1. Abbarah T.R.; Fredell J.E.; Ellenz G.B. Ulceration by oral ferrous
sulfate. JAMA. 1976 Nov 15;236(20):2320.
2. Abrams D.I.; Lewis B.J.; Beckstead J.P.; Casavant C.A.; Drew W.L.
Persistent diffuse lymphadenopathy in homosexual men: endpoint or
prodrome? Ann Intern Med. 1984 Jun;100(6):801-8.
3. Adler R.H; Carberry D.M.; Ross C.A. Papilloma of the esophagus:
association with hiatal hernia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1959
May;37:625-35.
4. Alexander J.A.; Brouillette D.E.; Chien M.C.; Yoo Y.K.; Tarter R.E.;
Gavaler J.S.; Van Thiel D.H. Infectious esophagitis following liver and
renal transplantation. Dig Dis Sci. 1988 Sep; 33(9):1121-6.
5. Allen C.M.; Craze J.; Grundy A. Tuberculous broncho-oesophageal
fistula in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Radiol. 1991
Jan;43(1):60-2.
6. Asakawa A.; Kojima Y.; Fujii E.; Ohtaka M.; Shimazaki R.; Sato T.;
colitis associated with oesophageal ulcer. J Int Med Res. 2000 Jul-Aug;28(4):191-6.
7. Aso Y.; Pae Y.; Hayashi J.; Kashiwagi S.; Takemori K. [A case of
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with histoplasmosis].
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1999 Dec;73(12):1227-31.
8. Bach M.C.; Valenti A.J.; Howell D.A.; Smith T.J. Odynophagia from
aphthous ulcers of the pharynx and esophagus in the acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med. 1988 Aug 15;109(4):338-9.
9. Baehr P.H.; McDonald G.B. Esophageal infections: risk factors,
presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterology. 1994
Feb;106(2):509-32.
10. Baggiolini M.; Moser B. Blocking chemokine receptors. J Exp Med.
1997 Oct 20;186(8):1189-91.
11. Balslev E.; Thomsen H.K.; Weismann K. Histopathology of acute
12. Barbier P.; Pringot J.; Heimann R.; Fiasse R.; Jacobs E. [Digestive
lesions induced by kalium chloride. Report on 16 cases among which
one oesophageal and six gastric localisations (author's transl)]. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1976 Jul-Aug;39(7-8):261-74.
13. Baron J.M.; Rubben A.; Grussendorf-Conen E.I. Evaluation of a new
general primer pair for rapid detection and differentiation of HSV-1,
HSV-2, and VZV by polymerase chain reaction. J Med Virol. 1996
Aug;49(4):279-82.
14. Barrison I.G.; Foster S.; Harris J.W.; Pinching A.J.; Walker J.G. Upper
gastrointestinal Kaposi's sarcoma in patients positive for HIV antibody
without cutaneous disease. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988 Jan 9;
296(6615): 92-3.
15. Bartelsman J.F.; Lange J.M.; van Leeuwen R.; van den Tweel J.G.;
Tytgat G.N. Acute primary HIV -esophagitis. Endoscopy. 1990
Jul;22(4):184-5.
16. Belitsos P.C.; Greenson J.K.; Yardley J.H.; Sisler J.R.; Bartlett J.G.
Association of gastric hypoacidity with opportunistic enteric infections in
17. Bernal A.; del Junco G.W. Endoscopic and pathologic features of
esophageal lymphoma: a report of four cases in patients with acquired
immune deficiency syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc. 1986
Apr;32(2):96-9.
18. Bini E.J.; Micale P.L.; Weinshel E.H. Natural history of HIV -associated
esophageal disease in the era of protease inhibitor therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 2000 Jul;45(7):1301-7.
19. Bluhm C.S.; Bickerstaff C.A.; Holt S. Refractory esophageal candidiasis
in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am J Gastroenterol. 1990 Apr;85(4):479-80.
20. Bohane T.D.; Perrault J.; Fowler R.S. Oesophagitis and oesophageal
obstruction from quinidine tablets in association with left atrial
enlargement: a case report. Aust Paediatr J. 1978 Sep;14(3):191-2.
21. Bonacini M.; Laine L.; Gal A.A.; Lee M.H.; Martin S.E.; Strigle S.
Prospective evaluation of blind brushing of the esophagus for Candida
esophagitis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
22. Bonacini M.; Young T.; Laine L. The causes of esophageal symptoms in
human immunodeficiency virus infection. A prospective study of 110
patients. Arch Intern Med. 1991 Aug;151(8):1567-72.
23. Bonacini M.; Young T.; Laine L. Histopathology of human
immunodeficiency virus-associated esophageal disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993 Apr;88(4):549-51.
24. de Borges R.J.; Acevedo F.; Miralles E.; Mijares P. Squamous
papilloma of the esophagus diagnosed by cytology. Report of a case
with concurrent occult epidermoid carcinoma. Acta Cytol. 1986 Sep-Oct;30(5):487-90.
25. Brandt L.J.; Coman E.; Schwartz E.; Schoen R.E.; Siciliano G.; Surland
M.; Chacho M. Use of a new cytology balloon for diagnosis of
symptomatic esophageal disease in acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc. 1993 Jul-Aug;39(4):559-61.
26. Burstain J.M.; Grimprel E.; Lukehart S.A.; Norgard M.V.; Radolf J.D.
Sensitive detection of Treponema pallidum by using the polymerase
27. Buss D.H.; Scharyj M. Herpesvirus infection of the esophagus and other
visceral organs in adults. Incidence and clinical significance. Am J Med.
