Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ➶♥❝♦r❛s ❱❡r❜❛✐s ❡ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❋✉③③② ♥❛
❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❛s ❊str❛té❣✐❝♦s ❞❛ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞
❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡ ▲✐♥❤❛r❡s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ Pós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r❛✿ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❘♦s❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❱✐❝❛r✐ ✖ ❯❋❘●❙
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✐ ❲❡✐❣❛♥❣ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
▲✐♥❤❛r❡s✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡✳
❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ➶♥❝♦r❛s ❱❡r❜❛✐s ❡ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❋✉③③② ♥❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❛s ❊str❛té❣✐❝♦s ❞❛ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞ ✴ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❆❧❜✉q✉❡rq✉❡ ▲✐♥❤❛r❡s✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✷✼ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✺✳
✶✳ ▼❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ✷✳ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞✱ ✸✳ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❋✉③③②
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹✳✽
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♦s ♠✐❧❛❣r❡s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ◆ã♦ s❡✐ ❝♦♠♦ ✈✐r❡✐ ♣❛✐✳ ◆ã♦ t✐♥❤❛ ✈♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❝❤❡✐ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♦ s❡r✐❛✳ ❯♠ ❞✐❛✱ ♠❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐ q✉❡ ❡st❛✈❛ ♥❛ ❤♦r❛✳
❈❤❡❣♦✉ ❛ ❇❡❜❡❧❧❛✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐ ❛♦s ♣♦✉❝♦s✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ♣♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ❡rr❛❞♦s✱ ♠❛s s❡♠♣r❡ s❡♥❞♦ ❢❡❧✐③ ♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❛s ❝♦♥t❛s✳ ❆ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ ❞❛ ▼❛r✐❝♦t❛ ❝♦♥✜r♠♦✉ ♦ q✉❡ ❥á t✐♥❤❛ ❝❡rt❡③❛✿ ❛♠❛✈❛ ♠✐♥❤❛s ✜❧❤❛s ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❡ss♦❛✳ ❙♦✉ ❤♦❥❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❣r❛ç❛s ❛ ❡❧❛s✳
❊❧❛s sã♦ ❛ r❛③ã♦ ❡ ♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ P❛ís ♠❛✐s ❥✉st♦✱ ❤♦♥❡st♦ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✳
▼❡♥✐♥❛s✱ ②♦✉ r♦❝❦✱ s♦❧✐❞✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ às ♠✐♥❤❛s ✜❧❤❛s ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❡♠ ❛ s❡r ❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ q✉❡ s♦✉✿ ❇❡❜❡❧❧❛ ❡ ▼❛r✐❝♦t❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ❞✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ s❡❥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✳
❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ t❡♥❤♦✱ ❛♦s ♥♦✈♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐ ❡ ❛♦s ♠✉♥❞♦s q✉❡ ❞❡s❜r❛✈❡✐ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ✷ ❛♥♦s✳ ❊✉ s❡✐ ♣♦r ♦♥❞❡ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❡ t❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t❛ s♦rt❡✳
❆♦ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❡ ❇❡rt♦❧✐ ♣♦r tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❖♣❡♥ ❙♦✉r❝❡ q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦s ♠❡✉s ❡st✉❞♦s✳
➚ q✉❡r✐❞❛ ❋❛❜✐❛♥❛ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❛♠♦r ❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❏ó ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ é ♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã③✐♥❤❛ ❈❧❛✉❞✐❛ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣❛ ❡ ♣❛r❝❡✐r❛ ♥ã♦ só ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞✐✈❡rt✐❞❛s✱ ♠❛s ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❡ ♥❛s ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✈❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝✐♠❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳ P♦♥t❛ ✜r♠❡ tá ❛❧✐✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ Pr♦❢✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♥✉tr✐♠♦s ❞❡st❡ ✷✵✵✾✳
❆❤✱ s✐♠ ❛ ✻ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ ♣❛ss❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♦s ♠♦❧❡q✉❡s ❞♦ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡①♣❡❞✐❡♥t❡✱ ❉❛♥✱ ❚❡❝♦ ❡ ❩é ❡ ❛♦s ♠❛❧✉❝♦s ❞♦ ❚♦♣ ●❡❛r✱ ❈❧❛r❦s♦♥✱ ❍❛♠♠♦♥❞ ❛♥❞ ▼❛②✳
❆❤ ❝❧❛r♦✱ ❛♦ ❡t❡r♥♦ ❈❛❧✈✐♥ ✫ ❍♦❜❜❡s✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞ ✭❇❙❈✮ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❛ ❝r✐❛r ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞♦s ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡st❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞❡st❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ é ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ t❡r ♣❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r s✉❛ ♠✐ssã♦✳ ❊♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣♦rt❡ tê♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❝r✐❛r s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s ❡s✲ tr❛té❣✐❛s s❡♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♦✉ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❛❣♦✳ ❊st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ▼✐str❛❧ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ❡ s❡✉s t✐♠❡s ❛ ❝r✐❛r s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s s♦❜ ❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❇❙❈✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❢✉③③②✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♥♦ s✐t❡ s♦❜r❡ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ s✉❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡s❝❛❧❛s ❝♦♠ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐✲ ❝❛s ❝❛s♦ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐str❛❧ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✉s❛ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r ❛s r❡❣r❛s ❢✉③③② ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❡s✲ tr❛té❣✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❇❙❈✳ ❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ♦✐t♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✱ ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s q✉❛tr♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❝❧áss✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❇❙❈✳ ❊st❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ❢♦r❛♠ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✹✺ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s✳ ❆ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✶✶✶ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ✶✷✻ r❡❣r❛s ❢✉③③②✳ ❖ ▼✐str❛❧ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞♦s s❡t♦r❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✱ ♣r✐✈❛❞♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡ssõ❡s✳ ◆❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡♠♣ír✐❝❛✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r♦✉ ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ s❡t♦r ♣r✐✈❛❞♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♦✐t♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ▼❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞✱ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❋✉③③②
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞ ✭❇❙❈✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ❝r❡❛t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ str❛t❡❣② ♣❧❛♥s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ t♦ ❛❧❧ ❡♠♣❧♦②❡❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦r❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t♦♦❧ ✐s t❤❡ str❛t❡❣② ♠❛♣ t❤❛t s❤♦✇s ❛ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s t❤❛t ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥② ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ✐ts ♠✐ss✐♦♥✳ ❙♠❛❧❧ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❞✐✉♠ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ✜♥❞ ✐t ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ str❛t❡❣✐❡s ✇✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ❤❡❧♣ ♦❢ ❛ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛♥t✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t ❛❧✇❛②s ❛✛♦r❞❛❜❧❡✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ▼✐str❛❧ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❛ s②st❡♠ t❤❛t s✉♣♣♦rts ❡♥tr❡♣r❡♥❡✉rs ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r t❡❛♠s t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ❇❙❈ str❛t❡❣② ♠❛♣s✳ ❚❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❢✉③③② ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ s②st❡♠✬s ✉s❡r t❛❦❡s ❛ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ s✉r✈❡② ❛❜♦✉t ❤✐s✴❤❡r ❡♥t❡r♣r✐s❡✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ❛ ✈❡r❜❛❧ ❛♥❝❤♦r s❝❛❧❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ♥✉♠❡r✐❝ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❡♥tr❡♣r❡♥❡✉r ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t ✈❛❧✉❡s✳ ▼✐str❛❧ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs t♦ ❣r♦✉♥❞ ❢✉③③② r✉❧❡s ❢♦r ❝r❡❛t✐♥❣ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss str❛t❡❣✐❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ s❤❛♣❡ ♦❢ ❇❙❈ str❛t❡❣② ♠❛♣s✳ ❚❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❡✐❣❤t str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✱ t✇♦ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r ❇❙❈ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛r❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❢♦rt②✲✜✈❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✲ ✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❜❛s❡ ❤❛s ♦♥❡✲❤✉♥❞r❡❞✲❡❧❡✈❡♥ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡✲❤✉♥❞r❡❞✲t✇❡♥t②✲s✐① ❢✉③③② r✉❧❡s✳ ❚❤✐s s②st❡♠ ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ s❡❝t♦r✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ s❡❝t♦r ❛♥❞ ❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝ ❝♦♥❝❡ss✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜❡tt❡r ✇❤❡♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ♣r✐✈❛t❡ s❡❝t♦r ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡♥ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❤t str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✇❡r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛❞❡q✉❛t❡ ❜② t❤❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡r ✐♥ ❝❤❛r❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥✲ st✐t✉t✐♦♥✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❙tr❛t❡❣② ▼❛♣✱ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞✱ ❋✉③③② ▲♦❣✐❝
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✸ ➪r❡❛s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❊s♣❡r❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✼
✷✳✶ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✷ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ➶♥❝♦r❛s ❱❡r❜❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷✳✸ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❇❙❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✹ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❋✉③③② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✶✹
✸✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✸✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❋✉③③② ❝♦♠ ➶♥❝♦r❛s ❱❡r❜❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✹ ❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼✐str❛❧ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✶✽
✹✳✶ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✺ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ✸✶
✺✳✶ ❚❘❚ ❞❛ ✶✵a ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ❘❡✈✐s✐t❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✷ ❈❛s♦ ✑❘❡❛❧✑ ❘❡✈✐s✐t❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✸ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ❱❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✹ ❈❛rtór✐♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ■♠ó✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✺ ❆❝❡ss♦ ✈✐❛ ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✺✷
