❱❆◆❉❘➱ ❆◆❚Ô◆■❖ ❉❊ ❆❙❙■❙ ●❖▼❊❙
❆ ❊❙❚❆❚❮❙❚■❈❆ ❊▼ ❋❖❈❖ ◆❖ ▼❯◆■❈❮P■❖ ❉❊ ❇❆❘➹❖ ❉❊
❈❖❈❆■❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s
❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲
●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧
❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱
♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r
❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❱■➬❖❙❆
Ficha catalográfica preparada pela Seção de Catalogação e Classificação da Biblioteca Central da UFV
T
Gomes, Vandré Antônio de Assis, 1985-
G633e A estatística em foco no município de Barão de Cocais / 2013 Vandré Antônio de Assis Gomes. – Viçosa, MG, 2013.
77f. : il. (algumas color.) ; 29cm.
Inclui anexos.
Orientador: Allan de Oliveira Moura
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Referências bibliográficas: f. 76-77
1. Estatística - Estudo e ensino (Ensino médio). 2. Estatística - Tabela. 3. Média. 4. Estatística - Métodos gráficos
I. Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Departamento de Matemática. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática. II. Título.
❱❆◆❉❘➱ ❆◆❚Ô◆■❖ ❉❊ ❆❙❙■❙ ●❖▼❊❙
❆ ❊❙❚❆❚❮❙❚■❈❆ ❊▼ ❋❖❈❖ ◆❖ ▼❯◆■❈❮P■❖ ❉❊ ❇❆❘➹❖ ❉❊
❈❖❈❆■❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡
❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s
❡①✐❣ê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲
●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧
❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱
♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❛❣✐st❡r
❙❝✐❡♥t✐❛❡✳
❆P❘❖❱❆❉❆✿ ✶✽ ❞❡ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸✳
❏♦sé ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ●♦♠❡s
▼❛r✐♥ês ●✉❡rr❡✐r♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❜❡♥ç♦❛r ♥❡st❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✐❞❛s ❡ ✈✐♥❞❛s s❡♠♣r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡ ♠❡ ❧✐✈r❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠❡✉ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳
➚ ❆r✐❛♥❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦✐t❡s ♠❛❧ ❞♦r♠✐❞❛s ❡ ❞♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❞❡ s❡♠❛♥❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣✉❞❡ ❡st❛r ♣r❡s❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r✐❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡✉ ♣❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✳
❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❡ q✉❛rt♦ ❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♠✱ ❇r✉♥♦ ❇r❛❣❛♥ç❛✱ P❛tr✐❝❦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❡ ❱✐❝❡♥t❡ ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ♣❡❧❛s ✈❡③❡s q✉❡ ❡st✉❞❛♠♦s ❥✉♥t♦s✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦✱ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❉♦✉t♦r ❆❧❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ▼♦✉r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉♦✉t♦r❛ ❙✐♠♦♥❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✱ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠❡✉s ❞❡s❧♦❝❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❡st❛❞✐❛s ❡♠ ❱✐ç♦s❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝✉rs♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s s✉♣❡r✐♦r❡s ❞♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❡♠ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♠❡❞✐r❛♠ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ♠❡ ❛✉s❡♥t❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❘❊❙❯▼❖
●❖▼❊❙✱ ❱❛♥❞ré ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❆ss✐s✱ ▼✳ ❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❆ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❢♦❝♦ ♥♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❝❛✐s✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ❆❧❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ▼♦✉r❛
❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚
●❖▼❊❙✱ ❱❛♥❞ré ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❆ss✐s✱ ▼✳ ❙❝✳✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❱✐ç♦s❛✱ ♠❛r❝❤ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✸✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝s ✐♥ ❇❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❝❛✐s✳ ❆❞✈✐s❡r✿ ❆❧❧❛♥ ❞❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ▼♦✉r❛
❙✉♠ár✐♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶ ❯♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ♦❧❤❛r s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❡
❇❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❝❛✐s ✸
✶✳✶ ❖ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✷ ❆ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✸ ❖s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ss ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✶✳✹ ❯♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✶✶ ✷✳✶ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷ ❱✐s✐t❛ às ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡ r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✹ ❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ✶✽ ✸✳✶ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✷ ❚❛❜✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✹ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ① ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✺ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❘❡❧❛t♦s ❡ P❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✹ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❋❛s❝í❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✸✼ ✹✳✶ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✷ ❋❛s❝í❝✉❧♦ ❝♦♠ tó♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✸ ❖ ✉s♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✻✾
❆♥❡①♦ ■ ✼✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠ ❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ♠✉♥❞♦ ♣❛ss❛✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ ❛s q✉❡stõ❡s s♦❝✐❛✐s ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✳ ❘❡❝❡❜❡♠♦s ✐♥ú♠❡r❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐❛s ❞❛s ♠❛✐s ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✳ P♦r ✐ss♦ é ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ s❛✐❜❛♠♦s s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r✱ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛r✱ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r t❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞ê✲❧❛s ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡tá✲❧❛s✳
