❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❘❊❈❖▼❊◆❉❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❍❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❆ ▼❯▲❚■❉➹❖
P❆❘❆ ❆❯❳❮▲■❖ ❆❖ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊
❊❉❯❆❘❉❖ ❈❯◆❍❆ ❈❆▼P❖❙
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❊❉❯❆❘❉❖ ❈❯◆❍❆ ❈❆▼P❖❙
❘❊❈❖▼❊◆❉❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❍❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❆ ▼❯▲❚■❉➹❖
P❆❘❆ ❆❯❳❮▲■❖ ❆❖ ❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❙❖❋❚❲❆❘❊
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛ ❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ▼♦♥♣❡rr✉s
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil.
C198r 2014
Campos, Eduardo Cunha, 1988-
Recomendação de conhecimento da multidão para auxílio ao desenvolvimento de software / Eduardo Cunha Campos. - 2014.
100 f. : il.
Orientador: Marcelo de Almeida Maia.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. Computação - Teses. 2. Software - Desenvolvimento - Teses. I. Maia, Marcelo de Almeida. II. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação. III. Título.
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✑ ♣♦r ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✶✻ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛rt✐♥ ▼♦♥♣❡rr✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❙té♣❤❛♥❡ ❏✉❧✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✺
❆✉t♦r✿ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❛♦ ❞❡✲ s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✳✳✳
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ❖❧❛✈♦ ▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ❙♦✉s❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❡ ❘♦s❡ ▼❛r② ▼❛❝❤❛❞♦ ❈✉♥❤❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡rs❡✈❡r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♠ã❡ ♣♦r t❡r s✐❞♦ ❛ ❢♦rt❛❧❡③❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❣❡♥t❡ t❡r ❝❤❡❣❛❞♦ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
➚s ♠✐♥❤❛s ✐r♠ãs ❚❛t✐❛♥❛ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s ❡ ■③❛❜❡❧❧❛ ❈✉♥❤❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳
➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ▲②❝❡❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ▼❛❝✐❡❧ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛ ♣♦r s❡r ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛❞♦r❛ ❛ ❡♥❝❛r❛r ❡st❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ❱♦❝ê ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ♠✉✐t❛ ❢♦rç❛✱ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❛③✱ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ❛♠♦r✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❘✐✈❛❧✐♥♦ ▼❛t✐❛s ❏ú♥✐♦r✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✐s♠♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❢❛✈♦r❡s ♣r❡st❛❞♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦✿ ❆♥tô♥✐❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ▼❛❝✐❡❧✱
❇❛t✉✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❇❧❛②t♦♥ P♦rt❡❧❛✱
❈❛r❧♦s ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ❙❛❜✐♥♦✱ ❋❡❧❧✐♣❡ ▼❛rt✐♥s ▲❛♠♦❣❧✐❛✱ ❋❧á✈✐♦ ▼❛rq✉❡s✱
❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❉❡ ❱✐❧❧❛ ❆❧✈❡s✱ ❏♦sé ❍✉❞s♦♥ ❱✐❛♥❛✱
▲✉❝❛s ❇❛t✐st❛ ▲❡✐t❡ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛✱ ▲✉✐s ❋❡❧✐♣❡ ◆♦❣✉❡✐r❛✱
❘❛♣❤❛❡❧ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❱✐❡✐r❛✱
❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ▲✉✐③ ❞❡ ❙♦✉s❛ ❈❛♠♣♦s✱ ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❈és❛r ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✳
❆ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ❈◆Pq ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞♦s ❞✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s é ✐♥s❡♣❛rá✈❡❧ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✭❆P■s✮✳ ❱ár✐♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s q✉❛♥❞♦ ❧✐❞❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❆P■s ♥ã♦✲❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s✳ ❙ã♦ r❛r♦s ♦s ❝❛s♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♣r♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦✉ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ sã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥✲ t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ❆P■ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❋r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ✜❝❛♠ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ t❡♥t❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ❆P■ ❡ ✐♥s❡❣✉r♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ❯♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡st❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s é ♣♦st❛r ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♦❜t❡r r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♠ ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣r♦❥❡t♦s✳
P❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r s❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ é ♦ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇ ✭❙❖❋✮✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ s✐t❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✭◗&❆✮ q✉❡
✉s❛ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✳
❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ s✉❛ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ◗&❆ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r
❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦ ✭■❉❊✮✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ ♠✉❞❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥❛✈❡❣❛❞♦r ❲❡❜ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss❛r ❡st❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ✐♥t❡rr♦♠♣❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❢♦❝♦ ♥❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✳
