RevistaBrasileiradeFarmacognosia27(2017)67–69
w ww . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / b j p
Original
Article
Constituents
from
the
bark
resin
of
Schinus
molle
Gonzalo
Rodolfo
Malca-García
a,∗,
Lothar
Hennig
a,
Mayar
Luis
Ganoza-Yupanqui
b,∗,
Alejandro
Pi ˜na-Iturbe
c,
Rainer
W.
Bussmann
daInstitutfürOrganischeChemie,FakultätfürChemieundMineralogie,UniversitätLeipzig,Leipzig,Germany
bDepartamentodeFarmacología,FacultaddeFarmaciayBioquímica,UniversidadNacionaldeTrujillo,Trujillo,Peru
cEscueladeMicrobiologíayParasitología,FacultaddeCienciasBiológicas,UniversidadNacionaldeTrujillo,Trujillo,Peru
dWilliamL.BrownCenter,MissouriBotanicalGarden,St.Louis,UnitedStates
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
Articlehistory:
Received13June2016
Accepted21July2016
Availableonline15September2016
DedicatedtoProf.Dr.LotharBeyeronthe
occasionofhis80thbirthday.
Keywords:
Schinusmolle
Resin Terpenes
Cytotoxicactivity
MIC
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
AtotaloffiveterpeneswasisolatedfromthebarkresinofSchinusmolleL.,Anacardiaceae,andtheir structuresweredeterminedbyspectroscopictechniques.Amongthesecompoundsthesesquiterpene hydrocarbonterebintheneshowedsignificantgrowthinhibitoryactivityagainsthumancoloncarcinoma HCT-116cells.Furthermore,terebintheneandpinicolicacid(5)alsoshowedantibacterialactivityagainst StaphylococcusaureusATCC25923andBacillussubtilisATCC6633.
©2016SociedadeBrasileiradeFarmacognosia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.Thisisanopen accessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Introduction
The family Anacardiaceae is of pantropical occurrence and includesafewrepresentativesintemperate regions.Thefamily comprisesabout70generaand600species.Manyofthemareused traditionallyashealing,stomachicand antidiarrhealagents,due tothepresenceoftanninsandoilresins(Duarteetal.,2006).In thisfamily,SchinusmolleL.(alsoknownasCaliforniapepperand pinkpepper)wasintroducedfromSouthAmericatomosttropical andsubtropicalareasoftheworld,aswellastheMediterranean (Rhoumaet al.,2009).InPeruviantraditional medicineS.molle
isusedasantibacterial,topicalantiseptic,digestiveandpurgative diuretic(Duke,2002),fortoothache,woundhealing,rheumatism, and menstrual disorders, as well as stimulant and antidepres-sant(Machadoetal.,2007),forrespiratoryandurinaryinfections (PerezandAnesini,1994),andasanalgesicandcentraldepressant (Barrachinaetal.,1997).ExtractsofS.molleshowedpromising anti-tumoraleffectsandcytotoxicactivity(IC5050±7g/ml)againsta
humanhepatocellularcarcinomaCellLine,HepGwasalsoreported (Ruffaetal.,2002).RecentstudiesrevealedthatS.molleessential
∗ Correspondingauthors.
E-mails:gonzalo.malca@uni-leipzig.de
(G.R.Malca-García),mganoza@unitru.edu.pe(M.L.Ganoza-Yupanqui).
oilwascytotoxicinseveralcelllines,anditwasmoreeffectiveon breastcarcinomaandleukemiccelllines(Díazetal.,2008).
ExtensiveinvestigationsofthefruitandleafessentialoilsofS. molleidentifiedabroadvarietyofconstituents(Abdel-Sattaretal., 2010;Bendaoudetal.,2010),showingthattheingredientsare sim-ilar, butwith differencesin theirpercentage depending onthe regioninwhichtheyaregrown.Maincomponentsare monoter-penehydrocarbonsandoxygenatedmonoterpenehydrocarbons. Noreportswerefoundconcerningisolationandcharacterizationof secondarymetabolitesfromthebarkresin.Therefore,wedecided toconcentrateoureffortinS.molleresin.
Materialandmethods
NMRandMSinfrastructureandmethods
NMRspectra(1H,13C,APT,NOESY1D,H,H-COSY,editedHSQC,
andHMBC)wererecordedonaVarianMercury400plus(400MHz for1H,100MHzfor13C)andaVarianMercury300plus(300MHz
for1H,75MHz for13C) spectrometer,respectively, at26◦C and
withCDCl3asasolvent.Thechemicalshiftswerereported
rela-tivetotheresidualsolventpeak,usedasaninternalreference(1H
7.26ppm,13C 77.16ppm).Chemicalshiftsaregiven inıvalues,
couplingconstantsJinHz.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2016.07.004
0102-695X/©2016SociedadeBrasileiradeFarmacognosia.PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://
68 G.R.Malca-Garcíaetal./RevistaBrasileiradeFarmacognosia27(2017)67–69
Plantmaterial
Theresinbarkof“molle” wascollectedin March2009from Trujillo-Peruand thespecies wasidentified asSchinusmolle L., Anacardiaceae,byEricF.RodríguezRodríguezatHerbarium Trux-illense (HUT), National University of Trujillo, Peru. A voucher specimenunderNo.58335(HUT)documentingthecollectionwas depositedatHerbariumTruxillense(HUT)inPeru.
