❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆
❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
P❘❖P❖❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❊❙◗❯❊▼❆ P❆❘❆ ❆
P❘❖❱■❙➹❖ ❉❊ ◗♦❙ ◆❖ P❆❉❘➹❖ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻
❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈❛st✐❧❤♦ ❘♦s❛
❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈❛st✐❧❤♦ ❘♦s❛
P❘❖P❖❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❊❙◗❯❊▼❆ P❆❘❆ ❆ P❘❖❱■❙➹❖ ❉❊ ◗♦❙ ◆❖ P❆❉❘➹❖ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛♣r♦✈❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✼ ❞❡ ❥✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶ ♣❡❧❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
P❛✉❧♦ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ●✉❛r❞✐❡✐r♦✱ ❉r✳ ✲ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ✭❯❋❯✮ ❆♥✐❧t♦♥ ❙❛❧❧❡s ●❛r❝✐❛✱ ❉r✳ ✭❯❋❊❙✮
▲✉✐s ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❋❛✐♥❛✱ ❉r✳ ✭❯❋❯✮
❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈❛st✐❧❤♦ ❘♦s❛
P❘❖P❖❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❊❙◗❯❊▼❆ P❆❘❆ ❆ P❘❖❱■❙➹❖ ❉❊ ◗♦❙ ◆❖ P❆❉❘➹❖ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳
Pr♦❢✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ●✉❛r❞✐❡✐r♦✱ ❉r✳ Pr♦❢✳ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❈❛r❞♦s♦✱ ❉r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ à ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ s✉st❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❛té ❛ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r Pr♦❢✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ●✉❛r❞✐❡✐r♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✈❛❧✐♦s♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❆❧✐❝❡ ❈❛st✐❧❤♦ ❡ ❛ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❏♦sé ▼❛r❝♦s✱ s❡♠ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ s❡r✐❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
➚ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♠♣❛r♦ à P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ✭❋❆P❊▼■●✮ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❜♦❧s❛ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ s❡r ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳
➚ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♣❡❧♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛♦ ❆♥tô♥✐♦✱ ❋❧á✈✐♦ ❡ ➱❞❡rs♦♥✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❘♦s❛✱ ❊✳ ❈✳✱ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❯♠ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ P❛r❛ ❛ Pr♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ♥♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ❯❋❯✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✶✶✹♣✳
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ é ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ❝♦♥❡❝t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❧❛r❣❛ s❡♠ ✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜①♦s ❡ ♠ó✈❡✐s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡ss❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ é ❛ ♣r♦✈✐✲ sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗♦❙✮ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s✱ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛♥t❡s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ✭❈❆❈✮✳ P❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❞✐✲ ♥â♠✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦✳ ❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡ ❛s ✜❧❛s ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝í❝❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡♣❛r❛r ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ❞❡ t❛①❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ s❡♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ✭trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡s❢♦rç♦✮✳ ❏á ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ t❛①❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜✉✛❡rs ♥❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ❛ss✐♥❛♥t❡s✳ ❆✈❛❧✐♦✉✲s❡✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ t❡st❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❈❆❈✳ P❡❧♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ♥ã♦ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♥st❛t♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ st❛r✈❛t✐♦♥ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❘♦s❛✱ ❊✳ ❈✳✱ Pr♦♣♦s❛❧ ♦❢ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ❢♦r ◗♦❙ Pr♦✈✐s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❯❋❯✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ ✷✵✶✶✱ ✶✶✹♣✳
❚❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ✐s ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss ❜r♦❛❞❜❛♥❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐✈✐t② ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ✜①❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❜✐❧❡ ✉s❡rs ✐♥ ❛ ✇✐❞❡ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ❛r❡❛ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ r❛t❡s ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ tr❛♥s❢❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ✐s t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ✭◗♦❙✮ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ♣❛❝❦❡ts s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣✱ tr❛✣❝ ♣♦❧✐❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ✭❈❆❈✮✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❢♦r ❛❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❛♥❞ ♣❛❝❦❡t s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣✱ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ◗♦❙ ♣r♦✈✐s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦✈❡❧ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r ✉♣❧✐♥❦ tr❛✣❝ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❈❆❈ s❝❤❡♠❡ ❢♦r ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ s❡r✈❡s t❤❡ r❡q✉❡sts q✉❡✉❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❝②❝❧✐❝❛❧ ♠♦❞❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ st❛t✐❝ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♥♦♥ r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ✢♦✇s✳ ❚❤❡ ❈❆❈ ♣♦❧✐❝② ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ r❡❛❧✲t✐♠❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❝❧❛ss ✇✐t❤ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ❞❡❧❛② ♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥ s❝❤❡♠❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❜✉✛❡r s✐③❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❙❙s✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ♥❡t✇♦r❦ s❝❡♥❛r✐♦s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ t❡st t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♦❢ ❈❆❈ ❛♥❞ s❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞❡❧❛② r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❞❡❧❛② ❜♦✉♥❞ ❢♦r r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡ ✢♦✇s ❛♥❞ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ❢♦r str❡❛♠s ♦❢ ♥♦♥✲r❡❛❧ t✐♠❡✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✐s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ st❛r✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❧♦✇ ♣r✐♦r✐t② ✢♦✇s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①✐✈
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✵
✷ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✷✺
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✸✳✶ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❖♣❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸✳✶✳✶ P♦♥t♦ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣♦♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸✳✶✳✷ ▼❛❧❤❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✸✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✶ ❈❛♠❛❞❛ ▼❆❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❙✉❜❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❙✉❜❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❛ P❛rt❡ ❈♦♠✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✶✳✸ ❙✉❜❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✷ ❈❛♠❛❞❛ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✷✳✶ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❉✉♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✷✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❚❉❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✷✳✸ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss▼❆◆✲❙❈ P❍❨ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✷✳✹ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss▼❆◆✲❙❈❛ P❍❨ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✸✳✷✳✷✳✺ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss▼❆◆✲❖❋❉▼ P❍❨ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✸✳✷✳✷✳✻ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss▼❆◆✲❖❋❉▼❆ P❍❨ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸ Pr♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡s ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✹✺
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✷ ◗♦❙ ♥♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✸ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ Pr♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ♥♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❛❝♦t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍♦♠♦❣ê♥❡♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❍í❜r✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✸✳✸✳✶✳✸ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❈r♦ss✲▲❛②❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❆❞♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡①õ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✸✳✷✳✶ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❈ Pró✲❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✸✳✷✳✷ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❘❡❛t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõs ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✹ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ❯♠ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ P❛r❛ ❛ Pr♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ♥♦ P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊
✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✻✾
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸✳✶ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❯♣❧✐♥❦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✸✳✷ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❈❆❈ Pr♦♣♦st♦s ✽✶ ✺✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r Pr♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ rtP❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✺✳✸✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r Pr♦♣♦st♦ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❈❧❛ss❡s ❯●❙ ❡ rtP❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r Pr♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❋❧✉①♦s ♥rtP❙ ❡ ❇❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✸✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r Pr♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡
❘❡s❡r✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✸✳✺ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❋❧✉①♦s rtP❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✸✳✻ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❆❈ ♣❛r❛ ❋❧✉①♦s ◆ã♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✸✳✼ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ●❡r❛✐s ✾✾
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✵✸
❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ✶✶✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ■♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ P▼P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ♠❡s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✺ ❙✉❜❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✻ ❋♦r♠❛t♦ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦ ❞❛ ▼❆❈ P❉❯ ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❬✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✼ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ s✉❜❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❈P❙ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✷✳✽ ▼♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ❚❉❉ ❡ ❋❉❉ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✸❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✾ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ q✉❛❞r♦ ❚❉❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✶✵ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❖❋▼❉ ❬✹❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✷✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❖❋❉▼ ❡ ❖❋❉▼❆ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✹❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸✳✶ ❊st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✸ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❇❙ ❡ ❙❙ ❬✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✹ ❍✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❬✻❪✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦s
♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❘❘ ❡ ❲❘❘ ✭❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✻❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✻ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✼ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✸✳✽ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ r❡❛t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✹✳✶ ✭❛✮ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❡ ✭❜✮ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✷ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✼✷
✺✳✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ tr❛❝❡ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ◆❙✲✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✺✳✸ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r rtP❙ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✹ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r rtP❙ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ♠é❞✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✺✳✺ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡
❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✻ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s
rtP❙ ✭❆✮ ❡ ✢✉①♦s ❯●❙ ✭❇✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✼ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s rtP❙ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦
✭❆✮ ❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ✭❇✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛çõ❡s ♥rtP❙ ❡ ❇❊ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✽ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s
♥ã♦ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✾ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❲ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s rtP❙ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦
♠é❞✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✶✵ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❲ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s ♥rtP❙ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦
♠é❞✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣r❡❞✐t♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❛tr❛s♦
♠❡❞✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✶✷ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❈❆❈ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s rtP❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✶✸ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❈❆❈ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s ♥ã♦ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✶✹ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❈❆❈ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✢✉①♦s
❯●❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✶✺ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❈❆❈ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦
❡♠ t❛①❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s P❍❨ ❬✼❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✸✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ♥♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❬✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❤í❜r✐❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲
❣❡♠ ❈r♦ss✲▲❛②❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✺ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❬✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✸✳✼ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❈✬s r❡❛t✐✈❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✹✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✺✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s às ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ▼❆❈ ❡ ❢ís✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✺✳✷ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✸ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✹ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✺ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✻ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✼ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✺✳✽ ❊✈❡♥t♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
✸●PP ✸t❤ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ P❛rt♥❡rs❤✐♣ Pr♦❥❡❝t
✹● ✹t❤ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥
❆❊❙ ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞
❆❚▼ ❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ▼♦❞❡
❆❲❑ ❆❤♦✱ ❲❡✐♥❜❡r❣❡r ❛♥❞ ❑❡r♥✐❣❤❛♥
❇❊ ❇❡st ❊✛♦rt
❇P❙❑ ❇✐♥❛r② P❤❛s❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❑❡②✐♥❣
❇❘▼ ❇❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❘❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥ ▼❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠
❇❙ ❇❛s❡ ❙t❛t✐♦♥
❇❲❆ ❇❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❆❝❝❡ss
❈❆❈ ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧
❈❇❘ ❈♦♥st❛♥t ❇✐t ❘❛t❡
❈■ ❈❘❈ ■♥❞✐❝❛t♦r
❈■❉ ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r