❖✉tr❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥♦ ❝♦t✐❞✐❛♥♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r é ❛ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛ ❛t✐✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♣♦r q✉❡ ✉♠ ♣❡❞❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✳ ❆❧❣✉♥s ❜✉❣s ❡stã♦ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥r❛✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦✱ ♠❛s ♦✉tr♦s sã♦ ✐♥❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♥❞♦ ❞❡♣✉r❛❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❜✉❣s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❜✉❣s ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑✿ ❜✉❣s q✉❡ ❝❛✉s❛♠ ✉♠❛ s❛í❞❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❝♦rr❡t♦s r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❆P■✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❜✉❣s✱ é ♣r♦✈á✈❡❧ q✉❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❥á ♦❝♦rr❡✉ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦ ❥á ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝♦✉ ♦ ❜✉❣ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧✉❣✲✐♥ ♣❛r❛ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ■❉❊ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✿ ✶✮ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ✉♠ ♣❛r ◗&❆ é
❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✮ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❆P■❀ ✷✮ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ✏❜✉❣s ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛s r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ♦ s✐t❡ ❙❖❋ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❋♦✐ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❆P■s ✭❙✇✐♥❣✱ ❇♦♦st ❡ ▲■◆◗✮ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧✲
t❛❞♦s sã♦ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s✿ ♣❛r❛ ✼✼✱✶✹✪ ❞❛s ✸✺ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞❛s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠ ♣❛r ◗&❆ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦ ♣r♦✈♦✉ s❡r út✐❧ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❛❧✈♦✳
❋♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✏❜✉❣s ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s às ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❏❛✈❛ ❡ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ♣r♦♠✐ss♦r❡s✿ ♣❛r❛ ✼✸✱✸✸✪ ❞♦s ✏❜✉❣s ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ❏❛✈❛✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ♥♦ ❚♦♣✲✶✺ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ✹✻✱✻✻✪ ❞♦s ✏❜✉❣s ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr♦✉ ❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ♥♦ ❚♦♣✲✶✺✳
❆❜str❛❝t
▼♦❞❡r♥✲❞❛② s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐s ✐♥s❡♣❛r❛❜❧❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✭❆P■s✮✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ❢❛❝❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇❤❡♥ ❞❡❛❧✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ✉♥❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r ❆P■s✳ ■t ✐s s❡❧❞♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♦r ❧✐❜r❛r② ❛r❡ s✉✣❝✐❡♥t ❢♦r ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡✐r ❆P■ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡❧②✳ ❋r❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❧♦st ✇❤❡♥ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ✉s❡ ❛♥ ❆P■✱ ✉♥✲ s✉r❡ ♦❢ ❤♦✇ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ♦♥ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ t❛s❦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ✐s t♦ ♣♦st q✉❡st✐♦♥s ♦♥ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs ❢r♦♠ ♦t❤❡r ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡rs t❤❛t ❜❡❧♦♥❣ t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣r♦❥❡❝ts✳
❚♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ✜♥❞ t❤❡✐r ✇❛②✱ ❛ ✇✐❞❡❧②✲❦♥♦✇ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ✐s ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇ ✭❙❖❋✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥s✇❡r ✭◗&❆✮ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✉s❡s s♦❝✐❛❧ ♠❡❞✐❛ t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡
❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠❡rs✳
❉❡s♣✐t❡ ✐ts ✉s❡❢✉❧♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② ◗&❆ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧②
❧❡✈❡r❛❣❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥ ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✭■❉❊✮✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡♥s❡✱ t❤❛t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ♠✉st t♦❣❣❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❲❡❜ ❜r♦✇s❡r t♦ ❛❝❝❡ss t❤♦s❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ t❤✉s ✐♥t❡rr✉♣t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✢♦✇ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t t❛s❦✳
❆♥♦t❤❡r ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ❞❛✐❧② ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r ✐s ❉❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣✳ ❚❤✐s ❛❝t✐✈✐t② ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ✇❤② ❛ ♣✐❡❝❡ ♦❢ ❝♦❞❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❜❡❤❛✈❡ ❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞✳ ❙♦♠❡ ❜✉❣s ❛r❡ ❞❡❡♣❧② r♦♦t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ❧♦❣✐❝ ❜✉t ♦t❤❡rs ❛r❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❞❡❜✉❣❣❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛tt❡r ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ❜✉❣s ❛r❡ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑✿ ❜✉❣s t❤❛t ❝❛✉s❡ ❛♥ ✉♥❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝♦rr❡❝t ♦✉t♣✉t ♦r ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥t✉✐t✐✈❡ ✉s❛❣❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❆P■✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ❜✉❣s✱ ✐t ✐s ❧✐❦❡❧② t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣ ❤❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♦❝❝✉rr❡❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ t✐♠❡s ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝r♦✇❞ ❤❛s ❛❧r❡❛❞② ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ t❤❡ ❜✉❣ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ✜①✳
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ■❉❊ t❤❛t ❤❛s ❛s ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✿ ✶✮ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ ◗&❆ ♣❛✐rs ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❛ ◗&❆ ♣❛✐r ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞
❜② ❛ q✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❛♥s✇❡r ❢♦r t❤❛t q✉❡st✐♦♥✮ ♦❢ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦ ❝❛t❡❣♦r② t♦ ❛ss✐st ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆P■ ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ Pr♦❝❡ss❀ ✷✮ ❘❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ✜①❡s t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞❡❜✉❣❣✐♥❣ t❛s❦s✳ ❚❤❡s❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥s ✉s❡ ❙❖❋ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ s♦✉r❝❡✳
❲❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♦♥ t❤r❡❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t♦♣✐❝s ✭❙✇✐♥❣✱ ❇♦♦st ❛♥❞ ▲■◆◗✮ ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t② t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ♦✉r r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❛t✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣② ♦❢ ◗&❆ ♣❛✐rs✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣✿ ❢♦r
✼✼✳✶✹✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✸✺ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛ss❡ss❡❞✱ ❛t ❧❡❛st ♦♥❡ r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ◗&❆ ♣❛✐r
♣r♦✈❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❛r❣❡t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ■t ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ ❏❛✈❛ ❛♥❞ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣✿ ❢♦r ✼✸✳✸✸✪ ♦❢ ❏❛✈❛ ❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❤❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✜① ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚♦♣✲✶✺ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ✹✻✳✻✻✪ ♦❢ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t ❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❤❛s ❢♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✜① ✐♥ t❤❡ ❚♦♣✲✶✺✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✶
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ✷✺
✷✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✶ ▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✷ ◆❛ï✈❡ ❇❛②❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✸ ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✶✳✹ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✳✺ ❏✹✳✽ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✳✻ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✶✳✼ ❦✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❖✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✷ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❈r♦ss✲✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✷✳✹ ❋❡❛t✉r❡ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❲❊❑❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❚❡r♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆✉①í❧✐♦ à ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡
❆P■s ✸✶
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s P❛r❡s ◗&❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❛t❛s❡t ♣❛r❛ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❚❡st❡ ❞♦ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❆tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞♦ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆❝✉rá❝✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❘❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❛r❡s ◗&❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✹✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❛r❡s ◗&❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✹✳✷ ❆P■s ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ▲✉❝❡♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✹✳✹ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♥♦s ❮♥❞✐❝❡s ▲✉❝❡♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✹✳✺ ❘❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s P❛r❡s ◗&❆ ♣❡❧♦ ❙❝♦r❡ ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✹✳✻ ❈♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❙❝♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❘❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s P❛r❡s ◗&❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✸✳✹✳✼ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✹✳✽ ❉❡s❡♥❤♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✸✳✻ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✸✳✻✳✶ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s à ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✼ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✼✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✸✳✼✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✸✳✽ P❧✉❣✐♥ ◆✉❣❣❡ts ▼✐♥❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✸✳✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❙♥✐♣♣❡ts ♣❛r❛ ❆✉①í❧✐♦ ❛ ❈♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ✏❈r♦✇❞
❇✉❣s✑ ✻✺
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷ ✏❈r♦✇❞ ❇✉❣s✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✸ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✸✳✶ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚r❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✸✳✸ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ▲♦❝❛❧ ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❚r❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ■✿ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❊♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❮♥❞✐❝❡ ◆❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ■■✿ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❊♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❮♥❞✐❝❡s r❛✇✱ ♣♣✶✱ ♣♣✷✱
