❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠
▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
♥❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✱
❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r
❑❧❡❜❡r ❳❛✈✐❡r ❋❡✐t♦s❛
❑❧❡❜❡r ❳❛✈✐❡r ❋❡✐t♦s❛
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣❛r❛
❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r
❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❈✉rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡✳
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐s ❊①❛t❛s ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛
❯♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✿ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r
♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✳
❑❧❡❜❡r ❳❛✈✐❡r ❋❡✐t♦s❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡
▼❡str❡
✳❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✻ ❞❡ ❥✉♥❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺
❈♦♠✐ssã♦ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
P rof.Dr.Rui Seimetz−M at/U N B(Orientador)
P rof.Dr.Helder de Carvalho M atos−M at/U N B
❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳é ♣r♦✐❜✐❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉çã♦ t♦t❛❧ ♦✉ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦ ❛✉t♦r ❡ ❞♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❥✉❞á✲❧♦ ❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s q✉❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡♠ s✉❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛✳ ❯♠ ♦✉tr♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ s❡rá tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲ ♠❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❜✉sq✉❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡ ♠♦str❛r q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡ s❡✉ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❛çõ❡s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s s❛❜❡♠✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐rá ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣❧❡♥❛ ❡ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ❆♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❜✉s❝❛rã♦ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ✐♥❞❛❣❛rã♦ s♦❜r❡ s✉❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s✱ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛rã♦ ♥♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛rã♦ ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ t❡rã♦ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s t❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ ✈✐st❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛ ♥❛s t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❉❡✇❡②✱ ❆✉s✉❜❡❧✱ ❇r✉♥❡r ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✈✐s❛✱ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛r ❛s ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡ ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❯♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❞❛ ❙❊❉❋ ❡ ♣ô❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ✜♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥tá✲❧❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t✉r♠❛✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ✱♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛✐♠s t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❛❧ ❢♦r s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ♠❛t❤♠❛t✐❝s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✈✐❡✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❜② t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡♠ t♦ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❛❧s♦ ❤❡❧♣ t❤❡♠ ✐♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ❝❛r❡❡r✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✐♥ ❛ ✇❛② t❤❛t st✉❞❡♥ts ♠❛② s❡❡❦ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛♥❞ s♦ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤❡r ❛s s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ❢♦r ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❧❛♥♥✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❛❝t✐♦♥s✱ ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐t❡ t♦ ❛ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣❢✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❡st ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✳ ■♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ st✉❞❡♥ts ✇✐❧❧ s❡❡❦ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts✱ ✐♥q✉✐r❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡✐r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ♦✇♥ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐ss✉❡s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡①t❜♦♦❦s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ✈✐❡✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ♦❢ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✲❇❛s❡❞ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❉❡✇❡②✬s ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ t❤❡♦r②✱ ❆✉s✉❜❡❧✱ ❇r✉♥❡r ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡rs✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❛❧s♦ ✐♥t❡♥❞❡❞ t♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s t♦ ❜❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✲s♦❧✈✐♥❣ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ❛❞❞r❡ss❡❞ ❜② r❡s❡❛r❝❤❡rs ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❡①❛♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t✐❡s ❡♥❝♦✉♥t❡r❡❞ ❜② ❜♦t❤ st✉❞❡♥ts ❛♥❞ t❡❛❝❤❡rs✳ ❆ ❞✐❞❛❝t✐❝ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛❝t✐✈✐t✐❡s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ✇❛s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ s❝❤♦♦❧ ❙❊❉❋ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥ts ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❤❛❞ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ♣r❡♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐t✱ ❞✐s❝✉ss✱ ✇r✐t❡ ❛♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐t t♦ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss ✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✱ ♠❛t❤✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶ ❊♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷ ❆❧✉♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸ ❆❧✉♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹ ❯♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✺ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✻ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✼ ●rá✜❝♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✽ ●rá✜❝♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✾ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✶✵ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦ ❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶✷ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✶✸ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✶✹ ❘❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✲ ❣r✉♣♦✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✶✺ ❘❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✲ ❣r✉♣♦✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✶✻ ❘❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✲ ❣r✉♣♦✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✶✼ ❘❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✕ 2♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✶✽ ❘❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✕2♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✶✾ ❘❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✕ 2♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲●r✉♣♦✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✷✵ ❘❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛✕2♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲●r✉♣♦✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✷✶ ❊♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s✲ ❣r✉♣♦✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✷✷ ❊♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s✲ ❣r✉♣♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✷✸ ❊♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s✲2♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲❣r✉♣♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✷✹ ❊♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s✲2♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲❣r✉♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✷✺ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✲❣r✉♣♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✷✻ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✲❣r✉♣♦ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✷✼ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✕2♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲●r✉♣♦✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✷✽ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✕2 ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲●r✉♣♦✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✷✾ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✕2 ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲●r✉♣♦✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✸✵ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦✕2 ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✲●r✉♣♦✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✸✶ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✲3♦ ❆♥♦ ❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✸✷ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✲3♦ ❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✸✸ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✲3♦ ❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✸✹ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ✲3♦ ❊▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✸✺ ❆ t♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❍❛♥♦✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✸✻ ❏♦❣❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❞❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✸✼ ❆❧✉♥♦s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❚♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❍❛♥♦✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✽ ❯♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✸✾ ❯♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✵ ❉❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✶ ❉❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✷ ●rá✜❝♦ nXmn ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✹✸ ●rá✜❝♦ nXmn ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✹✹ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✺ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✻ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✽ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✼ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ✾ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✽ P❛ss♦s ✸ ❡ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✾ P❛ss♦ ✺ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✵ P❛ss♦s ✻ ❡ ✼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✶ P❛ss♦s ✽✱ ✾ ❡ ✶✵ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✷ P❛ss♦ ✶✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✸ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✺
✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✶✼
✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✶✽
✸✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✹ ❆ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✷✼ ✹✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✷ ❉❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✹✳✸ ❖ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✳ ✸✷
✺ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✸✺
✺✳✶ ❖s s✉❥❡✐t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✺✳✷ ❆s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸ ❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❡♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✸✳✷ ❖ ❛t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✺✳✸✳✸ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✺✳✸✳✹ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ r❡s❡r✈❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✺✳✸✳✺ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦s ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✹✾ ✻✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❛✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❆s ❛✉❧❛s ❞♦ 1♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✻✳✷ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻✳✸ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ 2♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✻✳✸✳✷ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛s ❡♠❜❛❧❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s❛❜ã♦ ❡♠ ♣ó ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✸✳✸ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝✐❧✐♥❞r♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✻✳✹ ❙♦❜r❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦3♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✼ ■♥❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦s ✼✵
✼✳✶ ❆ ❚♦rr❡ ❞❡ ❍❛♥ó✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✼✳✶✳✶ ❯♠❛ ▲❡♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✷ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ t❡s♦✉r♦ ❡s❝♦♥❞✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✽ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✽✻
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ r❡✈❡❧❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ P■❙❆✱ ❙❆❊❇✱ ❊◆❊▼✱ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s✱ ✈❡r ❬✷✻❪✳ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ♥❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s tê♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ q✉❡ s❡ ♣❡❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❘❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s é ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✱ ❢❛③❡♠ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❡ ❞❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠✳
❉✐❛♥t❡ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❢♦r♠❛r ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦s ❡ ♣r♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ é ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣♦❞❡rá s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❋♦❝❛r ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♥ã♦ só ♥❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞ê✲❧♦s✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ sã♦ ♣❛rt❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✱ r❡s❣❛t❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❤✐stór✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞♦s ♣♦✈♦s ❛♥t✐❣♦s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛ ❜✉s❝❛r❡♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ s❡✉ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ét✐❝♦s ❡ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ ❡♠ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝rít✐❝♦s ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ q✉❡ r❡✢✐t❛♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥çá✲❧♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r❡♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡♥s❛♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ✳ ❆s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦❬✾❪ ❞❡st❛❝❛ q✉❡✱ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱
❬✳✳✳❪ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s s❛✐❜❛♠ ✉s❛r ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣rát✐❝♦s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦❀ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r ❢❡♥ô✲ ♠❡♥♦s ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦❀ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛ ✈✐❛ t❡♦r❡♠❛s ❡ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çõ❡s❀ ♣❡r❝❡❜❛♠ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦❀ s❛✐❜❛♠ ❛♣r❡❝✐❛r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✻✱ ♣✳✻✾✮✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛ s❡r s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♥ã♦ só ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ q✉❡ ❢❛rá ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ r❡✢❡t✐♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱❡s♣❡r❛♠♦s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞❛s ❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦ ❡♥✉♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛í ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s✉❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲ ♠❛s ♥❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ P■❙❆✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✹✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ q✉❛✐s ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ♠ét♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡ s✉❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳
◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
P♦r ✜♠ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❞✉❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✳ ❊ss❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❢♦✐ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦1♦ ✱ 2♦ ❡ 3♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦
❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳
✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧
❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ✈✐st❛s à ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✳
✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
✲ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❀
✲ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ t✉r♠❛s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦❀ ✲ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❝♦♠♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❞❡ s❡✉ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❀ ✲ ❆♥á❧✐s❛r ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦2◦ ❡ 3♦ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛
s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛❞❛s ❛✜♠ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡ ❛❥✉❞á✲❧♦s ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦✉tr❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
✸ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛r❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♦ P■❙❆ ❡ ♦ ❙❆❊❇✱ ✈ê♠ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❡❞✐çõ❡s✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇r❛♥❝❛ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❆♣✉❞ ❉✐♥✐③ ❡ ❙♠♦❧❡❬✸✷❪✱ ✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✼✮✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ três ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡♣çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦ q✉❡ é r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✿ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡t❛✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❜ás✐❝❛✳
❈♦♠♦ ♠❡t❛✱ ❛s ❛✉t♦r❛s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é ♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❤❛✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♣r❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ t❡♦r✐❛s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s s❡❥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛ ❡❧❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳
❈♦♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦ q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♥♦✈❛s✳ ❆s ❛✉t♦r❛s ❞❡st❛✲ ❝❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ q✉❡ ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✈♦❧t❛♠✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r❡♠ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ s✉r❣✐♥❞♦✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❛s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦s✳
❈♦♠♦ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✧ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ ♣♦ss❛ s❡ ✐♥s❡r✐r ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✧ ✳
P❡r❝❡❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s três ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♥ã♦ s❡ ❡①❝❧✉❡♠✱ ♠❛s s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s s♦❜ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❡♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❡ q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥✲ ❝✐❛r❛♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ q✉❡ t❡♠♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆s ❛✉t♦r❛s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✱ s✉r❣✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✾✵✱ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛✱ ✧ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✧ ✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳✽✽✮ ✳ ➱ ♥❡ss❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠♦s ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡s❛✜♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ✧ ❞❡s❡♥❝❛❞❡❛r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✧ ✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳✽✽✮ ✳
❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❡①♣♦st♦✱ ❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛✲
❜❛❧❤♦ ❡st❛rá ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♥❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♥♦ ♦❧❤❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❡ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ à ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳
◆♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✿ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉çã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛✜♠ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦s✳ ❖s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥tr❛♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❛ ❡ss❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡stá ✈❛❧♦r✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ s✉❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♠ ❡ q✉❛✐s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ✉s❛♠ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❛ ❉✬ ❆♠❜r♦s✐♦❬✶✸❪✳
❍♦❥❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❡stá ✉♠ t❛♥t♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❜❧❡♠❛s é ❡♥❝❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❛♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✳ ❊ss❛ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st❛✱ ♠❛✐s ❛t✉❛❧✱ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛♠ ❛ s✉❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳ ✭ ❉✬❆♠❜r♦s✐♦✱ ✷✵✶✹✱ ♣✳✷✮
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡rá ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦r ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛ ❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✱ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣♦r ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✱ ♥♦✈❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❛✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♥❤❛ ê①✐t♦ ♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳
P❛r❛ ❙♠♦❧❡ ❡ ❉✐♥✐③ ✭✷✵✵✶✱ ♣✳ ✽✾✮✱ ❬✸✷❪✱ ✕ ✧ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛❞♦t❛♠♦s ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❧❡✈❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ✐♥s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①✐❥❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♠❛✐♦r ✧ ✳
▼✐♥❤❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❜✉sq✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ♠❛t❡♠á✲ t✐❝❛✱ ❛♣r❡♥❞❛ ❛ ✉s❛r ♦ q✉❡ ❥á ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ❡ ✉s❛r ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❡ss❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣♦❞❡rá ♣r♦♣♦r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣♦ss❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦s ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ t❡r
✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❞❛s r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❢♦r❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛r ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♣ró♣r✐❛s r❡s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳
◆❡ss❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ✧ ♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ s❡rá ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r✱ ❞✐s❝✉t✐r ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❛♠ ❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ s✉s❝✐t❡ ♥♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ♦✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳✧ ✭❇✉r❛❦ ❡ ❆r❛❣ã♦ ✷✵✶✷ ♣✳ ✼✾✮✳❬✶✶❪
✸✳✶ ❆❧❣✉♠❛s ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛ ▼❛t❡♠á✲
t✐❝❛
❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐✉ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❡❧❛ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♥♦ss❛s ✈✐❞❛s ❡ ❛çõ❡s ❞✐ár✐❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦❧❤❛♠♦s ♦ r❡❧ó❣✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r q✉❡ ❤♦r❛s ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠♦s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ t❡♠♣♦ t❡♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r♠♦s ♥♦ss♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞✐ár✐♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡♠♦s ❛s ♠❡t❛s ❞♦ ♠ês✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❢❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❛✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡r ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛r ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❢♦❝❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦ ♥❛s ♣rát✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❛s❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♥t♦s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s s❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳
❆ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ♣❡rs✐st❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛r ❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛r✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♦ ✉s♦ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ♥ã♦ só ♥♦ q✉❡ t❛♥❣❡ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣❡❧❛ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ♠❡❝â✲ ♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡stér✐❧ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s✳✭ ❇✉r❛❦ ❡ ❆r❛❣ã♦✱ ♣✳✶✼✮❬✶✶❪
◆❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡stá ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❞✐❛ ❛ ❞✐❛✱ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❡①✐❣❡✲s❡ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r ✉♠❛ ♣♦st✉r❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✱ ♥❛ ❝rít✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ t❡r ❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛s ✈ár✐❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❡ ❧❤❡s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✧ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ❡♥❢❛t✐③❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s✱ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❡
❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈♦ ❡ ❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❛❞✈✐♥❞❛ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r ❞❡s❛✜♦s✧ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✽✱ ♣✳ ✷✼✮❬✽❪ ✲♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r ❡ss❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥ã♦ só ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❡s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦r✱ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛r ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s✳
❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛✲ ❞❛♥✐❛✱ ♥❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❞♦s q✉❛✐s ♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛r✳ ❆ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❡st❛r ❛♦ ❛❧❝❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦❝r❛t✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠❡t❛ ♣r✐♦r✐tár✐❛ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳ ❆ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♥ã♦ é ✧ ♦❧❤❛r ♣❛r❛ ❝♦✐s❛s ♣r♦♥t❛s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐✈❛s✑ ♠❛s ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ s❡r✈✐rá ❞❡❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r s✉❛ r❡❛✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❞♦✐s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s✿ ✉♠ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❝♦♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ✭❡sq✉❡♠❛s✱ t❛❜❡❧❛s✱ ✜❣✉r❛s✮❀ ♦✉tr♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ss❛s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠✲ ♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡st✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✱ ❧❡✈❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❛ ❢❛❧❛r ❡ ❛ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r s♦❜r❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❣rá✜❝❛s✱ ❞❡s❡♥❤♦s✱ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s✱ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❛❞♦s✳ ✭P❈◆✶✾✾✾✱ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ▲✐✈r♦ ✸ ♣✳✶✾✮
