DIAGNÓSTICO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO URBANA NO MUNICÍPIO DE TUPARENDI-RS

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DIAGNOSIS OF URB AN TREES IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF TUPARENDI – RIO GRANDE DO S UL STATE – B RAZIL

Natália Motter1 2 Nilvane G. Müller3 ABSTRACT

Street afforestation is one of the most important components of urban ecosystems due to the benefits it produces and, therefore, it should be a constant concern of any urban planning. This study aimed to characterize street afforestation of the town of Tuparendi – Rio Grande do Sul Sate, Bra zil, by conducting a qualitative and quantitative survey of trees and shrub species, evaluating their phytosanitary conditions, as well as adequacy to the planting site. We inventoried 600 trees, belonging to 25 fa milies and 38 species, being 63.16% e xotic . The species Nectandra membranous (Canela) had the most significant number of representatives, followed by Murraya paniculata (Falsa-murta ), Mangifera indica (Mangueira), Lagerstroemia indica (Ext re mosa), Caesalpinia peltophoroides (Sib ipiruna) and Ligustrum sp (Ligustro), which altogether represent 63.83% of the vegetation cover of the studied area. Overall, the urban afforestation of Tuparendi was considered healthy, because 96.17% of the trees presented good phytosanitary conditions, with only a fe w trees presenting problems with root system and electric wiring grid. Ke ywor ds: Street afforestation; Phytosanitary condition; Urban planning.

DIAGNÓSTICO DA ARBORIZAÇÃO URB ANA NO MUNICÍPIO DE TUPARENDI-RS

RES UMO

A vegetação em vias públicas caracteriza-se como u m dos mais importantes elementos que compõem o ecossistema das cidades e que, pelos benefícios que produz, deveria ser u ma preocupação permanente de todo e qualquer planeja mento urbano. O presente trabalho buscou caracterizar a arborização dos passeios das vias públicas asfaltadas de Tuparendi - RS, efetuando o levantamento quali-quantitativo das espécies arbóreas e arbustivas, avaliando suas condições fitossanitárias, bem co mo a adequação ao local de plantio. No inventário, fora m verificadas 600 plantas, pertencentes a 25 fa mílias e 38 espécies, sendo 63,16 % de e xót icas. A espécie Nectandra membranacea (Canela) obteve o número mais e xpressivo de representantes, seguida por Murraya paniculata (Falsa murta ), Mangifera indica (Mangueira), Lagerstroemia indica (Extre mosa), Caesalpinia peltophoroides (Sib ipiruna) e Ligustrum sp (Ligustro) que, juntas, representam 63,83% da arborização da área analisada. De forma gera l, a a rborização urbana do munic ípio foi considerada como sadia, pois 96,17% das árvores apresentavam boas condições fitossanitárias, com poucas árvores apresentando problemas de ra iz e co m a fiação elétrica.

Palavras-chave: A rborização viária; Fitossanidade; Planeja mento urbano.

1

Bióloga, Especial. Ciências Ambientais da Univ. Reg. Integrada Alto Uruguai e das Missões – URI, S. Ângelo, RS. nataliamotter@hotmail.com.

2_{Data de recebimento – 11/09/2011 – Data de publicação – 15/12/2012} 3

Bióloga, Profa. Dra. Univ. Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões - URI, campus de Santo Ângelo, RS - nil@urisan.tche.br.

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Natália Motter and Nilvane G. Müller

Soc. Bras. de Arborização Urbana REVSBAU, Piracicaba – SP, v.7, n.4, p.27-36, 2012

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INTRODUCTION

Urban forestry is understood as the group of public and private lands, with predo minantly arborea l species, that cities presents, or even a set of natural or cropped arboreal species that cities have in private areas, squares, parks and public roads (SILVA JÚNIOR e M ÔNICO, 1994).

In this sense, according to Dantas and Souza (2004), planning afforestation is essential for urban development, in order to prevent harm to the environment. Furthermo re, afforestation is an important factor for a healthy environment, once it has direct influence on the welfare of the population. Urban afforestation provides mult iple benefits to the environment, contributes to climate stabilization and beautification of cit ies, and provides shelter and food to wildlife, as well as shade and leisure in squares, parks, gardens, streets and avenues of our cities. Veras (1986) a lso states that urban forestry is characterized as one of the most important ele ments that compose urban ecosystems and, for the benefits it produces, it should be a constant concern of any urban planning. Moura (2009) h ighlights that planning afforestation is essential for urban development, given that much of the damage caused to the quality of life of c ity dwellers can be mit igated by urban planning, increasing and improv ing green areas and street afforestation.

Schuch (2006) underlines that for urban forests to provide benefits to the population, criterious planning and proper management procedures are required. Therefore, it beco mes necessary to know the tree asset, which can be obtained through an inventory, an essential tool to obtain accurate information about the tree population.