Pr♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ár❡❛s ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛ ♠❛✐s ❝❧❛✲ r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛✳ ❍♦❥❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❞✐s❝✉rs♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✱ ♣♦❧ít✐❝♦✱ ❥♦r♥❛❧íst✐❝♦ ❡ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ✈♦t♦✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ s♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✱ ♥❛ ❛✈❡r✐❣✉❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❤❛♥❝❡s ❞❛ ❝✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❞♦❡♥ç❛ ♦✉ ❞♦s r✐s❝♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛í✲❧❛✱ ❛ ❝❤❛♥❝❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❛♥❣✉❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❛❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s sã♦ t♦❞♦s ❛♥á❧✐s❛❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❊s♣❡r❛✲s❡✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦ t❡♥❤❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧❡r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❡①♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❢♦r♠❛s✳
P♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ❞♦s t❡♠❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ▼❛✲ t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ s♦❝✐♦❝✉❧t✉r❛❧✱ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ◆❡ss❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❊s✲ t❛tíst✐❝❛ ✈❡♠ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s é ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ s❡r ❤✉♠❛♥♦ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❡ ♠❛✐s ❛t✉❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❞❡♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠ ❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷
❏á ♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♠♦str❛♠ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❛♠♣❧✐❛r ❛s ♥♦✲ çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s✱ ❢❛③❡r ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s✱ s❡r ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛r q✉❡stõ❡s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❛s ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣♦s✲ t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ❡st✉❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❈❇❈ ❡ ♦ P❈◆ ♥ã♦ ❡s❣♦t❛♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ♠❛s ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦ ❝❧❛r♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♥ã♦ ❧✐st❛❞♦s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ❝❛s♦ s❡ ❛❝❤❡ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ❊❧❡ ❢r✐s❛ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ s❡r ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ q✉❡ t❡♦r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❡✐①❛r ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r✳ ❆♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❡stã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞❛s ❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛s q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r✳
■♠❜✉í❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❝❛✐s✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ♣r♦❥❡t♦ q✉❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞♦ r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦✱ ❛♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ ♣r❡❡♥❝❤❡r ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❧❛❝✉♥❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✳
❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❝✐t❛ ♥♦♠❡s ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ ❞❡r❛♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ♦❜r❛s✳ ❆r❣✉♠❡♥t❛♠♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡ s✉❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♥❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳ ◆✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❝❛✐s ♥❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳ P❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛ ✐ss♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
◆♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠♦s ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❥✉♥t♦ às ❡s✲ ❝♦❧❛s✱ ❛s ✈✐s✐t❛s ❡ ❛s r❡✉♥✐õ❡s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ♥❡ss❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❥✉❧❣❛❞❛s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s✳
❏á ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ tr❛③ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐♥t❡s ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛s ❞❡s❝r✐çõ❡s ❞❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ♣r♦♣♦s✲ t❛s✱ ♦s ❣rá✜❝♦s ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥❡ss❛ ❛✈❛❧✐çã♦✱ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛s ♥♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❋❛③❡♠♦s ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
❯♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ♦❧❤❛r s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❡ ✉♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❡
❇❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❝❛✐s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ♦❧❤❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✶✳✶ ❖ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❆◆❉❘❆❉❊❬✶✶❪✮✱ ✏❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ é ✉♠ r❛♠♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ q✉❡ s✉r❣✐✉ ❞❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧❡t❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ♦❜t❡r✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❝✉❥❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝á✲❧♦s✑✳
◆♦ ❞✐❝✐♦♥ár✐♦ ◆♦✈♦ ❆✉ré❧✐♦ ❙é❝✉❧♦ ❳❳■ ✭❋❊❘❘❊■❘❆❬✻❪✮✱ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦✱ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r❡s q✉❛✐sq✉❡r✱ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ t✐r❛r ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❢❛③❡r ♣r❡❞✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ✉♠ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛❞♦r ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡✳
✶✳✶✳ ❖ ■◆❮❈■❖ ❉❆ ❊❙❚❆❚❮❙❚■❈❆ ✹
❢❛③❡r ❛ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠✿ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❤♦♠❡♥s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛♠ s❡r✈✐r ❛♦ ❡①ér❝✐t♦❀ ❞❡ s✉❛s t❡rr❛s❀ ❞♦s ❤❛❜✐t❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦❀ ❞❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛❀ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ❖ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s✱ ✜❝♦✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❡♥s♦✳ ❊ss❡ ❝❡♥s♦ q✉❡ ✜❝♦✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝r✐stã♦s✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥♦✉✲s❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞♦s ❥✉❞❡✉s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♠♣❡r❛❞♦r ❆✉❣✉st♦✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛s ♦r✐❣❡♥s ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❢♦ss❡♠ ❞✐st♦r❝✐❞❛s ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s s❡ ♣❡r❞❡s✲ s❡♠ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛ ❍✐stór✐❛✱ ❤á ✐♥❞í❝✐♦s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❈❤✐♥❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❛♥t✐❣✉✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ❝✐✈✐❧✐③❛çõ❡s ✐♥❞í❣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ✐♥❝❛s✱ ♠❛✐❛s ❡ ❛st❡❝❛s✳ ❖s ❡❣í♣❝✐♦s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛✈❛♠ ❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❛s r✐q✉❡③❛s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣❛ís ❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ♣✐râ♠✐❞❡✳
❍á ❢♦♥t❡s q✉❡ r❡s❣✐str❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♥❛ ❆❧❡♠❛♥❤❛ ❡♠ ✶✼✹✻ ♣❡❧♦ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐st❛ ❆❝❤❡♥✇❛❧❧ ✭✶✼✶✾✲✶✼✼✷✮ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ●♦tt✐♥❣❡♥✱ ♠❛s ♦✉tr♦s ✐♥❞í❝✐♦s ❛♣♦♥t❛♠ q✉❡ ❙❝❤♠❡✐t③❡❧ t❡r✐❛ ✉s❛❞♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✈❡③ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❱■■ ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ▲❡♥❛ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r ❛ ✐ss♦✱ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❆❝❤❡♥✇❛❧❧✳
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✭▼❊▼Ó❘■❆✱❬✶✵❪✱❛♣✉t✱❆◆❉❘❆❉❊❬✶✶❪✮✱ ❆❝❤❡♥✇❛❧❧ ♥❛❞❛ ♠❛✐s ❢❡③ ❞♦ q✉❡ s✐st❡♠❛t✐③❛r ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡r❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✐t❛❧✐❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❣✐str❛r ❜❛t✐s♠♦s✱ ❝❛s❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ó❜✐t♦s✱ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ♣❡❧❛ ✐❣r❡❥❛ ❝❛tó❧✐❝❛ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣✉❧sór✐♦s ❛♣ós ♦ ❈♦♥❝í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ❚r❡♥t♦ ✭✶✺✹✺✲✶✺✻✸✮ q✉❡ t✐♥❤❛ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ❛ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❢é ❡ ❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❡❝❧❡s✐ást✐❝❛✳
●r❛✉♥t ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ✉♠ ❧✐✈r♦ ♥❛ ■♥❣❧❛t❡rr❛✱ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✶✻✻✷✱ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ✏◆❛t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ♣♦❧✐✲ t✐❝❛❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥❞❡① ❛♥❞ ♠❛❞❡✉♣♦♥t❤❡ ❜✐❧❧s♦❢ ♠♦rt❛❧✐t②✑ ♦♥❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ q✉❡ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✏❆r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ P♦❧ít✐❝❛✑✳ ❊st❡ ❢❛t♦ é ❛♣♦♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛r❝♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳
◆♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞❛ ❍✐stór✐❛✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❤♦❥❡ ❝❤❛♠❛♠♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ t❡✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡st✉❞✐♦s♦s✳ ❆ ❘❡✈✐st❛ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❝✐t❛ ❍❡r♠❛♥♥ ❈♦♥r✐♥❣ ✭✶✻✵✻✲✶✻✽✶✮✱ ●♦tt❢r✐❡❞ ❆❝❤❡♥✇❛❧❧ ✭✶✼✶✾✲✶✼✼✷✮✱ ❏♦❤❛♥♥ P❡t❡r ❙✉ss♠✐❧❝❤ ✭✶✼✵✼✲✶✼✻✼✮✱ ❏♦❤♥ ●r❛✉♥t✱ ✭✶✻✷✵✲✶✻✼✹✮ ❡ ❲✐❧❧✐❛♥ P❡tt② ✭✶✻✷✸✲✶✻✽✼✮ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ss❛ ár❡❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✶✳✷✳ ❆ ❊❙❚❆❚❮❙❚■❈❆ ◆❖❙ ❉■❆❙ ❆❚❯❆■❙ ❊ ❙❯❆ ■▼P❖❘❚➶◆❈■❆ ✺
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❇❆❚❆◆❊❘❖❬✶❪✮ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ t❡✈❡ ♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ê♥❢❛s❡ ♥♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳✳ ❊❧❡ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡ ✏♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❳❳ ❢♦✐ ♦ sé❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡❧❛ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳✑ ◆❡st❡ sé❝✉❧♦ ❞❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❋✐s❤❡r ✭✶✽✾✵✲✶✾✻✷✮✱ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝✐st❛ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❝✐❡♥t✐st❛s ❞♦ sé❝✉❧♦✱ q✉❡ ❢❡③ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s t❡ór✐❝❛s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❊s✲ t❛tíst✐❝❛✳ ❊♠ ✶✾✶✷✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦✱ ❋✐s❤❡r ♣✉❜❧✐❝♦✉ ✉♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ✈❡r♦ss✐♠✐❧❤❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❛❥✉st❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝✉r✈❛s ❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❋✐s❤❡r é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠✉✐t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛ q✉❡ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛ ❡♠ três ❢❛t♦r❡s✿ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛r ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝✐❞❛❞ã♦s✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❛ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛✳ ✭▼❊▼Ó❘■❆❬✶✵❪✮ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ❈❛❧②❛♠♣✉❞✐ ❘❛❞❤❛❦r✐s❤♥❛ ❘❛♦✱ ✉♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❛♠❡r✐❝❛♥♦ q✉❡ ❝r✐♦✉ ♦❜r❛s q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛r❛♠ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❢❡③ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❋✐❝❤❡r✿