❖s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ❛✐♥❞❛✿ ✧ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥ã♦ é ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦✱ ♠❛s ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ◆♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛✲ ❣❡♠✱ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✱ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♠❡❞✐❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛❧❣✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈ê✲❧❛s✧✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♥❞♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r♦✲ ♣♦st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝❡r❝❛✱ ❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛✜♠ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛r✱ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❉✬❆▼❇❘❖❙■❖❬✶✸❪✱✶✾✾✽✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛ q✉❡ ✧ ❊♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❛✉❧❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛♠✲s❡ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡✈❛ s❡r ❝r✐❛t✐✈♦✱ ♦✉ ♦♥❞❡ ♦
❛❧✉♥♦ ❡st❡❥❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝✉r✐♦s✐❞❛❞❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ◆❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♥ã♦ ✈✐✈❡♥❝✐❛ s✐t✉✲ ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦✱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦ ❛ ♣♦✉❝♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s q✉❡ ❛ss✉♠❡♠ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ➱ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ s❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✧✳ ■st♦ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✜❝❛♠ ❡♥❣❡ss❛❞♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❝r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣ré ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r t❡♠ ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r ❛✜♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s✳ ❊❧❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦♣♦r✱ ♥✉♠❛ ❢❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♣❡sq✉✐✲ s❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❧❤❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❡♥tã♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛ ❛çã♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐rá ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ✜❝❛rá ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ♦✉ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳
❆ t❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❆✉s✉❜❡❬✺❪✭✶✾✽✵✮✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛ ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦❣♥✐t✐✈❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❆✉s✉❜❡❧ ❡t ❛❧ ✭✶✾✽✵✮✱
s❡ q✉✐séss❡♠♦s r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ♣s✐❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❡st❡ s❡r✐❛✿ ❖ ❢❛t♦r ✐s♦❧❛❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ✐♥✲ ✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ é ❛q✉✐❧♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③ ❥á ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✳ ❉❡s❝✉❜r❛ ♦ q✉❡ s❛❜❡ ❡ ❜❛s❡✐❡ ♥✐ss♦ s❡✉s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ✳✭❆✉s✉✲ ❜❡❧ ❡t ❛❧✱ ✶✾✽✵✱ ♣✳✶✸✼✮
❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣r♦♣õ❡ q✉❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ♦✉ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡st❡❥❛♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❥á ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ ❢❛③❡r ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
❉❛♥t❡❬✶✹❪ ✶✾✾✶✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛ q✉❡ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✧ ❢❛③❡r ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ♣❡♥s❛r❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✧ ✳ ❖ ♠❡s♠♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛ q✉❡ ✿
▼❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠♦s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥✲ t❡s✱ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡rã♦ t♦♠❛r ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s rá♣✐❞❛s ❡✱ t❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣♦s✲ sí✈❡❧✱ ♣r❡❝✐s❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❢♦r♠❛r ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ♠❛t❡♠❛✲ t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ s❛✐❜❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡✱ s❡✉s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦✱ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❛✱ ❛❞♠✐♥✐s✲ tr❛çã♦✱ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✱ ♠❡❞✐❝✐♥❛✱ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❞✐ár✐❛✳ ❊✱ ♣❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ q✉❡ ❛ ❝r✐❛♥ç❛ t❡♥❤❛✱ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✱ ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡✲ ♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ s✉❜st❛♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❝❡❞♦ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛r s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ✭❉❛♥t❡ ✶✾✾✶✱ ♣✳ ✶✺✮
❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ (SAEB)✱ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ três ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✱ ❛
❆◆❊❇✲❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✱ ❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❡ ❛ ❆◆❆✱ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆❧❢❛❜❡t✐③❛çã♦✱ sã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❙✉❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ é ❡str✉t✉r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ q✉❡ ✧ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ é ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r s❡ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ t❡♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ té❝♥✐✲ ❝❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛r❡s ❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ ❛ss♦❝✐á✲❧♦s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r♦t✐♥❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✧ ✭❘❛❜❡❧♦ ✷✵✶✸✱ ♣✳✶✹✮❬✷✻❪
❆ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ❡ss❛ ♠❡✲ t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛r ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠ ❞❡❞✉çã♦✱ ✐♥❞✉çã♦✱ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❥✉❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳✭❘❛❜❡❧♦✱ ✷✵✶✸ ♣✳✶✹✮✳
