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Social networks and the paradox of voting

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Shrsoh yrwh dowkrxjk wkhlu pdujlqdo jdlq iurp yrwlqj lv }hur1 Zh frqwulexwh wr wkh uhvroxwlrq ri wklv sdudgr{ e| suhvhqwlqj d prgho iru htxloleulxp frqñjxudwlrq ri yrwlqj dwwlwxghv1 Hdfk lqglylgxdo lv vhhq dv dq hohphqw ri d vrfldo qhwzrun/ zlwklq zklfk sdluv ri lqglylgxdov h{suhvv lghdv dqg dwwlwxghv/ h{huwlqj pxwxdo lqðxhqfh1 Zh prgho wkh uroh ri vxfk qhwzrunv lq sursdjdwlqj wkh pxwxdo lqðxhqfh dfurvv sdluv ri lqglylgxdov1 Zh vkrz wkdw lw vxïfhv wkdw d vpdoo vhw ri lqglylgxdov kdyh d vwurqj ihholqj derxw yrwlqj wr jhqhudwh d vljqlñfdqw wxuqrxw lq hohfwlrqv1

úZh ehqhñwhg iurp wkh frpphqwv dqg vxjjhvwlrqv ri Ydvfr Vdqwrv1 Wkh xvxdo glv0 fodlphu dssolhv1

(2)

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W| ü@t *L?} Mii? hiUL}?ð3i_ |ü@| üð}ü |ýh?Lý| ð? i*iU|ðL?t Thiti?|t @ M@tðU Tý33*iG |üi 4@h}ð?@* ð4T@U| Lu i@Uü ð?_ðñð_ý@*<t ñL|i ðt ?i}*ð}ðM* @?_ )i| TiLT*i ñL|ië Aüi ñL|ihíT@h|ðUðT@|ðL? T@h@_L U@? Mi |h@Ui_ M@U! |L #Lê?t E•bD.äë 5iñih@* i T*@?@|ðL?t ü@ñi Mii? Tý| uLhê@h_ |L i T*@ð? ð|ë ú4L?} L|üihtc êi U@? 4i?|ðL? Aý**LU! E•bS.äc 6hi) E•b.•äc BLL_ð?} @?_ +LMih|t E•b.Däc è@*uhi) @?_ +Lti?|ü@* E•bHôc •bHDäc @?_ wi_)@h_ E•bHeäë

W? @ Mhðiu @UULý?| Lu |üiti UL?|hðMý|ðL?tc Aý**LU! E•bS.ä UL?tð_iht ñL|iht êüL LM|@ð? ý|ð*ð|) uhL4 ñL|ð?} @?_ BLL_ð?} @?_ +LMih|t E•b.Dä @**Lê uLh i|üðU@* ñL|ð?}ë W? ML|ü U@titc @? @__ð|ðL?@* Mi?i€| ðt @__i_ |L |üi @U|ðL? Lu ñL|ð?}ë 6hi) E•b.•ä _ðtUýttit @ _ðgihi?| ðttýië Oi 4@!it |üi @h}ý4i?| |üi éLMt Lu üð}üíð?UL4i ñL|iht i?_Lê |üi4 êð|ü týTihðLh ð?uLh4@|ðL?ë Aüðtc ð? |ýh?c 4L|ðñ@|it üð}üih T@h|ðUðT@|ðL?ë •Lhi hiUi?|*)c |üi }@4i |üiLhi|ðU @TThL@Uü Lu è@*uhi) @?_ +Lti?|ü@* E•bHôc •bHDä @?_ wi_)@h_ E•bHeä Lgiht @? i T*@?@|ðL? |L |üi ñL|ð?} T@h@_L ë W? @ êLh*_ Lu h@|ðL?@* ñL|ihtc |üi Uhýí Uð@* i*i4i?| ðt |üi i TiU|i_ Mi?i€| uhL4 ñL|ð?}ë• 5ð?Ui |üðt i TiU|i_ Mi?i€|

