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Natureza da Informação

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Códigos

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o p q r s t u v w x yv z {r v w t| x z } w x ~ yz

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h g l d _ ^ d l ^ b cg ^ b c`^ g i j^ cg a d a ^ `^ l `^ _ `^ a ^ b cd h g a a l i g mg a ^ d a k d h ^ d a h ^ i ca ¡ ¢ C £ F£ ¤ G ¥ ¦§ ¨ ©ª G ¥ « £ ¬ C £ G ¥ £ « G C ¦ G ¥ C ¥ ¦£ D®¯£ ©¥ ° £ FFG ¥ ± 2 12 6 5 ? ²³ /: 8/ . ? 4 2 / 5 6 ´ 12 ?? µ 5 ´ . 1. < 2 1. ¶µ 5 4 2 12 ´ 12 ?2 : ². ¶ · 2 ? 2 ¸8/82 : ²2 ?

Compressão

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¹ º »¼ ½¾¿ À Á Â À Ã ¿ ¼ Ä ½¼ Ä Â Å Æ ¼ ¾Å Æ ¼ º ¾½Ç Ä ¼ È Ä ¼ Ç ¼ Ã ½Å Ã Æ À Ç ÉÊ º À ËÀ Ç Ç Ì Â ¼ Ç Ç ¾¿ À Ç ¼ Ê Ì Ê Å Í Î Ï Ð ÑÎ Ò Ð Ó Ô Õ Ö Î Õ Î Ð Í Ô Ó Ô Ò ÑÎ Ð Ò ×

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Ø `d b a l a a f g

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Ù `l d Ú ^ b d l ^ b cg

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Û `g k ^ a a d l ^ b cg

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Ü ÑÒ ÑÓ Ý Ñ Ò Ð Ó Þ Î ß Ð Ó Þ à Ò Î Þ Î Ý Ò Ð Ó áÎ È Ä À Â ¼ Ç Ç Å Ê ¼ Ã ½À Ã ¼ Â ¼ Ç Ç â Ä ¾À

Modelo de sistema de comunicação

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ã À Æ ¼ ËÀ ¼ Ç ½¼ Ã Æ ¾Æ À ä ZPTN M N åæçR èQ VQ æé ê ë ì íîíï ð ì ë ñ ò ó ôõ ö ÷ó åø ùùúû ü M S è UPæé ê ð ý ð þ åø ùùúû ü M S è UPæé ÿ ó õ ò !ô! " ò õ # ì $ îë ý %$ & '() ' åæçR è Q VQ æé õ ! " #ó # # õ # $ % & ð ý ' ë ñ

Tipos de compressão

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( ^ l _ ^ `h d g ) `^ * ^ `a * ^ m

q

+ ,- ~ s .s s ty/ y0 v .1u s w y2yu v w s r s w x z x t tx u s 0 zt3 ,w s 4 5 ! "

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# z 3 v .- x 0 x xp r .s tv tx w 3 0 w $ 0 u yv z

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% & ' ²2 6 ´ . 4 1· 2 ? 4 2 ( 8²? : µ 5 ) ? . 4 5 ? 5 ) ²2 6 . 3< ) : ? ? *6 ( 5 35 ? 6 . 8? ) ?. 4 5 ? + ) 2 5 ) ²15 ?

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g l _ ^ `h d g ) ``^ * ^ `a * ^ m

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+ ,- ~ s .s s ty/ y0 v .1u s w y2yu v w s 0 , s r s w x z x t tx u s 0 zt3 ,w s 4 5 ! "

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% & ´ . : ? 5 1 ´ 15 4 ) - . ´ 15 & 86 . ¶µ 5

Tipos de compressão

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. / ¼ Ê È ËÀ Á Ê ¼ Ã Ç Å 0 ¼ Ê 1 2 34 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

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Û g h ^ a ^ ` k g l _ `l h d a ^ l _ ^ `h d k g l g 5 6 789 :;

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<= >?@A A B >? B C D C ?@C E C >@C F <

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G v w x yv s ty/ y0 v . r s w x z x t r x t2x yv - x 0 x tx u tyv w v

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H ) k g l _ `l h d k g l _ ^ `h d k g l g 5 I

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J w v w s xp vs K r x tw yw s L r s tK - M N s ~ x 0 x 2,u ys w x 3 - v u s w y2yu v O , s - x 0 s t

(2)

Técnicas de compressão sem perda

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! " #$ " ! % & ' ( $! ) ! " & # * $* + * " ' ( * $ " ,

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- . / 0%01 2 3 4 . / 5 62 7 2 8 & . 9 2 :0' 9 5 ;

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- . / 0%01 2 3 4 . ( ) * +,- * . /0

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1 01 0. 8 ' :0. 5 < 6' 601 .