♣♣✸✱ ♣♣❛✱ ❧s❛❜✲❥❛✈❛ ❡ ❧s❛❜✲❥s ❞♦ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❙♦❧r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉❛t❛s❡t ❞❡ ✏❈r♦✇❞ ❇✉❣s✑ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾ ✹✳✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ■■■✿ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❊♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s ✏❈r♦✇❞ ❇✉❣s✑ ❞♦ ❉❛t❛s❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✹✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✹✳✽ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✹✳✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✾✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ Pá❣✐♥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❙❖❋✳ ❆❝❡ss♦ ❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ❞✐❛ ✶✸✴✵✷✴✷✵✶✹ ✶✶✿✵✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✶ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❛t❛s❡t ✭❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❆❘❋❋✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✏❚❡st❡ ✶✑ ❡ ✏❚❡st❡ ✷✑✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✸ ❚❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦✭✪✮ ❞♦ ▲❘ ♣♦r ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ P❈❆✶ ❡ P❈❆✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ✏❚❡st❡ ✷✑ ✭❙❡♠ P❈❆✮ ❡ P❈❆✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✻ ❉❡s❡♥❤♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ♣♦r ❆P■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✼ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❘❡❧❡✈ ≥ ✸ ✭Pr✐♠❡✐r❛ ▲✐♥❤❛✮ ❡ ❘❡♣r♦❞ ≥ ✸
✭❙❡❣✉♥❞❛ ▲✐♥❤❛✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✽ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ◆✉❣❣❡ts ▼✐♥❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ q✉❡r② ❞♦ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❙♦❧r ❝♦♠ ♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ q✉❡r② ❞♦ ❆♣❛❝❤❡ ❙♦❧r s❡♠ ♦ ✜❧tr♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✸ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ❏❛✈❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❚♦♣✲✶✵✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✹ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ❏❛✈❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❚♦♣✲✶✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✺ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t ✭❏❙✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❚♦♣✲✶✵✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✹✳✻ P♦r❝❡♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t ✭❏❙✮ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❚♦♣✲✷✺✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❛ ♥♦✈❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ✐❞❡✐❛s ❬✹✷❪✳ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✭❆P■s✮ sã♦ ❡①♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✸✹❪✳ ❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠✉✐t♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■✱ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ♣♦✉❝❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✲❛❧✈♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❆ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❜❛✐①❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡ ❡①♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çõ❡s ❬✸✼❪✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✱ ❡❧❡s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛♠ ♣♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❲❡❜ q✉❡ ✐rá ❛❥✉❞á✲❧♦s ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r s❡✉s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✷❪✳
◆❛ ú❧t✐♠❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❡♠❡r❣✐r❛♠ ❡ ❡stã♦ ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊st❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ é ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❡s✲ tr✉t✉r❛ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✭✇✐❦✐s✱ ❜❧♦❣s✱ s✐t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ r❡s♣♦st❛✱ ❢ór✉♥s✳✮ ❬✸✼❪✳ ❙✐♠✐❧❛r à ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ ♠✉❞♦✉ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✸✸❪✱ ❡st❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✲ tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ t❡♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✜♥✐r ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠✱ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❯♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ é ♦ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇ ✭❙❖❋✮✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❛❥✉❞á✲❧♦s ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r s❡✉s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ◆♦ ❙❖❋✱ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ tó♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ s✐t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ♣r♦✈❡r r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞á✲❧♦s✳ ❖ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡st❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡st✐♠✉❧❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛ ♣r❛t✐❝❛r ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ út❡✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❬✷❪✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❡st❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✏❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ❡ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ s✉❜st✐t✉t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✹✽❪✳
▼❛♠②❦✐♥❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦r♣✉s ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣♦r trás ❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t♦ ❞♦ s✐t❡✳ ❙✉❛s ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡
✷✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s r❡❝❡❜❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s r❡s♣♦st❛s ✭♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✾✵✪ ♠✉✐t♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✲ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✶✶ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✮ ❬✸✵❪✳ ❊♠ ❬✹✾❪✱ ❚r❡✉❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❛♣♦♥t❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❙❖❋ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡stõ❡s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♥♦✈❛t♦s✳
