Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
FISIOPATOLOGIA
FISIOPATOLOGIA E FARMACOTERAPIE FARMACOTERAPIA I A I –– 2007/20082007/2008
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Crise epiléptica
Crise epiléptica
Síndroma polimó
Síndroma polimórfico
rfico de distúrbio
de distúrbio da activida
da actividade eléctrica
de eléctrica do SNC
do SNC
causado por perturbação
causado por perturbação neurológica crónica subjacente.
neurológica crónica subjacente.
Recorrência periódica de crises
Recorrência periódica de crises epiléptica
epilépticas com
s com ou sem
ou sem convulsão.
convulsão.
1% da população
1% da população
Crises epilépticas
Crises epilépticas
P
P
a
a
r
r
c
c
i
i
a
a
i
i
s
s
o
o
u
u
f
f
o
o
c
c
a
a
i
i
s
s
G
G
e
e
n
n
e
e
r
r
a
a
l
l
i
i
z
z
a
a
d
d
a
a
s
s
SimplesSimples ComplexasComplexas Com generalização secundáriaCom generalização secundária
AusênciasAusências Tónico-clónicasTónico-clónicas TónicasTónicas AtónicasAtónicas MioclónicasMioclónicas ⅓ ⅓< 1 crise/ano< 1 crise/ano ⅓ ⅓1-12 crises/ano1-12 crises/ano ⅓ ⅓> 1 crise/mês> 1 crise/mês 60% crises
60% crises convulsivaconvulsivass
⅔ ⅔ ⅓ ⅓ 70% remissão 70% remissão 30% epilepsia crónica 30% epilepsia crónica nº
nº de crisde crises nos 6 meses nos 6 meses após 1es após 1ªª 60% causa desconhecida
60% causa desconhecida
15% doença vascular (49% idoso) 15% doença vascular (49% idoso) 6% tumor (11% idoso)
6% tumor (11% idoso)
Paroxismo de disfunção cerebral devido a descarga anormal,
Paroxismo de disfunção cerebral devido a descarga anormal,
excessiva de neurónios do SNC.
excessiva de neurónios do SNC.
5-10% da população
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Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Inibição
Inibição
Excitação
Excitação
SNC SNC
O cérebro normal pode sofrer uma crise epiléptica. A sensibilidade e o limiar variam com o
O cérebro normal pode sofrer uma crise epiléptica. A sensibilidade e o limiar variam com o
indivíduo.
indivíduo.
Ex: convulsões febris.Ex: convulsões febris.
Algumas situações representam uma
Algumas situações representam uma elevada probabilidad
elevada probabilidade de
e de desencadea
desencadearem uma
rem uma crise
crise
epiléptica.
epiléptica.
Factores epileptogénicos: traumatismo craniano severo penetrante (50% risco), AVC, Factores epileptogénicos: traumatismo craniano severo penetrante (50% risco), AVC, infecções…infecções…
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Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Facto
Facto
res epil
res epil
eptog
eptog
énic
énic
os
os
/ precipi
/ precipi
tant
tant
es
es
HiperventilaçãoHiperventilação
Sono ou privação de Sono ou privação de sonosono
Estímulos sensitivos Estímulos sensitivos Stresse Stresse Flutuações hormonais Flutuações hormonais Fármacos Fármacos Álcool Álcool Drogas de abuso
Drogas de abuso Factores perinataisFactores perinatais Traumatismo craniano Traumatismo craniano Infecções SNC Infecções SNC AVC AVC Doença
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Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Fármacos que podem causar
Fármacos que podem causar
crises epilépticas
crises epilépticas
Antim
Antimicro
icrobiano
bianoss / ant
/ antivirai
iviraiss
ββ-lactâmicos-lactâmicos Quinolonas Quinolonas Aciclovir Aciclovir Isoniazida Isoniazida Ganciclovir Ganciclovir
Anestésicos e analgésicos
Anestésicos e analgésicos
Meperidina Meperidina Tramadol Tramadol Anestésicos locais Anestésicos locaisImunomoduladores
Imunomoduladores
Ciclosporina CiclosporinaPsicotrópicos
Psicotrópicos
Antidepressores AntidepressoresAbstinência de
Abstinência de sedativos-hipnó
sedativos-hipnóticos
ticos
Álcool Álcool
Drogas de abuso
Drogas de abuso
Anfetamina Anfetamina Cocaína CocaínaTrusted by over 1 million members
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Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Excitabilidade
Excitabilidade
neuronial
neuronial
Factores intrínsecos
Factores intrínsecos
Factores extrínsecos
Factores extrínsecos
neurotransmissoresneurotransmissores moduladores de receptoresmoduladores de receptores
astrócitos, astrócitos, oligodendroligodendrócitos…ócitos…
Mecanismos de iniciação e propagação das crises parciais
Mecanismos de iniciação e propagação das crises parciais
Potenciais de acção de elevada fr
Potenciais de acção de elevada frequência
equência
DespolarizaçDespolarização prolongada por infão prolongada por influxo de Caluxo de Ca2+2+→→abertura de canais de Naabertura de canais de Na++
dependentes do potencial
dependentes do potencial →→influxo de Nainfluxo de Na++
HipeHiperpolrpolarizaarizaçãoção pós-pós-potenpotencialcial medimediada por receada por receptoreptores GABAérgs GABAérgicosicos ouou
canais de K canais de K++
Hipersincronização
Hipersincronização
1.