1979 Mar;66(3):457-62.
28. Cao Y.; Qin L.; Zhang L.; Safrit J.; Ho DD. Virologic and immunologic
characterization of long -term survivors of human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med. 1995 Jan 26;332(4):201-8.
29. Cappell M.S.; Gupta A. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due
gastrointestinal Mycobacterium avium intracellulare or esophageal
candidiasis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 Feb;87(2):224-9.
30. Carne C.A.; Tedder R.S.; Smith A.; Sutherland S.; Elkington S.G.; Daly
H.M.; Preston F.E.; Craske J. Acute encephalopathy coincident with
seroconversion for anti-HTLV-III. Lancet. 1985 Nov 30;2(8466):1206-8.
31. Carr N.J.; Bratthauer G.L.; Lichy J.H.; Taubenberger J.K.; Monihan
J.M.; Sobin L.H. Squamous cell papillomas of the esophagus: a study of
23 lesions for human papillomavirus by in situ hybridization and the
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pneumocystis
pneumonia--Los Angeles. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1981 Jun
5;30(21):250-2.
33. Chaisson R.E.; Sterling T.R.; Gallant J.E. General Clinical
Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (Including
Oral, Cutaneous, Renal, Ocular, and Cardiac Diseases). In. Mandell
G.L.; Bennett J.E.; Douglas R.G. (Ed.). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed., Florida, USA: Churchill Livingstone, Inc,
2000. p. 1398-415.
34. Chang A.D.; Drachenberg C.I.; James S.P. Bacillary angiomatosis
associated with extensive esophageal polyposis: a new mucocutaneous
manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS). Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Oct;91(10):2220-3.
35. Chang F.; Janatuinen E.; Pikkarainen P.; Syrjanen S.; Syrjanen K.
Esophageal squamous cell papillomas. Failure to detect human
papillomavirus DNA by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain
36. Chawla S.K.; Ramani K.; Chawla K.; LoPresti P.; Mahadevia P. Giant
esophageal ulcers of AIDS: ultrastructural study. Am J Gastroenterol.
1994 Mar;89(3):411-15.
37. Chen Z.H.; Butler W.R.; Baumstark B.R.; Ahearn D.G. Identification and
differentiation of Mycobacterium avium and M. intracellulare by PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 1996 May;34(5):1267-9.
38. Chomczynski P.; Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid
guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987 Apr;162(1):156-9.
39. Chow D.C.; Bleikh S.H.; Eickhoff L.; Soloway G.N.; Saul Z. Primary
esophageal lymphoma in AIDS presenting as a nonhealing esophageal
ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Mar;91(3):602-3.
40. Chui L.; Albritton W.; Paster B.; Maclean I.; Marusyk R. Development of
the polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of chancroid. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Mar;31(3):659-64.
41. Clark S.J.; Saag M.S.; Decker W.D.; Campbell-Hill S.; Roberson J.L.;
cytopathic virus in plasma of patients with symptomatic primary HIV -1
infection. N Engl J Med. 1991 Apr 4;324(14):954-60.
42. Clayton F.; Klein E.B.; Kotler D.P. Correlation of in situ hybridization
with histology and viral culture in patients with acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome with cyto megalovirus colitis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1989 Oct;113(10):1124-6.
43. Coffin J.M. HIV population dynamics in vivo: implications for genetic
variation, pathogenesis, and therapy. Science. 1995 Jan 27;267(5197):483-9.
44. Colina F.; Solis J.A.; Munoz M.T. Squamous papilloma of the
esophagus. A report of three cases and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 1980 Nov;74(5):410-4.
45. Colina R.E.; Smith M.; Kikendall J.W.; Wong R.K. A new probable
46. Connolly G.M.; Forbes A.; Gleeson J.A.; Gazzard B.G. Investigation of
upper gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with AIDS. AIDS. 1989
Jul;3(7):453-6.
47. Connolly G.M.; Hawkins D.; Harcourt-Webster J.N.; Parsons P.A.;
Husain O.A.; Gazzard B.G. Oesophageal symptoms, their causes,
treatment, and prognosis in patients with the acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. Gut. 1989 Aug;30(8):1033-9.
48. Cooper D.A.; Gold J.; Maclean P.; Donovan B.; Finlayson R.; Barnes
T.G.; Michelmore H.M.; Brooke P.; Penny R. Acute AIDS retrovirus
infection. Definition of a clinical illness associated with seroconversion.
Lancet. 1985 Mar 9;1(8428):537-40.
49. Cooper D.A.; Imrie A.A.; Penny R. Antibody response to human
immunodeficiency virus after primary infection. J Infect Dis. 1987 Jun;155(6):1113-8.
50. Corbellino M.; Lusso P.; Gallo RC.; Parravicini C.; Galli M.; Moroni M.
Disseminated human herpesvirus 6 infection in AIDS. Lancet. 1993
51. Cotte L.; Drouet E.; Bissuel F.; Denoyel G.A.; Trepo C. Diagnostic value
of amplification of human cytomegalovirus DNA from gastrointestinal
biopsies from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol. 1993 Aug;31(8):2066-9.
52. Cotte L.; Drouet E.; Bailly F.; Vitozzi S.; Denoyel G.; Trepo C.
Cytomegalovirus DNA level on biopsy specimens during treatment of
cytomegalovirus gastrointestinal disease. Gastroenterology. 1996
Aug;111(2):439-44.