❖ ❙❖❋ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♥♦ s❡✉ ✇❡❜s✐t❡✱ ✉♠ ♠♦t♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ t❡①t✉❛❧ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✏❝♦♠♦ ♠✉❞❛r ❛ ❝♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧❛❜❡❧ ✉t✐❧✐✲ ③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❆P■ ❙✇✐♥❣✑✮✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s ✭t❤r❡❛❞s✮✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s✳ ❖s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ♦r❞❡✲ ♥❛r ❛s t❤r❡❛❞s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ✉♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❝♦♠♦✿ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✈♦t♦s q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ r❡❝❡❜❡✉✱ ❛ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ tr❛③❡r ❛❧❣✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣♦❞❡ r❡t♦r♥❛r t❤r❡❛❞s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉✲ ♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦✉ ♣♦❞❡ r❡t♦r♥❛r t❤r❡❛❞s q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❜❡♠ ✈♦t❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ♣❛r❡❝❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦✳
❆♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦t♦r ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❙❖❋✱ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♥❢r❡♥t❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ í♥❞✐❝❡ ♥❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦ s✐t❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s✐❣♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ❝♦♠✉♠ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♥ã♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r❡♠ t❤r❡❛❞s ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳
❯♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s é ♣♦st❛r tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❜✉❣s ❡♠ s✐t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✲r❡s♣♦st❛ ✭◗&❆✮✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐✲
sã♦✴❝♦rr❡çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❜✉❣✳ ❊①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❜✉❣s q✉❡ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❆P■✳ ❊st❡s ❜✉❣s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♠✿ ♦❝♦rr❡♠ r❡♣❡t✐❞❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡ sã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❜✉❣s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈❡❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦❜t✐✈❡r❛♠ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✏✵✑ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ✏✽✑ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ♣❛rs❡■♥t✭✏✵✽✑✮ ❞♦ ❏❛✈❛❙❝r✐♣t✳ ❊st❡ tr❡❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✳ ❊st❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❞❡ ❜✉❣s ❢♦✐ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ♣♦r ▼♦♥♣❡rr✉s ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✸✺❪✳
P❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✿ ✶✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦✲ ♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❙❖❋ ♣❛r❛ s✉❣❡r✐r ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ✉♠
♣❛r ◗&❆ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✮ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠
s❡r út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r❀ ✷✮ ❘❡❝♦✲ ♠❡♥❞❛r ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ❬✸✺❪ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❙❖❋ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦✳
✷✸
♥♦ s✐t❡ ❙❖❋✳ ❆♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ♥♦ s✐t❡✱ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❧✐✈r♦s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♦✉ t✉t♦r✐❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❧ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦✉ ❆P■✳ ❖✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡st❛r ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r✳
❆ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ q✉❡ é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ❡♥tr❡ ✸ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞♦s ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆✿ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦✱ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ❡ ❙❡❡❦✐♥❣✲❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣✳
P❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦
♣♦r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ✉♠ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ tít✉❧♦✱ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✱ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛✱ ❡t❝✳✮✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡st❡ í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆
❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s ♣❛r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ ✭tít✉❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛✱ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛✱ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✮✳ ❆ ✐❞é✐❛ é q✉❡ ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❛rát❡r ♠❛✐s ✏♣rát✐❝♦✑ ❞♦ q✉❡
✏t❡ór✐❝♦✑ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♣❛r❡s ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❙❡❡❦✐♥❣✲❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ♠✉✐t❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❞❡st❡s ♣❛r❡s ❝♦♥té♠ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ✈♦t❛♠ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦ ♣♦st q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡ út❡✐s ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❬✹✻❪✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♣á❣✐♥❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞♦ ❙❖❋✳
✷✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s✿
• Pr♦♣♦r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❧✉❣✐♥ ♣❛r❛ ❊❝❧✐♣s❡ ■❉❊ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞♦ ◆✉❣❣❡ts ▼✐♥❡r ❬✻❪ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ♦ ✏❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❙❖❋ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✿
✶✳ ■♥t❡r❛❣✐r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❡st❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❆P■✮ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡❞✐t♦r ❞❡ t❡①t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✈✐❛ ❞r❛❣ ❛♥❞ ❞r♦♣❀