Extractionandisolation
Spottestswereusedforthequalitativedeterminationof sec-ondarymetabolitespresent intheresin ofS.molle(Dominguez, 1973;Harborne,1984).Weidentifiedsmallamountsofsteroidsand triterpenoids(darkgreen)bytheLiebermann-Burchard’stest,and flavonoids(red)bytheShinoda’stest.Noalkaloidsweredetected usingDragendorff’stest.
Theresin ofS.molle(10.14g;stillcontainingpiecesofwood andinsolublematerials)wasextractedwithCH2Cl2 andhexane
(250mleach).Bothextractswerecombinedyielding2.63gafter removal of the solvents. This residue was fractionated by col-umnchromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane, called fraction1(0.92g)andbyusingCH2Cl2systemtogivefraction2
(1.50g).Fraction1wassubjectedtocolumnchromatographywith hexane/CH2Cl2 (100:0→99.5:0.5→99:1)systemtogive
germa-creneD(1)(264mg;Rf:0.81)andterebinthene(2)(18.4mg;Rf:
0.91).
Fraction2wassubjectedtocolumnchromatographywiththe eluentsystemCH2Cl2/EtOAc(1:0→2:0.1→3:0.1→4:0.2→5:0.3)
tofurnishisomasticadienonalicacid(4)(120mg;Rf0.65)andto
CH2Cl2/EtOAc(5:0.3→3:1→2:1.5→1:2)resultingintheisolation
ofisomasticadienoicacid(3)(336mg;Rf:0.6)andpinicolicacid(5)
(18.6mg;Rf:0.2).
Bioactivityassays
Cytotoxicityscreen
ThehumanHCT-116coloncarcinomacellline(ACC-581)was obtainedfromtheGermanCollectionofMicroorganismsandCell Cultures(DeutscheSammlungfürMikroorganismenund Zellkul-turen,DSMZ)and wascultured underconditionsrecommended bythedepositor. Cellswereseeded at6×103 cellsper wellof
96-wellplatesin180lcompletemedium(90%McCoy’s5A+10%
FBS)andtreatedwithsesquiterpenehydrocarbonterebinthene(2) inserialdilutionafter2hofequilibration.Terebinthene(2)was testedinduplicate aswellastheinternal solventcontrol.After 5dincubation, 20lof 5mg/mlMTT
(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide)inPBS(phosphate-buffered saline;pH7.4)wasaddedperwellanditwasfurtherincubated for2hat37◦C. Themediumwasthendiscardedandcellswere
washedwith100lPBSbeforeadding100l2-propanol/10NHCl
(250:1)inordertodissolveformazangranules.Theabsorbanceat 570nmwasmeasuredusingamicroplatereader(TecanInfinite M200Pro),andcellviabilitywasexpressedaspercentagerelative totherespectivesolventcontrol.IC50valuesweredeterminedby
sigmoidalcurvefittingandvaluesrepresenttheaverage±SD of twoindependentmeasurements.
Bacteriastrainsassay
ThestrainsusedwereStaphylococcusaureusATCC25923, Bacil-lussubtilisATCC6633,EscherichiacoliATCC25922andPseudomonas aeruginosa(isolatedattheHospitalRegionalDocentedeTrujillo, Peru).ThebacterialculturesweregrowninMueller-Hintonagar mediaincubatedat37◦Cfor24hfollowingliterature(CLSI,2012).
Agar-well diffusion methods: The agar-well with diameter of 5.5mm were inoculated to a concentration equivalent to
0.5McFarland. Compounds2 and5wereinoculated at40lin
DMSO,atconcentrations of5and 10mg/ml.Afterbacterial dif-fusionfor10min,thosepetri plateswereincubatedat37◦Cfor
22h.
BrothmacrodilutionMIC(minimalinhibitionconcentration)
DryextractCH2Cl2 (3–5)wasdilutedinDMSO,tween80and
water in ratio2:1:3 according tothe following concentrations: 0.062,0.125,0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0,8.0and16.0mg/ml.EachMICtest wasrepeatedtwiceandalltubeswereincubatedfor22hat37◦C.
AfterincubationMICresultsweredeterminedasminimum con-centrationwhichshowednovisiblebacterialgrowth.Then50lof
resazurinsodiumsalt(Sarkeretal.,2007)wereaddedtoeachtube toafinalconcentrationof0.02%,andthesampleswereincubatedat 37◦Cfor1h.MICwasconfirmedasminimumconcentrationwhen
nocolorchangeoftheresazurinsodiumsalt(frombluetopink) happened.