The evaluation of street afforestation can be performed through a qualitative and/or quantitative inventory. According to Milano (1988), a quantitative inventory of urban afforestation allows to define and accurately map the population of street trees, besides the identification of the actual composition of trees, among other aspects.

An inventory allows to evaluate the correct and wrong procedures adopted in urban afforestation. The inventory is very important as it allows to assess the tree asset and identify the needs of management. One of the most important aspects of an inventory is when it is carried out to provide continuous updated informat ion (TAKAHASHI, 1994).

To prevent problems street trees may cause, it is necessary to know their characteristics and behavior. The choice for the tree species has to be careful, covering the widest possible range of technical issues required, especially if they are planted on sidewalks. It is understood, though, that it is impossible to find the ideal tree species for this purpose (DANTAS and SOUZA, 2004).

For Lima (1995), there is no general recipe. Each city has its own climate and soil type. Therefore, it is important that species diversity be respected and that preference be given to the species native to the region. The number one rule of a healthy urban afforestation policy is species diversification, provided the trees are distributed on the streets fitting an aesthetic and landscape pattern.

Due to the great attention urban afforestation has been receiving recently for the benefits and even the problems that arise fro m the presence of trees in urban environments, the present study aimed to

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conduct a qualitative and quantitative inventory of tree species and shrub species used in the munic ipality of Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul State,

Bra zil, providing insights for future monitoring and manage ment progra ms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted in the urban perimeter of the municipality of Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, located in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul, 537 km fro m Porto Alegre City (state capital), co mprising an area of 308 km², with a population of 8,557 inhabitants (IBGE, 2010). It is located at latitude 27º45'23" south and longitude 54º28'54" west, with humid subtropical climate and an average annual temperature of 17°C. The city's economy revolves around the binomial soybean-wheat. There are also programs encouraged by cooperatives and the public power that stimulate production of milk, hogs and horticulture (FAMURS, 2010). With characteristics primarily agricultural, Tuparendi is inserted in the Atlantic Forest biome in the phytoecological region of a Deciduous Forest (RIO GRA NDE DO SUL, 2010).

The methodology consisted of inventorying all plant individuals e xisting on the sidewalks of the city’s paved roads, through observation and photographic records.

For the study, native and exotic plant species, arboreal and shrub types, were considered. Species located in med ians and parks were e xcluded fro m the study. The identification of species with their scientific na mes and fa milies was performed based on the literature data of Lorenzi et al. (1998, 2000, 2001,

2004), Backes and Irgang (2002, 2004), Longhi (1995) and Judd et al (2009).

For the qualitative analysis of individuals, the following characteristics were observed, accrording to Faria and Monteiro (2007):

Plant heal th: Good - vigorous and healthy, with no apparent signs of insect attack, diseases or mechanica l in jury, little or no need for maintenance, characteristic shape or architecture of the species; Regular - mediu m vigor and health conditions, requires small repairs or pruning, mischaracterization of the shape, shows signs of insect attack, disease or physiological proble ms; Poor - advanced and irreversible decline, presents severe insect attacks, diseases, fungi (Polyporus sanguineus) or mechanical injury, mischaracterized architecture or plant unbalance, physiological proble ms whose repairs will not result in benefit to the individual; Impending death - dried tree or imminent death.

Root de velopme nt: No interference - when roots are not exposed; Low Interference - when trees have some e xposed root on sidewalks, but do not cause problems; Average interference - when tree have several roots exposed on sidewalks and may cause some kind of in jury; High interference - when trees have several roots e xposed on sidewalks, having already caused some kind of injury.

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Tree de velopment in relation to wiring gri d: No interference - when urban equipment or build ings are not in contact with any part of the tree; Branch - when the species at its norma l growth will co me into contact with any equipment; Telephone - when the species at its normal growth comes in contact with some equipment, causing no immed iate damage; Secondary - when the species at its norma l growth can come into contact with any equipment and be at high risk; Primary - when the species at its norma l

growth can come into contact with any equipment, at high risk, may cause immed iate da mage.

The diagnosis was made using a spreadsheet for data collection, where we recorded information on streets, sidewalks and plant individuals. The visits for data collection occurred during the months of Nove mber and December 2010. Based on the collected data, we calculated the percentage of occurrence of each species in the study area using the Microsoft Office Excel 2007 for Windows XP.

RES ULTS AND DISCUSS ION

We inventoried 600 plants, trees and shrubs, in the four streets analyzed in the town of Tuparendi, and the species belonged to 25 fa milies and 38 species (Table 1). The fa milies with more species were Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae and Bignoniaceae - three species each. The fa milies Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae also showed greater representation of species in a study conducted by Stranghetti (2010) in the munic ipality of Uchôa, São Paulo State, Bra zil and by Linden maie r (2008) in Cachoeira do Su l, Rio Grande do Sul State, Bra zil.