53. Danzig J.B.; Brandt L.J.; Reinus J.F.; Klein R.S. Gastrointestinal
malignancy in patients with AIDS. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991
Jun;86(6):715-8.
54. Del Rio C.; Curran J.W. Epidemiology and Prevention of Acquired
Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Infection. In. Mandell G.L.; Bennett J.E.; Douglas R.G. (Ed.). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed., Florida, USA: Churchill
Livingstone, Inc , 2000. p. 1340-68.
55. Demmler G.J.; Buffone G.J.; Schimbor C.M.; May R.A. Detection of
cytomegalovirus in urine from newborns by using polymerase chain
56. Denning D.W.; Anderson J.; Rudge P.; Smith H. Acute myelopathy
associated with primary infection with human immunodeficiency virus.
BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 1987 Jan 17;294(6565):143-4.
57. Dieterich D.T.; Wilcox C.M. Diagnosis and treatment of esophageal
diseases associated with HIV infection. Practice Parameters Committee
of the American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol.
1996 Nov;91(11):2265-9.
58. Ditrich O.; Palkovic L.; Sterba J.; Prokopic J.; Loudova J.; Giboda M.
The first finding or Cryptosporidium baileyi in man. Parasitol Res. 1991;77(1):44-7.
59. Edwards P.; Turner J.; Gold J.; Cooper D.A. Esophageal ulceration
induced by zidovudine. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Jan 1;112(1):65-6.
60. Eisenach K.D.; Cave M.D.; Bates J.H.; Crawford J.T. Polymerase chain
reaction amplification of a repetitive DNA sequence specific for
61. Elder G.; Dalakas M.; Pezeshkpour G.; Sever J. Ataxic neuropathy due
to ganglioneuronitis after probable acute human immunodeficiency virus
infection. Lancet. 1986 Nov 29;2(8518):1275-6.
62. Ferrari Junior A.P.; Domingues S.H. Esophageal ulcer and alendronate.
Rev Paul Med. 1998 Nov-Dec;116(6):1882-4.
63. Fidalgo P.O.; Cravo M.L.; Chaves P.P.; Leitao C.N.; Mira F.C. High
prevalence of human papillomavirus in squamous cell carcinoma and
matched normal esophageal mucosa: assessment by polymerase chain
reaction. Cancer. 1995 Nov 1;76(9):1522-8.
64. Forsmark C.E.; Wilcox C.M.; Darragh T.M.; Cello J.P. Disseminated
histoplasmosis in AIDS: an unusual case of esophageal involvement
and gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990
Nov-Dec;36(6):604-5.
65. Francis N.D.; Boylston A.W.; Roberts A.H.; Parkin J.M.; Pinching A.J.
Cytomegalovirus infection in gastrointestinal tracts of patients infected
66. Franzin G.; Musola R.; Zamboni G.; Nicolis A.; Manfrini C.; Fratton A.
Squamous papillomas of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1983
May;29(2):104-6.
67. Frick T.; Fryd D.S.; Goodale R.L.; Simmons R.L.; Sutherland D.E.;
Najarian J.S. Incidence and treatment of candida esophagitis in patients
undergoing renal transplantation. Data from the Minnesota prospective
randomized trial of cyclosporine versus antilymphocyte
globulin-azathioprine. Am J Surg. 1988 Feb;155(2):311-3.
68. Fuller G.N.; Jacobs J.M.; Guiloff R.J. Nature and incidence of peripheral
nerve syndrome in HIV infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
1993 Apr;56(4):372-81.
69. Fusade T.; Liony C.; Joly P.; Paoletti C.; Metayer J.; Lauret P.
Ulcerative esophagitis during primary HIV infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 Oct;87(10):1523-4.
70. Geisinger K.R. Endoscopic biopsies and cytologic brushings of the
esophagus are diagnostically complementary. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995
71. Gelb A.; Miller S. AIDS and gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol. 1986 Aug; 81(8):619-22.
72. Gelb A.B.; Medeiros L.J.; Chen Y.Y.; Weiss L.M.; Weidner N. Hodgkin's
disease of the esophagus. Am J Clin Pathol. 1997 Nov;108(5):593-8.
73. Généreau T.; Lortholary O.; Bouchaud O.; Lacassin F.; Vinceneux P.;
De Truchis P.; Jaccard A.; Meynard JL.; Verdon R.; Sereni D.; Marche
C.; Coulaud J.P.; Guillevin L. Herpes simplex esophagitis in patients
with AIDS: report of 34 cases. The Cooperative Study Group on
Herpetic Esophagitis in HIV Infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Jun;22(6):926-31.
74. Gill M.J.; Sutherland L.R.; Church D.L. Gastrointestinal tissue cultures
for HIV in HIV -infected/AIDS patients. The University of Calgary
Gastrointestinal/HIV Study Group. AIDS. 1992 Jun;6(6):553-6.
75. Gill R.A.; Gebhard R.L.; Dozeman R.L.; Sumner H.W. Shingles
76. Goodgame R.W.; Genta R.M.; Estrada R.; Demmler G.; Buffone G.
Frequency of positive tests for cytomegalovirus in AIDS patients:
endoscopic lesions compared with normal mucosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993 Mar;88(3):338-43.
77. Goodman P.; Pinero S.S.; Rance R.M.; Mansell P.W.; Uribe-Botero G.
Mycobacterial esophagitis in AIDS. Gastrointest Radiol. 1989
Spring;14(2):103-5.
