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Análise de mecanismos de replicação de dados para grades de computadores

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❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ P❆❯▲❖

■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❋❮❙■❈❆ ❉❊ ❙➹❖ ❈❆❘▲❖❙

▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ P❛♥❝✐❡r✐ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❋r❡✐t❛s

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

♣❛r❛ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s

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▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦ P❛♥❝✐❡r✐ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❋r❡✐t❛s

❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ▼❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡

❉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❚ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳

➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●♦♥③❛❧♦ ❚r❛✈✐❡s♦

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AUTORIZO A REPRODUÇÃO E DIVULGAÇÃO TOTAL OU PARCIAL DESTE TRABALHO, POR QUALQUER MEIO CONVENCIONAL OU ELETRÔNICO, PARA FINS DE ESTUDO E PESQUISA, DESDE QUE CITADA A FONTE.

Ficha catalográfica elaborada pelo Serviço de Biblioteca e Informação IFSC/USP

Freitas, Leonardo Pancieri Ferreira de

Análise de mecanismos de replicação de dados para grades de computadores / Leonardo Pancieri Ferreira de Freitas; orientador Gonzalo Traviesso.-- São Carlos, 2010.

101 p.

Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência - Área de concentração: Física Computacional) – Instituto de Física de São Carlos da Universidade de São Paulo.

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❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r✱ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ●♦♥③❛❧♦ ❚r❛✈✐❡s♦✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✉ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t♦✉✳

❆♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡r ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ r❡❝❡♣t✐✈❛ ❡ ❝❛❧♦r♦s❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳

➚ ❋✉♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♠♣❛r♦ à P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞♦ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦ ✭❋❆P❊❙P✮✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥❝❡ssã♦ ❞❛ ❜♦❧s❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s✳

➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛✱ ❏♦sé ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ▼❛r✐❛ ▼❛rt❛ ❡ ▲❛ís✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✳

➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ❈❛♠✐❧❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳

❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❤♦r❛s✳

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❘❡s✉♠♦

❋❘❊■❚❆❙✱ ▲✳ P✳ ❋✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✶✵✶ ♣✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❯♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭❞❛t❛❣r✐❞✮ é ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s✳ ❆s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈ê♠ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❛✲ ♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳ ❆s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡s ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲ ♣❡❡r✱ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✭❈❉◆✮✳ ▼✉✐t❛s ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡st❛s r❡❞❡s sã♦ ❝♦♠✉♥s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✭r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❜✉s❝❛✮✱ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✱ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ré♣❧✐❝❛s ❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❡str✉t✉r❛ t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ ♥ós✳ ❆ ♠ét♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛✲ çã♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛r ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❝✉r✲ s♦s✳ ◆♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s t♦♣♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛❞❡✳

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❆❜str❛❝t

❋❘❊■❚❆❙✱ ▲✳ P✳ ❋✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s ❢♦r ❣r✐❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳ ✷✵✶✵✳ ✶✵✶ ♣✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ✭▼❛st❡r✮ ✲ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❋ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✶✵✳

❆ ❞❛t❛❣r✐❞ ✐s ❛♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ t♦ ❛❣❣r❡❣❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡ st♦r❛❣❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧❧② ❞✐st❛♥t✳ ❉❛t❛❣r✐❞s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❢♦r ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r②✱ tr❛♥s❢❡r✱ ❤❛♥❞❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ ❧❛r❣❡ ❛♠♦✉♥ts ♦❢ ❞❛t❛ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ r❡♣♦s✐t♦r✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛t❛❣r✐❞s s❤❛r❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ✇✐t❤ ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ♥❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t❡♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✭❈❉◆✮✳ ▼❛♥② ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ s❡❛r❝❤ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛r❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❞❛t❛❣r✐❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ st✉❞② t❤❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✭r❡♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ s❡❛r❝❤✮✱ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r st♦r❛❣❡✱ ✜❧❡ s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣✱ r❡♣❧✐❝❛ s✉r✈✐✈❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ tr❛✣❝✳ ❚❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rs t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✈❛r✐✲ ♦✉s ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ✇✐t❤ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❡s ♦❢ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ✉♥❞❡r ♥♦❞❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ t♦ ❝❛rr② ♦✉t t❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲✐t❤ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛t♦r ✐t ✐s ♣♦s✲ s✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t❡ st✉❞✐❡s ♦♥ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s ❛♥❞ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❡s✱ ❛✈♦✐❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❣r✐❞ ✇✐t❤ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡♦✉s r❡s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t ❡✛❡❝ts ♦♥ ❣r✐❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡t✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✐♥t❡r❛❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♣♦❧✐❝✐❡s✳