In the tree composition, the species Nectandra membranacea had the most expressive number o f individuals (92), corresponding to 15.33% of the total. The species Murraya paniculata (12.33%), Mangifera indica (10.67%), Lagerstroemia indica (9.17%), Caesalpinia peltophoroides (9.17%) and Ligustrum sp (7.17%) are also highlighted once they altogether comprise 63.83% of the study area. According to Horus Institute (2005), the Ligustrum species presents invasive potential and disperses easily by barochory, avichory and re-growth, hindering the eme rgence of other species and therefore, affecting the biodiversity through biological invasion.

The data obtained are in line with Dalc in and Milano (2000) who prescribe that each species should account for 10-15% of a ll individuals in the tree population of a city. However, many species identified in the study area have low occurrence, affecting plant diversity of the urban environ ment. Overall, afforestation of Bra zilian cities shows certain uniformity regarding the use of some species, which is considered norma l, once a city usually imitates another in terms of urban afforestation. This originates little diversity due to the use of a small number of species, always displaying simila r problems (SOUZA, 1994).

In determining the tree species in Tuparendi, we found that the afforestation is composed of 36.84% of native trees and 63.16% o f e xotic species. The species Murraya paniculata showed the highest occurrence with 74 indiv iduals, corresponding to 12.33% of the total trees. Coletto et al (2008) found a similar result in a study conducted in the municipa lity of Sete de Setembro, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, where Murraya paniculata accounted for 12% of the trees.

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Table 1. Re lation of species, families, orig in and number of individuals of plants found in the urban forest of Tuparendi, Rio Grande do Sul State, Bra zil.

Popular name Scientific name Family Origin No. of

individuals

Canela

Nectandra membranacea

Lauraceae

Native

92 Falsa-murta

Murraya paniculata

Rutaceae

Exotic

74 Mangueira

Mangifera indica

Anacardiaceae Exotic

64 Extremosa

Lagerstroemia indica

Lythraceae

Exotic

55 Sibipiruna

Caesalpinia peltophoroides

Fabaceae

Native

55 Ligustro

Ligustrum sp

Oleaceae

Exotic

43 Fícus

Ficus benjamina

Moraceae

Exotic

33 Grevilha

Grevillea robusta

Proteaceae

Exotic

25 Cipreste

Chamaecyparis sp

Cupressaceae Exotic

24 Palmeira

Archontophoenix alexandrae Palmae

Exotic

23 Figueira-de-jardim

Ficus auriculata

Moraceae

Exotic

17 Pereira

Pyrus communis

Rosaceae

Exotic

17 Nêspera

Eriobotrya japonica

Rosaceae

Exotic

8 Pingo-de-ouro

Duranta repens

Verbenaceae

Exotic

7 Cerejeira

Eugenia involucrata

Myrtaceae

Exotic

6 Azaléia

Rhododendron simsii

Ericaceae

Exotic

5 Cedro

Cedrela fissilis

Meliaceae

Native

5 Bergamoteira

Citrus reticulata

Rutaceae

Exotic

4 Espatódea

Spathodea nilotica

Bignoniaceae

Exotic

4 Goiabeira

Psidium guajava

Myrtaceae

Exotic

4 Hibisco

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Malvaceae

Exotic

4 Pitangueira

Eugenia uniflora

Myrtaceae

Native

4 Uva-do-Japão

Hovenia dulcis

Rhamnaceae

Exotic

4 Cinamomo

Melia azedarach

Meliaceae

Exotic

3 Jacarandá-mimoso Jacaranda mimosaefolia

Bignoniaceae

Exotic

2 Primavera

Brunfelsia uniflora

Solanaceae

Native

2 Mamona

Ricinus communis

Euphorbiaceae Exotic

2 Ipê

Tabebuia chrysotricha

Bignoniaceae

Native

2 Ingá

Inga vera

Fabaceae

Native

2 Ixora

Ixora coccinea

Rubiaceae

Exotic

2 Angico

Parapiptadenia rigida

Fabaceae

Native

1 Butiazeiro

Butia eriospata

Palmae

Native

1 Caquizeiro

Diospyros kaki

Ebenaceae

Exotic

1 Erva-mate

Ilex paraguariensis

Aquifoliaceae

Nativa

1 Guapuruvu

Schizolobium parahyba

Fabaceae

Nativa

1 Limoeiro

Citrus limon

Rutaceae

Exotic

1 Pau-ferro

Caesalpinia ferrea

Fabaceae

Native

1 Tarumã

Vitex megapotamica

Verbenaceae

Native

1

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Mondin (2006) highlights the huge number of e xotic species used in gardens, parks and other public areas. For the author, it is urgent that governmental institutions develop more research on ornamental plants, fruit trees and native forest, making them available to the market in o rder to offe r a lternatives to the widespread use of e xotic species.