78. Gottlieb M.S.; Schroff R.; Schanker H.M.; Weisman J.D.; Fan P.T.; Wolf
R.A.; Saxon A. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal
candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: evidence of a new
acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981 Dec
10;305(24):1425-31.
79. Gradon J.D.; Timpone J.H.; Schnittman S.M. Emergence of unusual
opportunistic pathogens in AIDS: a review. Clin Infect Dis. 1992
Jul;15(1):134-57.
80. Greenson J.K.; Beschorner W.E.; Boitnott J.K.; Yardley J.H. Prominent
81. Grimes M.M.; LaPook J.D.; Bar M.H.; Wasserman H.S.; Dwork A.
Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol. 1987 Mar;18(3):307-8.
82. Gurtler L. Difficulties and strategies of HIV diagnosis. Lancet. 1996 Jul 20;348(9021):176-9.
83. Hagberg L.; Malmvall B.E.; Svennerholm L.; Alestig K.; Norkrans G.
Guillain-Barré syndrome as an early manifestation of HIV central
nervous system infection. Scand J Infect Dis. 1986; 18(6):591-2.
84. Hand W.L. Haemophilus Species (Including Chancroid). In. Mandell
G.L.; Bennett J.E.; Douglas R.G. (Ed.). Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 5th ed., Florida, USA: Churchill Livingstone, Inc , 2000. p. 2378-83.
85. Heise W.; Arasteh K.; Mostertz P.; Skorde J.; Schmidt W.; Obst C.;
Koeppen M.; Weiss R.; Grosse G.; Niedobitek F.; L'Age M. Malignant
86. Hinnant K.L.; Rotterdam H.Z.; Bell E.T.; Tapper M.L. Cytomegalovirus
infection of the alimentary tract: a clinicopathological correlation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1986 Oct;81(10):944-50.
87. Ho D.D.; Sarngadharan M.G.; Resnick L.; Dimarzoveronese F.; Rota
T.R.; Hirsch M.S. Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection.
Ann Intern Med. 1985 Dec;103(6(Pt 1)):880-3.
88. Ho D.D.; Neumann A.U.; Perelson A.S.; Chen W.; Leonard J.M.;
Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4+ lymphocytes
in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 1995 Jan 12;373(6510):123-6.
89. Hoffman M.; Bash E.; Berger S.A.; Burke M.; Yust I. Fatal necrotizing
esophagitis due to Penicillium chrysogenum in a patient with acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992
Dec;11(12):1158-60.
90. Hording M.; Hording U.; Daugaard S.; Norrild B.; Faber V. Human
papilloma virus type 11 in a fatal case of esophageal and bronchial
91. Houghton J.M.; Korah R.M.; Kim K.H.; Small M.B. A role for apoptosis
in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related idiopathic esophageal ulcers. J Infect Dis. 1997 May;175(5):1216-9.
92. Hudson T.R.; Head JR. Syphilis of the esophagus. J Thorac Surg. 1950; 20:216-21.
93. Huizar J.F.; Podolsky I.; Goldberg J. [Doxycycline -induced esophageal
ulcers]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 1998 Apr-Jun;63(2):101-5.
94. Indorf A.S.; Pegram P.S. Esophageal ulceration related to zalcitabine
(ddC). Ann Intern Med. 1992 Jul 15;117(2):133-4.
95. Jalfon I.M.; Sitton J.E.; Hammer R.A.; Agrawal N.M.; Ertan A.; Mahatma
M. HIV -1 gp41 antigen demonstration in esophageal ulcers with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1991 Dec;13(6):644-8.
96. Janson J.A.; Baillie J.; Pollock M. Endoscopic removal of esophageal
condylomata acuminatum containing human papilloma virus.
97. Javdan P.; Pitman E.R.. Squamous papilloma of esophagus. Dig Dis Sci. 1984 Apr;29(4):317-20.
98. Kaplan J.E.; Hanson D.; Dworkin M.S.; Frederick T.; Bertolli J.;
Lindegren M.L.; Holmberg S.; Jones J.L. Epidemiology of human
immunodeficiency virus -associated opportunistic infections in the United
States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis.
2000 Apr;30 Suppl 1:S5-14.
99. Kashima S. Diagnóstico precoce da infecção pelo HIV-1 em recém-nascidos através da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), 1996.
109f. Dissertação (Mestrado) em Imunologia básica e
aplicada-Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo,
Ribeirão Preto.
100. Katsinelos P.; Dimiropoulos S.; Vasiliadis T.; Fotiadis G.; Xiarchos P.;
Eugenidis N. Oesophageal ulceration associated with ingestion of
mefenamic acid capsules. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999
Dec;11(12):1431-2.
101. Kazlow P.; Shan K.; Benkov K.; Dische R.; LeLeiko N.S. Esophageal
cryptosporidiosis in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
102. Kikendal J.W.; Friedman A.C.; Oyewole M.A.; Fleischer D.; Johnson
L.F. Pill-induced esophageal injury: Case reports and review of the
medical literature. Dig Dis Sci. 1983 Feb;28(2):174-82.
103. Kikendall J.W. Pill-induced esophageal injury. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1991 Dec;20(4):835-46.
104. Kim J.; Minamoto G.Y.; Grieco M.H. Nocardial infection as a
complication of AIDS: report of six cases and review. Rev Infect Dis.
