• Nenhum resultado encontrado

MODELOS BASEADOS EM AUTÔMATOS CELULARES PARA O PLANEJAMENTO DE CAMINHOS EM ROBÔS AUTÔNOMOS

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2019

Share "MODELOS BASEADOS EM AUTÔMATOS CELULARES PARA O PLANEJAMENTO DE CAMINHOS EM ROBÔS AUTÔNOMOS"

Copied!
157
0
0

Texto

(1)

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❖❙ ❊▼ ❆❯❚Ô▼❆❚❖❙ ❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙

P❆❘❆ ❖ P▲❆◆❊❏❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❈❆▼■◆❍❖❙ ❊▼ ❘❖❇Ô❙

❆❯❚Ô◆❖▼❖❙

●■❖❘❉❆◆❖ ❇❘❯◆❖ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆

(2)
(3)

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

●■❖❘❉❆◆❖ ❇❘❯◆❖ ❙❆◆❚❖❙ ❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆

▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ ❇❆❙❊❆❉❖❙ ❊▼ ❆❯❚Ô▼❆❚❖❙ ❈❊▲❯▲❆❘❊❙

P❆❘❆ ❖ P▲❆◆❊❏❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❈❆▼■◆❍❖❙ ❊▼ ❘❖❇Ô❙

❆❯❚Ô◆❖▼❖❙

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿

Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛

(4)
(5)

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❇❛✲ s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡♠ ❘♦❜ôs ❆✉tô♥♦♠♦s✑ ♣♦r ●✐♦r❞❛♥♦ ❇r✉♥♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐✲ ❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✼ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿

Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛

❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛

❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ▲♦♣❡s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r❛✳ P❛trí❝✐❛ ❆♠â♥❝✐♦ ❱❛r❣❛s

(6)
(7)

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

❉❛t❛✿ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹

❆✉t♦r✿ ●✐♦r❞❛♥♦ ❇r✉♥♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❋❡rr❡✐r❛

❚ít✉❧♦✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡♠ ❘♦❜ôs ❆✉tô♥♦♠♦s

❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦

●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦

❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳

❆✉t♦r

❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳

(8)
(9)

❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛

(10)
(11)

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❉❛r❝✐ ❡ ▼❛r✐❛ ■✈❛♥❡t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳

▼❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❆r②❛❞♥❛ ❡ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ✈❛❧✐♦s♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

▼✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ▲í✈✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❢♦rç❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡❝✐s❡✐✳

➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛ ❉r❛✳ ●✐♥❛ ▼❛✐r❛ ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ s✉❛ ❛❥✉❞❛✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱

❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ➚ ❈◆P◗ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳

P♦r ✜♠✱ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r às ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛✳ ●❛❜r✐❡❧ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ▼❛t❤❡✉s ❆❣✉✐❛r✱ ▲❡❛♥❞r♦ ❈✉♥❤❛✱ ▲✉ís P❡r✐♥✐✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ●✐r❡❧❧♦✱ ❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❙❝r❛♠✐♥✳

(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)

❘❡s✉♠♦

◆♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦❜ôs ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭❆❈s✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❛s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❜❛s❡✲ ❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦s ❞♦✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❆❈ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❧✐✈r❡s ❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✳ ❖ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞♦ r♦❜ô ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r s✉❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st❛♥t❡ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❈s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♦❜t✐✈❡ss❡♠ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s✳ ❆♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ♦s ❞♦✐s ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❡①✐❜✐r❛♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡✉s ♣r❡❝✉rs♦r❡s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♥♦ss♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❞♦✐s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ✭❱✲❘❊P ❡ ❲❡❜♦ts✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ r♦❜ôs ❡✲♣✉❝❦✳

(16)
(17)

