ANOMALIES OF SAND FLEES IN VENEZUELA. (*)
M. Dora Feliciangeli (**) Reina Ordonez (***) C M . Aguilar (***)
ABSTRACT
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L.6hannonJ. , L. Zi c hy l and L. g o me z Z , and t he, deAchlpt ion 0¾ a t t t mt oZoglcaZ u. nA.de.nt if ce.d malo..(*) This work formed part of a thesis approved for the Ph.D degree at the University of London.
Parasitologfa. Faeultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Nucleo Aragua, Apartado 4944, Maracay, Venezuela.
(***) Parasitologia. Faeultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo, Valen-cia, Venezuela.
ACTA AMAZONzyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA ICA, 15( 1-2) : 1 5 7 - 1 6 6 - 1985- 1 5 7 I n 1971 Ab o n n e n c e t a l. r e v i e we d t he mo r p h o l o g i c a l a b n o r ma l i t i e s of s a nd f l i e s .
They poi nt e d o u t t ha t t he mo r e c o mmo n a n o ma l i e s we r e o f t he g e n i t a l i a o f t he ma l e s
pa r t i c ul a r l y t he p r e s e n c e o f s u p e r n u me r a r y s p i n e s on o n e s i de o f t he s t y l e .
Th e y l i s t e d 3>k s a nd f l y s p e c i me n s wi t h s u p e r n u me r a r y s p i n e s , n i n e t e e n of whi c h
bel onged t o 10 s p e c i e s o f t h e Ol d Wo r l d : S e r g e n t o my i a mi nut a ( Ronda n i ,
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1 843) ; Phl e bo t o muspapat as i ( Sc o p o l i , 17 8 6 ) ; P. ma j o r An n a n d a l e , 19 10 ; P. p e r n i c i o s u s Ne ws t e a d , 1911; S. af r i c anus ( Ne ws t e a d , 19 12 ) ; P. ma s c i t t i i Gr a s s i , 19 0 8 ; P. o r i e nt a l i s Pa r r o t , 1936; S. c Vy_
de« ( Si nt on, 19 2 8 ) ; P. a r i a s i To n n o i r , 19 2 1; a n d S. i ng r a mi ( Ne ws t e a d , 1912
*) a nd t he
r emai ni ng f i f t e e n t o 10 s p e c i e s o f t he Ne w Wo r l d : Lu t z o my i a f i s c he r i ( Pi n t o , 19 26 ) ; L.
mangabe i r a na ( Ba r r e t t o & Co u t i n h o , 1 9 4 1 ) ; L. a y r o z a i ( Ba r r e t t o & Cout i n h o l 9 1 0 );L. t r avas s os l
( Ma nga be i r a , 19 ^ 1) ; L. a r a g a o i ( Cos t a Li ma , 1 9 3 2 ) ; L. ba due l e ns i s ( Fl oc h & Ab o n n e n c ,
1941) ; L. r o r o t a e ns i s ( Fl oc h & Ab o n n e n c , 1 9 ^ ) ; L. p a c a e ( Fl oc h & Ab o n n e n c , 1943) ; L.
whi t man"! ( Lut z & Ne i v a , 1 9 1 2 ) ; L. l o ng i pa l pi s ( Lut z & Ne i v a , 19 12 ) .
A r e d u c t i o n i n t h e n u mb e r o f s t yl e s p i n e s , b y a t r o p h y or f u s i o n , s e e me d t o be muc h
r ar er , s i nc e t he a u t h o r s r e p o r t e d o n l y 4 i n d i v i d u a l s o f f our s p e c i e s wi t h t hi s abnor maJ _
a n d 5 i n t he nor ma l o n e ; o n e
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
S . mi n u t a wh i c h h a d o n l y t h r e e i ns t e a d o f f o u r s pi ne s inb o t h s t y l e s ; o n e L. pa c a e wi t h a u n i r e d u c t i o n t o t hr e e s p i n e s , not f o u r , a n d one S.
s i mi l l i mu s ( Ne ws t e a d ,
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
19 1' * ) wi t h o n l y o n e a pi c a l s p i n e o n o n e s t y l e a n d t he nor ma l numbero f A o n t he o t h e r .