1991 Jul-Aug;13(4):624-29.
105. Kitchen V.S.; Helbert M.; Francis N.D.; Logan R.P.; Lewis F.A.;
Boylston A.W.; Pinching A,J.; Harris J.R. Epstein-Barr virus associated
oesophageal ulcers in AIDS. Gut. 1990 Nov;31(11):1223-5.
106. Klimstra D.S. Pathological prognostic factors in esophageal carcinoma.
Semin Oncol. 1994 Aug;21(4):425-30.
107. Kobayashi S.; Kawabe N.; Miyata F.; Ito H.; Kazumiya H.; Murase K.;
Kurokawa S.; Fujishima K. [A case of Behcet's syndrome associated
108. Konecny P.; Drummond F.M.; Tish K.N.; Tapsall J.W. Saccharomyces
cerevisiae oesophagitis in an HIV -infected patient. Int J STD AIDS.
1999 Dec;10(12):821-2.
109. Kotler D.P.; Wilson C.S.; Haroutiounian G.; Fox C.H. Detection of
human immunodeficiency virus -1 by in situ hybridization in solitary
esophageal ulcers in two patients with the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Mar;84(3):313-7.
110. Kotler D.P.; Reka S.; Orenstein J.M.; Fox C.H. Chronic idiopathic
esophageal ulceration in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Characterization and treatment with corticosteroids. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1992 Dec;15(4):284-90.
111. Kotler D.P. Gastrointestinal manifestations of human immunodeficiency
virus infection. Adv Intern Med. 1995;40:197-242.
112. Kurtzberg J.; Friedman H.S.; Kinney T.R.; Chaffee S.; Stine K.; Falletta
J.M.; Weinhold K.J. Management of human immunodeficiency virus
113. Laguna F.; Garcia-Samaniego J.; Alonso M.J.; Alvarez I.;
Gonzalez-Lahoz J.M. Pseudotumoral appearance of cytomegalovirus esophagitis
and gastritis in AIDS patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993
Jul;(7)88:1108-11.
114. Laine L.; Bonacini M. Esophageal disease in human immunodeficiency
virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Jul 25;154(14):1577-82.
115. Lake-Bakaar G.; Quadros E.; Beidas S.; Elsakr M.; Tom W.; Wilson
D.E.; Dincsoy H.P.; Cohen P.; Straus E.W. Gastric secretory failure in
patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med. 1988 Sep 15; 109(6): 502-4.
116. Laurian Y.; Le Bras P.; Ellrodt A.; Alvin P. Immune thrombocytopenia
gammaglobulin, and positivity to the human T-lymphotropic virus type
III. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Jul; 105(1): 145-6.
117. Leigh B.R.; Lau D.H. Severe esophageal toxicity after thoracic radiation
therapy for lung cancer associated with the human immunodeficiency
virus: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Clin Oncol. 1998
118. Levine M.S. Radiology of esophagitis: a pattern approach. Radiology. 1991 Apr; 179(1):1-7.
119. Liang G.S.; Daikos G.L; Serfling U.; Zhu W.Y.; Pecoraro M.; Leonardi
C.L.; Fischl M.A.; Penneys N.S. An evaluation of oral ulcers in patients
with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993 Oct;29(4):563-8.
120. Lim S.G.; Sawyerr A.M.; Hudson M.; Sercombe J.; Pounder R.E. Short
report: the absorption of fluconazole and itraconazole under conditions
of low intragastric acidity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1993 Jun; 7(3): 317-21.
121. Lin-Greenberg A.; Villacin A.; Moussa G. Lymphomatoid
granulomatosis presenting as ulcerodestructive gastrointestinal tract
lesions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. A new
association. Arch Intern Med. 1990 Dec;150(12): 2581-3.
122. Liu S.L.; Schacker T.; Musey L.; Shriner D.; McElrath M.J.; Corey L.;
Mullins J.I. Divergent patterns of progression to AIDS after infection
from the same source: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 evolution
123. Lombardi J.P.; Tang D.; Myhre O.A. Squamous cell papilloma of the
esophagus: a case report and review of the literature. Int Surg. 1980
Sep-Oct;65(5):459-61.
124. Lopez-Cepero Andrada J.M.; Lopez Silva M.; Salado Fuentes M.;
Benitez Roldan A. [Esophageal ulcer due to mesalazine].
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000 Aug-Sep;23(7):362.
125. Lubbe W.F.; Cadogan E.S.; Kannemeyer A.H. Oesophageal ulceration
due to slow-release potassium in the presence of left atrial
enlargement. N Z Med J. 1979 Nov 14;90(647):377-9.
126. Macedo G.; Azevedo F.; Ribeiro T. Ulcerative esophagitis caused by
etidronate. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001 Feb;53(2):250-1.
127. Manos M.M.; Ting Y.; Wright D.K.; Lewis A.J.; Broker T.R.; Wolinsky
S.M. Use of polymerase chain reaction amplification for the detection of
genital human papillomaviruses. Cancer Cells. 1989;7:209-14.
128. Marin Pineda R.; Vila G. [Metronidazole-induced esophageal ulcer. A
129. Masur H.; Michelis M.A.; Greene J.B.; Onorato I.; Stouwe R.A.;
Holzman R.S.; Wormser G.; Brettman L.; Lange M.; Murray H.W.;
Cunningham-Rundles S. An outbreak of community-acquired
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: initial manifestation of cellular immune
dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1981 Dec 10;305(24):1431-8.
