Geração automática de especificações executáveis em systemc a partir de modelos SysML

●❊❘❆➬➹❖ ❆❯❚❖▼➪❚■❈❆ ❉❊

❑❊❨▲❆ ●❯■▼❆❘➹❊❙ ▼❆❈❍❆❘❊❚ ❇❘❆❙■▲

●❊❘❆➬➹❖ ❆❯❚❖▼➪❚■❈❆ ❉❊

❊❙P❊❈■❋■❈❆➬Õ❊❙ ❊❳❊❈❯❚➪❱❊■❙ ❊▼ ❙❨❙❚❊▼❈

❆ P❆❘❚■❘ ❉❊ ▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ ❙❨❙▼▲

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡

Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛

❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡✲

❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r✲

❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠

❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉✐ó❣❡♥❡s ❈❡❝í❧✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏ú♥✐♦r

❝

✷✵✶✶✱ ❑❡②❧❛ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ▼❛❝❤❛r❡t ❇r❛s✐❧✳

❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡✐t♦s r❡s❡r✈❛❞♦s✳

▼❛❝❤❛r❡t ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❑❡②❧❛ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s

▼✶✹✾❣

●❡r❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❊①❡❝✉tá✈❡✐s

❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❙②s▼▲ ✴ ❑❡②❧❛

●✉✐♠❛rã❡s ▼❛❝❤❛r❡t ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ✖ ❇❡❧♦ ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❡✱ ✷✵✶✶

①①✐✈✱ ✶✹✸ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾❝♠

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡

▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❉✐ó❣❡♥❡s ❈❡❝í❧✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏ú♥✐♦r

✶✳ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳ ✷✳ ❙♦❈ ❉❡s✐❣♥✳

✸✳ ❙②s▼▲✳ ✹✳ ❙②st❡♠❈✳ ✺✳ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳

■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳

❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✉✳

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❞❛❞♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡♥❝❡r ❡ss❛ ❡t❛♣❛

tã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❡ ❛✈ós ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡

♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❡♠ ❞❡s❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝❡❞♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ ❛♦ ♠❡✉

✐r♠ã♦ ❉♦✉❣❧❛s ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r✱ ❞❛r ❝❛r♦♥❛✱ t✐r❛r ❞ú✈✐❞❛s ❞❡ ▲

_{❚❊❳✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦}

♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❢♦ss❡ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧✳

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❛r✐❞♦ ❚✐♠ót❡♦✱ q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✉ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦✲

♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♥✉♥❝❛ ♠❡ ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❞❡s✐st✐r✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♦ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s

❡♠ q✉❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❡r❛ ❣❛st♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ê ❡✉ ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦

❛té ❛q✉✐✳

❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r P❤❉✳ ❉✐ó❣❡♥❡s ❈❡❝í❧✐♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏r✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣❡❧❛

♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳

❊st❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛

q✉❡ ❡st❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❢♦ss❡ s✉♣❡r❛❞♦✳ ❆ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❡s✱ ❞❡✐①♦ ❛q✉✐ ♠❡✉ s✐♥❝❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳

✏❆❞q✉✐r❡ ❛ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛✱ ❛❞q✉✐r❡ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦❀

♥ã♦ t❡ ❡sq✉❡ç❛s ♥❡♠ t❡ ❞❡s✈✐❡s ❞❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❜♦❝❛✳✑

✭Pr♦✈ér❜✐♦s ✹✿✺✮

❘❡s✉♠♦

❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦s é ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♣❡s✲

q✉✐s❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ❝rít✐❝♦ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡✲

♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛✈❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛

♣r❡ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛

❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♠♦s ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛

r❡❞✉③✐r❡♠ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

s✐st❡♠❛s✳ ❙②s▼▲✱ ❙②st❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✲ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✱

é ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❯▼▲ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❖▼●✳

❊st❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❡stá ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛

♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ q✉❡

♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳

◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛

tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❙②s▼▲ ✭❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦✱

❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦✱ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥✲

❝✐❛✮ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❡ ❛ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❛tr❛✈és

❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ t❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦

❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦

♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♣❡❧♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s✳

❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✱ ❙②s▼▲❚♦❙②st❡♠❈✱ ❢♦✐ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲

çã♦ ❡♠ três s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♣r♦❝❡s✲

s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✉♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✳ ❊♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s três ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦

❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡s❡♥✲

✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❢♦✐ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ✲

❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈✐❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ s❡♥❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✳

P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❯▼▲✱ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❯♥✐✜❝❛❞❛✱ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s

❊♠❜✉t✐❞♦s✱ ❙②s▼▲✱ ❙②st❡♠❈✱ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ❛ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s✳

❆❜str❛❝t

❊♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❛r❡❛ ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s✱ ❛♥❞ s②s✲

t❡♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ♣r♦❣r❡ss t♦✇❛r❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①

✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❝✐r❝✉✐ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲t♦✲♠❛r❦❡t ♣r❡ss✉r❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇✳ ❉✉❡ t♦ t❤♦s❡

♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ t❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t② t♦ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ ❝♦st ❛♥❞ t✐♠❡

s♣❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♣❤❛s❡s ❛♥❞ s②st❡♠ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ❙②s▼▲✱ ❙②st❡♠ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣

▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✐s ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ s②st❡♠ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❯▼▲✲❜❛s❡❞ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❖▼●✳ ❚❤❡

♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣❛✐♥✐♥❣ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥❝❡ ❛s ❛ s②st❡♠ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❞❡s✐❣♥ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ✐s

❛ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦❢ s②st❡♠s ✇✐t❤♦✉t

❦♥♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡t❛✐❧s✳

■♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ t♦♦❧ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ tr❛♥s❧❛t✐♦♥

♦❢ s♦♠❡ ❙②s▼▲ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠s ✭❇❧♦❝❦ ❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠✱ ■♥t❡r♥❛❧ ❇❧♦❝❦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠✱ ❙t❛t❡

▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠ ❛♥❞ ❙❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠✮ t♦ ❛♥ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❙②st❡♠❈

❛♥❞ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛t❡ t❤❡ ✉s❛❣❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ❢❡✇ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❤❛✈❡ s♦♠❡

❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s✿ s♠❛❧❧❡r ❝♦st ❞✉❡ t♦ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s✱ ❡❛s✐❡r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞

❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ❜② st❛❦❡❤♦❧❞❡rs✳

❚❤❡ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ t♦♦❧✱ ❙②s▼▲❚♦❙②st❡♠❈✱ ✇❛s ✈❛❧✐❞❛t❡❞ ❜② ✐ts ✉s❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤r❡❡ s②s✲

t❡♠s ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥❛t✉r❡s✿ t✇♦ ❞❛t❛✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧✲❞r✐✈❡♥ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥

❛❧❧ t❤r❡❡ ❝❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❜❧❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞

❜② t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ t♦♦❧✱ ✇❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ s②st❡♠ ♦r ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞

✲ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ♥♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥✳

❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ❙♦❈ ❉❡s✐❣♥✱ ❙②s▼▲✱ ❙②st❡♠❈✱ ▼♦❞❡❧✲❞r✐✈❡♥

❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✳

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✷✳✶ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❬●röt❦❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷✳✷ ❯s♦ ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❬❇❧❛❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❬■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡✱ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹

✷✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❆❜str❛çã♦ ❬❈❛✐ ✫ ●❛❥s❦✐✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻

✷✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❯▼▲ ✷ ❡ ❙②s▼▲ ❬❙②s▼▲✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾

✷✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❙②s▼▲ ❡ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡❧❡s ❝♦♠ ❯▼▲ ✷ ❬❙②s▼▲✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵

✷✳✼ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❇❧♦❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✷✳✽ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❇❧♦❝♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✾ ▼✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❬❋r✐❡❞❡♥t❤❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷

✷✳✶✵ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸

✷✳✶✶ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ◆❡✇t♦♥ ❬❋r✐❡❞❡♥t❤❛❧ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷✳✶✷ ❯t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❘❡str✐çã♦ ♥✉♠ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ P❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ❬❋r✐❡❞❡♥t❤❛❧

❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✷✳✶✸ ❆❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺

✸✳✶ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❙②st❡♠❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✸✳✷ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❆❧t♦✈❛ ❯▼♦❞❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✸✳✸ ▼❡♥✉ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣♦rt❛çã♦ ❳▼■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶

✸✳✹ ▼❡♥✉ ❞♦ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❙②s▼▲❚♦❙②st❡♠❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✸✳✺ P❧✉❣✐♥ ❙②s▼▲❚♦❙②st❡♠❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✸✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❇❧♦❝♦s ❡ s✉❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✸✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s✳ ✸✹

✸✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✸✳✾ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❚❡st❜❡♥❝❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻

✸✳✶✵ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼

✸✳✶✶ ❙❛❧✈❛♥❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ t❡①t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✸✳✶✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❆rq✉✐✈♦ ❳▼▲ ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✹✳✷ ❖♣çõ❡s ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✹✳✸ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♥✉♠❣❡♥✭✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✹✳✹ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✹✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✹✳✻ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♦♣çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❙②st❡♠❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✹✳✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▲❛✈❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▲❛✈❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵

✹✳✾ ❖♣çõ❡s ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❞❛ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡

▲❛✈❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

✹✳✶✵ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▲❛✈❛r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

❆✳✶ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❧✉❣✐♥ ♣❛r❛ ❆❧t♦✈❛ ❯▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

❆✳✷ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❜❡rt✉r❛ ❞❛ ❥❛♥❡❧❛ ❞♦ P❧✉❣✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽

❆✳✸ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❧✉❣✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵

❆✳✹ ❈♦♥✜r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❧✉❣✐♥ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶

❇✳✶ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

✹✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ① ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s

❆P■

❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡

❈■

❈✐r❝✉✐t♦s ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s

❉❯❱

❉❡✈✐❝❡ ❯♥❞❡r ❱❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥

■❊❊❊

■♥st✐t✉t❡ ♦❢ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❊❧❡❝tr♦♥✐❝ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡rs

■◆❈❖❙❊ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣

▼❉❆

▼♦❞❡❧ ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡

▼❉❊

▼♦❞❡❧✲❞r✐✈❡♥ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣

▼❉❚

▼♦❞❡❧ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❚♦♦❧s

▼❖❋

▼❡t❛✲❖❜❥❡❝t ❋❛❝✐❧✐t②

❖▼●

❖❜❥❡❝t ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ●r♦✉♣

❖❙❈■

❖♣❡♥ ❙②st❡♠❈ ■♥✐t✐❛t✐✈❡

P■▼

P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ▼♦❞❡❧

P❙▼

P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ▼♦❞❡❧

❘❋P

❘❡q✉❡st ❢♦r Pr♦♣♦s❛❧

❘❚▲

❘❡❣✐st❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r ❧❡✈❡❧

❙❆▼

❙②st❡♠ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧

❙♦❈

❙②st❡♠ ♦♥ ❛ ❈❤✐♣

❙②s▼▲

❙②st❡♠s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

❚▲▼

❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ▲❡✈❡❧ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣

❯▼▲

❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡

❳▼■

❳▼▲ ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ■♥t❡r❝❤❛❣❡

❙✉♠ár✐♦

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

✐①

❘❡s✉♠♦

①✐✐✐

❆❜str❛❝t

①✈

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

①✈✐✐

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

①✐①

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛çõ❡s

①①✐

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

✶

✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ♦✉ ❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✸

✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹

✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✹

✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✺

✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛

✼

✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾

✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✭P■▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾

✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✭P❙▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳

✾

✷✳✷ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵

✷✳✷✳✶ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶

✷✳✸ ❙②st❡♠❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷

✷✳✸✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸

✷✳✸✳✷ ❚r❛♥s❛❝t✐♦♥ ▲❡✈❡❧ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✭❚▲▼✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺

✷✳✸✳✸ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❚▲▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

✷✳✹ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷✳✹✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷✳✹✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽

✷✳✹✳✸ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹

✷✳✹✳✹ ❇❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻

✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❙②st❡♠❈

✷✼

✸✳✶ ❆❧t♦✈❛ ❯▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽

✸✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❉❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

✸✳✷✳✶ ✶

_{❊t❛♣❛✿ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❙②s▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵}

✸✳✷✳✷ ✷

_{❊t❛♣❛✿ ❊①♣♦rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❙②s▼▲ ❝♦♠♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❳▼■}