Of p a r t i c u l a r i nt e r e s t a r e t he a n o ma l i e s i n t he c i b a r i u n o f t he f e ma l e s . A r educ
t i on o f t he numbe r of t he c i ba r i a l t e e t h wa s o b s e r v e d by Pa r r ot & Ha bi bi ( 19 ^ 6 ) i n S,
mi n u t a pa r r o t i ( Adl e r & Th e o d o r , 1927) a n d i n S. c l y de i by Qu t u b u d d i n ( 19 6 1) , a nd t he
a b s e n c e of t he p i g me n t p a t c h i n S . i ng r a mi wa s n o t i c e d by Ki r k & Le wi s ( 1 9 5 1 ) .
A p e c u l i a r a n o ma l y not r e f e r r e d by Ab o n n e n c e t a l. ( 1971) wa s o b s e r v e d i n Ve ne
-z u e l a n s a n d f l i e s . Or t i -z 0 9 6 3 ) f o u n d o n e ma l e , c l a s s i f i e d by h i m a s b e l o n g i n g t o t he
g r o u p " c a y e n n e n s i s - mi c r o p y g u s " , wh i c h s h o we d o n e mi d - l e g wi t h d e f o r ma t i o n a n d f us i on of
t he 5 t h t a r s a l s e g me n t a n d o n e h i n d l e g a l s o d e f o r me d , r e d u c e d i n s i z e , a n d l a c ki ng t he
n a i l s . One s t r i k i n g f a c t i n Ab o n n e n c ' s p a p e r i s t he o mi s s i o n o f t he a 1 r e a dy known cases
o f g y n a n d r o mo r p h i s m i n P. a r i a s ! ( Ri oux e t a l . , 1965) a n d i n L. l o ng i pa l pi s ( Sher l ock,
I 9 5 8 ) , wh i c h ma y be c o n s i d e r e d a s a t e r a t o l o g i c a l ma l f o r ma t i o n .
Wa t t a l ( 19 79 ) d e s c r i b e d t he r e d u c t i o n o f t he n u mb e r o f s p i n e s o f t he d i s t i s t y 1 e i n P. papat as i
a n d S, ba bu b a b u . On e f e ma l e o f S e r g e n t o my i a de nt a da ( Si n t o n , 19 33) wa s o b s e r v e d t o have an
u n a r me d c i b a r i u m { Le ge r e t al . , 19 8 2 ) . Fi v e mo r e c a s e s of g y n a n d r o mo r p h i s m ha ve been
d e s c r i b e d , t wo of P. o r i e nt a l I s ( As h f o r d , 19 7* 0 a n d t h r e e of S. mi n u t a ( Ri oux e t al .
19 7V, Adda di & De d e d 1 9 7 7 ; Le g e r e t al . 19 8 2 ) .
I n t he Ne w Wo r l d , Al me i d a ( 1970) n o t i c e d a n o ma l i e s i n " L. a n d u z e i " ( Rozeboom
19 ^ 2) = L. umbr a t i l i s Wa r d & Fr a i h a , 19 7 7 . On e ma l e o f t h i s s p e c i e s h a d t h r e e spi ne
a n d a n o t h e r f i ve s p i n e s i ns t e a d o f t he nor ma l f our o n t he d i s t i s t y l e . Al me i d a ( l oc
c i t . ) a l s o r e p o r t e d a s i mi l a r a n o ma l y i n L. r o r o t a e ns i s ( Fl oc h & Ab n n e n c , 1 9 ^ ) wi t
s i x s pi ne s i ns t e a d o f t he nor ma l f i ve o n o n e s t y l e . La t e r ( 19 71) » Ch a n i o t i s (1971
d e s c r i b e d t wo e x a mp l e s o f g y n a n d r o mo r p h i s m i n t wo f e ma l e s o f L. t r i ni da de ns i s ( News t ead
1922) a n d Ll a nos e t a l . ( 19 75) f o u n d a f e ma l e o f L. s e r r a na ( Da ma s c e n o & Ar o u c k , 19^9)
t he s p e r ma t h e c a e o f wh i c h d i f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y f r om t he t y p i c a l , be i ng compl et e!