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1 01 0. 8 ' :0. < 5 7 022 / 2 = 62 609 .

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1 01 0. 8 ' :0. / 08 3 7 01 .

Codificação de tamanho variável

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4 $! #> ) #! " & + % 5 + #$ & ( " ' & ! ( * ( ?" > & @& (

" * #( 6! 7 ) ' $ (

n

8

% 5 + #$ & ( " * #& ! ( A * ! * ( ?" > & @& ( " ' & (

6! 7 ) ' $ (

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& + ( ! 6 #$* ' & % & + #6#% * + & ! + * 6& ' $ & ) ' &

% & " A ! ( ( & !

Codificação de tamanho variável

q

- . 7 = :07 5 8 6. 9 2 :0' 9 5 ;

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9 B CD : ; E F E G D HIB < J = K F LD M E N F D ID FOB IB N

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> ? P Q@ R AQB ST P T C ST DQU R

9 Codificação de tamanho variável

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8 # " A @& ,

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V WEV F X YZ [ X G HI JKL M N OL PQ OR PQ OS PQ OT PQ OI P I OUP

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2 / 5 \ 2

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V V V V W W W V V V V W V V V

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V W W W W W V W W V W V X YZY[\]Z]^ Y _ [ ` ] a b _c\^ de fgggh ijklmnopqr st uvvvw xy uz u{ u| } y ~ X `c ` ] [ Zc ]\ ace ggg ggf gfg gff fgg fgf gg X `c ` ] \Y Y YZc] g fgf fgg fff ffgf ffgg

10 Codificação de tamanho variável

å

Î

=

¡ ¢ ¡ £ ¤ ¥ ¡ ¦ § ¤ § ¨ ©ª «¬ ]^_ ® ¯ ° ` ± ab ² c ± b ^b ± ³_ ^_ ´ ¨ µ ¶ª «¬ · ^c ]¯ ` ² a² b ² _ ² b ]c d¸ b ® ¯ _ ^_ · ^_ ¹ _ ` ³b ´ º e f g h ijg k l mf n f o» n jp f ¼ ½ k ik h ik q k l mr ¾ ¿ À Á Â Ã Ä ÅÆ Ç Ä È ÉÊË Á Ä Ì Ä Ë Ë Í ÅÉÆ Ë º o ½ q mf n r Î is f ik Ï

11 Codificação de tamanho variável

Y _ [ ` ] a

Ð f f fÑ Ò Ð

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Codificação de tamanho variável

! " # $ %

&' () (* (+ , '

13 Codificação

run-length

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- ! " # . $ % & # ' $ / & % ( " % ' & 0 1 # ( )$ ' *" # / $ '

+ & ,& ! & -)2 3 & ' + & ' .% / " *" '

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4 0 1 2 5 0 1 6765 3 4 8 2 5 6 3 9 2 8 5 0 8 0 766 83 1 0 6 :8 ; 0 70 9 : < ; 9 <= > 9 ? 9 @ 9 A = B 9 9 C9 = D = <<9

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> ? @A B C D E F G C B HF I I I I I I F F F I I F F F F J K L M N OPQ R N O S L M PTPS Q M Q S L U L VQ WX Y Z W[Y Q W Y Z W! Y Q W" Y#

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$ B : D E= : F G 9 ; 9 ; H = B D F A D E<D B : A I\ : D EF A

Codificação

run-length

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% J 9 ; H C= A K

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& L M N O PQL N L ' RO S L M ] L

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( T U)V *W T XV YZ W+ ( T U)V *W [V X\ V *, Z W + ( T U) V *W ] \ ] XV *Z W

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^ _`

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-a b^ c d e fa g d hb i e d i j a d c k ld fa d _ li e ba

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. a e m a h m l^ k a h j d k n ` d oh _ li e ba h a ^ k ld fa h h p a fli e hc nfnj a h b a c a a e / c d la j d h hd h k n ` d oh