Of the 38 species sampled in the inventory, 12 are fruit trees, representing altogether 19.33% of the tree composition in the area studied. These species were probably planted by local residents. The species with highest number of indiv iduals is Mangifera indica (64 individuals), wh ich demonstrates unplanned actions taken spontaneously by the population, for fruit production. For Costa et al. (1996), economic fruit trees are not suitable for planting on public roads because they are commonly susceptible to pests, diseases and pollution.

Santos and Teixeira (2001) stress that the fruiting of trees may represent an ornamental effect and serve as an attractive to local wildlife; however, the authors discourage the use of species that produce large fruits such as mango, because they may fa ll and cause damage to vehicles, pedestrians, etc.

Corroborating the ideas of the authors cited above, Gu izzo and Jasper (2005) argue that damages caused by fruit drops are under the responsibility of the Public Powe r. Moreover, the use of species that produce large fruits usually consumed by people can stimulate structural depredation of the tree. Therefore , the use of native species should be priorit ized. The analysis of the urban afforestation of Tuparendi allo ws to observe the presence of shrub species distributed along the public roads. These plants are very important ele ments in space organizat ion and are essentially used as barriers (LIRA FILHO, 2002).

Additionally, species that stand alone may serve as a reference in the landscape for orientation to the public. Moreover, the use of shrubs in urban forestry should be very judicious, mainly due to the small height and ramifications that affect the transit of pedestrians, offering numerous problems related to traffic visibility and signaling (SANTOS and TEIXEIRA, 2001).

In general, the phytosanitary condition of trees analyzed the munic ipality of Tuparendi is good and the species are healthy and vigorous (96.17%), totaling 577 individuals. On ly 1.67% required minor repairs due to insect attack, diseases or physiological problems. There were 13 individuals in poor health condition, with irreversible decline and there were no occurrences of dead trees. This condition is better than that found by Coletto et al (2008) in the munic ipality of Sete de Setembro, Rio Grande do Sul State, Bra zil, where 86.4% of the trees we re c lassified as good. Stranghetti and Silva (2010), in the city of Uchôa – São Paulo State, Bra zil, also identified 96% of individuals with no apparent signs of injury; therefore, we can consider that, in terms of tree health, the municipalities of Tuparendi and Uchôa are well managed.

Another important aspect of analysis of good-quality trees is the position of the root system, once shallo w roots can cause damage to public property and cause accidents. We observed a few cases of root problems in the streets of Tuparendi. Seventy-four percent of individuals do not have exposed roots; therefore, most sidewalks in the city are not damaged due to outcropping. Only 8% of the roots have high interference and have already caused damage to sidewalks. The Ficus benjamina was the species that showed more proble ms, because when the trees are

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planted in small spaces causing cracks and compro mising the pavement. Their secondary roots are more developed and exe rt more pressure than the pivot root and are paralle l to the ground.

Regarding conflicts of treetops with electric grid, 476 subjects had no problems with the power wiring; 3.50% of the indiv iduals studied showed conflicts between branches and the wiring; 7.33% showed conflicts with telephone cables; 2% had with interference on the prima ry network and 7.83% of the species had interference with the secondary network. The species Caesalpinia peltophoroides, Ficus benjamina and Mangifera indica were considered unsuitable for the planting site, once they showed incompatib ility with the power grid.

To reduce the occurrence of such damages, trees of diffe rent sizes should be selected, compatible to power wiring grid and underground pipes. Species with soft wood and trunk and broken branches should

not be used because they are more susceptible to strong winds and rains and more likely to cause damage to pedestrians, vehicles and buildings. Shallo w-rooted trees should be planted in sites where their roots do not damage the pavement (FRA NCO, 1993).

Loren zi (2003) e mphasizes that, on the sidewalks under wiring grids, only species shorter than 8 meters, at mature stage, can be planted. Like wise, on sidewalks in narrow streets, only species of tall and narrow or pyra midal crowns should be planted to prevent obstruction of streets due to the excessive growth of latera l branches.

CONCLUS IONS

The study on urban trees in the munic ipality of Tuparendi showed that that the population is becoming awa re of the importance of an ecologically balanced environment and is seeking closer contact with nature, considering the large number of trees found. In contrast, there was a marked irregula rity in the tree species distribution, focusing on exotic species and fruit trees, especially species of Mangifera indica and Murraya paniculata. These species should be avoided because they have already achieved a high percentage of occurrences on public roads.

Furthermore, the use of shrub species should be reduced because they offer smalle r benefits than tree species to urban afforestation.

Regarding plant health, most individuals are in good condition and do not require pruning procedures. In a few cases, we observed problems with root outcropping and conflict with power wiring.

Finally, each munic ipality has its cultural, climat ic and pedological reality, which should always be taken into account prior to the selection process for the best-suited tree species to each situation.

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