130. McBane R.D.; Gross J.B. Jr. Herpes esophagitis: clinical syndrome,
endoscopic appearance, and diagnosis in 23 patients. Gastrointest endosc. 1991Nov-Dec;37(6):600-3.
131. McDonald G.B.; Sharma P.; Hackman R.C.; Meyers J.D.; Thomas E.D.
Esophageal infections in immunossupressed patients after marrow
transplantation. Gastroenterology. 1985 May;88(5 pt 1):1111-7.
132. Metroka C.E.; Cunningham-Rundles S.; Pollack M.S.; Sonnabend J.A.;
Davis J.M.; Gordon B.; Fernandez R.D.; Mouradian J. Generalized
lymphadenopathy in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1983
Nov;99(5):585-91.
134. Monkemuller K.E.; Call S.A.; Lazenby A.J.; Wilcox C.M. Declining
prevalence of opportunistic gastrointestinal disease in the era of
combination antiretroviral therapy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000
Feb;95(2):457-62.
135. Monkemuller K.E.; Bussian A.H.; Lazenby A.J.; Wilcox C.M. Special
histologic stains are rarely beneficial for the evaluation of HIV -related
gastrointestinal infections. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000 Sep;114(3):387-94.
136. Monkemuller K.E.; Wilcox C.M. Diagnosis of esophageal ulcers in
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 1999 Jul;10(3):85-92.
137. Morris TJ, Davis TP. Doxycycline-induced esophageal ulceration in the
U.S. Military service. Mil Med. 2000 Apr;165(4):316-9.
138. Muir S.W.; Murray J.; Farquharson.; Wheatley D.J.; McPhaden A.R.
Detection of cytomegalovirus in upper gastrointestinal biopsies from
heart transplant recipients: comparison of light microscopy,
139. Naito Y.; Yoshikawa T.; Oyamada H.; Tainaka K.; Morita Y.; Kogawa T.;
Sugino S.; Kondo M. Esophageal candidiasis. Gastroenterol Jpn.
1988 Aug;23(4): 363-70.
140. Nash G.; Ross J.S. Herpetic esophagitis. A common cause of
esophageal ulceration. Hum Pathol. 1974 May;5(3):339-45.
141. Navia B.A.; Jordan B.D.; Price R.W. The AIDS dementia complex: I.
Clinical features. Ann Neurol.1986 Jun;19(6):517-24.
142. Navia B.A.; Cho E.S.; Petito C.K.; Price R.W. The AIDS dementia
complex: II. Neuropathology. Ann Neurol. 1986 Jun;19(6):525-35.
143. Niu M.T.; Stein D.S.; Schnittman S.M. Primary human
immunodeficiency virus type I infection: review of pathogenesis and
early treatment intervention in human and animal retrovirus infections. J Infect Dis. 1993 Dec;168(6):1490-501.
145. Odze R.; Antonioli D.; Shocket D.; Noble-Topham S.; Goldman H.;
Upton M. Esophageal squamous papillomas. A clinicopathologic study
of 38 lesions and analysis for human papillomavirus by the polymerase
chain reaction. Am J Surg Pathol. 1993 Aug;17(8):803-12.
146. Old RW, Primrose SB. Principles of Gene Manipulation. Oxford,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994. Apud por Talal A.H.; Weiss
L.M.; Vanderhorst C. Molecular diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections
associated with HIV infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1997
Jun;26(2):417-44.
147. Parkin D.M.; Laara E.; Muir C.S. Estimates of the world-wide frequency
of sixteen major cancers in 1980. Int. J. Cancer. 1988 Feb
15;41(2):184-97.
148. Paterson D.L.; Georghiou P.R.; Allworth A.M.; Kemp R.J. Thalidomide
as treatment of refractory aphthous ulceration related to human
immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1995
Feb;20(2):250-4.
149. Pemberton J. Oesophageal obstruction and ulceration caused by oral
150. Phair J.; Jacobson L..; Detels R.; Rinaldo C, Saah A, Schrager L,
Munoz A. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome occurring within 5
years of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: the
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr.
1992;5(5):490-6.
151. Plachta A. Benign tumors of the esophagus: review of the literature and
report of 99 cases. Am J Gastroenterol. 1962;38:639-52.
152. Poles M.A.; McMeeking A.A.; Scholes J.V.; Dieterich D.T. Actinomyces
infection of a cytomegalovirus esophageal ulcer in two patients with
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994
Sep;89(9):1569-72.
153. Porro G.B.; Parente F.; Cernushi M. The diagnosis of esophageal
candidiasis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome: is
endoscopy always necessary? Am J Gastroenterol. 1989
Feb;84(2):143-6.
154. Quitadamo M.; Benson J. Squamous papilloma of the esophagus: a
155. Rabeneck L.; Boyko W.J.; McLean D.M.; McLeod W.A.; Wong K.K.
Unusual esophageal ulcers containing enveloped viruslike particles in
homosexual men. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jun;90(6):1882-9.
156. Rabeneck L.; Popovic M.; Gartner S.; McLean DM.; McLeod WA.; Read
E.; Wong KK.; Boyko WJ. Acute HIV infection presenting with painful
swallowing and esophageal ulcers. JAMA. 1990 May
2;263(17):2318-22.
157. Raufman J.P. Infectious esophagitis in AIDS: What have we learned in
the last decade? Am J Gastroenterol. 1995 Nov;90(11):1914-5.
