Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡
❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❈❧✉st❡rs ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠
Pr♦❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡
▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s
❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❡té✐❛ P✳ ❋❛✈❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❱♦♥ P❛✉♠❣❛rtt❡♥
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✖ ❯♥❇ ■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❊①❛t❛s
❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❡té✐❛ P✳ ❋❛✈❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❱♦♥ P❛✉♠❣❛rtt❡♥ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ ✖ ❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❙❡♥❛ ✖ ■▼❊✴❯❊❘❏
❈■P ✖ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦
❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▼❡♥❞❡s✳
▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❈❧✉s✲ t❡rs ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠ Pr♦❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✴ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛✳ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛ ✿ ❯♥❇✱ ✷✵✶✹✳
✶✶✷ ♣✳ ✿ ✐❧✳ ❀ ✷✾✱✺ ❝♠✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✖ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ✷✵✶✹✳
✶✳ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ ✷✳ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s✱ ✸✳ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✹✳ ❈❧✉st❡r✱ ✺✳ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ✻✳ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s
❈❉❯ ✵✵✹✳✷✼✷✿✵✵✹✳✷✼✺
❊♥❞❡r❡ç♦✿ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛
❈❛♠♣✉s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐tár✐♦ ❉❛r❝② ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ✖ ❆s❛ ◆♦rt❡ ❈❊P ✼✵✾✶✵✲✾✵✵
Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛r ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❡
❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❈❧✉st❡rs ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠
Pr♦❞✉t♦r❡s ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r❡s ❇❛s❡❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡
▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s
❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❡té✐❛ P✳ ❋❛✈❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❱♦♥ P❛✉♠❣❛rtt❡♥ ✭❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✮
❈■❈✴❯♥❇
Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❜❛ ❈r✐st✐♥❛ ▼❛❣❛❧❤ã❡s ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ▼❡❧♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❞❛ ❈♦st❛ ❙❡♥❛
❈■❈✴❯♥❇ ■▼❊✴❯❊❘❏
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▲❛❞❡✐r❛
❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❞❡❞✐❝❛❞♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❖s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s sã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠❛❞❛ ✜❧❤❛ ❍❡❧♦ís❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ✐r♠ã♦ ❇❡♥í❝✐♦✱ ♠✐♥❤❛s ❛♠❛❞❛s ♠ã❡ ❙♦❝♦rr♦ ❡ ✐r♠ãs ❙✐❧✈❛♥❛ ❡ ❋❧ór✐❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❡ ❝✉♥❤❛❞♦ ❱❧❛❞♠✐r✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❛♠✐❣❛ ◆❛tá❧✐❛ ❡ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ✈❡r❞❛❞❡✐r♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r❛♠ ♥♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❯♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❢♦rt❡ ❡ s✐♥❝❡r♦ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❇❡♥í❝✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❧✉t❛♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❞♦s ✜❧❤♦s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❞❡ ❜❡♠ ❡ ❤♦♥r❛❞❛s✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s à ❆✉t♦tr❛❝✱ ❛q✉✐ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❈❛r❧♦s ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡✱ ❋❡r✲ ♥❛♥❞♦ ❋❡❧✐✉✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ▼ü❤❡✱ ●✐❧♥❡✐ ❈❛r❞♦s♦ ❡ ❍✐❞❡r❛❧❞♦ ❇❡r♥❛r❞♦✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡♠ ❛❝r❡❞✲ ✐t❛r ♥♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♥❞♦ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥✲ t❛çõ❡s ❡ t❡st❡s ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛✳
❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ à ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❛ ●P❙ ✭❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❋❡❧✐✉✱ P❛❜❧♦ ❆r❛♥❤❛✱ ▲✉✐③ ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥✲ ❞r❡ ❋r♦t❛✱ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ❇❛✐ã♦✱ ❋❡❧✐♣❡ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦✮✱ ❡ à ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❛ ❍❯❇ ✭❏♦ã♦ ❘♦♠❛r✐③✱ ❆❧❛♥ ❖❧í♠♣✐♦✱ ❆❧✐ss♦♥ ❋✐❡❧✱ ❲❛❧❧✐ss♦♥ ❱✐❛♥❛✱ ❘ô♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❆③❡✈❡❞♦✱ ❚❤✐❛❣♦ ❈♦r❞❡✐r♦✱ ▲✉❝✐❛♥❡ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s✱ P❡❞r♦ ❋❛r✐❛s✮ ♣♦r t❡r❡♠ ❞❛❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❡ ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
❯♠ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r✳❛ ❆❧❡té✐❛ P❛trí❝✐❛ ❋❛✈❛❝❤♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ♣❡❧❛
❡♥♦r♠❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❛♠❜✐❝✐♦s♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣ôs ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐♦✉ ✉♠ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ à t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ à ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡❧ást✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❞✐♥❛♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✜❧❛ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❡♠✱ ❡ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✈❡♥t✉❛✐s ♣❛r❛❞❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♣♦r q✉❡❞❛ ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t❡♠ ♥❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❢♦✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛r ❛s ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❧✐❜❡r❛♥❞♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛✐❧♦✈❡r ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣r❡st❛❞♦s ♠❡❧❤♦r♦✉✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çõ❡s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s ❡ ❝♦rr❡t✐✈❛s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s✱ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❈❧✉st❡r✱ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠✲ ♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❛ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ✇✐t❤ s✉♣♣♦rt ❢♦r ❢❛✉❧t t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐t② ✐♥ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❝❧✉st❡r✳ ❋♦r t❤✐s ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ❛♥ ❡❧❛st✐❝ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ t♦ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❛❞❛♣t t♦ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡q✉❡st q✉❡✉❡✱ s♦ t❤❛t ♠❡ss❛❣❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛t❡✳ ❆❧s♦ t❤❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡t✉r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❢❛✉❧t✲t♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡ t♦ s②st❡♠ ♦✉t❛❣❡s✱ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡s ♦❢ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡✱ s♦ t❤❡s❡ ❢❛✐❧✉r❡s ❞♦ ♥♦t ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧✉st❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✇❛s ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ s❡r✈❡rs ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss t❤❡ ♠❡ss❛❣❡ q✉❡✉❡✱ ❢r❡❡✐♥❣ ✐♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❧✉st❡r ❢♦r ✉s❡ ❛s ❛ ❢❛✐❧♦✈❡r ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ s②st❡♠ ♦r ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❈♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❧②✱ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❤❛s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❞✉❡ t♦ s❤♦rt❡♥❡❞ t✐♠❡ t♦ ✉♣❞❛t❡ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦♥ ❜❡❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❝t✐✈❡ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ ❋❛✉❧t ❚♦❧❡r❛♥❝❡✱ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐t②✱ ❈❧✉st❡r✱ ❍✐❣❤ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡✱ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ ◗✉❡✉❡s
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✺
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✶✳✶ ❈❧✉st❡r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷✳✶✳✷ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼
✷✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✷✳✶ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✷✳✷✳✷ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✶✺
✸✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❡♠ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✷ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✷✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✸ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✸✳✶ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✸✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸✳✸✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✸✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❉❡s✈✐♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✸✳✺ ❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✹✺
✹✳✶ ❯♠❛ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❋ís✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✷ ❖♥③❡ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❆❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❯♠ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❋ís✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸ ❆❞❡q✉❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❙❊❘❱❙■▼ ♣❛r❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹✳✸✳✶ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✸✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦✲ ♥❡①ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✹ ❙❊❘❱❙■▼ ❈♦♠♣❛t✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❙✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡ ❆❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❘❡❛❧ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡✲
t✉r❛ ✺✻
✺✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✺✳✷ ❚♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❋❛❧❤❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✷✳✶ ❉✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺✳✷✳✷ ❆❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❋ís✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✸ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✸✳✶ ❙♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛ ❞❛ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✺✳✸✳✷ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❘❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❇❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♥✲ tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✸✳✸ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ▲✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺✳✸✳✹ ❈r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ▲✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❉❡s✈✐♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✸✳✺ ❆t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣ós ♦ ❘❡✐♥í❝✐♦ ❘á♣✐❞♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺✳✹ ❆❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❛♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❘❡❛❧ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ■P❈ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✹✳✷ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✹✳✸ ❋✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♥❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❘❡❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✽✸
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✽✻
❆ ❆rt✐❣♦ ❈✐❡♥tí✜❝♦✳ ✽✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❞♦s ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ✶ ❍♦r❛✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✸✳✶ ■♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞♦ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦s ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❇❉✷ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ✻ ❍♦r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✸ ❲♦r❦❡r ❚❤r❡❛❞s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❛s ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❛s ❙✉❜✜❧❛s ❙❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✹ ❲♦r❦❡r ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❞♦ ❚✐♣♦ ❩❚ ❡ ❈❚ ❆ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às ❙✉❜✜❧❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✸✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸✳✻ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ▼♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣ ❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❉♦✇♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✼ Pr♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✾✺✪ ❞❛ ▼é❞✐❛ ❡st❛r ♥♦ ▼á①✐♠♦ ❛ ❉♦✐s ❉❡s✈✐♦s✲P❛❞rã♦✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸✳✽ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ♣❛r❛ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ à ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸✳✾ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❈❚ ❡ ❩❚ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❞❛ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹✳✶ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❞♦ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❛ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹✳✷ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥❛s ❋✐❧❛s ❞♦ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❛ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✸ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡ ❞♦ ❙❊❘❱❙■▼ ❝♦♠ ✹✹ ❈♦♥❡①õ❡s ❚❈P ❙✐♠✉❧tâ♥❡❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✹ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❝♦♠ ✶✶ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ❆❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✶ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹✳✺ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♥❛s ❋✐❧❛s ❝♦♠ ✶✶ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ❆❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❯♠ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r✳ ✺✵
✹✳✻ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙◗▲ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❘❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❛✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✼ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ P♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❛s ❈♦♥t❛s ♣♦r ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ ✻ ▼❡s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✽ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♥ss❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❘❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✶✺ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡①ã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✾ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ♣❛r❛ ❘❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✶✺ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣♦r ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡①ã♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✶ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✭✽ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✮ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ s❡♠ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✺✳✷ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✭✽ ♥ú❝❧❡♦s✮ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✸ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❝♦♠ ✶✶ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ❆❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❋ís✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✺✳✹ ❋✐❧❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ✶✶ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ❆❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❋ís✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✺✳✺ Pr♦❞✉t♦r ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❝♦♠ ✺✵♠s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺✳✻ Pr♦❞✉t♦r ❛ ✶✵♠s ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❛ ✺✵♠s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺✳✼ Pr♦❞✉t♦r ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❛ ✺✵♠s ❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❲♦r❦❡r ❇✉✛❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✺✳✽ Pr♦❞✉t♦r ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❛ ✺✵♠s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦✳ ✻✼
✺✳✾ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❚❤r❡❛❞s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✺✳✶✵ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❆t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✺✳✶✶ ◆♦✈♦ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛✲ ❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✺✳✶✷ ◆♦✈♦ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❝♦♠ ❛s ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛❧✐③❛✲ çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✺✳✶✸ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✺✳✶✹ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❝♦♠ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶✺ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ❘❛❥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❚rês ❈♦♥t❛s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✺✳✶✻ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❝♦♠ ❘❛❥❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❚rês ❈♦♥t❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✶✼ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❛♣ós ♦ ❘❡✐♥í❝✐♦ ❘á♣✐❞♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✺✳✶✽ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❛♣ós ♦ ❘❡✐♥í❝✐♦ ❘á♣✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✺✳✶✾ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❞❛ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ▼❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✺✳✷✵ ❊♥✜❧❡✐r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❈♦♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❋✐❧❛s ❞♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❡♥✲ s❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✺✳✷✶ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❛♣ós ❛ ❆❞❡q✉❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✳ ✽✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❍✐stór✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❙❡✐s ▼❡s❡s ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✷ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡①ã♦ ♣♦r ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞♦ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❇❉✷ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ✻ ❤♦r❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✸✳✸ Pr✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦s Pr♦❝❡ss♦s ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✹ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✺ ❆♥t❡s ❞♦ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳✻ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✸✳✼ ❆♥t❡s ❞♦ ▼♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❉♦✇♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸✳✽ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❉♦✇♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ✸✵✵ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✷ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s ❘❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦s ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞❡ Pr♦❞✉çã♦ ❡ ❙❊❘❱❙■▼ ✭✸✵✵ ♠❡♥s❛✲ ❣❡♥s✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✹✳✹ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ P♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❛s ❈♦♥t❛s ♣♦r ❈r♦♥♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡①ã♦✳ ✺✶
✹✳✺ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❛s ♣♦r ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❙❛t❡❧✐t❛❧✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❱❡rsã♦ ❆t✉❛❧ ❡♠ Pr♦❞✉çã♦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✷ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✺✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ▲ó❣✐❝❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r ❋ís✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✺✳✹ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✺✳✺ ◆♦✈♦s ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺✳✻ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❚❤r❡❛❞s ♥♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✺✳✼ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ♥♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ▲✐♠✐t❡s ❞❡ ❈P❯✳ ✻✾
✺✳✽ ▼❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❆♥t❡s ❞♦ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✺✳✾ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❈P❯ ❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✺✳✶✵ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✺✳✶✶ ❆♥t❡s ❞♦ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❉♦✇♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s
✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❲♦r❦❡r ❚❤r❡❛❞s ■♥✐❝✐❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❙❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❚♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ❘❡♠♦✈✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❙❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ▲✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹ ❆✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚❤r❡❛❞s ▲✐♠✐t❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❉❡s✈✐♦ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ▼é❞✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❛í❞❛ ♣♦r ❈♦♥t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✺ ❚❤r❡❛❞ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✻ ❲♦r❦❡r ❚❤r❡❛❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✼ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❞❛ ❱❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❊♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ❙❛í❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✽ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣ ❝♦♠ ❘❛❥❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✾ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❯♣ s❡♠ ❘❛❥❛❞❛s✱ ❡ ❙❝❛❧❡ ❉♦✇♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❯♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r✲ t✐❧❤❛♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ ❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❛ss✐♥❝r♦♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣❛ss❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ❝❛♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❧✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ çã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦
❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❬✶✻❪✳
❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ s✉r❣✐r ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❡ ❛s ❡✈♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡st❡s ❢❛t♦r❡s ✜③❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊♥tr❡ ❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡stã♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❡ t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛♦ ❞❡ ♠❛✐♥❢r❛♠❡s✳
❊♥tr❡ ♦s ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡①✐st❡ ♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ✭❝❧✉st❡r✮✱ q✉❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛✲s❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❤♦♠♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡
❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❬✹❪✳ ❖ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛
❞❡ ❋❧②♥♥ ❬✶✵❪✱ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ▼■▼❉ ✭▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡
❉❛t❛✮✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦s ❝❧✉st❡rs ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❢r❛❝♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ t❡♠
s✉❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♥ós ❬✷✽❪✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛
✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✲ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r❡♠ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦✱ ❡ q✉❡ sã♦ ✈✐st♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❡①❡❝✉t❛r s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ✐♥stâ♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❖ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ♦s ♥ós ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❡st❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❝❧✉st❡r t❡♠ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦ à ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛s✱ s❡♠ ❛ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦s
♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❬✼❪✳
P❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❡ss❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❡ ❛❜str❛✐ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s♦✉ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✺✽ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s✳ ❆s ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çõ❡s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✉r❛♠ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ três ❤♦r❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❛s ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛çõ❡s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛✈✐s♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❛♦s s❡✉s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❣❡♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✇♥t✐♠❡✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ✜❝❛ ✐♥❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❝♦♥t❛ ❞❡ r♦t✐♥❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ✜❝❛ ✐♥♦♣❡r❛♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r q✉❡❞❛ ♦✉ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✳ ❆♠❜❛s ❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❧❡✈❛♠ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣r❡st❛❞♦s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❡st❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❡✜❝✐✲ ❡♥t❡ ❡ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❛ ❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❖ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ❡❧ást✐❝♦ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r ❞✐♥❛✲ ♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ✜❧❛s✱ ❡ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❛ q✉❡❞❛s ❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ r❡ss❛❧t❛r q✉❡ ♥❡ss❡ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❡ ♦ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♥s♦♠❡ q✉❛s❡ ✶✵✵✪ ❞❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ é ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛ ♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❡ ♦ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❝♦♠ ♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♠ó✈❡✐s ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ♥♦s ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛❞♦s✱ ❡ ❡❧❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✽✵ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛♣ós ♦ tér♠✐♥♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ q✉❡ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✭♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✵ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✮✱ ♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ✜❝❛ ♦❝✐♦s♦ ❡s♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦
❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ✽✵ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳ ❊ss❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛✶✳✶✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s
✉t✐❧✐③❛♠ ❛ ❈P❯ ❡♠ r❛❥❛❞❛s ♠✉✐t♦ rá♣✐❞❛s ❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ✜❝❛♠ ♦❝✐♦s♦s ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ✉s♦ ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❡st❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ♥♦t❛✲s❡ q✉❡ é ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❡ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦ ✉s♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❈P❯ ❞♦s ❙❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ✶ ❍♦r❛✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❛♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
P❛r❛ ❝✉♠♣r✐r ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
• ▲❡✈❛♥t❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❝rít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s✱
r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦s t❡♠❛s t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳
• ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛s
❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
• Pr♦♣♦r ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✳
• ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
• ❚❡st❛r ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳
• ❱❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✳
• P✉❜❧✐❝❛r ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①✲
♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳
✶✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ♦s ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡s✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❝❧✉st❡r ❡✱ ❡♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❝r✐t✐❝❛ ❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❛rt✐❣♦s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦s t❡♠❛s t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✱ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s t❡st❡s ❛ s❡r❡♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦✳ ❖ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ♠♦str❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡ ❛s ❛❞❛♣t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❛❞❡q✉❛çõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡❛❧ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✳ P❛r❛ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛r✱ ♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ♣❡rt✐♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❜r❡✈❡♠❡♥t❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t♦♠♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✳
✷✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s
❆ ❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ✐♥t❡♥s♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ❣❡r❛r❛♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❡ss❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✉ ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉tô✲ ♥♦♠♦s ❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ q✉❡ s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t❡
❬✷✾❪✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❡ss❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ♦✉ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❞✉❛s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✳
❆ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t♦✉ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s✳ ❊①✐s✲
t❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦ ✭❝❧✉st❡r✮ ❬✹❪✱ ❣r❛❞❡
❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❣r✐❞✮ ❬✷✸❪ ❡ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✭❝❧♦✉❞✮ ❬✷✸❪✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ❞❛❞♦
ê♥❢❛s❡ ❛♦s ❝❧✉st❡rs ✭❛❣❧♦♠❡r❛❞♦s✮✱ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ s❡rá ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❈❧✉st❡r ❈♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣
◆❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s✱ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞❛s ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ❧♦❝❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦
s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ➱ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛
❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡♥s✐✈❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ❡♠ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧❛s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❬✷✾❪✳
◆♦s ❝❧✉st❡rs✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ é ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ♣❧❛t❢♦r♠❛ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❢r❛✲ ❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝♦♣❧❛❞❛✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó t❡♠ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛s♦ ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ❢❛❧❤❡ ✭❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♦✉ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✮✱ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t❛ ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s s❡r❡♠ ✈✐st♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ú♥✐❝♦✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r é ❛ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ q✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ✐♠♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ r❡st❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ é ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s s❡ ♣❛r❡ç❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ✐s♦❧❛❞♦✳
❯♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r ❡stá ❧✐❣❛❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣♦❞❡r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❡ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ ❡ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❜❛r❛t♦s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝✉st♦✲❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ s❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♥❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r é ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡t♦ ❡ ❛✉tô♥♦♠♦✱ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❛✉♠❡♥t❛✱ ❛ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ✜❝❛r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ❛✐♥❞❛ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♠❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❬✹❪✿
• ❈❧✉st❡r ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦
➱ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❛ ❝❛r❣❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳
• ❈❧✉st❡r ❞❡ ❆❧t❛ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
Pr♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♦ ♠❛✐♦r t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡♠ ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ sã♦ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❝✉❥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡r ❛t✐✈♦s ♣♦r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉s♦✱ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡✐♥í❝✐♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ✐♥✐♥t❡rr✉♣t❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡♠ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❡rr♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s s❡✲ ❥❛♠ t♦❧❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
• ❈❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❣❛
❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦♥✐t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♥♦ s❡✉ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❡ ❡♠ s❡✉s ♠❡❝❛✲ ♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛✳
• ❈❧✉st❡r ❍í❜r✐❞♦
❈❧✉st❡r q✉❡ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦s ❝❧✉st❡rs ❝✐t❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✳
❯♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r é ❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐✲ ❧✐t❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡♠ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✱ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✳ ❱ár✐♦s ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡s
♣r♦✈❡ê♠ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❬✷✾❪✱
♣❛r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛❜str❛✐r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐str✐✲ ❜✉í❞❛s✳
❊ss❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❡ á❣✐❧✱ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦✱ à ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s✱ à ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ à ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ s❡çã♦ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❡ss❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✳
✷✳✶✳✷ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡
❖ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✱ ♣r♦♣♦r✲
❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ tr❛♥s♣❛rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❬✶✻❪✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡❧❡
é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♦✉ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r❛✲ ❣❡♠ ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❬✼❪✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❡❧❡✈❛ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥✈♦❝❛çã♦ r❡♠♦t❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ♥♦t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡✈❡♥t♦s✱ tr❛♥s♠✐ssã♦ ❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ é ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦✈ê ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♠❛s❝❛r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s✱
❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✱ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❬✼❪✳
❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡r ✉t✐❧✐③❛✲s❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧✲
♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❈❖❘❇❆ ❬✷✾❪✱ ❘▼■ ❬✼❪✱ ❘P❈ ❬✼❪✱ ❉❈❖▼ ❬✶✻❪✱ ▼P■ ❬✺❪✱ ♦✉
❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❆P■✶ ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮ ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐❛✱ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲
çã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡st❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛✳
❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣r♦✲ ✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r s✉❛s ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡s✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ sã♦ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛r ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣❡❝✉❧✐❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ s❡❥❛♠ ❝✉st♦♠✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡st❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s✳
❆ss✐♠✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ é q✉❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❛✐♥❞❛ r❡q✉❡r❡♠
✶❯♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝♦♥s✐st✐♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❬✷✾❪✳
s✉♣♦rt❡ ♥♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡rr♦s ❡ ❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✳ ❆s ❝❤❡❝❛❣❡♥s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✈ã♦ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦rr❡t♦ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦✱ ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❣❡r❛r ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡s♣❡r❞í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛ ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✱ q✉❡ ♣r❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❤á ♠✉✐t♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡ ❡①t❡r♥♦ ❛♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❡♠ ❝♦rr❡t❛♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞✐ss♦✱ ♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❬✶✻❪✳
◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ s❡rá ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♣ró①✐♠❛ s❡çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐s✲ tr✐❜✉í❞♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♠✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠✲s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❊ss❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ■P❈ ✭■♥t❡r♣r♦❝❡ss ❈♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✮✳
✷✳✶✳✸ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♣r♦❝❡ss♦
❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ■♥t❡r♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✲ ■P❈ ✭■♥t❡r♣r♦❝❡ss ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐❝❛t✐♦♥✮ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ ❡❧❛ é ♦
❝♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞s✐tr✐❜✉í❞♦s ❬✷✾❪✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ■P❈ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ✉♥✐①✲❧✐❦❡
s❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❬✶✶❪✿
• P✐♣❡s
❙ã♦ t✐♣♦s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❋■❋❖ ✭❋✐rst ■♥ ❋✐rst ❖✉t✮✳
• ❋✐❧❛s ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s
❆s ✜❧❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ♣r♦✈❡❡♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ssí♥❝r♦♥❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❋■❋❖ ✭❋✐rst ■♥ ❋✐rst ❖✉t✮✳
• ❙❡♠á❢♦r♦s
❙ã♦ ♣r✐♠✐t✐✈❛s ❛tô♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s✐♥❝r♦✲ ♥✐③❛çã♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❛❝❡ss❛♠ ✉♠ r❡❝✉rs♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛✳
• ❈♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼❡♠ór✐❛
➱ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❞❡ ■P❈✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ é ❛❝❡ss❛❞❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s s❡♠á❢♦r♦s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛r ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛✳
• ❙♦❝❦❡ts
❙ã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❝❛♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❢✉❧❧ ❞✉♣❧❡① ♣❛r❛ ❡♥✈✐❛r ❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♥ã♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♠áq✉✐♥❛s✳