üð?}it ýTL? |üi ThLM@Mð*ð|) Lu @ ñL|ih U@t|ð?} |üi _iUðtðñi ñL|ic i TiU|@í |ðL?t @MLý| L|üih TiLT*i<t ñL|i @hi hi*iñ@?|ë Aüýtc ð| ðt ?L| týhThðtð?} |ü@| 4Lt| UL?|hðMý|ðL?t ü@ñi uLUýti_ L? |üi Mi?i€| _i€?ð|ðL?c @?_ ð? T@h|ðUý*@hc ð_i?|ðu)ð?} Mi?i€|t |ü@| _L ?L| _iTi?_ L? |üi Lý|UL4i Lu |üi i*iU|ðL? ELh _iUðtðL?äë 5ði} @?_ 5Uüý*3 E•bbDä |@!i @ _ðgihi?| hLý|ië Aüi) ^ýit|ðL? |üi uý** h@|ðL?@*ð|) @?_ t|hL?} ð?uLh4@|ðL? hi^ýðhi4i?|të W? @? @||i4T| |L ULTi êð|ü MLý?_i_ h@|ðL?@*ð|) @?_ ð?UL4T*i|i ð?uLh4@|ðL? Lu ñL|ihtc |üi) ýti iñLí *ý|ðL?@h) }@4i |üiLh) |L @__hitt |üi ðttýië 5ü@Uü@h i@?_ û@*iMýg E•bbbä Tý| uLhê@h_ |üi ð_i@ |ü@| TL*ð|ðU@* *i@_iht êð** i ih| 4Lhi igLh| ð? Mhð?}ð?}

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TiLT*i |L ñL|i ð? U*Lti i*iU|ðL?të vi|c ?L tLUð@* 4iUü@?ðt4 Lu ð?ãýi?Ui ð?|ihí Uü@?}i ðt 4@_i i T*ðUð|ë •Lhi hiUi?|*)c ç@t|@?üiðh@ E•bbbä ýtit @ }i?ih@*ð3i_ 4L_i* Lu èLðttL? }@4it E•)ihtL? •bbeä |L i T*@ð? |ýh?Lý| h@|it @?_ êü) |üi) 4ð}ü| Mi _iUhi@tð?} ð? TLTý*@|ðL? tð3ië W? üðt 4L_i*c ñL|iht @hi h@|ðLí ?@* @?_ ULt|t Lu ñL|ð?}c |üi ð?uLh4@|ðL? ti| Lu ñL|iht @?_ |üi ð?t|ð|ý|ðL?@* uh@4iêLh! @hi Thiti?|i_ ð? @ 4Lhi }i?ih@* ê@) |ü@? ð? ThiñðLýt êLh!të 6ðí ?@**)c çL@|i @?_ çL?*ð? E2ff2ä Thiti?| @ _ðt|ð?U| uh@4iêLh!c ð? êüðUü ñL|ð?} |ýh?Lý| hitý*|t uhL4 @ UL?|it| Mi|êii? |êL LTTLtð?} }hLýTtë Aüi t|@h|ð?} TLð?| Lu |üiðh |üiLh) ðt O@ht@?)ð E•bHfä<t êLh!ë O@ht@?)ð E•bHfä tý}}it|t |ü@| ñL|ð?} |ýh?Lý| U@? Mi ý?_iht|LL_ M) TiLT*i @U|ð?} @UULh_ð?} |L hý*ií ý|ð*ð|@hð@?ðt4ë Aü@| ðtc i@Uü ð?_ðñð_ý@* |@!it |üi @U|ðL? |}ü@|c ðu @_LT|i_ M) @** tLUði|) 4i4Mihtc 4@ ð4ð3it tLUð@* êi*u@hic _i€?i_ M) |üi tý4 Lu ð?_ðñð_í ý@* ý|ð*ð|ðitë2 çL@|i @?_ çL?*ð? E2ffôä ThLñð_i @? i4TðhðU@* @?@*)tðtc M@ti_

L? *ð^ýLh *@êt hiuihi?_@ë AL Lýh TýhTLtitc |üi tð}?ð€U@?| TLð?| |L ?L|i ðt |ü@| |üi uh@U|ðL? Lu týTTLh|ht Lu @ T*@|uLh4c êüðUü êð** Mi @ _hðñð?} uLhUi uLh ñL|ð?} |ýh?Lý| ð? |üiðh 4L_i*c ðt i L}i?Lýt*) }ðñi? @?_ Uü@h@U|ihð3i_ M) @ t|@|ðt|ðU@* _ðt|hðMý|ðL?ë Aüýtc i T*ðUð| tLUð@* ð?|ih@U|ðL?c |üi uLUýt Lu Lýh T@Tihc ðt @*tL @Mti?|ë