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✺✻
❆ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❘❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❋✉③③② ✺✽
❇ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✻✹
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ▼❛♣❛ ❊str❛té❣✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✷ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✹✳✶ P♦rt❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✇✇✇✳♠✐str❛❧s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✳❝♦♠✳❜r ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✹✳✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t♦ ❢✉③③② ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✺✳✶ ❈❛❞❛str❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
❆✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t♦ ❢✉③③② ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ✑▼♦♥t❛r ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s✑ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❆✳✷ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✑❋❛③ ♣✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❞❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çõ❡s✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
❆✳✸ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✑❚❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝❛s❤ ❝♦✇✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
❆✳✹ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡rt✐♥ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✑❚❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s st❛r✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
❆✳✺ ❉❡s❢✉③③✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✶✳✶ ❘❛③õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❋❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❊♠♣r❡s❛s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✷ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❙❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✹✳✶ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❝❛❞❛str❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✷ ➶♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✹✳✸ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✹✳✹ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✹✳✺ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✹✳✻ ❘❡❣r❛s ❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✺✳✶ ❉❛❞♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❚❘❚ ❞❛ ✶✵a ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✺✳✷ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❘❚ ❞❛ ✶✵a ❘❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✺✳✸ ❉❛❞♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✏r❡❛❧✏ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✺✳✹ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✏r❡❛❧✏ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✺✳✺ ❉❛❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❘❚ ❞❛ ✶✵a
❘❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✺✳✻ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❚❘❚ ❞❛ ✶✵a
❘❡❣✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✺✳✼ ❉❛❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ✏r❡❛❧✏ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✺✳✽ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ✏r❡❛❧✏ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✺✳✾ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❝✐✈✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺✳✶✵ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❝✐✈✐❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✶✶ ❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛rtór✐♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐str♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✺✳✶✷ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈❛rtór✐♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✻✳✶ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❙❈✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ▼✐str❛❧ ❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✳ ✺✹
❆✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
❆✳✷ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✻✷
❆✳✸ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ s❡rá ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ❆ s❡❣✉✐r✱ sã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦s ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❛s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡s♣❡r❛❞❛s✳
✶✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❑❛♣❧❛♥ ❡ ◆♦rt♦♥❬✶✷❪✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ✶✹✸ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥❛s✱ ✹✼✱✹✪ ❞❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✺✪ ❞♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞❛s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ✷✺✪ ❞♦s ❣❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡st❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ✭✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦✮ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡ ✽✺✪ ❞♦s ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈♦s ❣❛st❛♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❤♦r❛ ♣♦r ♠ês ❞✐s❝✉t✐♥❞♦ ❡ss❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ✾ ❡♠ ✶✵ ❢❛❧❤❛♠ ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❛s ♠❡s♠❛s tr❛ç❛❞❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✻✵✪ ❞❡st❛s ♥ã♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✳ ❑❛♣❧❛♥ ❡ ◆♦rt♦♥ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ às ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✳ ❖ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❧ é ❝rít✐❝♦✱ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡✲s❡ s❡r ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣✐♦r ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❡♠❜♦r❛ ♥ã♦ t❡♥❤❛♠♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ➱ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✱ ❛♦ s❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ♦ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❞♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛r s♦❜r❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✱ ♦✉✈✐r✿ ✏♥ã♦✱ ♥ós t♦♠❛♠♦s ❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦rr✐❣✐♠♦s ♦ ❜❛r❝♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳✑✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❛✜r♠❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦✱ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣♦rt❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ é ♥❡❣❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❙❊❇❘❆❊ ✕ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ❆♣♦✐♦ ❛s P❡q✉❡♥❛s ❡ ▼é❞✐❛s ❊♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ♠♦rt❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✷ ✐♥❞✐❝❛✈❛ q✉❡ ✹✾✱✹✪ ♥ã♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐❛ ❞♦✐s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✱ ✺✻✱✹✪✱ ♥ã♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐r❛♠ três ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❡ ✺✾✱✾✪ ♥ã♦ ❝❤❡❣❛r❛♠ ❛♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❛♥♦❬✶✽❪✳ ❊st❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✷ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✼ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛♠ ✉♠❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✼✺✱✻✪ ❛té ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦
❛♥♦❬✶✾❪✳ ❊♠ ♠❛tér✐❛ ❞❡ ✵✹✴✵✹✴✷✵✶✷✱ ❖ ❙❊❇❘❆❊ ❧✐st♦✉ ♦s s❡✐s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡rr♦s ❞❡ q✉❡♠ ✈❛✐ ❛ ❢❛❧ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♣✐❛r ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❛♠❜♦s ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♦✉ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛✶✳
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✶✳✶ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ❛s r❛③õ❡s✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ú♥✐❝❛s✱ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❡♠♣r❡sá✲ r✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s❬✶✽❪✳ ❊st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❙❊❇❘❆❊✱ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡✉ ✉♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs♦ ❞❡ ✼✸✺ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♠♦t✐✈♦s✳
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❘❛③õ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❋❡❝❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❊♠♣r❡s❛s✳ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❘❛③õ❡s ✪
❋❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❈❛♣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ●✐r♦ ✹✺✱✽ ❈❛r❣❛ ❚r✐❜✉tár✐❛ ❊❧❡✈❛❞❛ ✹✶✱✼ ❈♦♥❝♦rrê♥❝✐❛ ▼✉✐t♦ ❋♦rt❡ ✸✸✱✸ ▼❛✉s P❛❣❛❞♦r❡s ✷✵✱✽ ❋❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ✶✷✱✺ P♦♥t♦✴▲♦❝❛❧ ■♥❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ✶✷✱✺ ❉❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ▼❡r❝❛❞♦ ✽✱✸
❘❡❝❡ssã♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ P❛ís ✽✱✸ ❉❡s❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ✹✱✷ ❋❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❈ré❞✐t♦ ❇❛♥❝ár✐♦ ✹✱✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❋✐s❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✹✱✷ ▼♦t✐✈♦s P❡ss♦❛✐s ✹✱✶
❆ ❡①❝❡çã♦ ❞♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦t✐✈♦s ❛❧❡❣❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✶✳✶sã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ t♦♠❛r ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❡t❛s ❞❡ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣r❛③♦✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ é s❛❜❡r q✉❛❧ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ t♦♠❛r✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ t♦♠❛r ❡st❡ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❛❜❡r s❡ ❡stá ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♥♦ r✉♠♦ ❝❡rt♦✳
❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧ t❛✐s ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♦✉ ♠étr✐❝❛s à s✉❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛✐s s❡♥sí✈❡❧ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♦✉ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ r❡❞♦r✳ ❖ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❞✐s♣õ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r❡s ❛ ♣r❡ç♦s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❡st❡s ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❛♠ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❞❛s s✉❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ❆ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ s✉❣✐r❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ♠❛s ♥ã♦ r❡q✉❡✐r❛ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r❡♠ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✳
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳✉♦❧✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴✉❧t✐♠❛s✲♥♦t✐❝✐❛s✴r❡❞❛❝❛♦✴✷✵✶✷✴✵✹✴✵✹✴
s❡❜r❛❡✲❧✐st❛✲♦s✲✻✲♠❛✐♦r❡s✲❡rr♦s✲❞❡✲q✉❡♠✲✈❛✐✲❛✲❢❛❧❡♥❝✐❛✲s❛✐❜❛✲❝♦♠♦✲❡✈✐t❛✲❧♦s✳❥❤t♠
❚♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❡ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ♥ã♦ só ❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛❥✉❞❡ ❛ ♠♦♥t❛r t❛✐s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✳ ❙❡ ❡st❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡st✐✈❡ss❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ❢♦ss❡ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛❝✐♠❛ ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ❝♦♥t♦r♥❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡ ❡♠♣r❡✲ sár✐♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❛ ❝r✐❛r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ▼❝❑✐♥s❡②✫❈♦♠♣❛♥②✷ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✹✺✪ ❞❡ ✽✵✵ ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈♦s ❡st❛✈❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ♦s ❡①❡❝✉t✐✈♦s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❧❛✲ ♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❛❧✈♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❛❧✐♥❤❛r ♦s t✐♠❡s ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✳