158. Raufman J.P. Odynophagia/dysphagia in AIDS. Gastrenterol Clin North Am. 1988 Sep;17(3):599-614.
159. Reed E.C.; Wolford J.L.; Kopecky K.J.; Lilleby K.E.; Dandliker P.S.;
Todaro J.L.; McDonald G.B.; Meyers J.D. Ganciclovir for the treatment
of cytomegalovirus gastroenteritis in bone marrow transplant patients. A
160. Rosario M.T.; Raso C.L.; Comer G.M.; Clain D.J. Transnasal brush
cytology for the diagnosis of Candida esophagitis in the acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc. 1989 Mar-Apr;
35(2): 102-3.
161. Rose H.S.; Balthazar E.J.; Megibow A.J.; Horowitz L.; Laubenstein L.J.
Alimentary tract involvement in Kaposi sarcoma: radiographic and
endoscopic findings in 25 homosexual men. AJR Am J Roentgenol.
1982 Oct; 139(4): 661-6.
162. Ruiz-Laiglesia F.J.; Torrubia-Perez C.B.; Perez-Calvo J.I. Ulcerative
esophagitis during primary HIV infection. Arch Intern Med. 1996 May
27;156(10):1115.
163. Rustin M.H; Ridley C.M.; Smith M.D.; Kelsey M.C. Parker N. The acute
exanthem associated with seroconversion to human T-cell lymphotropic
virus III in a homosexual man. J Infect. 1986 Mar;12(2):161-3.
164. Rosen P.; Hajdu S.I. Visceral herpesvirus infections in patients with
165. Rosenthal T.; Adar R.; Militianu J.; Deutsch V. Esophageal ulceration
and oral potassium chloride ingestion. Chest. 1974 Apr;65(4):463-5.
166. Savage N.W.; Seymour G.W.; Kruger B.J. T-lymphocyte subset
changes in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985 Aug;60(2):175-81.
167. Schechter M.; Pannain V.L.; de Oliveira A.V. Papovavirus-associated
esophageal ulceration in a patient with AIDS. AIDS. 1991 Feb;5(2):238.
168. Schwartz D.A.; Wilcox C.M. Atypical cytomegalovirus inclusions in
gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from patients with the acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome: diagnostic role of in situ nucleic acid
hybridization. Hum Pathol. 1992 Sep;23(9):1019-26.
169. Shaffer R.T.; LaHatte L.J.; Kelly J.W.; Kadakia S.; Carrougher J.G.;
Keate R.F.; Starnes E.C. Gastric acid secretion in HIV -1 infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992 Dec;87(12):1777-80.
170. Sheppard H.W.; Lang W.; Ascher M.S.; Vittinghoff E.; Winkelstein W.
The characteristics of non-progressors: long term HIV -1 infection with
171. Sherman R.A.; Silva J. Jr, Gandour-Edwards R. Fatal varicella in an
adult: case report and review of the gastrointestinal complications of
chickenpox. Rev Infect Dis. 1991 May-Jun;13(3):424-7.
172. Siegal F.P.; Lopez C.; Hammer G.S.; Brown A.E.; Kornfeld S.J.; Gold
J.; Hassett J.; Hirschman S.Z.; Cunningham-Rundles C.; Adelsberg
B.R.; Parham D.M.; Siegal M.; Cunniingham-Rundles S.; Armstrong D.
Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested
by chronic perianal ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N Engl J Med.
1981 Dec 10;305(24):1439-44.
173. de Silva R.; Stoopack P.M.; Raufman J.P. Esophageal fistulas
associated with mycobacterial infection in patients at risk for AIDS.
Radiology. 1990 May;175(2):449-53.
174. Smith P.D.; Eisner M.S.; Manischewitz J.F.; Gill V.J.; Masur H.; Fox
C.F. Esophageal disease in AIDS is associated with pathologic
processes rather than mucosal human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 1993 Mar;167(3):547-52.
175. Smith S.J.; Lee A.J.; Maddix D.S.; Chow A.W. Pill-induced esophagitis
176. Spencer G.D.; Hackman R.C.; McDonald G.B.; Amos D.E.;
Cunningham B.A.; Meyers J.D.; Thomas E.D. A prospective study of
unexplained nausea and vomiting after marrow transplantation.
Transplantation. 1986 Dec; 42(6): 602-7.
177. Stone J.; Friedberg S.A.; Obstructive syphilitic esophagitis. JAMA. 1961; 177(10):711.
178. Stoopack P.M.; de Silva R.; Raufman J.P. Inflammatory double-barreled
esophagus in two patients with AIDS. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990 Jul-Aug;36(4):394-7.
179. Strohlein S.; Posner G.; Colby S. Giant esophageal ulcer in patients
with AIDS-related complex. Dysphagia. 1986;1:84-7.
180. Talal A.H.; Weiss L.M.; Vanderhorst C. Molecular diagnosis of
gastrointestinal infections associated with HIV infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1997 Jun;26(2):417-44.
181. Tavitian A.; Raufman J.P.; Rosenthal L.E. Oral candidiasis as a marker
for esophageal candidiasis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
182. Theise N.D.; Rotterdam H.; Dieterich D. Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in
AIDS: diagnosis by endoscopic biopsy. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991
Sep;86(9):1123-6.
183. Tilbe K.S.; Lloyd D.A. A case of viral esophagitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1986 Aug; 8(4): 494-5.