Resultsanddiscussion
The structure of all five already known compounds germacrene-D (1), terebinthene [(6R*,8R*
)-9-spiro(cyclopropa)-2,4,4,8-tetramethylbicyclo[4.3.0]non-1-ene(2)],isomasticadienoic acid (3), isomasticadienonalic acid (4), and pinicolic acid [3-oxo-5␣-lanosta-8,24-diene-21-oicacid(5)]wasdeterminedafter
carefulpurificationofthecompoundsusingspectroscopicmethods andcomparisonofthedatawithliteratureresults.
1
2
5
3
4
R=CHO
R=CH
3CO2H
HO2C H
H R
H O O
H H
GermacreneDisabiogeneticprecursorofmanyother sesquiter-penestructures(BülowandKönig,2000),terebinthenewasisolated fromS.terebinthifolius(Richteretal.,2010),thetriterpenoidacids
3and4werefoundintheberriesorthestemexudateofS.molle
(Pozzo-Balbietal.,1978;Abdel-Sattaretal.,2007)and5was iden-tifiedasanti-inflammatorytriterpenoidfromGanodermagenus(Ko et al.,2008).Surprisingly, there areno reports inliterature for sesquiterpenehydrocarbon 2asaningredient ofS.molle, but2
wasisolatedforthefirsttimefromS.terebinthifolius(Richteretal., 2010).Compound5wasnotfoundtobeactiveagainstanytypeof cancer,butinducedplateletaggregation(Mosaetal.,2011).
Terebinthene (2): (6R*,8R*
)-9-spiro(cyclopropa)-2,4,4,8-tetramethylbicyclo[4.3.0]non-1-ene:1HNMR(400.1MHz,CDCl 3):
ı=0.49(1H,m,H-10a),0.53(1H,m,H-11a),0.60(1H,m,H-10b), 0.69(3H,s,CH3-15),0.71(1H,s,H-11b),1.00(1H,m,H-7a),1.06
(3H,s,CH3-13),1.08(1H,H-5a),1.10(3H,s,CH3-14),1.28(3H,m,
CH3-12),1.63(1H,m,J=18.5Hz,H-5b),1.83(1H,m,H-7b),2.00
(1H,m,H-8),2.12(1H,m,H-3a),2.12(1H,m,H-3b),2.65(1H,br, H-6);13CNMR(100MHz,CDCl
3):ı=6.33(C-10),7.36(C-11),13.00
G.R.Malca-Garcíaetal./RevistaBrasileiradeFarmacognosia27(2017)67–69 69
Table1
Diametersofinhibitionzonesatconcentrationsof5and10mg/ml.
Compounds Concentration(mg/ml) Diameter(mm)
S.aureusATCC25923 B.subtilisATCC6633 E.coliATCC25922 P.aeruginosa
2 105 9.38.0 9.38.6 00 00
5 105 7.16.8 9.08.8 00 00
Table2
MICfromthebarkresinofSchinusmolle.
Resin MIC
S.aureusATCC25923 B.subtilisATCC6633
CH2Cl2extract 8.0mg/ml 0.125mg/ml
CytotoxicityonHCT-116cells
The in vitro cytotoxicity of 2 was evaluated in a tetra-zoliumsalt-based assay(MTT:
3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) against human HCT-116 colon
carcinomacells.Compound2displayedamoderateinhibitionof HCT-116cellswithIC5014.23±1.3g/ml.
Antibacterialactivity
Additionally,wedeterminedtheantibacterialactivityof com-pounds2and5byscreeningagainstStaphylococcusaureusATCC 25923,BacillussubtilisATCC6633,EscherichiacoliATCC25922and
Pseudomonasaeruginosa(Table1).Theotherconstituents(1,3and
4)arewellknownfortheirantibacterialactivityand pharmacolog-icalproperties(Duarteetal.,2006;Rhoumaetal.,2009;Chantraine etal.,1998).TheMICofCH2Cl2extractwasreportedinTable2.
Conclusions
Herewereporttheisolationandcharacterizationoffive con-stituents form the bark resin of S. molle: germacrene D (1), terebinthene(2),isomasticadienoicacid(3),isomasticadienonalic acid(4),andpinicolicacid(5).TheresinofS.mollecontained10%of germancreneD(1),whichisveryhighcomparedwithothernatural sources(Kapooretal.,2009).Terebinthene(2)wasidentifiedasa constituentofS.molleforthefirsttimeanditshowedsignificant cytotoxicactivityagainstahumancoloncarcinomacellline.
Authors’contributions
GRMGcontributedrunningthelaboratorywork,and drafted thepaper;LHdidtheNMRinvestigations;RWBcontributedin col-lectingplantsamplesandrevisedthepaper;MLGYandAPIcarried outbiologicalactivitytestsandwroteonepartofthemanuscript.
Alltheauthorshavereadthefinalmanuscriptandapprovedthe submission.
Conflictsofinterest
Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsinterest.
Acknowledgements
WewouldliketothankProf.R.Müller,J.HerrmannandMrs. ViktoriaSchmitt(HIPS,DepartmentofMicrobialNaturalProducts, Saarbrücken,Germany)fortechnicalassistancewiththecytotoxic assay.
AppendixA. Supplementarydata
Supplementarydataassociatedwiththisarticlecanbefound,in theonlineversion,atdoi:10.1016/j.bjp.2016.07.004.
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