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❢✉♥❞❛❞♦r ❞❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ▼♦❞❡r♥❛✱ ❋✐s❤❡r ❢♦✐ ♥ã♦ só ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ ♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r❛♠ s✉❛ ♦❜r❛ ♠♦✲ ♥✉♠❡♥t❛❧✱ é ❛✐♥❞❛ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s t❡♠♣♦s✳ ❆♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡♠✐♥❡♥t❡ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛✱ r❡❝❡❜❡✉ ✈ár✐❛s ❤♦♥r❛r✐❛s ❡ ❞✐st✐♥çõ❡s ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝❛s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✱ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ♣♦r s✉❛ ❆❧♠❛ ▼❛t❡r✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✷✻✱ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❋❡❧❧♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❙♦❝✐❡t② ✭❋✳❘✳❙✳✮ ❡♠ ✶✾✷✾✱ ❡ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❤♦♥♦rí✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❙✐r ❡♠ ✶✾✺✷✳ ✭▼❊▼Ó❘■❆❬✶✵❪✱❛♣✉t ❆◆❉❆❘❆❉❊❬✶✶❪✮
❈♦♥❤❡❝❡r ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❞❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥♦s ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡s❛❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❥✉❧❣❛♠♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ✉♠ ❜r❡✈❡ ♦❧❤❛r s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❍✐stór✐❛ ❞❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❛❝❤❛♠♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ q✉❡ ♥❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳
✶✳✷ ❆ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦s ♠❡✐♦s ♣r♦✈✐♥❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❤✐stór✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❢❛t♦s q✉❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳ ❯♠ ❜♦♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞✐ss♦ sã♦ ♦s ❝❡♥s♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❢❡✐t♦s ❛té ♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s✳ ❊❧❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ♥♦ ♥♦ss♦ ♣❛ís✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❡♥s♦ ♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ ♣♦❞❡✿
❼ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s ♦♥❞❡ é ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐r ❡♠ s❛ú❞❡✱ ❡❞✉❝❛çã♦✱ ❤❛❜✐t❛çã♦✱ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡s ❡t❝✳❀
✶✳✸✳ ❖❙ ■◆❙❚❘❯▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❆❱❆▲■❆➬➹❖ ❯❚■▲■❩❆❉❖❙❙ P❊▲❖ ●❖❱❊❘◆❖ ✻
❝♦♠♦ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧♦s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s❀
❼ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦ ❞✐♥❤❡✐r♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞♦s ❋✉♥❞♦s ❞❡ P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❊st❛❞♦s ❡ ❞♦s ▼✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦s✳
❆ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉s❛ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝❡♥s♦ ♣❛r❛✿
❼ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦♥❞❡ ✐♥st❛❧❛r s✉❛s ❢á❜r✐❝❛s✱ s✉♣❡r♠❡r❝❛❞♦s✱ s❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❝❡♥t❡rs✱ ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❝✐♥❡♠❛s ❡t❝✳❀
❼ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦r❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s✱ q✉❡♠ sã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦r❛♠ ❡t❝✳ ✭❊ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s s✐♥❞✐❝❛t♦s✱ ❛ss♦❝✐❛çõ❡s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡✮ ❡
❼ ♣❡❞✐r ❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡①♣❛♥sã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ á❣✉❛ ❡ ❡s❣♦t♦✱ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦st♦s ❞❡ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ❛ss✐♠ ♣♦r ❞✐❛♥t❡✳ ✭✇✇✇✳✐❜❣❡✳❝♦♠✳❜r✮✳
❋✉♥❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✶✾✸✹✱ ♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ●❡♦❣r❛✜❛ ❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ■❇●❊✱ é ♦ ór❣ã♦ ❞♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ♣❛ís✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ s❛❜❡r ❧❡r ❡ ❡s❝r❡✈❡r✳ ❆ ♥♦ss❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ t♦♠❛r ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❡ss❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❡❧❛ t❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛❞♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s â♠❜✐t♦s ❞❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✭❆◆❉❘❆❉❊❬✶✶❪✮✱ ♥♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ✏❡♥❧❛❝❡✑ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ■♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❞❛❞♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✳ ❏á ✭❇❘❆◆❈❖ ❬✸❪✮✱ ❛✜r♠❛ q✉❡✿
❛s ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s s❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❞✐s♣❡♥sá✈❡✐s ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ tr❛t❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡✱ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✐❣♥♦r❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱❛ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉✲ t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✑
❈❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠át✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✳
✶✳✸ ❖s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ss ♣❡❧♦ ❣♦✈❡r♥♦
✶✳✸✳ ❖❙ ■◆❙❚❘❯▼❊◆❚❖❙ ❉❊ ❆❱❆▲■❆➬➹❖ ❯❚■▲■❩❆❉❖❙❙ P❊▲❖ ●❖❱❊❘◆❖ ✼
❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❈✉❧t✉r❛ ✭▼❊❈✮✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❞♦ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦s ❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛s ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❆♥ís✐♦ ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ✭■◆❊P✮✱ t❡♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ❡ss❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ❙❆❊❇ é ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛✱ q✉❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✶✾✾✺✱ ♦ ❙❆❊❇ t❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ♦ ❛♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ▲í♥❣✉❛ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛✳
❊♠ ✷✵✵✺✱ ♦ ❙❆❊❇ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ s❡r ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❛ ❆◆❊❇ q✉❡ é ❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❛ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ q✉❡ ♠❛♥t❡✈❡ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❞❡ ❙❆❊❇ ❡ ❛ ❆◆❘❊❙❈ q✉❡ é ❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❘❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊s❝♦❧❛r✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r Pr♦✈❛ ❇r❛s✐❧✳ ❆♠❜❛s ❛❞♦t❛♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❜❛s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣r❡✈✐st♦ ♥♦s ❝✉rrí❝✉❧♦s ❡st❛❞✉❛✐s ❡ ♥❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞♦s P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❈✉rr✐❝✉❧❛r❡s ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❆ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❡stá ♥♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ✺➸ ❡ ✾➸ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ✸➸ ❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♠é❞✐♦✱ ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✱ ❞❛ ③♦♥❛ ✉r❜❛♥❛ ❡ r✉r❛❧✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❞♦ ✺➸ ❡ ✾➸ ❛♥♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ③♦♥❛ ✉r❜❛♥❛ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ t❡♥❤❛ ♥♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ✈✐♥t❡ ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛✳
❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♥❛ ♣r♦✈❛ ❙❆❊❇ é ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r r❡❣✐õ❡s✱ ♣♦r ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❢❡❞❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❛ Pr♦✈❛ ❇r❛s✐❧ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r✲ ♠❛çõ❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦s ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✳
❊st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ tê♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✿
❼ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r s✉❜sí❞✐♦s à ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ r❡❢♦r♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❛❥✉st❛❞♦s às ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞✐❛❣♥♦st✐❝❛❞❛s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❡ ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s❀
❼ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s r❡❣✐♦♥❛✐s ❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦❀
❼ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ s♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦✱ ❝✉❧t✉r❛❧ ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❛r q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s❀
❼ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r ❛♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❝❧❛r❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡
❼ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❛t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r❝â♠❜✐♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳ ✭❋♦♥t❡✿ ▼❊❈✱ ✷✵✵✸✮
✶✳✹✳ ❯▼ P❆◆❖❘❆▼❆ ❉❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖ ▼➱❉■❖ ✽
❊◆❊▼ s♦❢r❡✉ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s ❡♠ s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❡♠ ✷✵✵✾✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡❧❡ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦❧✐✉ ♦s ✈❡st✐❜✉❧❛r❡s ❡♠ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s ❋❡❞❡r❛✐s t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♣♦rt❛ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛s ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ❊♥❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥❛✳ ◆❛s q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡①❛t❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✱ sã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ♥❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♠♣❡✲ tê♥❝✐❛s✿
❼ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s ♦✉ t❛❜❡❧❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❼ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ t❛❜❡❧❛s ♦✉ ❣rá✜❝♦s✳
❼ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡①♣r❡ss❛s ❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s ♦✉ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t♦s✳
❼ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣❡rsã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①♣r❡s✲ s♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❛❣r✉♣❛❞♦s ✭♥ã♦ ❡♠ ❝❧❛ss❡s✮ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❣rá✜❝♦s✳
❼ r❡s♦❧✈❡r s✐t✉❛çã♦✲♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❼ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦
❞❡ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
❼ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
✶✳✹ ❯♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦
✶✳✹✳ ❯▼ P❆◆❖❘❆▼❆ ❉❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖ ▼➱❉■❖ ✾
✶✳✹✳ ❯▼ P❆◆❖❘❆▼❆ ❉❖ ❊◆❙■◆❖ ▼➱❉■❖ ✶✵
❈♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ t♦r♥❛r ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦✱ ♠❛✐s ❛tr❛t✐✈♦ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ✈❛♠♦s ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♠✉❞❛r ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡ss❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛q✉é♠ ❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ♣♦r ♥♦ss♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❜❛st❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥tã♦ ✉s✉❢r✉✐r ❞❡ss❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❧ ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❛♦s
♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ s✉❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦✱ ♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s ❝♦♥t❛t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
✷✳✶ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦
❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✭❉✬❆▼❇❘Ó❙■❖❬✺❪✮ ✏♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ q✉❡ ♥ós ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠♦s é t♦r♥❛r ❛ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ❛tr❛t✐✈❛✱ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡✱ ✐st♦ é✱ út✐❧❀ ❡ ❛t✉❛❧✱ ✐st♦ é✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞❛ ♥♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❤♦❥❡✑✳