ïñih@**c |üiti @hi Rê@h4 }*Lêâ i T*@?@|ðL?t Lu ñL|ð?}ë Aüðt |)Ti Lu i í T*@?@|ðL?c ð4T*ðUð|*) Lh i T*ðUð|*)c @ttý4it |ü@| ñL|ð?} ðt @ UL?tý4T|ðL? }LL_c @*|üLý}ü #Lê?t E•bD.ä ðt ThLM@M*) U*Ltih |L tiið?} ñL|ð?} @t @? ð?ñit|4i?|ë Aüðt |@!it ýt |L |üi i4TðhðU@* iñð_i?Uië W? @ hiUi?| T@Tihc Bý||4@?c Oð*}ih @?_ 5Uü@Uü4ýhLñi E•bbeä uLý?_ iñð_i?Ui |ü@| ñL|iht tii |üi @U| Lu ñL|ð?} @t @ UL?tý4T|ðL? }LL_ëô VL|iht LM|@ð? ý|ð*ð|) uhL4 U@t|ð?} @ ñL|ic

ð?_iTi?_i?|*) Lu êüL êð?të ïu ULýhtic ý|ð*ð|) ðt üð}üih ðu |üi Thiuihhi_ U@?_ðí _@|i ELh T*@|uLh4ä êð?të Aüi ð4T*ðU@|ðL? Lu |üðt i4TðhðU@* €?_ð?} ðt |ü@| |üihi

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ðt *itt |L |üi ñL|ð?} T@h@_L |ü@? L?i 4@) ü@ñi |üLý}ü| @| €ht|ë OLêiñihc |üi uLý?_@|ðL?t Lu |üðt ý|ð*ð|) @hi ?L| êi** !?Lê?ë Aü@| ðtc Uýhhi?| iUL?L4ðUt *ð|ih@|ýhi _Lit ?L| @__hitt |üi hi@tL?t êü) ñL|ð?} 4@) Mi @ UL?tý4T|ðL? }LL_ëe

W? @ ?iê @?_ _ðgihi?| _ðhiU|ðL?c W@??ð @?_ çLhhL_ð E2fffä Thiti?| @ 4L_i* êð|ü ð?|ih@U|ðL? Mi|êii? @}i?|t õ i@Uü ñL|ih ü@t @? ð?Ui?|ðñi |L UL?uLh4 êð|ü |üi TihUiðñi_ êð??ð?} tð_ië Aüðt ð?uLh4@|ðL? ðt UL?ñi)i_ M) @? i*iU|Lh@* TL**c uhii*) @ñ@ð*@M*ië W? |üðt U@tic |üihi @hi ?L tLUð@* UL?|@U|t @| |üi ð?_ðñð_ý@* *iñi*c êüðUü ðt |üi 4iUü@?ðt4 êi uLUýt L?ë

`i UL?|hðMý|i |L |üi hitL*ý|ðL? Lu |üi T@h@_L M) Thiti?|ð?}c ýT |L Lýh !?Lê*i_}ic @ ?iê i T*@?@|ðL?ëD `i tii i@Uü ð?_ðñð_ý@* @t Mið?} T@h| Lu @

tLUð@* ?i|êLh!ë ,@Uü 4i4Mih Lu tLUði|) ü@t @ ti| @ tLUð@* hi*@|ðL?c 4Lhi Lh *itt i |i?tðñië `ð|üð? |üðt ?i|êLh!c TiLT*i i Thitt ð_i@t @?_ @||ð|ý_itc i ih|ð?} 4ý|ý@* ð?ãýi?Ui @UhLtt i@Uü T@ðh Lu ð?_ðñð_ý@*të 5LUði|) ðt éýt| |üi ti| Lu @** tLUð@*íhi*@|ðL?t ?i|êLh!t Lu i@Uü TihtL?ë Aüýtc ðu @ ti| Lu 4i4Miht ü@t @ TLtð|ðñi @||ð|ý_i |Lê@h_t ñL|ð?}c |üi) ð?ãýi?Ui |üiðh tLUð@* *ð?!tc êüðUü ð? |ýh? i ih| ð?ãýi?Ui ýTL? L|üihtc @?_ tL L?c ð? @ _L4ð?L igiU| Lu tLUð@* hi*@|ðL?të `i tüLê |ü@| ð| týæUit |ü@| @ t4@** ti| Lu ð?_ðñð_ý@*t ü@ñi @ t|hL?} uii*ð?} @MLý| ñL|ð?} |L Uhi@|i @ ThLUitt |ü@| *i@_t |L 4@ttðñi |ýh?Lý| ð? i*iU|ðL?të