❆❜str❛❝t

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ♣❛t❤ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♥♦♠♦✉s r♦❜♦ts✱ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ st❡♣s t♦ ❜❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛✐♠s t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛ ✭❈❆✮ ❜❛s❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ ♣❛t❤✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✳ ■♥ ❛♥ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ♣❤❛s❡✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❡ st✉❞② ✇❛s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❡❧❧✉❧❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t❛✲❜❛s❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t♦ ♣❛t❤✲♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ t✇♦ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ✇♦r❦s ✇❡r❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ♠♦❞❡❧ st❛rts ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ✐♠❛❣❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✐t ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ❛ ❈❆ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❢r❡❡ ❝❡❧❧s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❣♦❛❧✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✉s❡s r♦❜♦t s❡♥s♦rs t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✐ts ♥❡✐❣❤❜♦r❤♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❛♣♣❧✐❡s ❈❆ tr❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ r✉❧❡s t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r❡✈❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ r♦❜♦ts ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❣♦♦❞ r❡s✉❧ts ✐♥ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❡r❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞✱ ❜♦t❤ ♥❡✇ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❡①❤✐❜✐t❡❞ ❜❡tt❡r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦rs t❤❛♥ t❤❡✐r ♣r❡❝✉rs♦rs ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s✳ ❆✐♠✐♥❣ t♦ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡ ♦✉r r❡s✉❧ts✱ t✇♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts ✇❡r❡ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❞ ✭❱✲❘❊P ❛♥❞ ❲❡❜♦ts✮ ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ❡✲♣✉❝❦ r♦❜♦ts ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞✳

(18)
(19)

❙✉♠ár✐♦

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✈

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✼

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ✸✶

✷✳✶ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❊❧❡♠❡♥t❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❇✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✷ ❘♦❜ót✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✷✳✶ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✷✳✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘♦❜ô ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❆✉tô♠❛t♦s ❈❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✿ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s

❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✹✼

✸✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❋♦rç❛ ❬❙❤✉ ❡ ❇✉①t♦♥ ✶✾✾✺❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ❡ ❆tr❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❬▼❛r❝❤❡s❡ ✶✾✾✻✱▼❛r✲

❝❤❡s❡ ✷✵✵✷✱▼❛r❝❤❡s❡ ✷✵✵✺✱▼❛r❝❤❡s❡ ✷✵✶✶❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❱♦r♦♥♦✐ ❬❚③✐♦♥❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✹ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ à ▼❡t❛ ❬❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵✱❚❛✈❛❦♦❧✐

❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽✱❙♦♦✜②❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵✱❑♦st❛✈❡❧✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✺ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❬❆❦❜❛r✐♠❛❥❞ ❡ ▲✉❝❛s ✷✵✵✻✱❆❦✲

❜❛r✐♠❛❥❞ ❡ ❍❛ss❛♥③❛❞❡❤ ✷✵✶✶✱ ❆❦❜❛r✐♠❛❥❞ ❡ ❍❛ss❛♥③❛❞❡❤ ✷✵✶✷✱ ■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽✱■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❛✱■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❜❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✸✳✻ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❊♥✈✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❬❘♦s❡♥❜❡r❣ ✷✵✵✼✱❘♦s❡♥❜❡r❣ ✷✵✵✽✱❘♦✲

s❡♥❜❡r❣ ✷✵✶✵✱❘♦s❡♥❜❡r❣ ✷✵✶✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

(20)

①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦

✹ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ à ▼❡t❛ ✼✺ ✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ✭✷✵✵✵✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✸ ◆♦✈♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✸✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❆❞❛♣t❛çã♦✿ ❘❡❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ r♦t❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ ♣❛ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❆❞❛♣t❛çã♦✿ ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ➪r❡❛ ❞♦s ❖❜stá❝✉❧♦s

❆❧❛r❣❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✹✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺ ■♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ▲♦❝❛❧ ✾✸ ✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ✭✷✵✵✽✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❖❜stá❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❋♦r♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❯♠ ❘♦❜ô ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✸ ◆♦✈♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ▲♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ✶

r♦❜ô ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✺✳✸✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦✿ ■♥s❡rçã♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✏❘♦❜ô ❘♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✑ ♣❛r❛

❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦ ❞❡ q✉✐♥❛ ❞♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦✿ ■♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s ✏❘♦❜ô❴❘♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦❴✐✑

♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♥❛ q✉✐♥❛ ❞♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❚❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦✿ ■♥s❡rçã♦ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ✏❘♦❜ô❴❆❧✐♥❤❛❞♦✑ ♥❛s r❡✲

❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ✏③✐❣✉❡③❛❣✉❡✑ ❛♣ós ♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✺✳✹ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ r♦❜ô ❡✲♣✉❝❦ r❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✺✳✹✳✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✶ ❘♦❜ô ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✺✳✹✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆♦✈♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❘♦❜ô❴ ❘♦t❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✶✷✹ ✺✳✹✳✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆♦✈♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✹ ❡st❛❞♦s ❘♦❜ô❴ ❘♦t❛❝✐♦✲

♥❛❞♦❴✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ✺✳✹✳✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆♦✈♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ✹ ❡st❛❞♦s ❘♦❜ô❴ ❘♦t❛❝✐♦✲

♥❛❞♦❴✐ ❡ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❘♦❜ô❴❆❧✐♥❤❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✺✳✹✳✺ ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ r♦❜ô ❡✲♣✉❝❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✺✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✺✳✺✳✶ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❘♦❜ôs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✺✳✺✳✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✺✳✺✳✸ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✏❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✺✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆♦✈♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦

▲♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✾

✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✹✺

(21)

❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✐①

(22)
(23)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✷✳✶ ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ✸✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❣r❛ ✸✵✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣❧✐❞❡r ❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✹ ♥♦ ▲✐❢❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ st✐❧❧ ❧✐❢❡ ♥♦ ▲✐❢❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦s❝✐❧❧❛t♦r ❞❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ✷ ♥♦ ▲✐❢❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❱♦r♦♥♦✐ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❙ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ✽ ♣♦♥t♦s

❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ❘❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❍✇❛♥❣

❡ ❆❤✉❥❛ ✶✾✾✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❣❡r❛❞♦ à ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s

♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ❘❡t✐r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❑♦s❡❝❦❛ ✷✵✶✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✵ ▼✐❝r♦ r♦❜ô ❡✲♣✉❝❦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❬➱❝♦❧❡ P♦❧②t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❋é❞ér❛❧❡ ❞❡ ▲❛✉s❛♥♥❡ ❊P❋▲ ✷✵✶✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✶✶ ❉✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧ ❞♦s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô✳ ❬➱❝♦❧❡

P♦❧②t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❋é❞ér❛❧❡ ❞❡ ▲❛✉s❛♥♥❡ ❊P❋▲ ✷✵✶✸❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥ ❂ ✸✳ ❆s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♣r❡t❛s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♠ ❛♦s

♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s r❡❛✐s ❡ ❛s ❡♠ t♦♥s ❞❡ ❝✐♥③❛ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♠ ❛♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ❛❧❛r❣❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✷ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛tr❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛té ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❬▼❛r❝❤❡s❡ ✶✾✾✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥tr❛❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❬▼❛r❝❤❡s❡ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✺ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✭❛✮ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦

❞♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✭❜✮ ❋❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❜♦r❞❛s✳ ✭❝✮ ❋✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆❈✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♠❛✐s ❡s❝✉r❛s sã♦ ❛s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❱♦r♦♥♦✐✳ ✭❞✮ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♠❛✐s ❞✐st❛♥t❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ❬❚③✐♦♥❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✻ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❛té ❝❛❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✼ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆❈ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❚❛✈❛❦♦❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳

✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

(24)

①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✸✳✽ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❛té ❛ ♠❡t❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❬❚❛✈❛❦♦❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✾ ✭❛✮ ❆ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♥♦ r❛✐♦ ✶✳ ✭❜✮ ▼❡❧❤♦r ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♥♦ r❛✐♦ ✷✳ ✭❝✮ ❆s ❝é❧✉❧❛s

