ICEM15
EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS
(NEW TRENOS ANO PERSPECTIVES)
Editors
J.F. Silva Gomes, Mário
A.P.
Vaz
Edições INEGI
Published by
lNEGI-lnstituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão In:1ustrial Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200465 Porto, Portug Tel'+35I 229578710; Em.,l: [email protected]
. www.inegi.up.pt
Ju!)'.2012
ISBN: 978-972-8826-25-3 Legal Deposit No: 343811/12
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, r by uny menos c cc rome, I' h
uny lorm o ' . '" n pcnnission ofthe pub IS Cf. wilhout lhe prior wn e
Prcface
Organizing Committccs ICEMl5 Trncks and Symposia Acknow!cdgrncnts
A. KEYNOTE PAPERS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3815-KP MULTIFUNCTIONAL NANO-TAILORED ADHESIVES FOR SELF-HEALTH MONITORING DF AI RCRAFT. Shakcr A. Mcguid.
3827-KP EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS IN AERONAUTICS: BEHIND THE LEGACY 500 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT. Gustavo B. Guimarães.
xxxvii xxxix xli xlii 3 5
3820-KP HIGH-SPEED, HIGH ACCURACY AND LOW COST SHAPE MEASUREMENT 7 SYSTEMS USING PHASE ANALYSIS OF GRA TlNG PROJECTED BY MULTI-UNE
LED LIGHT SOURCES. Yoshiharu Morimoto, Akihiro Masaya, Motoharu Fujigaki, Daisuke Asai.
3819-KP THE OPTICAL METHOD OF CAUSTICS FOR THE SOLUTlON OF FRACTURE MECHANICS PROBLEMS. EmmanucI Gdoulos.
2649-KP THE MEASUREMENT AND INTERPRETA TlON OF MATERIAL AND STRUCTURALBEHA VIOURS IN MICRO LA TTICE STRUCTURES
MANUFACTURED USING SELECTlVE LASER MELTING. Robcrt A.W. Mines,
Rafidah Hasan.
9
II
3821 -KP SPEEDING UP CREEP TESTS OF NOVEL HlGH TEMPERA TURE COMPOSITES. 13 Sergei T. Milciko.
3045-KP FORENSIC DETERMINA TION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES FROM FRACTURE SURFACES. Michacl B. Prime, Adrian T. DcWald, Michacl R. Hill.
15 3825-KP EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING AND HUMAN 17
ENHANCEMENT. Mário A.P. Vazo
J826-KP MECHANICAL CHARACTERlZA TION OF STRUCTURES - FROM THE 19 MICROSCOPIC LEVEL OF MATERlALS UP TO THE STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF
BUILDrNGS. J. Filssl. K. de Borst, B. Pichlcr, J. Eberhardsteiner.
3831-KP HOW TO MEASURE THE REAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN BRITTLE
MATERJALS? PAST, PRESENT ANO FUTURE TECHNIQUES. José Ygnacio Pastor.
3823-KP EXPERIMENTAL DYNAMIC ANAL YSIS IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERlNG RESEARCH. Alfredo Campos Cosia.
B. TRACKS I MAIN TOPIS
TRACK_A: TESTlNG AND DIAGNOSTlCS 2642
2866
A TENSILE CIRCULAR RlNG METHOD FOR MEASURlNG YOUNG'S MODULUS DF THIN FLEXIBLE MULTI-LA YEREO MATERIALS. Atsumi Ohtsuki.
COMPLEX YOUNG MODULUS FOR RUBBERCORK COMPOSITES. I. Guelho, L.
Reis, M. Fontul. 21 23 25 27 29 3 I
J
5
1!J Jnfernational COllference011
Experimental Mechanics 2951 3811 3050 2678 2960 3135 2612 3161 3055 2H51 2843 2618 2818 2727RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT IN NICKEL-BASE ALLOY SINGLE CRYSTAL TURBINE BLADES. M. Belassc1, J. Pineault, M. Brauss.
RESIDUAL STRESS FIELD AND LOW-CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF INCONEL718-PLUS SUPERALLOY. V. Dattoma, M. De GlOrgl, R. Noblle.