Aüi 4L_i* _Lit ?L| i T*@ð? i@Uü ð?_ðñð_ý@*<t ñL|ic éýt| |üi _iUðtðL? |L ñL|i h@|üih |ü@? @Mt|@ð?ë ï? |üðt hitTiU|c ð| ðt ^ýð|i _ðt|ð?U| uhL4 ThiñðLýt i T*@?@|ðL?të Aüi Mi?i€| uhL4 ñL|ð?} ðt ð?_iTi?_i?| Lu êüL4 Lh êü@| |üi ð?_ðñð_ý@* ñL|i_ uLhë

Aüi UL?_ð|ðL?t uLh Lýh i T*@?@|ðL? |L êLh! hi^ýðhi |ü@|c @| |üi t|@h|c |üi 4@éLhð|) Lu TiLT*i @hi ?iý|h@* @MLý| ñL|ð?} E|ü@| ðtc |üi) @hi ð?_ðgihi?|

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Mi|êii? ñL|ð?} Lh ?L|ä @?_ hi4@ð?ð?} TLTý*@|ðL? ü@t @ t|hL?} ð?|ihit| ð? ñL|ð?}ë

Aüi ?iý|h@* ñL|iht U@? Mi ð_i?|ð€i_ êð|ü @** h@|ðL?@* ñL|iht êüL ý?_ihí t|@?_ üLê ?i}*ð}ðM*i |üiðh ñL|i<t ð4T@U| hi@**) ðt Eð? |üi @Mti?Ui Lu ULLhí _ð?@|ðL? Lh UL@*ð|ðL? uLh4@|ðL? @4L?} ñL|ihtäë Aüi tiUL?_ }hLýT U@? Mi ð_i?|ð€i_ êð|ü |üLti TiLT*i êüL ü@ñi tL4i|üð?} |L }@ð? uhL4 |üi ñL|ië

Aüýtc êi _L ?L| ?ii_ @ tLUði|)íêð_i Rê@h4í}*Lêâc Lh @ _i|@ð*i_ UL4Tý|@í |ðL? Lu ULt|t @?_ Mi?i€|t Lu ñL|ð?} Etii? @t ið|üih UL?tý4T|ðL? Lh ð?ñit|4i?| Lh ML|üä

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6ð tL4i TLð?| ð? |ð4i @?_ *i| |üi ñL|ð?} @||ð|ý_i Lu ð?_ðñð_ý@* ð Mi i Thitti_ M) @ t|@|i4i?| R)itâ Lh R?Lâ êüðUü ðt 4L_i**i_ @t @ Mð?@h) ñ@hð@M*i

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W? |üi ti||ð?} êð|ü ?L _ðhiU| ð?|ih@U|ðL? Mi|êii? ð?_ðñð_ý@*tc *i| ýt UL?í tð_ih |ü@| |üi ð?_ðñð_ý@*t @hi ð? @ ULihUðñi tð|ý@|ðL?c êüihi @ tLUð@* Thittýhi |L UL?uLh4 i ðt|të Aüðt ULihUðL? 4@) Mi i ih|i_ M) @ 4@éLhð|)c |üi i ðt|i?Ui Lu *i@_ihtc UL44ý?ðU@|ðL? 4i_ð@ @?_%Lh L|üih u@U|Lhtc *ð!i i|üðU@* ñ@*ýit Lh tLUð@* ?Lh4tc |ü@| 4@) ð?ãýi?Ui |üi _ðhiU|ðL? Lu ñL|ih<t ñL|ð?} @||ð|ý_ië wi|