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a qPS P0 L b c r N O s t r N O N Pt u r t O S u r S v sqL N r QO t

Codificação

run-length

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1 d " e # ( )" # $ / & % ! $ , $ % & # ' $ / & # ' ' & %

, & ! & -)2 3 & ' + & ' & 0 1 # ( )$ ' + & % % & ' % "

w 2x 3 y 4y

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% J fK g= I= z <F gEF A 5 9 ; = B 9 H 9 = B 9 : F A ; B > F : { F A 9 ;

A = ; G <9 F ; 9 : I= > 9 B ; H EJ 9 C F = B I<= <9 = B 9 < = B A =

1 2 6 | 460 6 6 :8 ; 0 70 6

Dicionário estático

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- & % ( h + )/ " -& % ! $ + , 3 & ' # d " ' $ + " ' 7 & *& '

! " + & % ' & , $ -, )/ .+ " ' $ ' & 0 1 # ( )$ ' 0 &

y } y ~ ~ x 8~ 9 x

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= ; = F G <9 ? EF { : 9 A

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% 9 A A F A A 9 = B ; : D EF A H F A A F ; F <9 = B 9 <9 < ; 9 : = A G EIA > = = B 9 F I<F : A ; EA A = A ; G = C= F A ; G = C=

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< = > O S ' i ?? v r N O t O Q N O t M O u O t t j QPr

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@ ABCD E CB F G H CI J KL M N O P QP R SP TUV W X

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Y 66 83 1 2 5 Z 1 69 0 6 2 6 2 6 6 69 5 6765 3 1 0 6 [ 5 \ 3 8 3 1 3 CE? <= > 9 D > Ez = A = B > ED E= : k <E=

Dicionário estático

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% J 9 ; H C= K

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] O Rl QLr S O u m M Pu r N L S L QPM ] L QPqm M Pu L ^ _ n `

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a b c d e fgh ij b k e lmk n k o k k p b mlb n

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q r BCs t H s I E @ BCA@ tu F@ H @ E v @ F J v w Ct x J y @ B@ @ y BG zCv @

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Dicionário estático

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!

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! "# $ %& '( ) ! * + , -* ( . & ) & %-, / & 0 %-1+ , -* & 2 3 4 5 6 7

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8 9 :; < = >9?= ; @ A B :; ; CD E B >B ; F = A =

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G H I J K < = A LM 9 ;

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N O PQ R S TS Q UR S VO W XYO TS

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Z O R O Q [ \ S YXO Q ] V O ^ S _O S `PW [ T

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Z O R O Q `S V a [ R O Q ] PW [ XPbO

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c d efg h i j k

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l m TS XY[ Q R O [ T`[ \ S XO nW o Tp Q R [ q r O V [ sQS ^ t S u v

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Dicionário estático

n

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! "# $ %& '( ) ! * + , -* ( . & ) & %-, / & 0 %-1+ , -* & 2 3 4 5 6 7

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G < = A LM 9 ; B ; = A B ; B L= D ; 9 A B =?L:E CA B ; = ¡

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¢ £ ¤¥¦§¨ © ª« ¬ ® ¯ ¬°± ¯ ± ² « ¦© ! "§ª« ¦ # © $ §© $ " © % & " % ' (§)* ! (§+! ,§% -© . ' § +$ © /© " ' §+% $ ª« ² ³® ¤

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Dicionário estático

n

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! "# $ %& '( ) ! * + , -* ( . & ) & %-, / & 0 %-1+ , -* & 2 3 4 5 6 7

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9 : ; < = > :

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Dicionário estático

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C D E F G H I JF K L D F H F M H J JH N D F O N D J JM F N M D D JE F E E P QR QS T U VQS

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W . ! 1%& , X ) -1YZ"( & , 1! X . & [ %-) ! -%& ) ! , X & $ ! )

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= >?9 L= A B F B D L9 ` a F :=

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b ( ) [ & %& * ( , cd , 1( X . ! ) ! , X & $ ! , X X -) -"& %! X

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e f ( & . ! g d & . ( [ & %& ) ! , X & $ ! , X . -h ! %X & X

Dicionário semi-adaptativo

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i ! d ) , ( h ( . -* -( , j %-( [ d . ! X X ! X ! % . ! '-, -. ( [ & %&