_✸✶

✸✳✷✳✸ ✸

_{❊t❛♣❛✿ ■♠♣♦rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❳▼■ ♣❛r❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❙②s▼▲✲}

❚♦❙②st❡♠❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷

✸✳✷✳✹ ✹

_{❊t❛♣❛✿ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♦♣çõ❡s r❡❧❛t✐✈❛s ❛♦ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❛ s❡r ❣❡r❛❞♦ ✳ ✸✺}

✸✳✷✳✺ ✺

_{❊t❛♣❛✿ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❊①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈ ✳ ✳ ✸✽}

✹ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦

✹✺

✹✳✶ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✹✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

✹✳✷ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✹✳✷✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

✹✳✸ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▲❛✈❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾

✹✳✸✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦

✻✼

✺✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✺✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s

✼✸

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❆ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ P❧✉❣✐♥ ♣❛r❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❆❧t♦✈❛ ❯▼♦✲

❞❡❧

✼✼

❆✳✶ ■♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞♦ P❧✉❣✐♥ ♥❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❆❧t♦✈❛ ❯▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾

❆♣ê♥❞✐❝❡ ❇ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ ❊st✐❧♦ ❳❙▲❚

✽✸

❇✳✶ ❚✉t♦r✐❛❧ ❳❙▲❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼

❆♥❡①♦ ❆ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ P✐♣❡❧✐♥❡

✾✶

❆♥❡①♦ ❇ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❛ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛

✶✵✸

❆♥❡①♦ ❈ ❆rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞❛ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ▲❛✈❛r

✶✶✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❖ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s t❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❝rít✐❝♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛

❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ✭❈■s✮✳ ❈■s

❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦

✜♥❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝❤✐♣ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❙②st❡♠ ♦♥ ❈❤✐♣ ✲ ❙♦❈✮ ❬❇❛❞❛✇② ✫ ❏✉❧❧✐❡♥✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳

◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❈ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❈■s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s q✉❡

♣♦❞❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐st✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠á✈❡✐s✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✱ ❡

❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛té ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳

❈♦♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❈s ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛s t❡❧❡❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♠✉❧t✐♠í❞✐❛

❡ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❬❇❡♥✐♥✐ ✫ ❉❡ ▼✐❝❤❡❧✐✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛

❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡♥♦r t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❬❑❡✉t③❡r

❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡st❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s✱ ♥♦✈♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ t❡♥t❛✲

t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ❝✉st♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦

♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ❆ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ é ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r ❝✉st♦ ❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡

❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ é ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❥á q✉❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ sã♦

❢❛t♦r❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❬❑❡✉t③❡r

❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r♦❜✉st❡③ sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦

♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s✳

❆ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ✭▼❉❆ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❉r✐✈❡♥ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✮ ❬▼✐❧❧❡r

❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✶❪ é ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝r✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❖❜❥❡❝t

▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ●r♦✉♣ ✭❖▼●✮ ❬❖❜❥❡❝t ▼❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ●r♦✉♣✱ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❝❤❛✈❡ ♣❛r❛

❡ss❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦

s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ◆❡ss❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛❜str❛t♦

❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❛♣ós ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s é ❣❡r❛❞❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦

❝♦♥❝r❡t❛✱ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✱ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳

✷

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❆ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ três ❡t❛♣❛s✿

✶✳ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✲

q✉❡r t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛

✭P■▼✱ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ▼♦❞❡❧✮✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠

❙②s▼▲ ❬❙②s▼▲✱ ✷✵✵✽❪✱ ❙②st❡♠s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳

✷✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❡t❛♣❛ é ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ P■▼ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s

❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✭P❙▼✱ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❙♣❡❝✐✜❝ ▼♦❞❡❧✮✳ ❯♠ P❙▼ é ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦

s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P■▼

é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡

tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ♦ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❬■♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❡✱ ✷✵✶✵❪✳

✸✳ ❆ t❡r❝❡✐r❛ ❡ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❡t❛♣❛ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛r ✉♠ P❙▼ ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳

❆ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯♥✐✜❡❞ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❯▼▲✮ ♣❛r❛ ❙②st❡♠❈ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡

✈ár✐♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❤à ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❬Pr❡✈♦st✐♥✐ ✫ ❩❛♠s❛✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❙②s▼▲

