Effect of liming and phosphor doses on radish crop in sand soil/Efeito da calagem e doses de fósforo na cultura do rabanete em solo arenoso

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Braz. J. of Develop.,Curitiba, v. 6, n. 10, p. 78748-78756,oct. 2020. ISSN 2525-8761

Effect of liming and phosphor doses on radish crop in sand soil

Efeito da correção do solo e doses de fósforo na cultura do rabanete em solo

arenoso

DOI:10.34117/bjdv6n10-344

Recebimento dos originais:08/09/2020 Aceitação para publicação:16/10/2020

Dione Aparecido Castro

Doutorando em Agricultura Tropical Instituição: Universidade Federal do Mato grosso

Programa de Pós-graduação em Agricultura Tropical da Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia da UFMT

Endereço: Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, n°2367, Bairro: Boa Esperança - Cuiabá -MT-CEP: 78060900 –Brasil

E-mail: diocastro.agro@gmail.com

Jhonathann Willian Furquin da Silva

Mestrando em Agricultura Tropical

Endereço: Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, n°2367, Bairro: Boa Esperança - Cuiabá -MT - CEP: 78060900 –Brasil

E-mail: jhonathannfurquin@hotmail.com

Milton Ferreira de Moraes

Doutor em Ciências – CENA/USP – Professor Adjunto – UFMT

Endereço: Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, n°2367, Bairro: Boa Esperança - Cuiabá -MT -CEP: 78060900 –Brasil

E-mail: moraesmf@yahoo.com.br

Marcelo Barcelo Gomes

Doutor em Agricultura Tropical

Endereço: Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, n°2367, Bairro: Boa Esperança - Cuiabá -MT - CEP: 78060900 –Brasil

E-mail: marcelobg.mlv@gmail.com

Merita Albertine Chagas

Engenheira Agrônoma

Endereço: Rua 06, quadra 14, casa 23, Bairro Alto do Coxipo, Cuiabá- MT, Brasil E-mail: merita.albertini@gmail.com

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Daniel Zimmermann Mesquita

Formação acadêmica: Doutor em Fitotecnia

Instituição: Instituto Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul (IFMS) - Campus Naviraí. Endereço: Rua Hilda, 203, Bairro Boa Vista – Naviraí/MS – CEP: 79950-000

E-mail: daniel.mesquita@ifms.edu.br

José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes

Doutorado em Agronomia UNESP

Professor Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus Navirái

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Mato Grosso do Sul, IFMS - Campus Naviraí

Endereço: Rua Hilda nº 203, Boa Vista, 79950000 - Naviraí, MS - Brasil E-mail: reinaldojmoraes@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Radish represents a great cultivation alternative for family farmers. The objective of this study was to study the nutritional relationships between phosphorus and limestone, including possible interactions between them. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Federal University of Goiás, cultivating radish (Raphanus sativus L.), variety Crimson Gigante, in pots with 3 kg of sandy soil. A completely randomized design in a 2x5 factorial scheme was used, with two doses of limestone, equivalent to 0 and 3.5 t ha-1, dose necessary to increase base saturation to 80% and five phosphorus doses (P). : 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1, with three repetitions per treatment. Dry mass was evaluated in relation to phosphorus doses and the nutritional relationship between soil and leaf. There is a nutritional relationship between phosphorus and limestone. The use of liming and phosphate fertilization is recommended for radish production, with a dose of 200 mg phosphorus per kilogram of sandy soil.

Keywords: Limestone, Raphanus sativus (L.), mineral nutrition. RESUMO

O Rabanete representa uma ótima alternativa de cultivo para os agricultores familiares. O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar as relações nutricionais entre fósforo e calcário, incluindo possíveis interações entre eles. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação da Universidade Federal de Goiás, cultivando rabanete (Raphanus sativus L.), variedade Crimson Gigante, em vasos com 3 kg de solo arenoso. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2x5, com duas doses de calcário, equivalente a 0 e 3,5 t haˡ, dose necessária para aumentar a saturação da base para 80% e cinco doses de fósforo (P). : 0, 50, 100, 200 e 400 mg kg-1, com três repetições por tratamento. A massa seca foi avaliada em relação às doses de fósforo e à relação nutricional entre solo e folha. Existe uma relação nutricional entre fósforo e calcário. O uso de adubação com cal e fertilização com fosfato é recomendado para a produção de rabanete, com uma dose de 200 mg de fósforo por quilograma de solo arenoso.