✷✳ ❆♣r❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❆P■ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❀
✸✳ ❖❜t❡r ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑ ❬✸✺❪ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♣♦sts ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡s ♣♦sts sã♦ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛❞♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ s✉♣♦st❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✏❝r♦✇❞ ❜✉❣s✑✳
✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❊st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ✏❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❙❖❋ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡♠ s✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❆P■✳
❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ✏❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❙❖❋ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ❝♦rr❡çõ❡s ❞❡ ✏❜✉❣s ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s
❆ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✈✐s❛ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛r ✉♠❛
❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆✱ ✐✳❡✳✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❡s ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦✳ ❈♦♠♦
❞✐t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ ✭tít✉❧♦ ❞❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛✱ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✮✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✿ ✏❣❡r❛r ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❆P■ ❇♦♦st ❞♦ ❈✰✰✑✳ ❈❛s♦ ❡st❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛ ❡st✐✈❡ss❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ ❞❛ ❆P■ ❇♦♦st✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ s❡r✐❛ ✉♠ ♣❛ss♦✲❛✲♣❛ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♥❡st❛ ❆P■✳ ❖s ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆
❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ♣❛ss♦✲❛✲♣❛ss♦ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ✭♠✉✐t♦s ❞❡ss❡s ♣❛r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✮✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡st❡s ♣❛r❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❆P■✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ❞♦ ❙❖❋ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛
✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❆P■❄
P❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ♣❛r❡s ◗&❆ ❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❆P■✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ♣❛❞rõ❡s t❡①t✉❛✐s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✮ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ♣❛r ◗&❆ ❞♦ ❙❖❋ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦
❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ♦✉ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♥❛s ➪r❡❛s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❡ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❛❞rõ❡s q✉❡ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦✳
❊st❡s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s sã♦ tr❡✐♥❛❞♦s ❡ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡ t❡st❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣r❡✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡ r♦t✉❧❛❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❞❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣❛r ◗&❆✱ é s❛❜✐❞♦ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛
✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❍♦✇✲t♦✲❞♦✱ ❈♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧ ♦✉ ❙❡❡❦✐♥❣✲s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣✮✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡✜♥✐r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❡❧❡✳
❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✱ ❝♦♠♦ s❡rá r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ t❡st❡ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✮✳ ❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❲❊❑❆✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛❝❡rt♦ ❞♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✲
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s
✜❝❛❞♦r❡s✳
✷✳✶ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✲
✜❝❛çã♦
❊st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P❛❞rõ❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥
▲♦❣✐st✐❝ ❘❡❣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✭▲❘✮ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ♠✉❧t✐✈❛r✐❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝♦s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞♦ ▲❘ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛✐s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✭✈❛r✐á✈❡❧ r❡s♣♦st❛✮ ❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ é r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ r♦❜✉st♦✱ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ❡ ❞❡ ❢á❝✐❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ▲❘✱ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡①♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈❛s ❬✸✽❪✳
P❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦s ❡rr♦s ❝♦♠❡t✐✲ ❞♦s ❡♠ ❢✉t✉r❛s ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❝✉♠❡ ✭r✐❞❣❡ ❡st✐♠❛t♦rs✮ ❝♦♠ r❡❣r❡ssã♦ ❧♦❣íst✐❝❛ ❬✷✼❪✳ ❖ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❡st❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♥♦ ❲❊❑❆ ❬✷✵❪ é ❛ ▲♦❣✐st✐❝✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ◆❛ï✈❡ ❇❛②❡s
❖s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ◆❛ï✈❡ ❇❛②❡s ✭◆❇✮ ❛ss✉♠❡♠ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s sã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥✲ t❡s ❡ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐ ✐❣✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ é ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳ ❊st❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ é ❛t✐♥✲ ❣✐❞❛ ❡st✐♠❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ ♣♦st❡r✐♦r✐ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇❛②❡s✳ ❆s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐ sã♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬✷✽❪✳