❊st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ sã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❣❡st♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ ❛♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❛çõ❡s s❡ ❞❡✈❡ t♦♠❛r ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❊◆❊▼✲ ❊①❛♠❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✱ ❛✜♠ ❞❡ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠ ❡♥❢♦q✉❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❢♦❝❛ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦s ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s✳ ◆❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ♦♥❞❡ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉ ❡st❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛✱ ♦ ■❉❊❇ ✲ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✲ ✜❝♦✉✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛✱ ❡ss❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛♣r♦✈❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✱ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❡♥s♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❡ ♠é❞✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♥❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ■♥❡♣✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛
❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦❞❡rá ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♣❡❞❛❣ó❣✐❝❛ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ é ♦ P■❙❆✲Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s✲ ♦ ❜♦❧❡t✐♠ ❞♦ ■◆❊P ❞❡st❛❝❛ ♦s ✜♥s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ss❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✿
❖ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❡ ❢♦r ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t✉❞❡♥t ❆ss❡ss♠❡♥t ✭P✐s❛✮ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✲ é ✉♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛✱ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❡s✲ t✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞♦s ✶✺ ❛♥♦s✱ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ♣r❡ss✉♣õ❡ ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❜ás✐❝❛ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐❛ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣❛í✲ s❡s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ é ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ✭❖❈❉❊✮✳ ❊♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ís ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❤á ✉♠❛ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛✲ s✐❧✱ ♦ P✐s❛ é ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ✭■♥❡♣✮✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ P✐s❛ é ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦ ♥♦s ♣❛ís❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s✉❜✲ s✐❞✐❛r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❜ás✐❝♦✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣r♦✲ ❝✉r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛té q✉❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛ís ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡♣❛r❛♥❞♦ s❡✉s ❥♦✈❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡r❝❡r ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❡ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛✳ ❆s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❞♦ P✐s❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡✲ ❝❡♠ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ três ❛♥♦s ❡ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♠ três ár❡❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✕ ▲❡✐t✉r❛✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛✕❤❛✈❡♥❞♦✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛✱ ♠❛✐♦r ê♥❢❛s❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s ár❡❛s✳
❊♠ ✷✵✵✵✱ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❢♦✐ ❡♠ ▲❡✐t✉r❛❀ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✸✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❀ ❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✻✱ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❖ P✐s❛ ✷✵✵✾ ✐♥✐❝✐♦✉ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❛✐♥❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ▲❡✐t✉r❛❀ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✷ é ♥♦✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛❀ ❡ ❡♠ ✷✵✶✺✱ ❈✐✲ ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❛s ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡♠ ▲❡✐t✉r❛✱ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♦ P✐s❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡♠♦❣rá✜❝❛s✱ s♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ss❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❞♦s ♣❛ís❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡❞✉❝❛t✐✈❛s✱ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ t♦r♥❛r ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❥♦✈❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❢✉t✉r❛ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❛t✐✈❛ ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳✭✇✇✇✳✐♥❡♣✳♦r❣✳❜r✴♣✐s❛✲♣r♦❣r❛♠❛✲✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✲❞❡✲ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❝❛♦✲❞❡✲❛❧✉♥♦s✲ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦✿✶✼✴✵✻✴✷✵✶✹✮✳
❊♠ ✷✵✶✷✱ ♦ P■❙❆ ❛✈❛❧✐♦✉✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③✱ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ t♦❞♦✱ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s à ✈✐❞❛ r❡❛❧✱ ♥❡ss❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❞♦s ✹✹ ♣❛ís❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ✜❝♦✉ ❡♠ ✸✽o ❧✉❣❛r ❝♦♠ ✹✷✽ ♣♦♥t♦s✱ ❡ss❡
❡st✉❞♦ r❡✈❡❧♦✉ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✷✪ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✱ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡✐①❛♠ ❝❧❛r❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛✱ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❞❡ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ sã♦✱ ♥❛ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛✱ ❛✉❧❛s ❡①♣♦s✐t✐✈❛s ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣❛ss❛ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❢ór♠✉❧❛s ♥♦ q✉❛❞r♦✱ s❡❣✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐st❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛r ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❖ ❛❧✉♥♦✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ ❢❛③ ❛s ❛♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡♠ ♦s ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s sã♦ ❧✐st❛s ❣r❛♥❞❡s✱ s❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡ s❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❊ss❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❢❛③ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❛❧✉♥♦s q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ q✉❡ ❣♦st❛♠ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡s✱ ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❛❝❛❜❛ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s sã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✱ s✉❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛❝❛❜❛ s❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ❡ q✉❡ só ♦s ✧ ♥❡r❞❡s✧ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✳ ❊ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ♥✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱