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1 INTRODUCTION

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is originally from the Mediterranean region (RODRIGUES et al., 2013), its root consists of a red-colored, spicy-flavored edible bulb, with medicinal properties, natural expectorant and digestive system stimulant, containing vitamins. A, B1, B2, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and sulfur (OLIVEIRA et al., 2010). This crop has been gaining prominence among the olericulturists, mainly for presenting attractive characteristics, such as short cycle and rusticity, being harvested from 25 to 35 days after sowing (FILGUEIRA, 2008).

In this sense, the radish represents a great alternative for family farmers, as it can be grown all year round, and their crop can be interspersed with other long-cycle plants, allowing a quick financial return, with income during this period. (MATOS et al., 2015; BONELA et al., 2017).

Due to its rapid development cycle, it requires high levels of soil fertility, requiring large amounts of nutrients in a short period of time, and as a result, nutritional problems can hardly be corrected within the crop cycle (COUTINHO NETO et al., 2010). In the cultivation of vegetables, the use of phosphorus favors the development of the root system, increasing the absorption of water and nutrients, culminating in increased yield of harvested products (AVALHÃES et al., 2009).

Acidity is another important characteristic of soils: pH affects soil P availability because when it is less than 5.5 the acidic environment solubilizes Fe2 + and Al3 + ions that insolubilize P, reducing plant availability (Faquin & Vale 1991; Malavolta 1980). However, these negative factors can be reduced by the addition of limestone, which raises pH and precipitates Al.

From this premise, the objective of this paper was to study the nutritional relationships between phosphorus and limestone, including possible interactions between them.

2 MATERIAL AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of the Federal University of Goiás, located at latitude 16º35'12 ”S, longitude 49º21'14” W and altitude of 730m, cultivating radish (Raphanus sativus L.), Crimson Gigante variety, in pots. with 3 kg of sandy soil (Quartz Sand). The experiment was carried out in two cultivation cycles, the first from February to March 2016 and the second from August to September 2016. Chemical soil analysis showed the following values: pH (H2O) = 5.0; Ca, Mg, K and H + Al (mmolc / dm 3_{) = 4, 2, 1.5 and 47; P (mg / dm}3_{) = 1.6; MO (g / dm3) = 8;}

V% = 13.8; Sand, Silt and Clay (g / kg) = 810, 60 and 130, respectively.

A completely randomized design in a 2x5 factorial scheme was used, with two doses of limestone, equivalent to 0 and 3.5 t ha-1, a dose necessary to increase base saturation to 80% (Trani et al., 1997). and five doses of P: 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg-1, with three repetitions per

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treatment. The corrective mixture was CaCO3 plus MgCO3 p.a. at a ratio of 3: 1 with 104.75%

PRNT, leaving the soil under aerobic incubation for 30 days.

The following nutrients (mg kg-1 of soil) were added to the soil as basic fertilizer in solution: Treatment 01 (P0): 80 N, as urea; 50 K and 20.465 S in the form of potassium sulfate and micronutrients. Treatment 02 (P50): 50 P, as monobasic ammonium phosphate; 80 of N, of which 22,6105 in the form of monobasic ammonium phosphate and 57,3895 in the form of urea; 50 K and 20.465 S as potassium sulfate; micronutrients. Treatment 03 (P100): 100 P, as monobasic ammonium phosphate; 80 of N, of which 45.2211 as monobasic ammonium phosphate and 34.7789 as urea; 50 K and 20.465 S as potassium sulfate; micronutrients. Treatment 04 (P200): P 200, of which 176.908 as monobasic ammonium phosphate form and 23.092 as anhydrous dibasic sodium phosphate form; 80 N in the form of monobasic ammonium phosphate; 50 K and 20.465 S as potassium sulfate; micronutrients. Treatment 05 (P400): 400 P, of which 176.908 as monobasic ammonium phosphate, 35 as anhydrous dibasic sodium phosphate and 188.092 as monobasic calcium phosphate; 80 N in the form of monobasic ammonium phosphate; 50 K and 20.465 S as potassium sulfate; micronutrients. Micronutrients: 0.1 Mo as ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate; 1.5 of Cu in the form of copper chloride dihydrate and 5 of Zn in zinc sulfate. Two Toppings (at 15 and 21 days after sowing): 25 N in the form of urea. Always using pure reagents for analysis (p.a).

The soil material from each pot was homogenized again, incubated for a further 30 days and subjected to routine chemical analysis. Subsequently, six seeds were sown in pots, thinned in time for three plants per pot. Thirty days after sowing the radish, the aerial part of the plant was cut, followed by drying in an oven at 55º C for 72 hours and subsequent weighing.