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8 9 ` a F := ; A 9 ; CD E B >B ; A = D 9 ; = l 9 D 9 D < = L?:F >= L ] ; = ¡ ] ] ] ;: ; m ;

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n %( 0 "! ) & X o

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p ] ;: ; m ; ¡ ; ¡ = ;¡;] q ¡ r = s =

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t s = ] ; ] ¡ ] : < ; D 9 >u B L9 ; 9 ?L= A = ; < = L= B A :F :B v L:B

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N S bS QS Y V O W a S V PR [ [ W XS Q S [ Y^ [ w S W [ R [ V O ^ O ¶ ^ XO R O [ W XS Q

Dicionário dinâmico

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x F M y F E z E JE F { y F N D F O | H M D D F E F

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S P V P S T P S Q P T D H H M D D F E F

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Dicionário dinâmico

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! !" # $ %# & ' " # # $ % (" ) ) * # + ,

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( + ) , + - + * +. ,. - /+0 1 2. / 3 +/ 0 1 0 + / 4 ) , /+ 1 1 1 4 2 ( * 3 3 + ( * 3 4

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5 5 6 7879 : 6 ; < = 6 < 7 < >9 8 < ? 9 : ; @

Dicionário dinâmico

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' "$ * < = )'# ) A = > ') B ? ! )% A & 'C@ B % '# A % @ # $ # & A # A D )# % # A B % ! A '@ $ % @

q

C E ? < F G: H 9 : I : 9 76 : 6 < 6 5 = 6 7= 9 5 =

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D + -E 4 /0 / . + -4 / +0 0 0 + 0 + 2 /0 3 1 ) +1 1 1 4 0 + 0 0 0 4 1

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F ! "'$ # A % # # )< = '% % @ A G

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H < I G5 = J H< 6 EK G7I 79 : ? < FG< : ? <G: 6 < 6 5 G: ? : F 8 5

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L ) 0 M + 3 1 2 / 4 ) M /0 3 0 + 1 - /+ 0 1 / 4 ) ) + 1 ) 0 / 4 /, , 4 0 + /+ 0 JN +/ 0 ) + 3 4 1 0 0 ) +20 0 +

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O KP L M N O P Q R ST M M U P Q R S

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T Q VP WP M O P Q Q L X N Y Z N M [ SN X L N \M X T O P S] O P Q R ST MM U P ^ Q L \WP Q N \M Q P X T M WN U SP _ `T Q N aR N WT Y WT N W^ b c c d

Compressão LZW

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V W X W YZ [XW \] ^_ ` aW Yb W c^d` Ye f g _ ` hb W i` b cdci f b ` Y YW i ` ^Z jYk c e W ^Z f l W e ` Ycl c^f \W m f jf e W ^jW

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n op oq rs toq or op ou vwx y oz{ |} u ~

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e KKY P M R S\Q T \SP M ON SN OWT ST M

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^jYf b f ]i ` e W g ` b f jYf ^Z e cZ Z _ ` \ce af Y b ci c` ^ Yc`

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^jYf b f ]dce b W jYf ^Z e cZ Z _ ` ` af Yf b f

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W ^Z f l W e i ` b cdci f b f Z W ^ i cf b W ^ e W Y` Z

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f X \[ P M ST R ST MT Y WN Y X P N M T Y WSN X N M Y P X \O\P Y S\P

Compressão LZW

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g g hi j j g i j j g h g i g j g i g g ¡ ¢£ ¤ ¡ ¥ ¡ ¤ ¦§ ¥§ £ ¨ © ª £ § « ¬ ª ¬ § ¢« ¢¬ ¡ £ ¡ i j ® j i j ¯ j i h

Compressão LZW

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° g ± ² ³ g k

q

´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ ´ º»· ¼ · ½ ´ µ ¶ · ¾ ¹ ´ º»· ¼ · ¾ ¼ µ ¼ ¿À ¿µ ´ Á »¿µ ½

f

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Â Ã ! Ã " Ä ! #Å $ ! % # Æ" #$ ÇÈ É Ê Ë

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Ì ¼ ¿À ¿µ ´ · Í ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ ´ º»· ¼ · µ ¾ À · »· À º¹ »¹ ¾ Î Ï Ð · Ï Ð Î ¼ · Ð ¹ ´ ¾ · Ñ ¹ Ð ¾ ¹ ´ ¼ µ À µ Ð Ò »¿Ð ¿¼ ·