❊♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐r ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❥❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❡s✲ t✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♦♥❧✐♥❡ q✉❡ r❡s✉❧t❛rá ♥❛ s✉❣❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❇❙❈✿ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛✱ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ✐♥♦✈❛çã♦✳
❖ s✐st❡♠❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❋✉③③②✳ P❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ✕ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❡①t❡r♥❛r ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s ✕ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s às ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✳
❆tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s❬✶✼❪✱ ❞♦ r❛❝✐✲ ♦❝í♥✐♦ ❢✉③③② ❡ ❞♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❇❙❈✱ ❢♦✐ ❝r✐❛❞♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛ ❛♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ♠♦♥t❛r ❛ s✉❛ ❡str❛✲ té❣✐❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✱ s❡♥t✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✳
✶✳✸ ➪r❡❛s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t❛s
❖s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛❧ sã♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡♠ ❆❞✲ ♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♠ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❇❙❈ ❡stá ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✳ ❖ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❇❙❈ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♠étr✐❝❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ♠❡♥s✉r❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✳
✷❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠❝❦✐♥s❡②✳❝♦♠✴✐♥s✐❣❤ts✴str❛t❡❣②✴❤♦✇❴t♦❴✐♠♣r♦✈❡❴str❛t❡❣✐❝❴♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣
◆♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❙❲❖❚❬✺❪ ❡ P♦rt❡r ❋✐✈❡ ❋♦r❝❡s❬✶✻❪✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❇❙❈ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠étr✐✲ ❝❛s ❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s❬✶✷❪❬✽❪❬✾❪❬✶✵❪❬✶✶❪✳ P♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦✱ é ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳
❯♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ é ✉♠ s✉❜♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♦r✐✉♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❇❙❈✱ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s Pr♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❑❛♣❧❛♥ ❡ ◆♦rt♦♥ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❍❛r✈❛r❞❬✶✷❪❬✽❪❬✾❪❬✶✵❪❬✶✶❪✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❇❙❈ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ tr❛❞✉③✐r ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ❧❡✐t✉r❛✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛✲ çã♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ s✉❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❞♦çã♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦rt❡ ❛ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳
◆♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♥❛ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❧✐❝✐t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ t❡♠ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r❡❝✐s♦s ♦✉ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s sã♦ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡stá ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❢✉③③② ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛r ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❢✉③③② ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛✱ ❛ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉íst✐❝❛ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡ às ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡✳
✶✳✹ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❊s♣❡r❛❞❛
❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✉s✉❛❧ ❞❡ s❡ ♠♦♥t❛r ✉♠ ❇❙❈ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s ❡♥tr❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♠ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛r✐❛✐s ❡ ♦ ❣❡st♦r ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛s ❡♥tr❡✈✐st❛s✱ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛ ✉♠ r❛s❝✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té✲ ❣✐❝♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✱ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡✱ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢❛③ ❛❥✉st❡s ♥♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣ós ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡✉♥✐õ❡s✳ ❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s r❡q✉❡r ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ❡♠ ❇❙❈ ♣♦✐s ♠❛✲ ♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s r❡s✉♠❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✸✵ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✳ ❯♠ tí♣✐❝♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t❡ ❛ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✺✵ ♣á❣✐♥❛s✳ P❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ í♠♣❛r ❞❡ sí♥t❡s❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s r❡❛✐s ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ s❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❇❙❈✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❙❆P✸✱ ❖r❛❝❧❡ ❍②♣❡r✐♦♥✹ ❡ ■❇▼ ❈♦❣♥♦s ✺✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✻✻✪ ❞♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✲
✸❤❡❧♣✳s❛♣✳❝♦♠✴s❛♣❤❡❧♣❴❡r♣✻✵❴s♣✴❤❡❧♣❞❛t❛✴❡♥✴✼✵✴✶✽❞✹✸✼❞✹❛❢✵❛✷✶❡✶✵✵✵✵✵✵✾❜✸✽❢✽❝❢✴
❝♦♥t❡♥t✳❤t♠
✹✇✇✇✳♦r❛❝❧❡✳❝♦♠✴t❡❝❤♥❡t✇♦r❦✴♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✴♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✲s❝♦r❡❝❛r❞✴♦✈❡r✈✐❡✇✴✐♥❞❡①✳❤t♠❧ ✺✇✇✇✲✵✸✳✐❜♠✳❝♦♠✴s♦❢t✇❛r❡✴♣r♦❞✉❝ts✴❡♥✴❜✉s✐♥❡ss✲✐♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡
t❡r s❡✉s ❇❙❈ ✻✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❛ ■♥tr❛❢♦❝✉s❬✻❪ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✻✻✪ ❞❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ ❇❙❈✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠ s✉❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❛ ♠♦♥t❛r ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✳
❆ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡stõ❡s✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s à ❛❞♠✐✲ ♥✐str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❢✉③③② ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ s✉❣✐r❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛♦ ❡♠♣r❡✲ sár✐♦ r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛ ♥❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❇❙❈✳ ❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r ❛ q✉❡stõ❡s ❝✉❥❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳ ◆ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✱ r❡✲ ❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❇❙❈✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❡stã♦ ♦ ❊①❡✲ ❝✉t✐✈❡ ❙tr❛t❡❣② ▼❛♥❛❣❡✼✱ ♦ ❙tr❛t❡❝✽✱ ♦ ◗✉✐❝❦s❝♦r❡✾✱ ♦ ❇❙❈ ❉❡s✐❣♥❡r✶✵ ❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❜❛♠❜♦♦❇❙❈✶✶✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❡❧❡s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉✐❛r ♦ ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦ ❡ s✉❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❛♣❛✳
❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛✶✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ q✉❛❞r♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✿
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✳✷✿ ◗✉❛❞r♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❇❙❈
❙✐st❡♠❛ P♦ss✉✐
❉❛s❤❜♦❛r❞ ❚❡♠ ▼❛♣❛❊str❛té✲ ❣✐❝♦
❚❡♠ ▼é✲
tr✐❝❛s ❆❥✉❞❛♠♦♥t❛r ❛ ▼❛♣❛
P❧❛♥✐❧❤❛s ❡ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
❙❆P ❇■ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
❖r❛❝❧❡ ❍②♣❡r✐♦♥ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
■❜♠ ❈♦❣♥♦♥ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
❊①❡❝✉t✐✈❡ ❙tr❛t❡❣② ▼❛♥❛❣❡r ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
❙tr❛t❡❝ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
◗✉✐❝❦s❝♦r❡ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
❇❙❈ ❉❡s✐❣♥❡r ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ❙✐♠ ◆ã♦
✻✇✇✇✳✐♥tr❛❢♦❝✉s✳❝♦♠✴r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✴❜✉s✐♥❡ss✲s❝♦r❡❝❛r❞✲s✉r✈❡②s✴ ✼❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❡①❡❝✉t✐✈❡str❛t❡❣②♠❛♥❛❣❡r✳❝♦♠✴✐♥❞❡①✳❝❢♠✴❊❱❚✴❍♦♠❡✴ ✽❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳str❛t❡❝✳❝♦♠✳❜r✴❝❧✐❡♥t❡s
✾❤tt♣✿✴✴❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞s❝♦r❡❝❛r❞✳♦r❣✴❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✴◗✉✐❝❦❙❝♦r❡✲❇❙❈✲❙♦❢t✇❛r❡
✶✵❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳❜s❝❞❡s✐❣♥❡r✳❝♦♠✴❦♣✐s✲✐♥✲❜s❝✲❞❡s✐❣♥❡r✳❤t♠❄❣✷✫❣❝❧✐❞❂❈❖▲❚①✾❡✵❴
✼✽❈❋❙❞♣✼❆♦❞❣✶✽❆❴❣
✶✶❤tt♣✿✴✴s♦✉r❝❡❢♦r❣❡✳♥❡t✴♣r♦❥❡❝ts✴❜❛♠❜♦♦❜s❝✴
✶✳✺ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦
❊st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❢✉♥❞❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❞✐s❝✉t❡ ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
❊ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❇❙❈✱ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❢✉③③② ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥✲ tár✐♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡ss❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✳
✷✳✶ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ ❙❝♦r❡❝❛r❞
❯♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ♣❛r❛ t❡r ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r três ✐t❡♥s✿
✶✳ ❱✐sã♦ ✕ P❛r❛ ♦ q✉ê ❡❧❛ ❛❜r✐✉ ❛s ♣♦rt❛s✳
✷✳ ▼✐ssã♦ ✕ ❈♦♠♦ tr❛③❡r ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♠❡♥♦s ❛❜str❛t♦ ❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦✳
✸✳ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ✕ ❖ q✉ê é ❝✉❧t✉❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝♦♠♦ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ s❡ t❡r ♦✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r✳
❉❡✜♥✐❞❛s ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❡ ❛ ♠✐ssã♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦ ♥♦rt❡ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳ ➱ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ♥❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❡❣❛❞❛✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛✲s❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ❡❧❡✳ ❖ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳
❊♠♣r❡s❛s ❝♦st✉♠❛♠ ❝r✐❛r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té✲ ❣✐❝♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♠✐tês ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s✱ q✉❛s❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❛ss❡ss♦r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t♦r✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ❆♣ós ❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✜❝❛r ♣r♦♥t♦✱ é ❝♦rr✐q✉❡✐r♦ ❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡sq✉❡❝❡r q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡①✐st❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❣✉✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳
❇❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❑❛♣❧❛♥ ❡ ◆♦rt♦♥ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s❬✶✵❪✱ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s q✉❡ tr❛✲ ❞✉③❡♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❣rá✜❝♦✳
❯♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ é ✉♠❛ s❡♥t❡♥ç❛ ❝✉rt❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❝❧❛r❛✱ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ♦ q✉ê ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ s❡❥❛ ❝✉♠♣r✐❞♦✳
❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ❝♦st✉♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s q✉❡ s❡ s✉♣♦rt❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛✿
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞❛ ■♥♦✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ✕ ❈♦♠♦ ✐♥♦✈❛r ❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r s✉❛ ❢♦rç❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❛ s❡ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ■♥t❡r♥♦s ✕ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ é ❝❛♣❛✲ ❝✐t❛❞❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❛ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥♦✈❛r✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦✉ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❡♥tr❡❣❛r ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ s❡♠ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ✕ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s sã♦ ❜❡♠ ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦s ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛ ♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ót✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❝❛♣t❛r ❡ ✜❞❡❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❝❛rt❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❜❡♠ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✕ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡stã♦ s❛t✐s❢❡✐t♦s✱ ♦ q✉ê ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦s ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ s❡❥❛♠ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s✳
❈❛❞❛ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ r❡❝❡❜❡ ❡♥tã♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ✐♥t❡r❧✐✲ ❣❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ❞❛s ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✳
P❛r❛ s❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r s❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✱ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❡❧❡❣❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♠étr✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛✱ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛ é ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ♠❡t❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡✈✐s❛❞❛ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s sã♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ♠étr✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❛♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♠❡t❛s✳
■♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s sã♦ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❝✉rt♦ ❡ ❝❧❛r♦ ❞❡ ❞✉r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❡♠ ❛ ❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♥♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✳ ◆❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ s❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞♦s✳
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s sã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s às ♠étr✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛❧✈♦s q✉❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛t✐♥❣✐❞♦s✱ ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ✈♦❧t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✱ ❣❛r❛♥t❡✲s❡ ♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❝♦♠✉♠✳
❖ ❇❙❈ ❡ s❡✉s ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ❛❞♦t❛♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✿
• t♦❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ t❡r ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦✱ ♠✐ssã♦ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s✳
• ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ t❡r ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳
• ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✿
✕ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✐r❛ ✕ ❈♦♠ ♦ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❜❡♠ ❢❡✐t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞❛r ♦ r❡t♦r♥♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞❡s❡❥❛❞♦❄
✕ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s ❈❧✐❡♥t❡s ✕ ❈♦♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❜❡♠ ❢❡✐t♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❜❡♠ ❛♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡❄
✕ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦s Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ■♥t❡r♥♦s ✕ ❈♦♠ ♦s s❡✉s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s tr❡✐♥❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❣❡r✐r ♦s s❡✉s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s❄
✕ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ■♥♦✈❛çã♦ ✕ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❝r✐❛ ♥♦✈♦s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛ ❡ tr❡✐♥❛ ♦s s❡✉s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s❄
• ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❤❛✈❡r ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s ✲ ❢r❛✲
s❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛ ❞❡s❡❥❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ✏❘❡❞✉③✐r ❝✉st♦s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦✑✳
• t♦❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❞❡✈❡rá t❡r ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♠étr✐❝❛s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ❡❧❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛
q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛ s✉❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳
• ❝❛❞❛ ♠étr✐❝❛ ❞❡✈❡rá t❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t❛ ❡ ♣r❛③♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛s✳
• ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡✈❡rã♦ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♠❡t❛s✳
❊st❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳
• ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ s❡rá ❞❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛s ✐♥✐✲
❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❛tr❡❧❛❞❛s ❛s ♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❛t✐♥❣✐ss❡♠ às ♠❡t❛s✳ ❆s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❛ ❡♠✲ ♣r❡s❛✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❬✶✵❪ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ▼❛♣❛ ❊str❛té❣✐❝♦
