°C after 12 hours and in a freezer at -20°C after 15 days), showed that 80% of the sample preserved the acidity of the milk in the different periods of storage in a refrigerator [23].
One study observed that the higher the acidity, the greater the contamination of the milk by microorganisms [13]. In this way, the importance of ensuring the quality of milk at the time of its extraction is emphasized, as well as the exposure time of rHM at room temperature, considering the possibility of bacterial proliferation and, consequently, a high level of Dornic acidity. The determination of rHM exposure time to the environment is controversial, whereas in Brazil it is standardized in one hour, in Australia the recommended time is up to four hours [24,25]. Thus, the value of the degree of acidity found in this study can be a guide for new studies that intend to extend this period and even discuss the use of the Dornic method as a possible alternative in cases of doubt regarding the quality of milk to be offered raw, avoiding unnecessary contempt.
With regard to the energy content, this study identified the predominance of hypercaloric milk, guaranteeing the nutritional safety of the child. Hypercaloric milk is of fundamental importance for preterm and/or low birth weight babies, favoring weight gain and minimizing rates of infant morbidity and mortality. The energy content of HM varies according to the proportion of the presence of its constituents, considering the stage of lactation and GA [10]. In addition, maternal age, gestational diabetes, and high postpartum maternal Body Mass Index (BMI) levels may also be related to the macronutrient content of HM
[26]. However, in this study, the presence of diseases and variations of BMI were not explored, and the relationship between the HM stage and the GA was not statistically significant when the milk energy value and the acidity degree were compared. Despite the result, the literature presents findings in which the HM of mothers of preterm infants tends to be more caloric when compared to those of full-term babies [27].
The presence of a HMCS in a hospital is a desirable condition to guarantee the availability of rHM to children in the NICU [18]. However, the benefits can be guaranteed provided that it presents adequate hygienic-sanitary standards, contributing to the maintenance of lactation and helping to reduce early weaning among preterm babies.
Among the limitations of this study, it is possible to highlight the lack of other similar studies in the literature to compare with the findings demonstrated here; the possible influence of the collection of samples on the energy value of HM, since these samples were extracted from both breasts by an electric pump for 30 minutes; and the small number of samples, justified by the low number of visits by mothers to the HMCS; these mothers, in many cases, have difficulties in extracting the milk or even attending the hospital on a daily basis, discontinuing the offer of rHM to their hospitalized child.
However, individual health data, collected routinely and analyzed in a timely manner, provide opportunities for the development of innovative, efficient, and cost-effective research that may reflect clinical management decisions as well as in the planning of public health services, improving health care services for women [28].
C O N C L U S I O N
and the analyzed samples presented low acidity levels and a high energy content.
The breastfeeding protection policy, through HMB actions, will contribute to the reduction of the morbidity and mortality of preterm infants, provided that the quality of the distributed rHM is one of the main goals in the care of these children.
C O N T R I B U T O R S
MAS MORENO and KP COCA participated in the conception, design, analysis and interpretation, revision and approval of the final version of this article. LS CASTRO and ACFV ABRÃO participated in the analysis and interpretation, revision and approval of the final version of this article.
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