❈▼❆❈ ❈✐♣❤❡r✲❜❛s❡❞ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ ❆✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦❞❡
❈P❙ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ P❛rt ❙✉❜❧❛②❡r
❈❘❈ ❈②❝❧✐❝ ❘❡❞✉♥❝❛♥❝② ❈❤❡❝❦
❈❙ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✲❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡
❉❆▼❆ ❉❡♠❛♥❞ ❆ss✐❣♥❡❞ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❆❝❝❡ss
❉❈❉ ❉♦✇♥❧✐♥❦ ❈❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦r
❉❊❙ ❉❛t❛ ❊♥❝r②♣t✐♦♥ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞
❉✐✛❙❡r✈ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡❞ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s
❉▲✲▼❆P ❉♦✇♥❧✐♥❦ ▼❛♣
❉❘❘ ❉❡✜❝✐t ❘♦✉♥❞ ❘♦❜✐♥
❉❙❆✲❆❈❑ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥t
❉❙❆✲❘❊◗ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❘❡q✉❡st
❉❙❆✲❘❙P ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❆❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❡
❉❙▲ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❙✉❜s❝r✐❜❡r ▲✐♥❡
❉❱❇ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❱✐❞❡♦ ❇r♦❛❞❝❛st✐♥❣
❊❈ ❊♥❝r✐♣t❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧
❊❉❉ ❊❛r❧✐❡st ❉✉❡ ❉❛t❡
❊❉❋ ❊❛r❧✐❡st ❉❡❛❞❧✐♥❡ ❋✐rst
❊❑❙ ❊♥❝r✐♣t❛t✐♦♥ ❑❡② ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡
❡rtP❙ ❊①t❡♥❞❡❞ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ P♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
❋❉❉ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ❉✉♣❧❡①✐♥❣
❋❉▼ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣
❋❊❈ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❊rr♦r ❈♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥
❋■❋❖ ❋✐rst ✐♥ ✜rst ♦✉t
❋❚P ❋✐❧❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
●P❈ ●r❛♥t ♣❡r ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥
●P❙❙ ●r❛♥t ♣❡r ❙✉❜s❝r✐❜❡r ❙t❛t✐♦♥
❍❈❙ ❍❡❛❞❡r ❈❤❡❝❦ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡
❍▼❆❈ ❍❛s❤❡❞ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ ❆✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦❞❡
❍❚ ❍❡❛❞❡r ❚②♣❡
❍❚❚P ❍②♣❡r ❚❡①t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❍❯▼❆◆ ❍✐❣❤✲s♣❡❡❞ ❯♥❧✐❝❡♥s❡❞ ▼❆◆
■❊❊❊ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs
■▼❚ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ▼♦❜✐❧❡ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s
■♥t❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s
■P✈✹ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✲ ✹
■P✈✻ ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✲ ✻
■❙❖ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❙t❛❞❛r❞✐③❛t✐♦♥
■❙P ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ Pr♦✈✐❞❡r
■❚❯ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❯♥✐♦♥
■❚❯✲❘ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❡❧❡❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❯♥✐♦♥ ✲ ❘❛❞✐♦❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝t♦r
▲❊◆✲▼❙❇ ▲❡♥❣t❤ ♦❢ ▼♦st ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❇②t❡
▲❖❙ ▲✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❙✐❣❤t
▲❙❇ ▲❡❛st ❙✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❇②t❡
▲❚❊ ▲♦♥❣ ❚❡r♠ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥
▼❆❈ ▼❡❞✐❛ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧
▼❆◆ ▼❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥ ❆❝❝❡ss ◆❡t✇♦r❦
▼❈❙ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❈♦❞✐♥❣ ❙❝❤❡♠❡
▼■❇ ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❇❛s❡
▼■▼❖ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ■♥♣✉t ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❖✉t♣✉t
▼P❊● ▼♦✈✐♥❣ P✐❝t✉r❡s ❊①♣❡rts ●r♦✉♣
▼❘❚❘ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❘❡s❡r✈❡❞ ❚r❛✣❝ ❘❛t❡
♠❙■❘ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❙✐❣♥❛❧✲t♦✲✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡
◆■❙❚ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ❛♥❞ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②
◆▲❖❙ ◆♦ ▲✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❙✐❣❤t
♥rtP❙ ◆♦♥ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ P♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
◆❙✲✷ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ✲ ✷
❖✲❉❉❘ ❖♣♣♦rt✉♥✐st✐❝ ❉❡✜❝✐t ❘♦✉♥❞ ❘♦❜✐♥
❖❋❉▼ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣
❖❋❉▼❆ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝②✲❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❆❝❝❡ss
❖❙■ ❖♣❡♥ ❙②st❡♠s ■♥t❡r❝♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥
P❉❯ P❛❝❦❡t ❉❛t❛ ❯♥✐t
P❍❙ P❛❝❦❡t ❍❡❛❞❡r ❙✉♣r❡ss✐♦♥
P❍❨ P❤②s✐❝❛❧ ▲❛②❡r
P▼P P♦✐♥t✲t♦✲♠✉❧t♣♦✐♥t
P◗ Pr✐♦r✐t② ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣
P❙ Pr✐✈❛❝② ❙✉❜✲❧❛②❡r
◗❆▼ ◗✉❛❞r❛t✉r❡ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥
◗♦❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
◗P❙❑ ◗✉❛❞r❛t✉r❡ P❤❛s❡ ❙❤✐❢t ❑❡②✐♥❣
❘❘ ❘♦✉♥❞ ❘♦❜✐♥
❘❙❆ ❘✐✈❡st ❙❤❛♠✐r ❆❞❧❡♠❛♥
❘❚● ❘❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❚r❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ ●❛♣
rtP❙ ❘❡❛❧✲❚✐♠❡ P♦❧❧✐♥❣ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
❙❆P ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❆❝❝❡ss P♦✐♥t
❙❈ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❈❛rr✐❡r
❙❈❛ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❈❛rr✐❡r ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡
❙❉❯ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❉❛t❛ ❯♥✐t
❙❋■❉ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❋❧♦✇ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r
❙■◆❘ ❙✐❣♥❛❧✲t♦✲✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡✲♣❧✉s✲♥♦✐s❡ ❘❛t✐♦
❙■❘ ❙✐❣♥❛❧✲t♦✲✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡
❙◆❘ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ t♦ ◆♦✐s❡ ❘❛t✐♦
❙◗▲ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡❞ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡
❙❙ ❙✉❜s❝r✐❜❡r ❙t❛t✐♦♥
❚❉❉ ❚✐♠❡ ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ❉✉♣❧❡①✐♥❣
❚❉▼ ❚✐♠❡ ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡①✐♥❣
❚❉▼❆ ❚✐♠❡ ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❆❝❝❡ss