(15)
(16)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ✕ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❤í❜r✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺ ✕ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✼ ✕ ❘❡❞❡ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛ ❞❡ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✽ ✕ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✶ ✕ ❇✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ✢♦♦❞✐♥❣✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✷ ✕ ❇✉s❝❛ ♣♦r ♣❛ss❡✐♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✸ ✕ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ P❛ss✐✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✹ ✕ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✺ ✕ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✻ ✕ ❙✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✹✳✼ ✕ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✜❧❛ ✭❋■❋❖✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✺✳✶ ✕ ❆❣❡♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶ ✕ Pr♦♣♦rçã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ trá❢❡❣♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊str❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✸ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊str❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✹ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆♥❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✺ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆♥❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✻ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

(17)

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✽ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✻✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✾ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✼✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✵ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✶ ✕ ❚rá❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✷ ✕ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s P❡r❞✐❞♦s ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✼✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✸ ✕ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s P❡r❞✐❞♦s ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✼✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✹ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊str❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✺ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊str❡❧❛ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✻ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆♥❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✼ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❆♥❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✽ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✶✾ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✵ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s✳ ✳ ✽✻

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✶ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✽✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✷ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✸ ✕ P❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✹ ✕ ❊s♣❛ç♦s ❱❛③✐♦s ❡♠ ◆ós ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✾✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✺ ✕ ❊s♣❛ç♦s ❱❛③✐♦s ❡♠ ◆ós ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✻ ✕ ❊s♣❛ç♦s ❱❛③✐♦s ❡♠ ◆ós ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ❝♦♠ ✽✵✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✻✳✷✼ ✕ ❊s♣❛ç♦s ❱❛③✐♦s ❡♠ ◆ós ① ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐ ❝♦♠ ✺✵ ❜✉s❝❛s ✾✹

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(19)
(20)

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ ✕ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s P✷P✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✶ ✕ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✺✳✷ ✕ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✻✳✶ ✕ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

(21)
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▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s

P2P ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r

LHC ▲❛r❣❡ ❍❛❞r♦♥ ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r

CDN ❈♦♥t❡♥t ❉❡❧✐✈❡r② ◆❡t✇♦r❦

DNS ❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ❙②st❡♠

GB ●✐❣❛❜②t❡s

TB ❚❡r❛❜②t❡s

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❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✺

✶✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ às ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✷✼

✷✳✶ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✷ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✸ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹ ❘❡❞❡s P✷P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✷✳✺ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❞❡s P✷P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✸✹

✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✷ ▼♦♥❛❞✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✹ ❋❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✺ ❍í❜r✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✻ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❖✈❡r❧❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✼ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✶✶ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♥ã♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❊r❞ös✲❘é♥②✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✶✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❇❛r❛❜ás✐✲❆❧❜❡rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷

✹ ❉❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❡ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✹✸

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✹✳✸ P❛ss❡✐♦ ❆❧❡❛tór✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✹ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❘❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✺ P❛ss✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✻ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❇✉s❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✼ ❈❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❇✉s❝❛ ❝♦♠ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✽ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✾ ❆❧❡❛tór✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✶✵ ❋■❋❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✺ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ✺✶

✺✳✶ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✷ ●❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✹ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✺✳✺ P♦❧ít✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✻ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✺✻

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✻✳✶✺ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♥❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✻✳✶✻ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✻✳✶✼ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✻✳✶✽ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✶✾ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✉❜st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✾✶ ✻✳✷✵ ❊❢❡✐t♦ ❞❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷

✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✾✺

✼✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✼✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻

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✷✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

✶✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ às ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s

❖ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s r❡✈♦❧✉❝✐♦♥♦✉ ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♥t❡s ♥ã♦ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡st❡s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r✿ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✐♥t❡r✲r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r❡s✱ ❝❛ót✐❝♦s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❡s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❛♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✭◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ♦s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦❧❡tá✲❧♦s ❡ ❛r♠❛③❛♥á✲❧♦s✮✳

Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐✲ ♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❡①t❡♥s♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭✶✮✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①✲ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t ❡♠ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛str♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ❞❡ ❣✐❣❛❜②t❡s ❛té t❡r❛❜②t❡s ❞✐❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭✷✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s✱ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✳ P❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♥s❡qü❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ✐♥✲ tr♦❞✉③❛♠ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛tr❛s♦s ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ✭❞❛t❛❣r✐❞✮ ✭✸✮✳