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ïýh i T*@?@|ðL? ðt UL4T*i4i?|@h) |L |üi ThiñðLýt êLh! ð? |üi uL**Lêð?} ti?tië W| ðt týæUði?| |ü@| @ t4@** týMíti| Lu |üi TLTý*@|ðL? _iUð_it |L ñL|ic M@ti_ L? @?) Lu |üi 4L|ðñ@|ðL?t |ü@| @TTi@hi_ ThiñðLýt*) ð? |üi *ð|ih@|ýhic ULýT*i_ êð|ü tLUð@* ?i|êLh!t @?_ @ 4@tt Lu ø?iý|h@*< TLTý*@|ðL? |L ð?_ýUi üð}ü |ýh?Lý|t @| i*iU|ðL?të

AL @ Uih|@ð? i |i?|c |üðt 4i@?t |ü@| Mi?i€|t uhL4 ñL|ð?} @hi ?L| ð?_ií Ti?_i?| uhL4 i@Uü TihtL?<t tLUð@* *ð?!të

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`i U@? *ð?! Lýh 4L_i* |L ThiñðLýt êLh!ë W? è@*uhi) @?_ +Lti?|ü@* E•bHôc •bHDä @?_ 5ði} @?_ 5Uüý*3 E•bbDäc ñL|iht ð?_ðgihi?| Mi|êii? |êL @*|ih?@|ðñit _L ?L| ñL|i êüi?iñih |üi) u@Ui t|hðU|*) TLtð|ðñi ULt|t Lu ñL|ð?}ë `i tý}}it| |ü@| iñi? ð?_ðñð_ý@*t i í@?|i ð?_ðgihi?| Mi|êii? |êL T*@|uLh4t ELh |êL U@?í _ð_@|itä 4@) i?_ ýT ñL|ð?}c _ýi |L tLUð@* ?i|êLh! ð?ãýi?Uië +i*@|ð?} |L |üi i4TðhðU@* iñð_i?Ui Lu ñL|ð?} @t @ UL?tý4T|ðL? }LL_ EBý||4@? i| @*ëc •bbDäc Lýh uh@4iêLh! ThLñð_it @ uLý?_@|ðL? uLh |üiðh €?_ð?}tG T@h|ðUðT@|ðL? ü@t tL4i ñ@*ýi _ýi |L i@Uü ñL|ih<t tLUð@* ?i|êLh!ë út |L |üi 6hi) E•b.•ä @h}ýí 4i?| Lu Mi||ih ð?uLh4@|ðL? Lu üð}üíð?UL4i TiLT*ic êi ThLñð_i @? @*|ih?@|ðñi hLý|ië Oð}üíð?UL4i ñL|iht 4@) ü@ñi @ *@h}ih tLUð@* ?i|êLh!c i TLtð?} |üi4 |L @ t|hL?}ih Thittýhi |L ñL|ië W? i^ýð*ðMhðý4c |üi) êð** Mi 4Lhi *ð!i*) |L ñL|ië W? hi}hittðL? @?@*)tðtc ð?UL4i 4@) éýt| Mi @ ThL ) uLh ?i|êLh! tð3ië ú| |üi *i@t|c |üðt h@ðtit @? i4TðhðU@**) ð?|ihit|ð?} ðttýic U@**ð?} uLh uýh|üih |it|ð?}ë

W? @ ti?tic Lýh i T*@?@|ðL? ðt @ uLh4@*ð3@|ðL? Lu |üi ?L|ðL? Lu @ Rê@h4 }*Lêâ hi@tL? uLh ñL|ð?}ë