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Ó l lmn Ô o p q r Õ s Ö p q tus v s lp tr uq s v mwp up q tp v p Ô o s ×Ô o p u r o tus O N X T \N Ø Y P X \O \P Y S\P ] OP `P O N ÙN Y P X \O\P Y S\P T Q N Y X N O f X \[ P X N O N X T \N M T Q P Ú `W\Q P O N SN O WT ST

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Û Ï · ´ ¼ µ Ð ¹ ´ ¾ · Ñ ¹ Ð º¹ »Ð ¿´ · Î Ð · ´ ¼ · À Ü ¼ ¿Ñ µ ¼ ¹ ´ µ ¶ · ¸ ¹ ´ º»· ¼ · ¹ À Ü ¼ ¿Ñ µ ¼ ¹ Ò · »· ¼ · ÝÞ ß à á

Compressão LZW

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â ¹ À µ ¼ ¿ã¿À · ä µ !

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e T ST O T _ T O f X \[ P X T \Y xO \P yb " # z] `\Q R N X \O \P Y S\P Y P { P T M T WN Y P {N $ T Y WSN X N %|

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& s us r } ' v m~ r lp ~ o mq tp up } p ( mv r å ur v o æ } r n r ls )v s r } s us } tp up ST R ST MT Y WN X P R T `P Of X \[ P T O P `P O N ÙP T Q Y P { N $ T Y WSN X N

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U N SN O f X \[ P M M L _ M T * L T Y WT M ST O T _ \X P M

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+ , -./ 0 ,-, . -1 234 .

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5 6 7 8 9 6

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7 8 9

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: ; <= > ?

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! ! " "# # $ % & ' ( ) * & % +5--. / ,--. / ,- / ,0 1 $ ! "#"$ % & ' ( )% * + , "+ +' - . $ ! "#"$ % & ' % * /)% ! % * 0 % 2 . * /)% ! % * 0% 2 . * /)% ! % 1 % 2! % ! "$" * & )" ! "$ " * & )" C9 6 0 % 2 . * /)% ! % D

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E 9 F % * ! % $6 ! "7 ! . "* 2$" * 9 7 . $ . 4 . * ! $6 ! "7 ! . "* 2$ " G H", I % ! "$ " * & )" . #% + 8 9 : ; < = 8 >?; @ ; AB

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C D E F GH I J K LMH N H O P

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a D bK X J MJ K F N PTPF K ^ MPF c D d H K N H T e N Pf F N J K F GH I J K LMH N H g h i j k lm nm loi ni SPK H p

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J q D r MF N s t T F Y F X H ]N H k l m nm l oi ni u k l v u wx k MJ T J y PN F

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J z { | } ~ C D K F G H I J K LMH N H O L

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c D bK XJ MJ K F N PT PF K ^ MPF C D d H K N H l v u wx k u i K F G H I J K LMH N H g X J Y F T H MH T LJ MJ SPK H p

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z { | } ~ D bK X J MJ } ~ } u wlwk nwk D r MF N s t X H ]N H O T H N J PH N F T e N Pf F MJ T J y PN F

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L q D K F G H I J K LMH N H O L { } ~

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! ! " "# # $ % & ' ( ) * & % +5QQ / ,--. / ,- / ,0 1 R F N PSPT H U V F W MH K X Y PXX V F Z J T F N PSPTH UV F [ K LMH N H K F G H I J K LMH N H K F G H I J K LMH N H \ H ]N H N PT PF K ^ MPF N PTPF K ^ MPF k m i onm u m o `LJ Y K F N PTPF K ^ MPF D a D E F GH I J K LMH N H O L `K V F LJ Y D

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c D bK X J MJ K F N PTPF K ^ MPF C D d H K N H l v u wx k u i K F GH I J K LMH N H g X J Y F TH MH TLJ MJ SPK H p

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q D K F GH I J K LMH N H O z { | } ~ D bK X J MJ } ~ } u wl wk nwk D r MF N s t X H ]N H O T H N J PH N F T e N Pf F MJ T J y PN F

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c D bK XJ MJ K F N PT PF K ^ MPF m u m T e N Pf F N J K F G H I J K LMH N H g X J Y F T H MH T LJ MJ SPK H p

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(9)

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(10)

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Referências

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