❊st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r é ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♠✉❧t✐✲❝❧❛ss❡✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r sã♦ ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❡ ❛ s❛í❞❛ é ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ♥❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❬✷✽❪✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥
✷✳✶✳ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ♣❛r❛ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✷✼
▼▲Ps tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❡ ❞✐✈❡r✲ s♦s✱ tr❡✐♥❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ r❡tr♦♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❡rr♦ ✭❜❛❝❦✲♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥✮ ❬✷✶❪✳
✷✳✶✳✹ ❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡
❙✉♣♣♦rt ❱❡❝t♦r ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ✭❙❱▼✮ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ♣♦s✲ sí✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❤✐♣❡r♣❧❛♥♦ q✉❡ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛ ❛ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✳ ❙❱▼ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ❜✐♥ár✐♦s✱ ♠❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❬✷✽❪✳
❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ q✉❡ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ♦ ❤✐♣❡r♣❧❛♥♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❑❡r♥❡❧✳ ❙❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r♠❡♥t❡ s❡♣❛rá✈❡✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❑❡r♥❡❧ é ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❙❱▼✳ ◆♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❧✐♥ô♠✐♦s✱ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ r❛❞✐❛❧ ❡ s✐❣♠ó✐❞❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❬✷✽❪✳
✷✳✶✳✺ ❏✹✳✽ ❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡
❉❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❚r❡❡s ✭❉❚s✮ sã♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❄❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥q✉❡r❄ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈✐❞✐r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ❉❚ é ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ r❛✐③ ❡ ♦s ♥ós sã♦ ❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✱ ❡ ♦s ❛r❝♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥ós sã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✳ ❆s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❉❚ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❉❚s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣ór✐❝❛s ❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠✉❧t✐✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❬✷✽❪✳
❏✹✳✽ é ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❉❚ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞✐s❝r❡t♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❛✉s❡♥t❡s ❬✹✹❪✳
✷✳✶✳✻ ❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts
❘❛♥❞♦♠ ❋♦r❡sts ✭❘❋s✮ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐t♦r❡s ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ t❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❛♠♦str❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞❛s ❛s ár✈♦r❡s ❞❛ ✢♦r❡st❛ ❬✺❪✳
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s
✷✳✶✳✼ ❦✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦rs
❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❦✲◆❡❛r❡st ◆❡✐❣❤❜♦rs ✭❑◆◆✮ é ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♣r❡❣✉✐ç♦s♦ ♣♦rq✉❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♥❞✉③ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ é ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♥♦✈❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ é s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s ❞♦s ❑ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ♠❛✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✳ ❊♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s sã♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ❛ s❛í❞❛ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✳ ❖ ❑◆◆ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❲❊❑❆ ❬✷✵❪ ❝♦♠♦ ■❇❑ ❬✷✽❪✳
✷✳✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐✲
③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛
❊st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥✲ ❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❖✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣ ✭✈❡r ❙✉❜s❡çã♦ ✷✳✷✳✶✮✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❖✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣
❖✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ ❞❡❣❡♥❡r❛ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥ã♦ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣❡q✉❡♥❛s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r ✉♠❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❡①❡r❝í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ t❡rá ❛❧t❛ ✈❛r✐â♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✷❪✳ ❆ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❖✈❡r✜tt✐♥❣ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ à ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❬✶❪✳
✷✳✷✳✷ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✭P❈❆✮ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞❛s q✉❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦✳ P❈❆ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❡st❛✲ tíst✐❝♦ ❝✉❥♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ é r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✭✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♥strí♥s❡❝❛ ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✭✈❛✲ r✐á✈❡✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✮✳ ❊st❡ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦rt❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛s ❬✷✶❪✳
❖s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ P❈❆ ♣♦❞❡ ❢❛③❡r sã♦ ♣r❡✈✐sã♦✱ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛✱ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❬✷✶❪✳