184. Trottier A.M.; Coutlee F.; Leduc R.; Ghattas G.; Toma E.; Allaire G.;
Gaboury L.; Ghadirian P. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is a
major risk factor for detection of human papillomavirus DNA in
esophageal brushings. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Apr;24(4):565-69.
185. Ullah R.; Golchin K.; Hampton S.; Primrose W.J. Oesophageal
ulceration caused by doxycycline: an unusual complication. J Laryngol Otol. 2000 Jun;114(6):467-8.
186. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World
187. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and World
Health Organization (WHO). AIDS epidemic update: December 2000.
2000 Dec;1-28.
188. Villanueva J.L.; Torre-Cisneros J, Jurado R.; Villar A.; Montero M.;
Lopez F.; Sanchez-Guijo P.; Kindelan J.M. Leishmania esophagitis in a
AIDS patient: an unusual form of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994 Feb;89(2):273-5.
189. Wandl-Hainberger I.; Pichler W.; Lechner G.; Lintner F.; Schulz F.;
Zekert F. [Ulcerative herpes simplex virus II esophagitis.]. ROFO Fortschr Geb Rontgenstr Nuklearmed. 1988 Feb;148(2):215-6.
190. Washington K.; Gottfried M.R.; Wilson M.L. Gastrointestinal
cryptococcosis. Mod Pathol. 1991 Nov;4(6):707-11.
191. Wei X, Ghosh SK, Taylor ME, Johnson VA, Emini EA, Deutsch P,
Lifson JD, Bonhoeffer S, Nowak MA, Hahn BH.; Saag M.S.; Shaw G.M.
Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.
192. Weitzner S.; Hentel W. Squamous papilloma of esophagus. Case report
and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol. 1968
Nov;50(5):391-6.
193. Wilcox C.M.; Diehl D.L.; Cello J.P.; Margaretten W; Jacobson M.A.
Cytomegalovirus esophagitis in patients with AIDS. A clinical,
endoscopic, and pathologic correlation. Ann Intern Med. 1990
Oct;113(8):589-93.
194. Wilcox CM. Esophageal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Am J Med. 1992 Apr;92(4):412-21.
195. Wilcox C.M.; Schwartz D.A.; Cotfield L.; Zaki S.R. Evaluation of
idiopathic esophageal ulcers (IEU) for human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) by polimerase chain reaction (PCR): is HIV an esophageal
pathogen? (abstr.). Gastroenterology. 1992;102:A712.
196. Wilcox C.M.; Schwartz D.A. A pilot study of oral corticosteroid therapy
for idiopathic esophageal ulcerations associated with human
197. Wilcox C.M.; Schwartz D.A. Endoscopic characterization of idiopathic
esophageal ulceration associated with human immunodeficiency virus
infection. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1993 Apr;16(3):251-6.
198. Wilcox C.M.; Straub R.F.; Schwartz D.A. Prospective endoscopic
characterization of cytomegalovirus esophagitis in AIDS. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994 Jul-Aug;40(4):481-4.
199. Wilcox C.M.; Zaki S.R.; Coffield L.M.; Greer P.W.; Schwartz D.A.
Evaluation of idiopathic esophageal ulceration for human
immunodeficiency virus. Mod Pathol. 1995 Jun;8(5):568-72.
200. Wilcox C.M.; Schwartz D.A.; Clark W.S. Esophageal ulceration in
human immunodeficiency virus infection: Causes, response to therapy,
and long-term outcome. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Jul 15;123(2):143-9.
201. Wilcox C.M.; Straub R.F.; Clark W.S. Prospective evaluation of
oropharyngeal findings in human immunodeficiency virus-infected
202. Wilcox C.M.; Alexander L.N.; Clark W.S.; Thompson S.E. 3rd.
Fluconazole compared with endoscopy for human immunodeficiency
virus-infected patients with esophageal symptoms. Gastroenterology.
1996 Jun;110(6):1803-9.
203. Wilcox C.M.; Schwartz D.A. Endoscopic-pathologic correlates of
Candida esophagitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Dig Dis Sci. 1996 Jul; 41(7): 1337-45.
204. Wilcox C.M.; Straub R.F.; Schwartz D.A. Prospective evaluation of
biopsy number for the diagnosis of viral esophagitis in patients with HIV
infection and esophageal ulcer. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996
Nov;44(5):587-93.
205. Wilcox C.M.; Monkemuller K.E. Diagnosis and management of
esophageal disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
South Med J. 1998 Nov; 91(11): 1002-8.
206. Winkler B.; Capo V.; Reumann W.; Ma A.; La Porta R.; Reilly S.; Green
PM.; Richart R.M.; Crum C.P. Human papillomavirus infection of the
esophagus. A clinicopathologic study with demonstration of
papillomavirus antigen by the immunoperoxidase technique. Cancer.
207. World Health Organization. The Current Global Situation of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Geneva, 1996.
208. Wu G.D.; Shintaku I.P.; Chien K.; Geller S.A. A comparison of routine
light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization for the
detection of cytomegalovirus in gastrointestinal biopsies. Am J Gastroenterol. 1989 Dec;84(12):1517-20.
209. Yamaoka K.; Takenawa H.; Tajiri K.; Yamane M.; Kadowaki K.; Marumo
F.; Sato C. A case of esophageal perforation due to a pill-induced ulcer
successfully treated with conservative measures. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 May; 91(5): 1044-5
210. Zeabart L.E.; Fabian J.; Nord H.J. Squamous papilloma of the
esophagus: a report of 3 cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 1979