s mo o t h , p o s s i b l y a s c o n s e q u e n c e of t he d i s t e n t i o n p r o d u c e d by a n e n o r mo u s numbe r of
s p e r ma t o z o a . Wi l l i a ms & Ca r v a l h o ( 1979) p u b l i s h a d r a wi n g o f a f e ma l e o f L. di s par
wh i c h l a c ke d t he h i n d t e e t h a n d s h o we d t he f or e t e e t h c l u s t e r e d a r o u n d t he mi ddl e
l i ne wh i l e Yo u n g ( 19 7 9 ) , i n o v e r 10 3 f e ma l e s of L. p i a ( Fa i r c h i l d & He r t i g , 1961) ,
n o t i c e d 3 s p e c i me n s wi t h 5 t e e t h i ns t e a d o f t h e nor ma l f o u r . I n t hi s n o t e t he anomal i es
o b s e r v e d i n mo r p h o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s of s a nd f l i e s o f Ve n e z u e l a a r e d e s c r i b e d :
1. One t e r a t ol ogi c a l u n i d e n t i f i e d ma l e ( Fi g. I ) ( El Pi I on de Va l l e Ho n d o , Coj edes
St a t e , 1. XI I.19 8 1). ( Co l l e c t o r : Mr . El i o Fe r n a n d e z ) .
2. Four ma l e s of L. t r i n i d a d e n s i s ( Ne ws t e a d , 1922) wi t h o n e s u p e r n u me r a r y spi ne
i n t he d i s t i s t y l e ( Fi g s . 2 t o 5) ( Sa n Es t e b a n , Ca r a b o b o St a t e , 2 5 . VI I . 1979; Onl y a f e w o t h e r r e c o r d s o f a b n o r ma l i t i e s h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d i n t h
s i n c e Ab o n n e n c ' s r e v i e w. Da ma s c e n o & Ch a d I i ( 1979) a g a i n o b s e r v e d o n e s
s pi ne o n o n e s t y l e o f P. pa pa t a s i a n d Le ge r e t a l . ( 19 8 2) i n S. mi n u t a wh i l e ,
t he Ol d Wor d
s uper numer ar y
Kaul 4
11
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
i o t - e r na nde z ; .3. Two f e ma l e s o f
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
L. t r i n i d a d e n s i s wi t h f i ve t e e t h i ns t e a d o f t he nor ma l f our i nt he c i b a r i u m ( Fi g.
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
6) ( Sa n Es t e b a n , Ca r a b o b o St a t e , 1. 1( ) . 19 7 9 a n d 9.VI I .19 7 9 ) . ( Col l . : Mr . El i o Fe r n a n d e z ) .
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
h. On e f e ma l e of L. s ha nno ni ( Dy a r , 19 29 ) a l s o wi t h f i ve t e e t h i ns t e a d of f our
( Fi g. 7) ( El Pi l on de Va l l e Ho n d o , Co j e d e s St a t e , 7 .X. 19 8 1) . ( Col l . : Mr ,
El i o Fe r n a n d e z ) .
5. Th r e e f e ma l e s o f L. l i c hy i ( Fl oc h & Ab o n n e n c , 19 50 ) wi t h t he s a me a n o ma l y
( Fi g. 8) ( El Pi l on d e Va l l e Ho n d o , Co j e d e s St a t e , 2 1 . XI .19 8 1, 3.XI 1.1 9 8 1 ; So
-l a n o , 13 .VI . 19 8 1) . ( Col l . : Mr . E1i o Fe r n a n d e z ) .