❚❘ ❚❛①❛ ❘❡s❡r✈❛❞❛
❚❘❙ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛r② ❘❡♠♦✈❛❧ ❙❝❤❡❞✉❧✐♥❣
❚❚● ❚r❛♥s♠✐t ❚r❛♥s✐t✐♦♥ ●❛♣
❯❈❉ ❯♣❧✐♥❦ ❈❤❛♥♥❡❧ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t♦r
❯●❙ ❯♥s♦❧✐❝✐t❡❞ ●r❛♥t ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
❯▲✲▼❆P ❯♣❧✐♥❦ ▼❛♣
❱❈■ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ ❈❤❛♥♥❡❧ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r
❱♦■P ❱♦✐❝❡ ❖✈❡r ■♥t❡r♥❡t Pr♦t♦❝♦❧
❱P■ ❱✐rt✉❛❧ P❛t❤ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❡r
❲❋◗ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❋❛✐r ◗✉❡✉✐♥❣
❲✐❋■ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❋✐❞❡❧✐t②
❲✐▼❆❳ ❲♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ▼✐❝r♦✇❛✈❡ ❆❝❝❡ss
❲✐▼❆❳✲✷ ❲♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ▼✐❝r♦✇❛✈❡ ❆❝❝❡ss ❆❞✈❛♥❝❡❞
❲▲❆◆ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦
❲❘❘ ❲❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❘♦✉♥❞ ❘♦❜✐♥
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❧❛r❣❛ s❡♠ ✜♦ ✈ê♠ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐✲ t❛♥❞♦ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ t❛①❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ♦ ❛♣❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s❛té❧✐t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ t❡❝✲ ♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✇✐r❡❧❡ss✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛✱ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ♣❛rt❡ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❜r✐r r❡❣✐õ❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ ♠❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥❛s ❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ à ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳
❯♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ s❡♠ ✜♦ ❛t✉❛✐s é ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❲✐❋✐ ✭❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❋✐❞❡❧✐t②✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶ ❬✶✵❪✱ ❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❲▲❆◆ ✭❲✐r❡❧❡ss ▲♦❝❛❧ ❆r❡❛ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮ s❡ t♦r♥♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❡ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞♦s ❜❛✐①♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡s✲ tr✉t✉r❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ss❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✈✐r s♦❢r❡♥❞♦ ✈ár✐❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦s ✭■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶❛✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶❜✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶❣✱ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✶♥✱ ❡t❝✮✱ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❜r✐r r❡❣✐õ❡s ♠❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥❛s ❡ ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ♥❡♠ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s✉♣♦rt❡ à q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭◗♦❙ ✲ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✮✱ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s r❡❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s✳
❊♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❛s t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s s❡♠ ✜♦✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ à ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s❡ t❡r ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❛❜❡rt♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ✐♥st✐t✉t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ■❊❊❊ ✭■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs✮ ❡ ♦ ✸●PP ✭✸t❤ ●❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ P❛rt♥❡rs❤✐♣ Pr♦❥❡❝t✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡♠
s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❡ ▲❚❊ ✭▲♦♥❣ ❚❡r♠ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥✮✱ ✈ê♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❧❛r❣❛ s❡♠ ✜♦ q✉❡ ❝♦❜r❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ♠❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥❛s ❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s✉♣♦rt❡ ♥❛t✐✈♦ à ◗♦❙ ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❲✐▼❆❳ ✭❲♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ▼✐❝r♦✇❛✈❡ ❆❝❝❡ss✮✱ t❡♠ r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❛♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦✲ ♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s s❡♠ ✜♦ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥sór❝✐♦ ❲✐▼❆❳ ❋♦r✉♠✱ ✜r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈♦❧t❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✶ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛r ♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡ss❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✈❡♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❡st❡s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛♦ r❡❞♦r ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✈❡♠ s❡ ❞❡s♣♦♥t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❛ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ q✉❛rt❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ✭✹●✮✳
❇❛s✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♠❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥❛s s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭▼❆◆ ✲ ▼❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥ ❆❝❝❡ss ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❛❧t❛s t❛①❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝♦✲ ♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❡ r❡s✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ à ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❲✐▼❆❳ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❚❈P✴■P ❡ r❡❞❡s ❆❚▼ ✭❆s②♥❝❤r♦♥♦✉s ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ▼♦❞❡✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛ ❡ ♠✉❧t✐♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s ♦rt♦❣♦♥❛✐s✳