The maximum technical efficiency points were estimated - stationary points that represent maximum yields, that is, when the partial derivatives are zero, and their respective contents of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium in the soil. The obtained data were submitted to the analysis of variance, the interactions were evaluated by regression, using the polynomial (quadratic) and linear model, as best fit. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied using the principal component analysis (PCA) method with all variables. For data processing the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2000) was used.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Treatments that were not submitted to limestone application, regardless of the time, when submitted to regression analysis, presented a linear model, while treatments with limestone

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presented quadratic models (Figure 1). The adjustment coefficients R² of the regression models ranged from 0.79 to 0.94, demonstrating a high explanatory power of the equations.

The application of limestone was determinant for the highest values of radish root dry mass. Except for the control treatment without phosphate fertilizer application, for all other doses of phosphorus tested, the treatments with lime application presented higher dry mass than the treatments without lime. The biggest difference was for the treatment with 200 mg.kg-¹ of P, which obtained 5.2 g of dry mass when limestone was applied, and 0.6 g when limestone was not applied. Mesquita et al. (2011), in experiments with radish testing different doses of boron in the presence and absence of liming, found that liming promoted greater efficiency in leaf B content. In similar work, Rego et al. (2004) found that fresh and dry leaf and root mass production and calcium levels of radish leaves increased with liming. Soil acidity may interfere with nutrient availability and also on the activity of microorganisms (SOUSA et al., 2007). Thus, in terms of optimizing P availability in soils, the pH should be around 6.5 (SOUSA et al., 2007). Filgueira (2008) reports that radish grows best in light soils, with the pH range 5.5 to 6.8 being the most favorable.

As for phosphorus dosages, for treatments without limestone, as the P levels increased, the radish dry mass was also increased. However, in the presence of limestone, there was an increase until the dosage of 200 mg P kg-¹ of soil for experiment one, obtaining 3.04 g vase-1 of radish dry mass, while for the experiment. two, the positive response of dry mass to phosphorus was up to the dose of 214.28 mg P kg-, of soil, producing 4.13 g vase-1. Dry mass production increased by 192.31 and 348.91% for the first and second experiments, respectively. Above these dosages a decrease in radish dry mass was observed. Nunes et al. (2014), working with doses of P for radish cultivation in Cerrado Oxisol, reported that the production of fresh and dry root mass was influenced by the phosphorus doses applied, reaching the maximum production with 256 and 261.9 mg. .dm-3 of P2O5, providing increments of 78 and 84%, respectively, when compared to the absence of phosphate fertilization.

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Figure 1. Effect of P and limestone doses on radish dry matter accumulation.

To evaluate the nutritional relationship between soil and leaf, the data were submitted to multivariate analysis. The principal component analysis results can be seen in Figure 2 and Table 1. The biplot graph (Figure 2) generated by the two main components CP1 and CP2 account for 87.17% of the variability observed in the information set obtained, with CP1 represents 68.50% and CP2 18.67%.

The variables DM, Ca soil, Mg soil, V%, Ca leaf and Mg leaf characterize the CP1 (Table 1), presenting all these properties, high discriminatory power. These variables have the same sign, that is, when the value of any variable increases the value of the other properties evaluated within the same CP also tends to increase. Within these components, the treatments with lime and phosphorus dose of 200 mg kg-1 (PC1P200) and with lime and phosphorus 400 mg kg-1 (C1P400) were the major contributors to form this factor, thus, these concentrations Fertilizers are the most recommended for dry matter (DM) production and other components of CP1 (Figure 2).

Conversely, low fertilization concentrations as observed in the absence of limestone and phosphorus (C0P0), absence of limestone and 50 mg kg-1 phosphorus (C0P50) and absence of limestone and 100 mg kg-1 phosphorus (C0P100) , act in reverse, characterizing less accumulation of dry mass when adopting these fertilization concentrations.

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The variability of the second main component (CP2) is associated with P in soil and P in leaf, showing to be independent to dry mass (DM) accumulation (Table 1). Consequently, these variables have the same sign, showing that the higher the P content in the soil, the higher the P content in the leaf.

Table 1. Correlation between each property (variable) and biggets component

Variable CP1 (68,50%) CP2 (18,67%) Dry mass - DM -0,91 -0,13 P soil -0,30 -0,89 Ca soil -0,95 0,13 Mg soil -0,95 0,26 Base saturation – V% -0,92 0,22 P leaf -0,28 -0,74 Ca leaf -0,95 0,00 Mg leaf -0,96 0,03

Figure 2. Biplot graph of the main components CP1 and CP2, containing the variables: Ca soil, V%, Ca leaf, P soil, MS, Mg soil, P leaf, Mg leaf.

4 CONCLUSION

There is a nutritional relationship between phosphorus and limestone. The use of liming and phosphate fertilization is recommended for radish production, with a dose of 200 mg phosphorus per kilogram of sandy soil.

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