❊ss❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ❡❞✉❝❛❞♦r❡s t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❡♥♦s ár❞✉♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❛ s❡r❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞♦s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞❡r sã♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r é ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ q✉❡ ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛♠ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❡rt❛s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❢ór♠✉❧❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ◆❛❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❡①tr❛✐r ❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❡♠ ❥á t❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡ q✉❡♠ t❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦✲ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦r✲ t❛♥t❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s✳
❊♠ ♥♦ss❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s s❛❧❛s ❞❡ ❛✉❧❛ ❝♦♥st❛t❛♠♦s ♠✉✐t♦s ❡q✉í✈♦❝♦s ♥❛s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♥str✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s ❡ t❛❜❡❧❛s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❡rr♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡ss❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ✈ê♠ ❣❛♥❤❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦✈❛s ❛✈❛❧✐❛t✐✈❛s ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛tór✐❛s✱ ❞❡❝✐❞✐ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ✉♠ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠
✷✳✶✳ ❋❯◆❉❆▼❊◆❚❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❖ ◗❯❊❙❚■❖◆➪❘■❖ ✶✷
♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ✉♠❛ r❡✢❡①ã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❡ t♦♠❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡stá ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♥❛s t✉r♠❛s ❞❡ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠é❞✐♦ ❡♠ ♥♦ss♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦✳
❙❛❜❡r ♦ q✉❡ é ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ é ✉♠❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡✱ t❡r ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡stã♦ s❡♥❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❞❡✐①❛❞♦s ❡♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦✱ ❞❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❤♦rár✐❛ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧ sér✐❡ é tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ t❛❧ ❛ss✉♥t♦✱ ♣♦❞❡ ♥♦s ❞❛r ❞✐r❡tr✐③❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✳
❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ♣❡rs❡♣çõ❡s ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s t❛♠❜é♠ t♦r♥❛ s❡ ❛❧❣♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❛tr❛t✐✈♦✱ ❥á q✉❡ s✉❛ ✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞✐ár✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çõ❡s ❛té ❡♥tã♦ ✐♥✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❛ q✉❡♠ ♥ã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛ ❞❡ss❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ❖♣✐♥❛r s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s✱ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çã♦✱ s✉❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠❛ t✉r♠❛ ♦✉ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ s❡r ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ♥❛s ❛t✐t✉❞❡s t♦♠❛❞❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛ t❛✐s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
❆s ♣❡rs❡♣çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❡♠ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ sã♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣❡❧♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡ ♥♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ✜❝❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡s✳
●r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ s❡✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥✲ t✐✜❝❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠ ❛♦ s❡ ❞❡♣❛r❛r ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s q✉❡stõ❡s✱ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛❞♦✳ ❆♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ q✉❡ ❝♦❜r❛ ❝❡rt♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♣♦❞❡ ❞❛r ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ❢♦❝❛❞♦ ♥❛q✉❡❧❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ tó♣✐❝♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❛✉❧❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✈♦❧t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡ r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛♠ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦✳ ■ss♦ ♣r♦♣✐❝✐❛rá ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡♥s✐♥♦ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s✳
✷✳✷✳ ❱■❙■❚❆ ➚❙ ❊❙❈❖▲❆❙ ❊ ❘❊❯◆■➹❖ ❈❖▼ ❖❙ P❘❖❋❊❙❙❖❘❊❙ ✶✸
✷✳✷ ❱✐s✐t❛ às ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡ r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s
Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❞✉❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❇❛rã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦❝❛✐s✱ ❞❡✐①❛♥❞♦✲❛ ❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❥✉♥t♦ às ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ▲♦❣♦ ❛♣ós✱ ❝♦♥t❛❝t❛♠♦s ♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♠✉♥✐❝í♣✐♦ ♦♥❞❡ é ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦ ♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ ♣❛ss❛♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
P♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ tr✐♥t❛ ♠✐❧ ❤❛❜✐t❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s q✉❛tr♦ ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛s ❡♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ♠é❞✐♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ s✐t✉❛♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✈✐♥t❡ q✉✐❧ô♠❡tr♦s✱ t✐✈❡♠♦s ✉♠ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛❝❡ss♦ às ❡s❝♦❧❛s✳ ❉✐r✐❣✐✲♠❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s✱ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ q✉❛✐s s❡✉s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✐❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✜❝♦✉ ❛❝❡rt❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s✱ ✉♠❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ r❡✉♥✐ã♦✱ ❛❣♦r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❡s❝❧❛r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊st❛ r❡✉♥✐ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t❛ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s✱ ❥á q✉❡ ♣♦r s❡ tr❛t❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛✱ ♠✉✐t♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t♦✉ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❛♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳
❊♠❜♦r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s q✉❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♥❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦✲ ❥❡t♦✱ ♥ã♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ♥❡♥❤✉♠❛ ❞❡❧❛s ♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ tr❛r✐❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s ❞✐r❡çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❝❡rt❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❛♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ▼❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ s✉r♣r❡s❛✱ ✐st♦ ♥ã♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡✉✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ t✐✈❡ ✉♠ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❞✐r❡t♦r❡s ❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✳
P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❞❡st❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❈❡♥tr♦ ❊❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ◆♦ss❛ ❙❡✲ ♥❤♦r❛ ❞♦ ❘♦sár✐♦ ❡ ❞❛s ❊s❝♦❧❛s ❊st❛❞✉❛✐s✿ ❏♦sé ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ▼♦r❛✐s✱ ❖❞✐❧♦♥ ❇❡r✐♥❣ ❡ P❛❞r❡ ❍❡✐t♦r✳
◆❛ r❡✉♥✐ã♦✱ ♠❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡✐ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ❢❛❧❡✐ ✉♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜s✲ s✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✲ P❘❖❋▼❆❚✱ ❝♦♥✈✐❞❡✐ ❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡✐ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ ♦ ❡①❛♠❡ s❡❧❡t✐✈♦✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❧❤❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡✐ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛♥❞♦ s♦✲ ❜r❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❡✐ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❡ ♣❡❞✐ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛ss❡♠ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥❞♦✲♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ét✐❝❛✳ ❙✉❣❡r✐ ❛♦s ♠❡s♠♦s q✉❡✱ ❝❛s♦ ❛❝❤❛ss❡♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r✱ ♥ã♦ ❤❛✈❡r✐❛ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡♠ s❡✉ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡✈✐t❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str❛♥❣✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳✸ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s
✷✳✸✳ ❈❖▼P❖❙■➬➹❖ ❉❖ ◗❯❊❙❚■❖◆➪❘■❖ ❊ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆➬Õ❊❙ ❖❇❚■❉❆❙ ✶✹
r✐♦ q✉❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ss❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝♦♠♦ sã♦ tr❛t❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❞❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s ❛❝❤❛✈❛♠ q✉❡ s❡r✐❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣❡r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ t❛✐s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✳
❊ss❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ❞❡ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ t✐♥❤❛ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡r❛♠ ❧❡❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡r❛ ❢❡✐t♦✱ ❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❤♦rár✐❛ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞❛ ❡ ❡♠ q✉❛❧ sér✐❡ ❡r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❜✉s❝❛✈❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s ❡ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✳
✷✳✸✳ ❈❖▼P❖❙■➬➹❖ ❉❖ ◗❯❊❙❚■❖◆➪❘■❖ ❊ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆➬Õ❊❙ ❖❇❚■❉❆❙ ✶✺
❖ ✐t❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛✈❛ q✉❛✐s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s ❡r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞✐❞át✐❝♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✱ ❡ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s✱ ❢♦✐ ❝✐t❛❞♦ ♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♥✉❡❧ P❛✐✈❛❀ ✷✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❝✐t❛r❛♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦♥t❡s✱ s❡♠ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛r q✉❛✐s ❡r❛♠ ❡ ✷✵✪ ❝✐t❛r❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❥♦r♥❛✐s✱ r❡✈✐st❛s✱ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦r❛✱ q✉❛❞r♦✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳
❖ ✐t❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❞❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ ❡r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡♠ ❛❜❡rt♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜s❡r✲ ✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡✐①♦✉ ❡ss❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡♠ ❜r❛♥❝♦✱ ♠❛s ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉ q✉❡ ✏♥❡♥❤✉♠ ❞♦s ❧✐✈r♦s ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❡✉ t❡♥❤❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛❞♦ ❛té ❤♦❥❡✱ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t♦✉ ♠é❞✐❛ ❣❡♦♠étr✐❝❛ ❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛✑ ❡ ✉♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✏▼❡❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❢❛ç♦ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ♥♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ▼é❞✐♦✑✳
✷✳✹✳ ❯▼❆ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❊❙❙❆❙ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆➬Õ❊❙ ✶✻
◗✉❡stã♦ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦
❇❡♠ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡
❈❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❇❡♠ ♠❡♥♦s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡
◆ã♦ s❡✐ ✶ ▼é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛ ✹✵✪ ✻✵✪ ✵ ✵ ✷ ▼é❞✐❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ✷✵✪ ✹✵✪ ✹✵✪ ✵
✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦
✹✵✪ ✷✵✪ ✷✵✪ ✷✵✪
✹ ▼♦❞❛ ✹✵✪ ✹✵✪ ✷✵✪ ✵
✺ ▼❡❞✐❛♥❛ ✷✵✪ ✹✵✪ ✹✵✪ ✵
✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ t❛❜❡❧❛
✵ ✻✵✪ ✹✵✪ ✵
✼ ❉❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✵ ✻✵✪ ✷✵✪ ✷✵✪
✷✳✹ ❯♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s
❖❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♠♦s q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ♠é❞✐❛ ❛r✐t♠ét✐❝❛✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ❛ ❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✹✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡✉s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛❝❡rt❛r✐❛ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ✻✵✪ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❛❧✉♥♦s ❛❝❡rt❛r✐❛♠✳
❖s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ❡ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛✱ sã♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✹✵✪ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ t❛❧ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ P❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❛ ✐ss♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✷✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❛❝❡rt❛r✐❛♠ ❛ q✉❡stã♦✳ ❍♦✉✈❡ ❝♦❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é ♣♦✉❝♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦✱ ❡s♣❡r❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧✉♥♦s ✜q✉❡ ❛q✉é♠ ❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ é ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✲ ❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❡s♣❡r❛♠ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✹✵✪ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✐❛♠ ❛ q✉❡stã♦✳ ▼❛✐s ❛❣r❛✲ ✈❛♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❡stã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛❜❡❧❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♥❡♥❤✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛ q✉❡ ❜❡♠ ♠❛✐s q✉❡ ❛ ♠❡t❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛❝❡rt❛r✐❛ t❛❧ q✉❡stã♦✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ❡❧❡s✳
✷✳✹✳ ❯▼❆ ❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❉❊❙❙❆❙ ■◆❋❖❘▼❆➬Õ❊❙ ✶✼
❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❈✉rrí❝✉❧♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ❈♦♠✉♠ ✭❈❇❈✮ ❞❡st❛ sér✐❡✳
P❡♥s❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❡❧♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ ❝♦♥✲ t❡ú❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❡♥s✐♥❛❞♦✳ ❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦❜t✐❞❛s✱ ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s✱ ✉♥s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡♥♦s✱ ♠❛s ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s é ❝rít✐❝♦✳ ❖s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠✱ ♠❛s ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛♠ q✉❡ s❡✉s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♥ã♦ tê♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐❞♦✳ ❆❧❣♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❤❛❥❛ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥❡ss❡ q✉❛❞r♦ ❡ ❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ t❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ss❡s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s q✉❡✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❞✐❛✱ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳
◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✱ ♣❡r❝❡❜❡♠♦s q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ✜❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❛tr❡❧❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❛✳ ❆♣❡♥❛s ✷✵✪ ❞♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞✐ss❡r❛♠ q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ♦✉tr♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❛✉❧❛s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸
❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❛ t❛❜✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❡ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s r❡❧❛t♦s s♦❜r❡ ❡❧❡s✳
✸✳✶ ❊❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦
P❛r❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦✱ ❜✉s❝❛♠♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♥♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊♥s✐♥♦ ❇ás✐❝♦ ✭❙❆❊❇✮✱ ❡♠ ❧✐✈r♦s ❞✐❞át✐❝♦s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ✜❝❛♠♦s ❛tr❡❧❛❞♦s ❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✐ss♦✳ ❊❧❛❜♦r❡✐ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ❛❝❤❛✈❛ ❝❛❜í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r s❡t❡ q✉❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛✈❛♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣rá✜❝♦s✱ ♠é❞✐❛s✱ ♠♦❞❛✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛✱ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡ss❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ t✐r❛❞❛s ❞❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞♦ ❙❆❊❇✳ ❖♣t❛♠♦s ♣♦r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡ss❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ é ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊❧❛ t❡✈❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s s❡t❡ q✉❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♥ã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛r ❝❛♥s❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❞❡s✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❡ ❝❛✉s❛r tr❛♥st♦r♥♦s à ♥♦r♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s às ✈és♣❡r❛s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❊◆❊▼ ✷✵✶✷✱ ♦♣t❛♠♦s ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛çã♦ ✏❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❊♥❡♠✑✱ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❞❡s♣❡rt❛r ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❛ r❡❛❧✐③á✲ ❧❛✳
❆s ❛✈❛❧✐❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛s t✉r♠❛s ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ♣♦r ♠✐♠✳
✸✳✷ ❚❛❜✉❧❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s
❖s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡s ❢♦r❛♠ tr❛♥s❝r✐t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❛♥♦t❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♦♣çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ q✉❡stã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛ ♣♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ q✉❡