◆❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞✉♣❧❡①❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♥❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❱❡rsõ❡s ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❢ís✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝tr❛❧✳
❏á ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐✲ ❛❞♦ ❛♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✈♦③✱ ✈í❞❡♦ ❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡s ✢✉①♦s sã♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s ❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦✱ ✈❛③ã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛ s✉st❡♥tá✈❡❧✱ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛s ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳
❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❞❡✜♥❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❜❛s❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ✭❈❆❈ ✲ ❈♦♥♥❡❝t✐♦♥ ❆❞♠✐ss✐♦♥ ❈♦♥tr♦❧✮✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s s❡r ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ t❡r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❈❆❈✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡✐①❛ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞♦s ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛r❡♠ s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ às ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈❆❈✳ ❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡s❡r✈❛ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛✳ ❏á ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈❆❈ é ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❡ é ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s ♥❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ❛ss✐♥❛♥t❡s✳
❖ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛ ♦s ✢✉①♦s t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ❡♠ ❞❡tr✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦s ✢✉①♦s ♥ã♦ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s ❡str✐t❛s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠á✲ ①✐♠♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ♠í♥✐♠❛ s✉st❡♥tá✈❡❧✳ ❙ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ✜❧❛s ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛r ♦s ❣r❛♥ts ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❛♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❝♦♠ t❛①❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡❧✳ ❆ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ às ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥✜❧❡✐r❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣r✐♦r✐tár✐♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ sã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣r❡❡♠♣çõ❡s ♥❛s ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t❛ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❣❛r❛♥t✐❛s ❞❡ ✈❛③ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①❛ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡✳
❖ ❈❆❈ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❧✐♠✐t❛ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s s✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡♦s ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✳ ❊ss❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ é ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡s✲ t✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ s♦❢r❡rá ♥❛ r❡❞❡ s❡ ❢♦r ❛❞♠✐t✐❞❛ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❜✉✛❡rs ♥❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✳
❈♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭❬✻✶❪✱ ❬✻✷❪✱ ❬✻✸❪✱ ❬✻✹❪✱ ❬✻✺❪ ❡ ❬✻✻❪✮ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲ s❡ ✉♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛
❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦ ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡✳ ❊ss❡s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡stã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❡ sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ às ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲ çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ✐♥♦✈❛❞♦r❡s✳
❖ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ♠♦❞♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♣♦♥t♦✲ ♠✉❧t✐♣♦♥t♦ ❡ ❡♠ ♠❛❧❤❛ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s✉❝✐♥t❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✱ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ é t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s q✉❛❞r♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ▼❆❈ ✭▼❡❞✐❛ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧✮✳ ◆❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛s✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s à ♣r♦✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♥❛s r❡❞❡s ❲✐▼❆❳✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❛s ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛✲ ❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s✐♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❈ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ❖s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ sã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛s ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛s✱ ❤í❜r✐❞❛s ❡ ❝r♦ss✲❧❛②❡r ❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❈ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ♣ró✲❛t✐✈♦s ❡ r❡❛t✐✈♦s✳
◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❛ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st❛ ❛ q✉❛❧ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉♣❧✐♥❦ ♥❛ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❝♦♠ ❛tr❛s♦ ♣r❡❞✐t✐✈♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♣r♦♣♦st❛ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s r❡❧❡✲ ✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ss❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ tr❛③ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛✳ ❆s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❥✉♥✲ t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ♦s