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✷✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❣r❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡✿ ▲❛r❣❡ ❍❛❞r♦♥ ❈♦❧❧✐❞❡r ✭▲❍❈✮✱ ❋♦❧❞✐♥❣❅❍♦♠❡ ❡ ●❡✲ ♥♦♠❡❅❍♦♠❡ ✭✹✮✳ ❖✉tr♦s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✭✺✮✳

❆ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s s❡❥❛♠ ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✲ t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦✳ ❊st❛s ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥t✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♥ós ❞❡s❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ à ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ é ❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♥ós ❞✐st❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✳

❯♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ é ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✭✻✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦ss✉✐ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ s❡ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s ♥ós ❢❛❧❤❛r✱ ♦✉tr♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❢♦r s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡r❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ é s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ à r❡❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ♥ó ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛♥t❡ é q✉❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡✳ ❈♦♠ ❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s é ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✳

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✷✼

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

✷✳✶ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

❖ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✲s❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❊st❛ é ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ✭✾✮✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛✲ ❞♦s✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡❛s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛❞❡ ♣r♦✈ê ❛❝❡ss♦ ú♥✐❝♦✱ s❡❣✉r♦ ❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✳

❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉③ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛ss✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s✉r❣❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡♥❞♦ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥✲ t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭✶✵✮✳ ❊st❡s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❡①✐st✐r r❡♣❧✐❝❛s✱ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳ ❆s r❡❞❡s ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ✭●♥✉t❡❧❧❛✱ ❑❛③❛❛✮✱ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✭❈❉◆✮✭❆❦❛♠❛✐✱ ❙♣❡❡❞❡r❛✮ ❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✭❖r❛❝❧❡ ❉❉❇✱ ■❇▼ ❉❇✷ ❉❉❇✮ sã♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s às ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳

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✷✽ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r♦✈ê♠ ❞✉❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❡♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥st❛♥❝✐❛❀ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✭✶✵✮✳ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ré♣❧✐❝❛s✳

Pr♦✈❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ é ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❯♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ é ❛ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①✐st❡♠ ♠❛q✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❝♦♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦✳ ◆❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ❡st❡s ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ✕ ❱✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❢r♦♥t❡✐r❛s ❣❡♦❣rá✜❝❛s✳

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✷✳✶ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✷✾

❖s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❤❡t❡r♦❣ê♥❡♦s✱ r❡❢❡r✐♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭▲✐♥✉①✱ ❲✐♥❞♦✇s✱ ❯♥✐①✱ ❙♦❧❛r✐s✮✱ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✱ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡✲ ♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦✮ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❡st❡s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡stã♦ s♦❜ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✿

• ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❣❡♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s

❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✳

• ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡✴♦✉ ❣❡r❛♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

❞❡ ●✐❣❛❜②t❡s✭●❇✮ ✱ ❚❡r❛❜②t❡s✭❚❇✮ ❡ ❛té P❡t❛❜②t❡s✭P❇✮✳ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❈▼❙ ♥♦ ▲❍❈ ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✶ P❇ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛ ❧❛tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡st❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ré♣❧✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s✳

• ❖ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ é ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛

❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥❛❧✐s❡s✳

• ❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ú♥✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❞❛❞♦ t❡♠ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦

♥♦♠❡ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ r❡❞❡✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ t❡r ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s r❡♣♦s✐tó✲ r✐♦s✱ ❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❞❛❞♦ s❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠✱ ♣♦ré♠ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛ é ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ ❣r❛❞❡✳

• P❡r♠✐ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦

❛ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♣❡r♠✐ssõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✳ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣❡r✲ ♠✐ssõ❡s ♥❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦s✳

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✸✵ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

❡♥❡r❣✐❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦✳ ➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝r✐❛r ré♣❧✐❝❛s ❞❡st❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞♦ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ sã♦ ♣r♦✲ ♣❛❣❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ré♣❧✐❝❛s ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳

❆❧❣✉♥s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ◆❛s ♣ró①✐♠❛s s❡çõ❡s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s três ❞❡st❡s ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛s✳

✷✳✷ ❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦

❘❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ✭❈❉◆✮ ✭✶✷✱ ✶✸✮ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ♠❛♥t✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛r ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛✐s✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✭✶✹✮✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❈❉◆✱ ❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s é ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❡st❡s ❝♦♥t❡♠ ré♣❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧✳ ❆ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ é tr❛♥s❢❡r✐❞❛ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ✭✶✸✮✳

❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❈❉◆✱ t♦❞♦ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ r♦t❡❛♠❡♥t♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ ❡st❡ é ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ ❉◆❙ ✭❉♦♠❛✐♥ ◆❛♠❡ ❙②st❡♠✮ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉◆❙ ❞❛ r❡q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♥❝❛♠✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛té ♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦✳ ❈❛s♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❡st✐✈❡r ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦✱ ❡st❡ é ❡♥tr❡❣✉❡ ♣❡❧♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✳

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✷✳✸ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✸✶

❆❦❛♠❛✐✱ ❙♣❡❡❞❡r❛ ❡ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❉◆❙✱ t♦❞♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢r❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛s ❈❉◆ ✐♠♣❡❞❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡stá ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ é ♠❛♥t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ♣ró♣r✐♦s ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ é ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛✳

✷✳✸ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s

❯♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s s❡r✈✐✲ ❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ✭✶✺✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ s✉❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❣❧♦❜❛✐s✳ ❯♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ ❞♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♠♦❞♦s✿ ♣❛rt✐❝✐✲ ♦♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♠❛q✉✐♥❛s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ t♦♣✲❞♦✇♥✳ ❖✉tr♦ ♠♦❞♦ é ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ✈ár✐♦s ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡✱ ❡st❛ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❜♦tt♦♠✲✉♣✳

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✸✷ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

✷✳✹ ❘❡❞❡s P✷P

❆s r❡❞❡s ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ✭P✷P✮ sã♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛r ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✮ ♣❡❧❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛r ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ♦✉ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s✳ ❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s P✷P ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❛✉t♦✲♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❡ ❛❝♦♠♦❞❛r ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡❡rs ✭♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✮✱ ❝♦♠ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ✭✽✮✳

❖s ♣❡❡rs ✐♥t❡r❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ çõ❡s ❡ r❡tr❛♥s♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♣❡❡rs✳ ❆ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡❡rs é tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥tr❛r ❡ s❛✐r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥st❛♥t❡✳

❖s ❢♦❝♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❛s r❡❞❡s P✷P sã♦ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ à ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s✱ ❛s r❡❞❡s P✷P ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝r❡s❝❡r ❝♦♠ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳

❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ ✕ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s P✷P✳

❋✉♥çã♦ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s

❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❜❛t❡♣❛♣♦ ■❘❈✱ ▼❙◆✱ ✐♥st❛♥t ♠❡ss❛❣✐♥❣ ■❝q ❡ ❏❛❜❜❡r ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❙❊❚■❅❍♦♠❡ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ●❡♥♦♠❡❅❤♦♠❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡

❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ♣r♦t❡çã♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ❛t❛q✉❡s ❉❖❙ ❡ ✈✐r✉s

❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s P■❊❘✱ ❚❤❡ P✐❛③③❛✱ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♥ós ❊❞✉t❡❧❧❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ◆❛♣st❡r✱ P✉❜❧✐✉s✱

✭♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❞❡①❛çã♦✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✮ ●♥✉t❡❧❧❛✱ ❋r❡❡♥❡t✱ ▼♦❥♦◆❛t✐♦♥

❆s r❡❞❡s P✷P ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♥❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s P✷P✳ ❙❡❣✉❡ ❛❜❛✐①♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✿

❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ Pr♦✈ê ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦✲ ❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ r❡❛❧✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✳

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✷✳✺ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❞❡s P✷P ✸✸

❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ▼❡♠❜r♦s ❞✐s♣♦✲ ♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♠ s✉❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡stã♦ ♦❝✐♦s❛s✳

❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r s❡r✈✐ç♦s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♥❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦✱ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❡t✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛st ❡ ❛♥t✐✈ír✉s✳

❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳

❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s P✷P✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳

❆ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✭✽✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ s♦❜r❡ r❡❞❡s P✷P✳

✷✳✺ ❈♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❞❡s P✷P

●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ P✷P ❡stã♦ ❛♠❜♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ s✉❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♦✈❡r✲ ❧❛②✭❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✮✳

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❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

✸✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳ ❊①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s é ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦s✱ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❛❝❡ss♦✱ ❣❛r❣❛❧♦s✱ sã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳

❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✭✶✵✮ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♠❛✐s ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦✿ ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝♦✱ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦✱ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❤í❜r✐❞♦ ❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✳

✸✳✷ ▼♦♥❛❞✐❝♦

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✸✳✸ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ ✸✺

✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✱ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻❛ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛② ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡str❡❧❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡♠♦s ♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ◆❊❊❙❣r✐❞ Pr♦❥❡❝t ✭◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❋♦r ❊❛rt❤q✉❛❦❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✮✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝♦✳

◆♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠♦♥❛❞✐❝♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❝❡ss❛❞♦s ♣❛r❝✐✲ ❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳

P❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣❧✐❝❛❞♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛r ❞❛❞♦s t❡♠ ❝✉st♦ ❛❧t♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛✳

✸✳✸ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦

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✸✻ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

❛ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞❡ s✉❛s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ár✈♦r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻❝✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦✳

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛✲❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❈▼❙ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞♦ ▼❖◆❆❘❈ ✭▼♦❞❡❧s ♦❢ ◆❡t✇♦r❦❡❞ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛t ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ❈❡♥tr❡s✮ ♥♦ ❈❊❘◆✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦✳

❯♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦ é ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞❛✲ ❞♦s✱ q✉❡ é s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❜❛st❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❡st❡s sã♦ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s✳ ❆ ❡♥♦r♠❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❣❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠♦t✐✈❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s r♦❜✉st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳

✸✳✹ ❋❡❞❡r❛çã♦

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦ é ♣r❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♥❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳ ❆s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♠ s✉❛s ❜❛s❡s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛❣r❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❝❡♥tr❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸✳

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✸✳✺ ❍í❜r✐❞♦ ✸✼

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✸ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦✳

♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s P✷P✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦✳

❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦ t❡♠✲s❡ ♦ ❇■❘◆ ✭❇✐♦✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐❝s ❘❡s❡❛r❝❤ ◆❡t✇♦r❦✮✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♣❡r✲ t❡♥❝❡♥t❡ à ❣r❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✐♥st✐✲ t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❧♦❝❛❧✳

✸✳✺ ❍í❜r✐❞♦

❊st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s ❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦✳ ➱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡ór✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s tê♠ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s✉❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s✱ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❣❛çõ❡s ❞✐r❡t❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s✳

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✸✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✹ ✕ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❤í❜r✐❞♦✳

✸✳✻ ❘❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❖✈❡r❧❛②

❆s r❡❞❡s ♣❡❡r✲t♦✲♣❡❡r ❡ ❣r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡❞❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛s ❡♠ ❝✐♠❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ♦✈❡r❧❛②✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s à r❡❞❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐r❡t❛✳ ❆s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♥ós ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r✲s❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ s✐✱ ❛❜str❛✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳

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✸✳✼ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ✸✾

✸✳✼ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s

❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❞❡s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡s✲ sár✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s r❡❞❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛s ❥á ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✭✽✮✳

✸✳✽ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛

◆❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ t❡♠✲s❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s✭❤✉❜✮✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ t♦❞❛s ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛♠✲s❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ♥ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡str❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻❛✳ ❆s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❡st❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ sã♦ ❛s ❜✉s❝❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞♦✐s ❤♦♣s ❡ ❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳

❆ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♥ó é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧✭❤✉❜✮✱ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ tr♦❝❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣❛ss❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♥ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧✳ ❊st❛ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡str❡❧❛✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❤❛✈❡♥❞♦ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ ♥ó ❝❡♥tr❛❧✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s sã♦ ♣❡r❞✐❞❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✳

✭❛✮ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❊str❡❧❛✳ ✭❜✮ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❆♥❡❧✳ ✭❝✮ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ➪r✈♦r❡✳

(43)

✹✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ●r❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s

✸✳✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❛♥❡❧

❊♠ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❛♥❡❧✱ ♥ós ❡stã♦ ❧✐❣❛❞♦s ❡♠ sér✐❡✱ ❝♦♥str✉✐♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❢❡✲ ❝❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♥❡❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻❜✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♥ó ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦✐s ✈✐③✐♥❤♦s ❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❞❡✱ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♥❡❧✳

❯♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❛♥❡❧ é ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡r t♦❞❛ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞✉❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✱ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❝♦rr❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡ ♦ r❡❝✉rs♦✳ ❙❡ ❛ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❞✉❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ♦ ♥ó r❡q✉✐s✐t❛♥t❡ ❡♥✈✐❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦✱ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ♣❡r❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ é ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛✳

❈♦♠♦ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛♥❡❧✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ♥❛ r❡❞❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❢❛③✲s❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡❜r❛r ♦ ❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♥ós ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❡st❛ q✉❡❜r❛ ❞❡ ❡❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❞❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st❡❥❛ tr❛❢❡❣❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜✉s❝❛✳

✸✳✶✵ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❡ s✉❜❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós✳ ❊st❛ r❡❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✲s❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♥ó q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ♥ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❛ ♥ ♥ós ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❝r✐❛ ♥ ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ♦✉tr♦s ♥ ♥ós ❡ ❛ss✐♠ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✻❝✱ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❝✉rt❛s ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♥ós✳

Referências

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