ú? ð?|ihit|ð?} ^ýit|ðL? ðt êü) êi _L ?L| tii @t @? Lý|UL4i Lu |üi 4L_i* @ üý}i ñL*ý4i Lu @Mt|i?|ðL?ë Wu ð?ð|ð@* t|hL?} uii*ð?}t @}@ð?t| ñL|ð?} i ðt|c êi U@? LM|@ð? týUü hitý*|ë •LhiLñihc týUü Lý|UL4it @hi ?L| ý?UL44L? ð? hi@* i*iU|ðL?të ïu ULýhtic Lýh 4L_i* ðt @*tL @M*i |L }i?ih@|i *Lê |ýh?Lý| i*iU|ðL?të `i _ð_ ?L| i4Tü@tð3i |üðt tð_i Lu Lýh hitý*|tc @t ð| ðt ^ýð|i _ðæUý*| |L _itð}? @? i4TðhðU@* |it| |L _ðt|ð?}ýðtü Lýh i T*@?@|ðL?c Mýð*| L? |üi êLh!ð?} Lu tLUð@* ?i|êLh!tc uhL4 @ 4Lhi t|@?_@h_ üð}ü ULt| õ *Lê Mi?i€| i T*@?@|ðL?ë

,?_?L|it

•ë îð!ih @?_ ïh_itüLL! E•bSHä TLð?|i_ Lý| |ü@| ð?t|hý4i?|@* ñL|ð?}c |ü@|

(17)

ðtc ñL|ð?} |L ð?ãýi?Ui _iUðtðL?t @?_ TL*ðU)c ðt ü@h_*) h@|ðL?@*ë

2ë Aüðt ð_i@ ðt uýh|üih _iñi*LTi_ ð? 6i__ihti? @?_ 5@?_hL?ð E2ff•äë

ôë ,@h*ðih êLh! Lu útüi?ui*|ih @?_ ki**i) E•b.Dä @*tL Lgiht i4TðhðU@* týTí TLh| uLh |üi UL?tý4T|ðL? }LL_ |üiLh) Lu ñL|ð?}ë ú?L|üih i@h*) t|ý_) ðt _ýi |L 5ð*ñih E•b.ôäë +iñðiêt Lu iñð_i?Ui L? ñL|ð?} T@h|ðUðT@|ðL? U@? Mi uLý?_ ð? •@|týt@!@ @?_ è@*_@ E•bbôä @?_ 5|hý|üiht @?_ vLý?} E•bHbäë 5ii @*tL •@|týt@!@ @?_ è@*_@ E•bbbäë

eë ï|üih hi*@|i_ êLh!t @hi _ýi |L ú*_hðUü E•bbôc•bb.ä @?_ 6i__ihti? @?_ èiti?_Lhuih E•bbSäë

Dë O@hM@ý}ü E•bbSä éýt|ð€it |ýh?Lý| @| i*iU|ðL?t M) Tiih Thittýhic êüðUü ðt U*Lti ð? tTðhð| |L Lýh @?@*)tðtë

Së ,^ýð*ðMhðý4 ðt Uü@h@U|ihð3i_ @t @ UL?€}ýh@|ðL? Lu @||ð|ý_it |ü@| @||@ð?t @ € i_ TLð?| Lu |üi _)?@4ðUt |ü@| _itUhðMit |üiðh iñL*ý|ðL? ð? |ð4ië

.ë ,^ýð*ðMhðý4 ðt Uü@h@U|ihð3i_ @t @ UL?€}ýh@|ðL? Lu @||ð|ý_it |ü@| @||@ð?t @ € i_ TLð?| Lu |üi _)?@4ðUt |ü@| _itUhðMit |üiðh iñL*ý|ðL? ð? |ð4ië

Hë AL tii |üðtc ýti 5|ðh*ð?}<t uLh4ý*@ |L hiêhð|i`E6äë 5ð?UiK ðt ThLTLhí |ðL?@* |L ùc |üi w@T*@Ui @t)4T|L|ðU 4i|üL_ @TT*ðit |L iñ@*ý@|i

*ð4

ù<"

ù *?èE6ä

@t _itUhðMi_ë

bë 5ð4ð*@h ^ý@*ð|@|ðñi hitý*|t @hi LM|@ð?i_ ý?_ih @ ?Lh4@* _ðt|hðMý|ðL? uLh

ûðë #i|@ð*t @ñ@ð*@M*i uhL4 |üi @ý|üLht ýTL? hi^ýit|ë

(18)