é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❙②st❡♠❈ é

❛❧❣♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦ ❡ s❡rá ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛

❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ✐rá ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛r ♦

❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ❬❘❛s❧❛♥ ✫ ❙❛♠❡❤✱ ✷✵✵✼❜❪✿

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Pr❡❡♥❝❤❡rá ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♥♦

♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str♦ ✭❘❚▲ ✲ ❘❡❣✐st❡r tr❛♥s❢❡r ❧❡✈❡❧✮

_✳

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❆✉♠❡♥t❛rá ❛ ♣r♦❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳

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❈r✐❛rá ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧✳

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❉✐♠✐♥✉✐rá ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛♥❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠

❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳

✶

_{Pr♦❥❡t♦s ❘❚▲ sã♦ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐❣✐t❛✐s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s✱ t❛✐s}

✶✳✶✳ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ♦✉ ❯▼▲

✸

✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ♦✉ ❯▼▲

❆ ❯▼▲ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲

♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ é ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❖▼● ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ é

❛❝❡✐t♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❙❖ ✭■❙❖✴■❊❈ ✶✾✺✵✶✮ ❬❲❡✐❧❦✐❡♥s✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛✲

❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳ ❊♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s

♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦s ❤❛✈✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳ ❯♠❛

♦✉tr❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ♦❝♦rr✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❛ ❯▼▲ t❡r s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐✲

③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦

q✉❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ é ✐♥t❡r❞✐❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r✳

❱ár✐❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ♣❛❞r♦♥✐③❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s✉r❣✐r❛♠

❛té ♦ ✐♥✐❝✐♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✷✵✵✵ ♠❛s ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❤❛✈✐❛ s✐❞♦ ❝r✐❛❞❛✱

♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛✈❛ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ♠✉❧t✐❞✐❝✐♣❧✐♥❛r❡s ❡ ❡①✐❣✐❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡

❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❊♠ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❈♦✉♥❝✐❧ ♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s ❊♥❣✐♥❡✲

❡r✐♥❣ ✭■◆❈❖❙❊✮ ❡ ♦ ❖▼● ❞❡❝✐❞✐r❛♠ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❯▼▲ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛

♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❯▼▲ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❛t❡♥❞✐❛ ❛♦s r❡q✉✐s✐✲

t♦s✱ ❥á ❡r❛ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛✱ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡

♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ❛❞❛♣t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❙✉❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦

♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦✳

❆s ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ sã♦✿

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❆s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡♠ ❯▼▲ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡

♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡ ❝❤❛♠❛r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦✳ ❖ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛

❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ❛❣♦r❛ s❡ ❝❤❛♠❛ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲✳

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❉♦✐s ♥♦✈♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s✿ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝♦ ❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛

❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳

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❆t❡♥❞❡ ❛♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ■❙❖ ❆P✲✷✸✸✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡

❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s✳

✹

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦

❆ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç❛ ♥❛

❞✐r❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦s ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♣r❡ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉çã♦

❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❧❛♥ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛

r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡

s✐st❡♠❛s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ tr❛rá ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✿

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❋❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❛♣✐❞❡③ ♥❛ ❞❡t❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝♦rr✐❣✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s

❡t❛♣❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳

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❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r ❝✉st♦✳

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❘❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ t❡st❡ ❞♦ s✐s✲

t❡♠❛✳

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❋❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✳

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▼❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳

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❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❧✐❡♥t❡✳

✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦

❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛

❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❈s q✉❡ r❡❞✉③❛ ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❣❛st♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛ ♥❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡

❝♦♥❝❡♣çã♦✱ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ q✉❡ r❡❞✉③❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡

❡rr♦s s✐♥tát✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛✳

❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ é ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❈ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ s✉❛

❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ ❙②s▼▲ ❡ ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦

❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈✳

❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♥♦♠❡

❙②s▼▲❚♦❙②st❡♠❈✱ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❝ó❞✐❣♦

❙②st❡♠❈✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡♠ ❈

♯

✳◆❊❚✱ é ✉♠ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦ ❡

✶✳✹✳ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦

✺

✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦

❖s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿

•

◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✲

t❛s ❞❡ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦

❙②s▼▲✱ ❯▼▲ ❡ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❙ã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s t❛♠✲