FULL FIElO METHODS AND RESIDUAL STRESS ANAL YSIS IN ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL: A SIMPUFIED APPROACH. Anlomo Baldl.
THE EFFECT OF POST QUENCH DELA Y ON RESIDUAL STRESSES IN COlO COMPRESSED ALUMINIUM FORGlNGS. Jeremy S. Robinson, David A. Tanner, Peler Tieman.
MAKING THE CUT FOR THE CONTOUR METHOD. P. John Bouchurd, Peter Ledgard, Stnn Hiller.
RESIDUAL STRESS CHARACTERIZATION OF A LASER WElOED TlTANn;M RlNG USING MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES. John O. Milcwskl, Mlchael L. Stemzlg, BJom Clauscn, Ching-Fong Chen.
DIFFRACTlON MEASUREMENT OF PLASTIC STRAIN IN A533B FERRITIC STEEL _ A FEASIBILlTY STUDY. Simon J. Lewis, Christopher E. Truman.
RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT OF A FRICTION STlR WELDED STRINGER TO SKIN LAP JOINT BY NEUTRON
D1FFRA
C
TIO~
.
Michael Bach, Mlchnel Ghnrghouri, Ronald Rogge, Ali Merati, Bobert Sell, Xm Wang.RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENT USING THE CONTOUR METHOD: PROCEDURE OPTIMIZATlON. Daniel F.O. Braga, Valcntm Rlchter-Trummer, Paulo M.S.T. Castro.
NEW METHODOLOGY TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESSES BASED ON FBG SENSORS. P.M.G.P. Moreim, J.E.P.C. RibeirO, R. Barbosa.
ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN WElOED ELEMENTS ANO STRUCTURES. Yuri F. Kudryavtsev.
TEMPORARILY THERMAL RELAXATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS. Chcn-Wu Wu. EXPERIMENTAL VALlDATlON OF DIFFERENT CALCULATlON METHODS BY HDM RESIDUAL STRESS MEASUREMENTS. ~alerina Cusavola, GlOvannl Pappalettera, Cannine Pappalettere, Francesca Tursl.
EVALUATION OF RESIDUAL STRESS ON WElOS USING LASER
INTERFEROMETRY. Kyeongsuk Kim, Dongsoo Kim, Hyunchul Jung, Dongpyo Hong, Sungmo Yang, Changdoo Kee, Hoseob Chang.
SYMP 21: SHAPE MEMORY MATERIALS
- TEMPERATURE ASSESSMENT OF TINI SHAPE MEMOR Y ALLOY
SUBJE~~ED
TO 2921-IP COMPRESSION AT QUASISTATlC AND DYNAMIC STRAIN RATES.~.A.I
,~czyska.
H. Tobushi, K. Takeda, K. Kulasinski, Z. Kowalewskl, W. Mocko, J. Luckncr (lnvlted
2858
2949
2816
Papcr).
IN SITU STUDY OF THERMOMECHANICAL CYCLlNG. OF SHAPE MEMORY .
ALLOYS. Francisco Braz Fernandes, Karimbi K. Mahesh, Filipe Neves, Andreas Stark, Norbert Schcll.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERlZATION BY X-RA Y DIFFRACTlON OF LASER WELDED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS.
F.~.
Braz Femand:s, K.K. Mahesh, C.M. Craciunescu, J.P. Oliveira, N. Schell, R.M. Miranda, J.L. Ocana.EFFECTS OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS ON MECHANICAL CYCLlNG OF. L LASER WELDED SMAS. J.P Oliveira, L.A. Vieira. F.M. Braz Fernandes, R. Mu.mda, J . . Ocana. 1115 1117 1119 1121 1123 1125 1127 1129 1131 1133 1135 1137 1139 1141 1143 1145 1147 1149 1151
xxxiv
Porlo/Portl/gal,
22-27
lI/I)' 2012EXPERiMENTAL NfECHANICS. Neli' Trend'i Qnd Perspeclives
29ó3-IP ANOMALOUS PLASTlC BEHA VIOR \VITH LOCALlZED LA TTICE ROTATION IN GUM METAL. Shigeru Kuramoto, Daigo Setoyama, Tadahiko Furuta, Elisabeth Withey, John W. Morris Jr. (Invited Paper).
SVMP _22: EXPERIMENTAL METHÇOS IN THERMAL SCIENCES
3007-IP TECHNIQUES FOR MEASUREMENT OF AIR INFILTRATlON IN SPACES AND FORCED VENTILATION IN AIR DUCTS. Clito F. Afonso (lnvited Paper).
3803 DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DEVICE FOR HVAC AIR FLOW MEASUREMENT. António R. Silva, Clito F. Afonso.
3179 COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE OF A V ARlABLE AREA RA TIO
STEAM EJECTOR. Szabolcs Varga, Annando C. Oliveira, Xiaoli Ma, Siddig A. Omer, Wei Zhang, SafTa 8. Riffat.
3108 MODELlNG AND SIMULATlON OF COOLlNG OF A FOOD PACKAGED IN GLASS CYLlNDRlCAL GEOMETRY. Jesus Barrera, Hemán Estrada.
3121 OPTlMIZATlON OF A REFRlGERATION SYSTEM FORCOOLlNG DRAFT BEER. João Faria, Clito F. Afonso, Joaquim Gabriel, Annando Araujo, Jorge Pires, Cristina Silva, Annando Oliveira.
2961 SHEET METAL FORMING USING HEATED STEAM ENERGY. Mohscn Saidi, Mohamed-Ali Rezgui, Mahfoudh Ayadi, Mourad Bouafia, Walid Nnsri, Ali Zghnl.
3755-IP CONTROLLING AIR TEMPERATURE VARlATlONS INSIDE REFRlGERATION
CABINES BASEO ON ANN AND EXPERIMENTS. Carlos C. António, Clito F. Afonso (lnvited Papcr).
2991 HYDRAULlC PATHS FOLLOWED BY SOILS DURlNG SUCTlON MEASUREMENT WITH DEW-POINT PSYCHROMETER. Rafacla Cardoso, Enrique Romero.
SYMP _23: OVNAMICS, ST ABlLlTV ANO CONTROL IN STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
3011 EXPERIMENTAL V ALlDATION OF A SIMPLlFIED NUMERlCAL METHOD IN THE
MODAL ANALYSIS OF THIN PIPES. Luísa Madureira, Francisco Q. Melo, Nuno V. Ramos, Jaime Monteiro, Mário A.P. Vazo
3114 LOAD TRANSMISSION TOWARD A PLASTlC RING VIA AN ELASTlC MEDIA WITH SEVERAL STIFFNESS. Jacinto Cortés, Fernando N. Gurcía, Francisco M. Sánchcz, Alberto Reycs, Rodrigo J. Montalvo.
2914 ANALYSIS OF STABILlTY IN BORlNG OPERATlON WITH SECONDARY EFFECTS. M.Ruja Sckharn Rao, M.B.5.S. Reddy, K.Rama Kotaiah, Ch. Ratnam.
3048 STABlLlTY OF A NONLlNEAR 2 DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM VEHICLE SYSTEM WITH MULTIPLE TIME-DELA YS. Raghavendra D. Naik, Pravin M. Singru.
3059 A STUDY ON THE DETERMINATION OF DESIGN LOAD FOR EXCA VATOR ATTACHMENTS FROM FIELD MEASUREMENT. Ju-Ho Kwak, 8yung-Joo Kim,Jae-Ohk Lee, Hyun-Koo Cho.
3083 NUMERICAL MODELLlNG OF TWO WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS
STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POL YMERS STRlPS. Dragos Banu, Rui C. Barros, Nicolac Taranu.
2890 COMPLEX MODAL ANAL YSIS OF A SLENDER VERTICAL ROTOR BY FINITE
ELEMENTS METHOD. Cristiano E. Agostini, Edson A.C. Sousa.
30R4 NUMERlCAL MODELLING OF STRUCTURAL RESPONSE OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE PLATES WITH CUT-OUTS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FIBER REfNFORCEO POL YMERlC COMPOSITES STRIPS. Dragos Banu, Rui C. Barros, Nicolae Taranu.
Ta
b
l
e
o/Contel/fs 1153 1155 1157 1159 1161 1163 1165 1167 1169 1171 1173 1175 1177 1179 1181 1183 1185 1187 1189xxxv
15111 lntemationa/ Conference 011 Experime1ltal lIfechanics
"'
''
,,
"
'"
"'"
00.""
'"
o. '., '.,...
-... GOF USIIl!J smooth Imol~ [5,S[
.... GOF u~ smooth)mols [10,10)
- -
-'-
---.
..
-.
-. -'.-_. -
.•.
.
.
- -. --
....
.•
b2 mm (JIi~ dcn:Ay
Figure I - Goodness of fit for difTerenl smoo[hing parame[ers
,'OO • •
IIIIi'iir".
iljii
""
iL
=:·
l
r!:::::=::j'==
='
'IT,==:!''P
~
• •
r ...
.
•
ooFigure 2 - Residual slress map obtaincd by the contour method for lhe maximum valuc ofGOF
It was concluded that the optimum results are obtained with an interpalation grid density
equal to the CMM rneasurement grid density. Conceming the nurnber af srnoothing knot
s
it
was concluded that its value rnay only be fully tuned by trial and errar but engineerin
g
judgrnent can help to obtain ncar optimum parameters.
REFERENCES
[I]-M. B. Prime
,
R. Sebring, J. Edwards, D. Hughes
,
and P. Webster. Laser surfac
c
-contouring and spline data-smoothing for residual stress measurement. Experimental
Mechanies, 44(2): 176-184,2004.
[21-M. B. Prime. Cross-sectional mapping of residual stresses by measuring the surface
contour after a cu!. Journal of Engineering MateriaIs and Technology, 123(2): 162-168, 200 L
[3]-V Richter-Trummer. Characterization ofDifferent Alluminium Alloys ofthe Series 6000
and their Joining Processes. Master thesis, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do
Porto, February 2008.
1132
Porto/Portl/gal,22-27
JlI~V 2012EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS.
Neli'
Trendsand
PerspectivesPAPERREF: 2851
NEW METHODOLOGY TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESSES BASED
ON FBG SENSORS
P.M.G.P. Moreiral'o" J.E.P.C Ribeiro', R. BurbosaI
[Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
1Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
(O)Emai/: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Residual stresses are locked-in stresses which exist in a structural part without the application
of any service or other extemalloads. The effects of residual stress rnay be either beneficiai ar
detrirnental, depending upon the magnitude, sign, and distribution of the stress with respect to
the in service applied loads. In most cases, residual stresses arise from the production processo
In arder to measure residual stress mechanical1y, the locked-in stress rnust be relieved so that
a sensor can register the change in stmin caused by the relaxation of the stress. One of the
most common methods to measure residual stresses is the hole drilling method, which can be
considered almost non-destructive due to the hole small diameter. Electrical stmin gage
rosettes are the sensors commonly used in this method. This type ofsensor can be problematic
when used on industrial environments. In arder to eliminate this drawback the present study is
focused on the development of a new methodology to replace thesc electrical sensors with
fiber optie Bragg sensors. The results obtained, partieularly with the 3.2mm length grating
sensors, were encouraging. The residual stress profile is in agreement with the one obtained
for the electrical sensors.
INTRODUCTION
Today, due to weight and cost reduction policies there is an increasing pressure to bettcr
understand the effect af residual stresses on the mechanical properties of a
component/structure. lts failure ean be due to externaI loading eonjugated with loeked-in
residual stresses. In most cases, residual stresses are created due to mechanically induced
plasticity or by thermal effeets (Withers and Bhadeshia, 2001). Quantitative estimation of
residual stresses is impartant for a safe perfonnance of structuraI components,
(Venkitakrishnan et aI., 2007).
In arder to measure residual stress mechanical1y
,
the locked-in stress must be relieved so that
a sensor can register the change in stmin caused by the relaxation of the stress. One of the
most common methods to measure residual stresses is the hole drilling method, which can be
considered almost non-destructive due to the hole small diarneter (Mathar 1934). This
method, technique widely accepted for rneasuring residual stresses, involvcs drilling a small
hole ioto the surface of a component at the centre of a special strain gage rosette and
measuring the relieved strains. This type of sensor can be problematic when used on industrial
environrnents, rnainly due to electrical noise and magnetic fields. In arder to eliminate this
drawback
,
this study is focused on the development of a new rnethodology to replace the
electrical sensors with fiber optie sensors
,
fiber Bragg grating
(FBG)
sensors. Afier
installation and residual stress measurements, this new
type
af sensors can also be used to
monitor the strain loading ofthe component during service.
15th JllIemational COIiferel1ce 011 Experimental Mechallics
RESULTS
A MIG welded plate was used as a component containing residual stresses. Two fiber optic
rosettes, with 1.6 and 3.2mm gratings, were developed and tested. For comparison, tw
o
similar electric strain gage rosettes were also used. A detai! of a FBG rosette is presented in
Figure
1.
The results obtained for the 3.2mm sensor length
,
for the case of an clectrical and a
FBG rosette, are presented in Figure 2.
Figure I - Experimental sctup, libcr optical roscttc. Figure 2 - Residual stress lield, 3.2mm Icngth scnsors.
CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained, particularly with the 3.2mm length grating sensors, were encouragin
g
.
The residual stress profile is in agreement with the one obtained with eleetrical sensors
.
N
e
w
developments are being perfonned in arder to improve the methodology already developed.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
P. Moreira acknowledges POPH (Programa Operacional Potencial Humano) QREN
(
Quadro
de Referência Estratégico Nacional) - Tipologia 4.2 promotion of scientific employrnent
funded by the ESF (European Soeial Fund) and MCTES (Ministério da Ciência
,
Tecnolo
g
ia
c
Ensino Superior). The support of Universidade do Porto Pluridiseiplinar projects program is
also acknowledge. The FBG sensors were kindly supplied by FiberSensing.
REFERENCES
[I]-Withers P. and Bhadeshia H., Overview - Residual stress part 2 - Nature and ori
g
ins.
Materiais Seience and Technology
,
2001. 17(4): p. 366-375.
[2]-Venkitakrishnan P., Philip J.
,
and Krishnamurthy R., An assessment of stresses in thin
walled welded tubes through hole drilling and sectioning methods. Joumal of Mat
e
riais
Processing Technology, 2007. 185(1-3): p. 228-232.
[3]-Mathar J., Detennination oflnitial Stresses by Measuring the Defonnation Around Drilled
Holes. ASME Transactions, 1934.56
(
4): p. 249-254.
1134
Porto/Portugal,22-27 Ju(
1' 2012EXPER1 JvlENTAL MECHANICS. New Trelld~ and Perspecrives
PAPER REF: 2R43
ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENT OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN
WELDED ELEMENTS AND STRUCTURES
Yuri Kudryavtscv(')
Structurallntegrity Tcchnologics Inc., Markham, Ootario, Canada
(.)Emai/: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
The objective of the study dcscribed in this paper is to identify the residual stress distribution
and relaxation in standard welded specimens, large-scale welded panel imitating criticai
,
from
the fatigue point ofview, zones ofwe!ded structure. The RS were measured after welding and
in the process of fatigue loading of welded elements by the UltraMARS system that is based
on using ultrasound
.
INTRODUCTION
The residual stresses (RS) are one of the main faetors detennining the fatigue strength of
materiais, parts and welded elements and this faetor should be taken into aceount during the
design and manufacturing of different products (Trufyakov
,
1995). Although certain progress
has becn achicved in the developrnent of different experimental techniques, a considerable
effort is still required to develop efficient and cost-effeetivc methods of residual stress
analysis (Kudryavtsev
,
2008). The application of an ultrasonic non-destructive method for
residual stress measurernents had shown that
,
in many cases, this tcehnique is very efficicnt
and allows measuring the residual stresses both in Iaboratory conditions and in real structurcs
in field for a wide range ofmaterials
(
Kudryavtsev. 1985
)
.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The rneasurements af welding residual stress were perfonned for 8 and 15 mm thick
specimens with longitudinal attachments welded from both sides and a large-scale welded
pane!. The main plate dimensions are 700x115mm and 600x70mm for 15mm and 8mm thick
specimens, respectively. The process ofresidual stress rneasurement in 15 mm thick specimen
by using the UltraMARS system is presented in Figure
I.
Figure I - Process af mcasurcmcnt ofrcsidual strcsscs in a wc!dcd spccimcn using the UltraMARS-7 systcm