+iuihi?Uit

ú*_hðUüc aë E•bbôäë +@|ðL?@* ñL|i @?_ |ýh?Lý|cú4ihðU@? aLýh?@* Lu èL*ð|ðU@*

5Uði?Uiô.G 2eSõ2.Hë

ú*_hðUüc aë E•bb.äë `üi? ðt ð| h@|ðL?@* |L ñL|iq W? #i??ðt •ýi**ih E,_ëäcèihí

tTiU|ðñit L? èýM*ðU çüLðUi í @ O@?_MLL!c ô.ôõôbfë ç@4Mhð_}iG ç@4í

Mhð_}i N?ðñihtð|) èhittë

útüi?ui*|ihc ïë @?_ 5ë ki**i) ahë E•b.Däë #i|ih4ð?@?|t Lu T@h|ðUðT@|ðL? ð? èhitð_i?|ð@* i*iU|ðL?tc aLýh?@* Lu w@ê @?_ ,UL?L4ðUt•HG SbDõ.ôôë îhL_)c +ë @?_ è@}ic îë E•b.ôäë W?_ðgihi?Uic @*ði?@|ðL? @?_ h@|ðL?@* _iUðtðL?tG

|üi igiU|t Lu U@?_ð_@|i iñ@*ý@|ðL? L? |ýh?Lý| @?_ |üi ñL|ic èýM*ðU

çüLðUi •DG •õ•.ë

ç@t|@?üiðh@c •ë E•bbbäé 5üLý*_ W t|@) Lh tüLý*_ W }Lq èLðttL? }@4it @?_ |üi T@h@_L Lu ñL|ð?}ë WBW,+c 4ð4iLë

çL@|ic 5ë @?_ çL?*ð?c •ë E2ff2äë VL|ih |ýh?Lý|G |üiLh) @?_ iñð_i?Ui uhL4 Ai @t *ð^ýLh hiuihi?_@c ûî,+ `Lh!ð?} è@Tih H.2fë Eêêêë?MihëLh}% T@Tiht%êH.2fäë

#Lê?tc úë E•b.Däë ú? ,UL?L4ðU AüiLh) Lu #i4LUh@U)ë ûiê vLh!G O@hTih : +Lêë

6@ð?c aë @?_ #êLh!ð?c aëîë E•bbôäé#i|ih4ð?@?|t Lu ñL|ih T@h|ðUðT@|ðL?G tL4i tð4ý*@|ðL? hitý*|tc èýM*ðU çüLðUi ..G H2ôõHôeë

6i__ihti?c Aë @?_ 5@?_hL?ðc èë E2ff•äë ú |üiLh) Lu T@h|ðUðT@|ðL? ð? i*iU|ðL?tc 4ð4iLc N?ðñihtð|) Lu +LUüit|ihë

6i__ihti?c Aë @?_ èiti?_Lhuihc `ë E•bbSäë Aüi têð?} ñL|ih Uýhticú4ihðU@?

,UL?L4ðU +iñðiê HSG efHíe2eë

6hi)c îë E•b.•äë `ü) _L üð}üíð?UL4i TiLT*i T@h|ðUðT@|i 4Lhi ð? TL*ð|ðUtq

èýM*ðU çüLðUi••G •fõ•Dë

BLL_ð?c +ë,ë @?_ +LMih|tc kë E•b.Däë Aüi i|üðU@* ñL|i ú4ihðU@? èL*ð|ðU@*

5Uði?Ui +iñðiê SbG b2Sõb2Hë

Bý||4@?c aëc Oð*}ihc ûë @?_ 5Uü@Uü4ýhLñic vë E•bbeäë VL|ð?} @t ð?ñit|4i?| ñtë ñL|ð?} @t UL?tý4T|ðL?G ?iê iñð_i?Uic k)!*Lt e.E2äG •b.õ2f.ë O@hM@ý}üc `ë E•bbSäë Wu TiLT*i ñL|i MiU@ýti |üi) *ð!i |Lc |üi? êü) tL 4@?)

Lu |üi4 *ðiq èýM*ðU çüLðUi HbG Sôõ.Së

(19)

W@??ðc úë @?_ çLhh@_ðc Vë E2fffäë çL?ti?týtc UL?|@}ðL? @?_ U*ýt|ihð?} ð? @ tT@Uií|ð4i 4L_i* Lu TýM*ðU LTð?ðL? uLh4@|ðL?ë •ð4iLc N?ðñihtð|) Lu 5Lý|ü@4T|L?ë

wi_)@h_c aë E•bHeäë Aüi Týhi |üiLh) Lu *@h}i |êLíU@?_ð_@|i i*iU|ðL?t èýM*ðU

çüLðUic eeG .õe•ë

•@|týt@!@c aë E•bbôäë ,*iU|ðL? U*Lti?itt @?_ ñL|ih |ýh?Lý|G iñð_i?Ui uhL4 ç@*ðuLh?ð@ M@**L| ThLTLtð|ðL?tèýM*ðU çüLðUi .SG ô•ôõôôeë

•@|týt@!@c aë @?_ 6ë è@*_@c E•bbbäë VL|ih |ýh?Lý|G üLê 4ýUü U@? êi i í T*@ð?q èýM*ðU çüLðUi bHG eô•õeeSë

•ýi**ihc #ë E•bH.äë VL|ð?} T@h@_L ë W? çë +Lê*i)c #i4LUh@U) @?_ èýM*ðU

çüLðUic ..õbbë ï uLh_G î*@U!êi**ë

•ýi**ihc #ë E•bHbäë èýM*ðU çüLðUi WWë ç@4Mhð_}iG ç@4Mhð_}i N?ðñihtð|) èhittë

•)ihtL?c +ë E•bbeäë èLTý*@|ðL? ý?Uih|@ð?|) @?_ èLðttL? }@4itë çi?|ih uLh •@|üi4@|ðU@* 5|ý_ðit ð? ,UL?L4ðUt @?_ •@?@}i4i?| 5Uði?Ui #ðtUýtí tðL? è@Tih ••f2+c ûLh|üêit|ih?ë

è@*uhi)c Aë +ë @?_ +Lti?|ü@*c Oë E•bHôäë ú t|h@|i}ðU U@*Uý*ýt Lu ñL|ð?}èýM*ðU

çüLðUi e•G .õDôë

è@*uhi)c Aë Aë @?_ +Lti?|ü@*c Oë E•bHDäë VL|ih T@h|ðUðT@|ðL? @?_ t|h@|i}ðU ý?Uih|@ð?|)c ú4ihðU@? èL*ð|ðU@* 5Uði?Ui +iñðiêc .bG S2õ.Hë

+ð!ihc `ë @?_ ïh_itüLL!c èë E•bSHäë ú |üiLh) Lu |üi U@*Uý*ýt Lu ñL|ð?}

ú4ihðU@? èL*ð|ðU@* 5Uði?Ui +iñðiê S2G 2Dõe2ë

5ü@Uü@hc +ë @?_ û@*iMýgc îë E•bbbäc 6L**Lê |üi *i@_ihG |üiLh) @?_ iñð_i?Ui L? TL*ð|ðU@* T@h|ðUðT@|ðL?cú4ihðU@? ,UL?L4ðU +iñðiêc HbG D2DõDe.ë 5ði}c Bë @?_ 5Uüý*3c çë E•bbDäë ,ñL*ý|ðL?@h) _)?@4ðUt ð? |üi ñL|ð?} }@4i

èýM*ðU çüLðUiHDG •D.õ•.2ë

5ð*ñihc •ë E•b.ôäéú _i4@?_ @?@*)tðt Lu ñL|ð?} ULt|t @?_ ñL|ð?} T@h|ðUðT@|ðL?

5LUð@* 5Uði?Ui +iti@hUü2G •••õ•2eë

5|hý|üihtc aë @?_ vLý?}c úë E•bHbäë ,UL?L4ðUt Lu ñL|ð?}G |üiLhðit @?_ iñðí _i?Uic aLýh?@* Lu ,UL?L4ðUt 5|ý_ðit•SG •õe2ë

Aý**LU!c Bë E•bS.äë ALê@h_t @ •@|üi4@|ðUt Lu èL*ð|ðUtë ú?? úhMLhG N?ðñihí tð|) Lu •ðUüð}@? èhittë

(20)

`iðttc èë E•bf.äé w<ü)TL|üöiti _ý Uü@4T 4L*‚iUý*@ðhi i| *@ ThLThð‚i|‚i uihhLí 4@}?‚i|ð^ýi aLýh?@* _i èü)tð^ýic SG SS•

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