✷✳✷ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ➶♥❝♦r❛s ❱❡r❜❛✐s
P❛r❛ s❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛♦s ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✱ ♦s ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ❡ s✉❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♣r♦✈❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳ ◆❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡stã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ❡ ♣r❡❝✐s♦✳❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❘❡♥♦♦✐❥ ❡ ❲✐tt❡♠❛♥❬✶✼❪✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ✜❝❛♠ r❡❧✉t❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ♦✉ s❡♥s❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♦✉ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛✐s✳ ❊❧❡s ♣r❡❢❡r❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡r t❛✐s ✐♥✲ ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✳ ❊ss❡s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞✐s❝✉t❡♠ ❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥❤❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ✈❡r❜❛❧ ❞♦ ❧❛❞♦ ❡sq✉❡r❞♦✳ P❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡st❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❤í❜r✐❞❛✱ ❘❡♥♦♦✐❥ ❡ ❲✐tt❡♠❛♥ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❡st✉❞♦s✿
✶✳ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ss❡♠ q✉❛✐s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ❡❧❛s ❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s✳
✷✳ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛ss❡♠ ❡ss❛s ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s✳
✸✳ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣❛❧❛✲ ✈r❛s ❞❡✈❡r✐❛♠ s❡r ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳
✹✳ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ t❡st❡s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s sã♦ t♦♠❛❞❛s ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛s ♣❛❧❛✲ ✈r❛s ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s✳
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ✐❧✉str❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❝♦♠ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s❬✹❪✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❊s❝❛❧❛ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ssõ❡s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦s
❉❛✇❡s ❡ ❘✐❡❜❡❬✹❪ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥str✉✐r❛♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✐♥❣ ❢❡✐t♦ ✈✐❛ t❡❧❡❢♦♥❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ â♥❝♦r❛s ✈❡r❜❛✐s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❛♣✲ t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❏✉st❡r❬✼❪✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐rá ❛♦s ❡♠♣r❡sár✐♦s ❞❛r r❡s♣♦st❛s ♥ã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❛s t✐✈❡r❡♠✱ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣♦rt❡ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✶✳
✷✳✸ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦
❇❙❈
❖s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ♥❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❇❙❈ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✷✵✵✽ ♣♦r ❘♦❜❡rt ❙✳ ❑❛♣❧❛♥ ❡ ❉❛✈✐❞ P✳ ◆♦rt♦♥ ❬✶✷❪✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♥❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❢♦✐ ♦ r❡❧❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❙❈ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❢✉③③②✳ ❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦s ❡♥❢♦❝❛♠ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❇❙❈ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♣❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✳
❑✇✐♥❣ ❡ ❇❛✐❬✶✸❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❋✉③③② ❆❍P ✭❋✉③③② ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤② Pr♦❝❡ss✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❞❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s é ♦ ❞❛ ❈❛s❛ ❞❛ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✷✱ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡❧❡♥❝❛r q✉❛✐s ❢❛t♦r❡s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦✴s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♠♣r❡s❛✳ ◆♦ ❡st✉❞♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♥♦t❛r ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❋✉③③② ❆❍P ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛r ♠étr✐❝❛s✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ❤á ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❙❈ ♥❡♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♦✉ ♠❛♣❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦✳
❈❡❜❡❝✐❬✷❪ ♣r♦♣ôs ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❋✉③③② ❆❍P ❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❇❙❈ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❊❘P ✭❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❊♥t❡r♣r✐s❡ ❘❡s♦✉r❝❡ P❧❛♥♥✐♥❣✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥❞✉str✐❛ tê①t✐❧✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❋✉③③② ❆❍P ♣❡❧♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ s❡ ♠♦str♦✉ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♥ã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ♦ ❇❙❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦s ❊❘P✳
❚❤❛♥❛r❛❦s❛❦✉❧ ❡ P❤r✉❦s❛♣❤❛♥r❛t❬✷✸❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ♦ ❇❙❈ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s✱ ♣♦ré♠ s❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ♦ ❇❙❈ ♥❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r t❛❧ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✳
▲❡❡✱ ❈❤❡♥ ❡ ❈❤❛♥❣❬✶✹❪ ♣r♦♣✉s❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❋✉③③② ❆❍P ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❙❈ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
✶❊①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡str❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦ ❞❡s❞❡
✷✵✵✶✳
✷❤tt♣✿✴✴❡♥✳✇✐❦✐♣❡❞✐❛✳♦r❣✴✇✐❦✐✴◗✉❛❧✐t②❴❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❴❞❡♣❧♦②♠❡♥t