q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❣❡r❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
P❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻
✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡♥t✉❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ trá❢❡❣♦s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s ✭✈♦③✱ ✈✐❞❡♦ ❡ ❞❛❞♦s✮✱ ✈❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❛tr❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❧❛r❣❛ s❡♠ ✜♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ♠✐❧❤❛✳ ■ss♦ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r✐♥✲ ❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ss❛s r❡❞❡s ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝✉st♦✲❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ s❡r❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛✐①♦✳
❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ às t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝❛❜❡❛❞❛s é ❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá ❛❝❡❧❡r❛r ❛ ✐♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❧❛r❣❛ s❡♠ ✜♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❬✽❪✳
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ✉♠ ❤✐stór✐❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦✱ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✷✱ ❛té ❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻♠✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✱ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♠✐♥✉❝✐♦s❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ às ❝❛♠❛❞❛s q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣õ❡ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥❝❡rr❛✲s❡ ❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s✳
✷✳✷ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦
❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ✜❝♦✉ ♣r♦♥t❛ ❡♠ ♦✉t✉❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✶ ❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❛❜r✐❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❊ss❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ s✐♠♣❧❡s♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❛ér❡❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♠❡tr♦♣♦❧✐t❛♥❛s ✭▼❆◆s✮✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ♣♦r trás ❞❡ss❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡r✲ sã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❡r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❧❛r❣❛ s❡♠ ✜♦ ✭❇❲❆ ✲ ❇❛♥❞✇✐❞t❤ ❲✐r❡❧❡ss ❆❝❝❡ss✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜①♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❝❛❜❡✲ ❛❞❛s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❉❙▲ ✭❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❙✉❜s❝r✐❜❡r ▲✐♥❡✮✳ P♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♥ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡ ✭❇❙ ✲ ❇❛s❡ ❙t❛t✐♦♥✮ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s✲ ❛ss✐♥❛♥t❡s ✭❙❙ ✲ ❙✉❜s❝r✐❜❡r ❙t❛t✐♦♥✮✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ é ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸✳✶✱ s❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❛ ♣❡r❢❡✐t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❇❲❆✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ❡st❛çõ❡s sã♦ s❡r✈✐❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♦✉ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❜r♦❛❞❝❛st✐♥❣ ❞❡ ✈í❞❡♦s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✭❉❱❇ ✲ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❱✐❞❡♦ ❇r♦❛❞❝❛st✐♥❣✮✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❬✶✶❪✳
◆❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻✱ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✐♦ ✭▼❆❈✮ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ à ◗♦❙✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ t❡r s✐❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❛ér❡❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ▼❆❈ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐❛♠ ❞❡ r❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ✶✵✲✻✻ ●❍③✱ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✈✐s❛❞❛ ✭▲❖❙ ✲ ▲✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❙✐❣❤t✮ ❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♣♦rt❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❬✶✶❪✳
❊♠ ❥❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸ ❢♦✐ r❛t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻❛✲ ✷✵✵✸ ❬✶✷❪✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❡r ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❧❛r❣❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜①♦s ♥❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ♠✐❧❤❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ❡♠ ✈✐❣♦r✱ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♥ã♦ ❧✐❝❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✷✲✶✶ ●❍③✳ ❈♦♠ ❡ss❡ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❜❛✐①♦✱ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s s❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✈✐s❛❞❛ ✭◆▲❖❙ ✲ ◆♦ ▲✐♥❡ ♦❢ ❙✐❣❤t✮✳
❖ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻❝ ✭♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❊❊❊ ✽✵✷✳✶✻❜ ❢♦✐ ❛❜❛♥❞♦♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ■❊❊❊✮ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❛❝r❡s❝❡♥t♦✉ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ✽✵✷✳✶✻❛✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❡s♣❡❝tr♦ ❞❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ✷✲✻✻ ●❍③ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ✈✐s❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡♥t❡s à ◗♦❙✳
❙❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❡♠ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✸ ♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❵❞✬ ❞♦ ■❊❊❊
