The melt pond fraction and spectral sea ice albedo retrieval from MERIS data: validation and trends of sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction in the Arctic for years 2002–2011

Trends in the time series of annual mean MO dates indicate that MO is occurring earlier in the year for the majority of Arctic sea ice over the 1979–2012 data record

In the absence of leads and away from the ice edge, the original code does not contain information to explicitly derive concentrations of fast, level, consolidated, rafted and

4, we finally compare the magnitude and pacing of past temperature changes reconstructed from deep ice cores to the changes simulated by coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea- ice models

The reconstructions are based on a multilinear regression of forecasted ice concentration, level ice thickness, ridge density, ice speed and an additional factor which is based,

The mean values and uncertainties of snow depth and ice and snow densities, determined for FY ice and MY ice, were used to calculate the total error in ice thickness retrieval

The background colour shows the mean sea surface height computed from a free model run over the period 1993-1999; the gray colour shows land; the numbered boxes show regions used

Impacts of sea-ice reduction on the future projection of pH and aragonite saturation values in the Arctic surface waters have been investigated by comparing the rates of

When we try different values for the ice temperature, snow density, and ice salinity (not shown here), we find that only the ice salinity impacts the modelled brightness