1.
↑
↑
K
K
++extracelular
extracelular
2.
2.
Acumulação de Ca
Acumulação de Ca
2+2+nos terminais
nos terminais préjunciona
préjuncionais
is
3.
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Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Crise epiléptica
Crise epiléptica
O clínico raramente O clínico raramente presencia uma crise epilépticapresencia uma crise epiléptica
ÉÉ funfundadamenmental atal a educaçãoeducaçãodo doente, familiares e outras pessoas relacionadas com o doentedo doente, familiares e outras pessoas relacionadas com o doente
Qualquer pessoa deve estar atenta a Qualquer pessoa deve estar atenta a alguns aspectos relevantes:alguns aspectos relevantes:
Algum factor precipitou a crise?Algum factor precipitou a crise?
Quanto durou a crise?Quanto durou a crise?
Qual o comportamento do doente antes da crise?Qual o comportamento do doente antes da crise?(alg(alguma quuma queixaeixa? -? - aura)aura)
Houve movimentos anormais dos olhos?Houve movimentos anormais dos olhos?
A convulsão foi localizada ou envolveu o A convulsão foi localizada ou envolveu o corpo todo?corpo todo?
Verificou-se perda de Verificou-se perda de consciênciaconsciência??
Observou-se incontinência urinária?Observou-se incontinência urinária?
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Doen
Doen
Doen
Doen
ç
ç
ç
ç
a de Parkinson
a de Parkinson
a de Parkinson
a de Parkinson
Doença
Doença
neurodegenerat
neurodegenerat
iva
iva
resultante
resultante
da m
da m
orte d
orte d
e neuró
e neuró
nios
nios
dopam
dopam
inérg
inérg
icos
icos
da subs
da subs
tânc
tânc
ia nigra
ia nigra
.
.
75% Doença de
75% Doença de Parkinson idiopáticaParkinson idiopática Parkinsoninsmo
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Sintomas não-motores: Sintomas não-motores:
Perturbações do sono Perturbações do sono (sonolência diurna e desordens nocturnas, (sonolência diurna e desordens nocturnas, sonhos vividos e alucinações, apneia)sonhos vividos e alucinações, apneia)
Alterações sensitivasAlterações sensitivas(“intranquilidad(“intranquilidade e interior”/“acatísia”)interior”/“acatísia”) e dore dor(nas ex(nas extremidades; tremidades; sintoma sintoma ou “wou “wearingearing off”)off”)
Doen
Doen
Doen
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Doen
Doen
Doen
Doen
ç
ç
ç
ç
a de Parkinson
a de Parkinson
a de Parkinson
a de Parkinson
Deficiência no complexo 1 mitocondrialDeficiência no complexo 1 mitocondrial
Lesão Lesão por rpor radiacadiacaisais livlivres e res e strestressesse oxioxidativdativoo
Disfunção proteossómicaDisfunção proteossómica
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Demência
Demência
Doe
Doença
nça de
de Al
Alzhe
zheime
imerr
Patologia
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Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Epilepsia
Tratamento
Tratamento
farmacológic
farmacológic
o
o
Objectivo
Objectivo
geral:geral:
Diminuir o risco de morteDiminuir o risco de morte
Melhorar a qualidade de vidaMelhorar a qualidade de vida
Mecanismo de acção
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