❝♦♠ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✶✵✱ ✶✹ ❡ ✷✹ ♥♦ r❛✐♦ ✸ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ♣♦✐s ❝♦♥té♠ ❝♦❧✐sõ❡s✳ ✭❞✮✭❡✮ ❈é❧✉❧❛s ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✽✹ ♥♦ r❛✐♦ ✹ ❡ ✽✽ ♥♦ r❛✐♦ ✺✱ sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s✱ ♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ r❛✐♦ ✺ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r é ♠❛✐♦r✱ ♦ r♦❜ô ♠♦✈❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r ✽✹✳ ✭❢✮ ❘❛✐♦ r❡t♦r♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ✶✳ ❬❙♦♦✜②❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✵ ➚ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❬❚❛✈❛❦♦❧✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪ ❡ à

❞✐r❡✐t❛ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❬❙♦♦✜②❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❝❛s♦ ❤❛❥❛ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❛♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❡ ❛❝✐♠❛✳ ❬❙♦♦✜②❛♥✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✶✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❘✶ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ à ① < ①❣ ❡ ② < ②❣✳ ❘ é ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛

❘♦❜ô✱ ❋ é ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ❖P é ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ❡ ① é ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✐♥❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✳ ❬❆❦❜❛r✐♠❛❥❞ ❡ ❍❛ss❛♥③❛❞❡❤ ✷✵✶✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✶✷ ❱❡t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s à ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞♦ r♦❜ô✳ ❬❆❦❜❛✲

r✐♠❛❥❞ ❡ ❍❛ss❛♥③❛❞❡❤ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✶✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ r♦❜ô ❘✶ ❬❆❦❜❛r✐♠❛❥❞ ❡

❍❛ss❛♥③❛❞❡❤ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✶✹ ❚✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t♦ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r✱ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s sã♦ ♦s

r♦❜ôs ❡ ❡♠ t♦♥s ❞❡ ❝✐♥③❛ ❛s tr✐❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❢❡r♦♠ô♥✐♦ ❞❡✐①❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡s ❬■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❛❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✸✳✶✺ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✸✳✶✻ ❚r❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❙❡t❛s ✈❡r❞❡s sã♦ ♠❡♥✲

s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡t❛s ♠❛rr♦♥s sã♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✐❣❛ s❡♠ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦✱ s❡t❛s ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛s sã♦ ♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞❛s ❞✉❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✶ ❈r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❜♦r❞❛s ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ✭① ❂ ✷✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✷ ❈❛❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❝♦♥té♠ ♦ ♣❛r ✭s✶✱s✷ ✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ s✶ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❡♠

❖ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦✱ ▲ ♣❛r❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❧✐✈r❡✱ ■ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ● ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❖s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ s✷ sã♦ ■ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♦✉ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❝❛s♦ ♦ s❡✉ ✈❛❧♦r ❥á t❡♥❤❛ s✐❞♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✸ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐✲

❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❬❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵❪ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❱✲❘❊P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✺ P❡r❝✉rs♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳ ❊♠ ❛③✉❧✱ ❛ ♠❡t❛✱ ❡♠ ✈❡r❞❡ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦

(25)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐✐✐

✹✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛té ❛ ♠❡t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✹✳✼ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❆❈ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✹✳✽ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❆❈ ❞❛ ❢❛s❡ ✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✹✳✾ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠♦✲

❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✶✵ ❘♦t❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✶✶ Ps❡✉❞♦✲❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✶ P♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛✵ ❛

♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛✽ ❛ ♥♦♥❛ ❡ ú❧t✐♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ❬■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❜❪ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✷ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦

❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✺✳✸ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡

r é ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠ r♦❜ô✱ ❢ é ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❧✐✈r❡ ❡ ♦ é ✉♠❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✺✳✹ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✉♠❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦

❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✺ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✺✳✻ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ r♦t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ â♥❣✉❧♦ 0◦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛

❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✺✳✼ ❙✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ r❡t♦r♥♦ ❛♦ â♥❣✉❧♦0◦❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳✶✵✵ ✺✳✽ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✾ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s r❡❣r❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡

r❡t♦♠❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✺✳✶✵ Ps❡✉❞♦✲❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s

❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✶✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ r♦❜ô✳ ❈é❧✉❧❛ ❛③✉❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛

♦ r♦❜ô✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ s❡t❛ ❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✈❡r❞❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✱ ❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♣r❡t❛s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✺✳✶✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦ ♥❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✺✳✶✸ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡

■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✺✳✶✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✺✳✶✺ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡

■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✺✳✶✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✺✳✶✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ③✐❣✉❡③❛❣✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛s r❡❣r❛s

(26)

①①✐✈ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✺✳✶✽ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♥❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳✶✷✷ ✺✳✶✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❛♣ós ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ ③✐❣✉❡✲

③❛❣✉❡ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r♦❜ô✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✺✳✷✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r♦❜ô r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡ ■♦❛♥✲

♥✐❞✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✺✳✷✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r♦❜ô r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛

♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❞❡❛❞❧♦❝❦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✺✳✷✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r♦❜ô r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛

♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦♥❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❛ss♦s sã♦ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛♣❛r ❞❛ q✉✐♥❛ ❞♦ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦✳✶✷✾ ✺✳✷✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r♦❜ô r❡❛❧ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡r❝❡✐r❛

♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ③✐❣✉❡③❛❣✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✺✳✷✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✳ ❈é❧✉❧❛s ❛③✉❧✱

❛♠❛r❡❧❛ ❡ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s r♦❜ôs✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ s❡t❛ ❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✈❡r❞❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✱ ❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♣r❡t❛s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✺✳✷✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♥♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✳ ❈é❧✉❧❛s

❛③✉❧✱ ❛♠❛r❡❧❛ ❡ ✈❡r♠❡❧❤❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s r♦❜ôs✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ s❡t❛ ❛ ✐♥❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ✈❡r❞❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✱ ❡ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ♣r❡t❛s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✺✳✷✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r♦❜ôs ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡

❝♦❧✉♥❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✺✳✷✼ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ♥♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❲❡❜♦ts ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛✲

❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦s r♦❜ôs ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ tr♦❝❛r❡♠ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼ ✺✳✷✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❝✉rs♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ♣❛r❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽ ✺✳✷✾ Ps❡✉❞♦✲❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❛s ❝♦❧✉♥❛s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❛♥❞♦

♦s r♦❜ôs s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✵ ✺✳✸✵ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡♠ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✺✳✸✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡♠ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✸ ✺✳✸✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❲❡❜♦ts ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦

(27)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

✸✳✶ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦❜ôs ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹

(28)
(29)

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❖s r♦❜ôs ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ♠♦♥ót♦✲ ♥❛s ♦✉ ♣❡r✐❣♦s❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③á✲❧❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r àq✉❡❧❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ❍á ❛❧❣✉♠ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡st❛ ✐❞❡✐❛ ❡①✐st✐❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❤✐s✲ tór✐❛s ❞❡ ✜❝çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✱ ❝♦♥t✉❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ♥❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✳ ❍♦❥❡✱ t❡♠♦s r♦❜ôs q✉❡ ❞❡s❛r♠❛♠ ❜♦♠❜❛s✱ ❧✐♠♣❛♠ ♦ ❝❤ã♦ ❞❛ ❝❛s❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♠ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❧✉❛✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♦s r♦❜ôs ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ q✉❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ s❡❥❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r s❡r❡s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ✈✐s❛♠ ❞♦t❛r ♦s r♦❜ôs ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥✲ t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❬P❡r❡③ ✷✵✵✾❪✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ s✉❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲♦s ❛ss✐♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r ❤✉♠❛♥♦✳

❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✱ ❡stá ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❛ss❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô q✉❡ ✐rá ❞❡ ❢❛t♦ ❝♦♠❛♥❞❛r ❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✳ ❉✐✈❡rs❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛s ♥❡ss❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ❬❑❛✈r❛❦✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✻❪✱ ❬❩❤❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✸❪✱ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❬▲✐♥❣❡❧❜❛❝❤ ✷✵✵✹❪ ❬❘❛♠❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✸❪✱ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❬❇❛rr❛q✉❛♥❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✷❪✱ ❬❏✐❛♥❥✉♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✸❪✱ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❬❙❝❤♦✉✇❡♥❛❛rs ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✶❪✳ ❯♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ r❡❝❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s sã♦ ♦s ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ✭❆❈s✮✳

❯♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r s❡✉ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❡ s✉❛ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦✳ ❖ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❝é❧✉❧❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s ❞✐s♣♦st❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛rr❛♥❥♦ ❞✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s✳ ❆ r❡❣r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥✲ s✐çã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ♥♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❚♦❞❛s ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ r❡t✐❝✉❧❛❞♦ sã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ r❡❣r❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳

❆❈s sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s ✲ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♥♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ ♥❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❝♦♠✲

(30)

✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝♦s✱ ❛s ❝é❧✉❧❛s✱ q✉❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❣❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡①❛t✐❞ã♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥tr✐♥s❡❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t❛✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞♦s ❆❈s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ rí❣✐❞❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳ ❊ss❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ♦s ❆❈s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ r♦❜ót✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ P❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳

❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❈s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦❜ôs ❛✉tô✲ ♥♦♠♦s ❢♦✐ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡t❛ ❞❡st❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s é ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s s❡♠ ❝♦❧✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❛❣❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❛❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡str✐çõ❡s ♦✉ ♣r❡♠✐ss❛s✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ t❡♠❛ ❬❙❤✉ ❡ ❇✉①t♦♥ ✶✾✾✺❪✱ ❬▼❛r❝❤❡s❡ ✶✾✾✻❪✱ ❬❚③✐♦♥❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✼❪✱ ❬❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵❪✱ ❬■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❬❘♦s❡♥❜❡r❣ ✷✵✵✼❪ ❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s✱ ✜③❡♠♦s ♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✱ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠♦s ❞✉❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r♠♦s ♥♦ss❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s✳

❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❞❡❧❛s ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ r♦❜ô ❞❡✈❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛r✱ q✉❡ é ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❡ ♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s✈✐❛❞♦s ❬❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♦s ❆❈s sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s q✉❡ ❡❢❡t✉❛♠ ❞✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✿ ♦ ❛❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❛té ❛ ♠❡t❛✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às ❝é❧✉❧❛s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s✱ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❜✉s❝❛ tr❛ç❛r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ r♦❜ô ❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝â♠❡r❛ ❡①t❡r♥❛✳

◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ♦ r♦❜ô ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛ s❛❜❡♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡❣✉✐r✱ ♠❛s ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡ ❞❡s✈✐❛r ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❛r❡ç❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ s✉❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❬■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❖s s❡♥s♦r❡s ❞♦ r♦❜ô sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ s❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳ ❖ ❆❈ é ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐çã♦ ❧♦❝❛✐s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤❛♥ç❛✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠♦s✱ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❜✉s❝❛r ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛✈❡❣❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ r❡❣r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❡ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ é ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛❞♦ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ t✐♠❡ ✈❛✐ ♥❛✈❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❡✉s s❡♥s♦r❡s✳

(31)

✶✳✶✳ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✷✾

❱✲❘❡♣ ❡ ❲❡❜♦ts t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❡✲♣✉❝❦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣♦♥t♦s ♣❛ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♥❛s ❞✉❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♥str✉í♠♦s ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛♠ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛r ♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ◆❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ r♦❜ôs r❡❛✐s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡✲♣✉❝❦✳

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s

❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡✲ ❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛s ❡♠ r♦❜ôs ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s✳

❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆❈s é t❡ór✐❝❛✳ ❋♦✐ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ár❡❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❆❈s ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s✱ ❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡✐s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳

❆ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦♥s✐st✐✉ ♥❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❛❧ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦s ❆❈s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ r♦t❛ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ r♦❜ô ❞❡✈❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛r✳ ◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ♦s ❆❈s ♠♦❞❡❧❛♠ ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ♥❛✈❡❣❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛✲ ❞♦s ♥♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s q✉❡ ❣❡r❛r❛♠ ♥♦✈♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s✳ P❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s r♦❜ôs ♠ó✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s r♦❞❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❡✲♣✉❝❦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ♥ã♦✲❤♦❧♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❧❡✐s ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❛✉tô♥♦♠❛✳ ❆❝r❡❞✐t❛♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ r❡✜♥❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s q✉❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ tr♦✉①❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❈s ❡♠ r♦❜ót✐❝❛✳

✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦

❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ s❡✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❞✐s♣♦st♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦❜ôs ♠ó✈❡✐s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✳

(32)

✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢❛❧❛♠♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ r♦❜ót✐❝❛ ❡✲♣✉❝❦ ❬➱❝♦❧❡ P♦❧②t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❋é❞ér❛❧❡ ❞❡ ▲❛✉s❛♥♥❡ ❊P❋▲ ✷✵✶✸❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✸✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✹ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ❛s ❞♦✐s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛s s❡✐s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳

❖ q✉❛rt♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❉✐❢✉sã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ à ▼❡t❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❬❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✶✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❤r✐♥❣ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✷✱ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝✐♥❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❝rít✐❝♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❆s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛r ❡ss❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ❣❡r❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✸❀ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦✈♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉í♠♦s ♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✹✳✹ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♥♦ss❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳

❖ q✉✐♥t♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ♣❛r❛ r♦❜ôs ♠ó✈❡✐s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛✉tô♠❛t♦s ❝❡❧✉❧❛r❡s✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❆❜♦r❞❛✲ ❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❘❡❣r❛ ❞❡ ❆t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❬■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❡ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✶✳ Pr♦ss❡❣✉✐♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✷ ♦♥❞❡ ♠♦str❛♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ r♦❜ô ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❛♣ós ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✸✱ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r♦❜ô ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❞✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ r♦❜ô ❡✲♣✉❝❦ r❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r♦❜ô✳ ❆♣ós ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✶ ú♥✐❝♦ r♦❜ô ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐✲ ❡♥t❡✱ ✜③❡♠♦s ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✺✳ ◆❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✺✳✻ t❡♠♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t✐♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❜ôs ❝♦♠ ❛ ♥♦ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳

Referências

Documentos relacionados

Autorizando, com exclusividade, a utilização e exploração da foto em qualquer meio escolhido pela Cobra D’agua, para os fins desta Promoção, bem como para

Logicamente, esta teoria, embasada na década de 1960, prediz uma conotação muito negativa do superior hierárquico sobre o trabalhador (ROBBINS; DECENZO; WOLTER,

Por meio do observado, foi possível traçar o perfil mais envolvido com a violência contra a mulher na cidade de Campina Grande, identificando mulheres adultas,

Tabela 3: Percentuais de redução do ΔΨm após o tratamento com a chalcona Q1VA por 24 horas. A morte por apoptose no controle representou 24 %, enquanto no grupo tratado

Quando%foi%explicado%aos%docentes%o%que%era%a%prosódia,%no%final%do%teste,%alguns% deles%pediram%para%responder%às%questões%treze,%quatorze%e%quinze,%que%versam%sobre% a%

Em alguns casos, os alunos já são informados, desde o início do curso, que a filosofia já está completa ou, no pior dos casos, ficam sabendo que eles, simples estudantes, não

• Precificação horária até 2020 (DESSEM a partir de janeiro de 2019). ▫ Agilidade na disponibilização das informações diárias/horárias/tempo-real – ONS/CCEE ▫

Para o ferro puro foi utilizado uma camada de entrada com 4 neurônios (um para cada classe de dados de entrada – temperatura, tempo, diâmetro inicial de grão e