❜é♠ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s

s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✳

•

◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó✲

❞✐❣♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡s❡♥❤❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲✳

◆❡ss❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❜❡♠

❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐✲

♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳

•

❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛

❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳

•

◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛

❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❯▼▲ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❈s ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛

♣♦r P❛✉✇❡❧s ❬P❛✉✇❡❧s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✹❪ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✹ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠✲

❜✐♥❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❯▼▲ ❡ ❙②st❡♠❈ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s✳

◆❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❯▼▲ ♥♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ ❘✐❝❝♦❜❡♥❡ ❬❘✐❝❝♦❜❡♥❡✱

✷✵✵✺❪ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ ❡①t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❯▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛✲

❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❡♠ ❯▼▲✳ ❊ss❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦

❞❡ ♣❡r✜s ❯▼▲ q✉❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦

❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❡st❡r❡ót✐♣♦s✳ ◆❛q✉❡❧❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡

❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❯▼▲ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡

s❝r✐♣t ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❯▼▲ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡①♣♦rt❛çã♦

❡ ❢♦r♠❛t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❳▼▲ ▼❡t❛❞❛t❛ ■♥t❡r❝❤❛❣❡ ✭❳▼■✮ ❬❖▼●✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❘✐❝❝♦❜❡♥❡

❬❘✐❝❝♦❜❡♥❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲ ✷✳✵ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙②s✲

t❡♠❈ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛

❞✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✳ ❳✐ ❬❳✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺❪ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠

✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✳ ❊♠ ❇♦✉t❡❦❦♦✉❦ ❬❇♦✉t❡❦❦♦✉❦✱ ✷✵✶✵❪ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛

✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❡♠ ❡stá❣✐♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❞❡

♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❈ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❯▼▲ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✳

❖✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❯▼▲ ❡ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❢♦✐ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❆♥❞❡rss♦♥ ❬❆♥❞❡rs✲

s♦♥ ✫ ❍öst✱ ✷✵✵✽❪ ❝♦♠ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❯▼▲ ❡ ❙②st❡♠❈ s❡♥❞♦ ❢❡✐t❛

❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊♠ ❑r❡❦✉ ❬❑r❡❦✉ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✱ ♦ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦

❡♥tr❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❯▼▲ ❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛s r❡❣r❛s

❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛✳

P❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✱ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❯▼▲ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡

s✐st❡♠❛s ✭❙②s▼▲ ✲ ❙②st❡♠s ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦

♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❖▼● ❡♠ ❏✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻ ❬❙②s▼▲✱ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛♥♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡✱ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s

✽

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛

❞❡ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❙②s▼▲ ♣❛r❛ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❝♦♠ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦

❢♦♥t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❘❛s❧❛♥ ❬❘❛s❧❛♥ ✫ ❙❛♠❡❤✱ ✷✵✵✼❜❪

❡ Pr❡✈♦st✐♥✐ ❬Pr❡✈♦st✐♥✐ ✫ ❩❛♠s❛✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❘❛s❧❛♥ ❬❘❛s❧❛♥ ✫ ❙❛♠❡❤✱ ✷✵✵✼❜❪ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡

✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❙②s▼▲

♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♠♦str❛ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❣❡r❛❞♦✳ Pr❡✈♦st✐♥✐ ❬Pr❡✈♦st✐♥✐ ✫ ❩❛♠s❛✱

✷✵✵✼❪ tr❛❞✉③ ♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❡ ♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❝r✐❛♥❞♦

s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❆t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧♦❝❛r

♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛♦s s❡✉s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s✳

◆♦s ❛♥♦s ❞❡ ✷✵✵✻ ❡ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❞♦✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♥♦ tó♣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡

✉♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ▲❛❜❙❈■✴❯❋▼● ❬P❛♣❛✱

✷✵✵✻❪ ❬❉■❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ àq✉❡❧❡s ❡stá ♥❛

✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ ❙②s▼▲✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♠❜♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❯▼▲✳ ❖ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦

♣❡❧♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ P❛♣❛ ❬P❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✻❪ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡s✳ ❖s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛

❞❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ✜❝❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❧❡❣í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t✐st❛✳ ❋♦✐ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠

q✉❡ ♦s ❝ó❞✐❣♦s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡ ♥ã♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s

✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ✳❤ ❡ ✳❝♣♣✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❡ss❡s ♠♦t✐✈♦s✱ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛

❙②s▼▲❚♦❙②st❡♠❈ ♥ã♦ ❢❛③ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❧❛t❡s✳

❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❙❘❉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❉✐❛s ❬❉■❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✼❪ é ❢♦❝❛❞♦ ♥♦ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉❝❡ss✐✈♦

❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❙②st❡♠❈✱ tó♣✐❝♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❖ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛

❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛s ❝♦♥❡①õ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❜❧♦❝♦s✱ ❛♦ ♣❛ss♦

q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s

❙②s▼▲✳ ❊ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞❡❧❡s ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ ♦ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r

♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛

❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❙②s▼▲ ✲ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ❡ ❉✐❛✲

❣r❛♠❛ ■♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ ❇❧♦❝♦ ✲ ❡ ❞♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s

❡ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧ ❙②st❡♠❈✳

❖s ♠ó❞✉❧♦s ❙②st❡♠❈ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ s✉❛s ♣♦rt❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ◆❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♦s

❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛❞♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s

❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❛ss♦❝✐á✲❧♦s ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❡

❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣❡r❛♥❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♠

s❡✉s ❞❛❞♦s s❛❧✈♦s ♥♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠

tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❙❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐✲

❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ó❞✉❧♦✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛

t❛♠❜é♠ ❣❡r❛ ♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❙②st❡♠❈ ❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦

sc

❴

main()

❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦

✷✳✶✳ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦

✾

✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦

◆♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✶✱ ♦ ❖▼● ❧❛♥ç♦✉ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ▼❉❆ ✭▼♦❞❡❧✲❉r✐✈❡♥ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✮

❝♦♠♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ❆r✲

q✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❉✐r✐❣✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦✱ ▼❉❆✱ t❡✈❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ♥❛ ✐❞é✐❛ ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛r ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦

❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✉s❛ ❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛

♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❬▼✐❧❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❪✳

❖s três ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❛ ▼❉❆ sã♦ ♣♦rt❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡✉s♦✱

❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧✳ ▼❉❆ ♣r♦✈ê ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛✿

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❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛❀

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❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s❀

•

❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛❀

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❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳

❖ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡rá ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ♥❡ss❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ♣♦♥t♦✱

♦♥❞❡ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛

❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ s❡rã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♥❛s

s❡çõ❡s ✷✳✶✳✶ ❡ ✷✳✶✳✷✳

✷✳✶✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✭P■▼✮

❯♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝✉❥❛ s✐❣❧❛ P■▼ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ■♥❞❡✲

♣❡♥❞❡♥t ▼♦❞❡❧✱ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝✉❥❛ ✈✐sã♦ é ❢♦❝❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❡s❝♦♥❞❡♥❞♦

❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❊ss❛ ✈✐sã♦ ♠♦str❛ ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡

♥ã♦ ♠✉❞❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦✉tr❛✳ ❯♠ P■▼ é ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡✲

♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ t❛❧ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s

❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳

❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡

♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s ♦✉ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦

s✐st❡♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦ P■▼ s❡rá ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❧✐♥✲

❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❙②s▼▲ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹✳

✷✳✶✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ✭P❙▼✮

✶✵

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛

❯♠ P❙▼ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ P■▼ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s q✉❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠

❝♦♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳

✷✳✷ ◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠

❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❈ ❡ ❈✰✰✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❙②st❡♠❈✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r

✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡✜♥❛♠❡♥t♦s s✉❝❡ss✐✈♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡

s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠❜✉t✐❞♦✳ ❊st❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡①❡❝✉tá✈❡❧

❡ r❡✜♥❛r ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❛❣r❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❛té ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ❛

sí♥t❡s❡✳ ❊st❡s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s r❡❢❡r❡♠✲s❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ t❡♠♣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳

●röt❦❡r ❡t ❛❧ ❬●röt❦❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❪ s❡♣❛r❛ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ♣♦❞❡

s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿

◆í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❬●röt❦❡r ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✷❪✳