6 . On e f e ma l e of L. g o me z i ( Ni t z u l e s c u , 1931) wi t h f i ve t e e t h a nd a not he r L . g o me z i
wi t h o n l y t h r e e t e e t h i n t he c i b a r i u m ( Fi g s . 1 1 , 12) ( Sa r a r e Ab a j o , Ap u r e St a t e
24. VI I. 19 8 1; Ch i r i c o c a , Ap u r e St a t e , 20. VI I .19 8 l) . ( Co l l . : Mr . J ua n Pul i
-d o ) .
The a bnor ma l ma l e , s h o wn i n Fi g . 1 ha s o n l y o n e c o x i t e wi t h a s ma l l t uf t b o r n e o n
an e l onga t e a n d h y a l i n e t u b e r c l e . Th e s i n g l e s t y l e h a s e i g h t s p i n e s o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e s .
The s i ngl e s t o u t p a r a me r e s h o ws a d e f i n i t e d e p r e s s i o n a t t he e n d . Th e l a t e r a l l obe s a nd
cer ci a r e p a i r e d a s u s u a l . Th e r e i s no t r a c e of a n y p u mp o r ge ni t a l f i l a me n t s . The F
III ( =a nt e nna l s e g me n t 5) of o n e a n t e n n a a n d t he F I V ( =a nt e nna l s e g me n t 6) of t he o t h e r
ar e a bnor ma l l y s wo l l e n . Th e r e wa s n o t r a c e of t e e t h i n t h e c i b a r i u m n o r o f o t h e r f e a
-t ur es -t ypi c a l of f e ma l e s wh i c h c o u l d s u p p o r -t -t he i de a o f a n i n -t e r s e x . I -t wa s i mpos s i bl e
t o a s c r i be t hi s f l y t o a k n o wn s p e c i e s by t he c h a r a c t e r s s h o wn .
The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t he a n o ma l o u s ma l e s o d L. t r i n i d a d e n s i s wa s a b a s e d o n t he
si ze a nd t he p o s i t i o n of t he f i ve s p i n e s o f t h e d i s t i s t y l e , t he me di a l s c a t t e r e d ha i r s
in t he c o x i t e a n d t he s h a r p e n e d p a r a me r e s . Al l o f t h e m s h o we d o n e e x t r a s p i n e o n o n e
s t yl e. As s h o wn i n t he p i c t u r e s ( Fi g . 2 t o 5)» t he a d d i t i o n a l s p i n e u s u a l l y l i e s a t
about t he s a me l e ve l a s t he ba s a l s p i n e s . I n o n e s p e c i me n ( Fi g . 3) t he s uba pi c a l s pi ne
appear ed t h i c k e r t ha n u s u a l .
The f i r s t a n o ma l o u s s p e c i me n o f L. t r i n i d a d e n s i s c a u g h t i n Sa n Es t e ba n wa s i n a
s ampl e of 892 ma l e s c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g o n e y e a r wo r k i n t he l o c a l i t y ; t h i s r e p r e s e n t s
0.11¾ of a bnor ma l i t y .
Among 4 8 1 f e ma l e s o f L. t r i ni da de ns i s c o l l e c t e d i n Sa n Es t e b a n dur i ng t he s a me
per i od a s t he ma l e s , t wo a n o ma l o u s s p e c i me n s we r e f o u n d ( 0. 4 2 ¾) . Th e y h a d a t ypi c a l
phar ynx a n d s p e r ma t h e c a e but t he c i b a r i u m s h o we d o n e s u p e r n u me r a r y t o o t h ( Fi g. 6 ) .
No f u r t h e r d a t a t ha n t h o s e l i s t e d c a n be a d d e d i n r e l a t i o n t o L. s ha nno ni a n d L.
l i c hyi . Th e 2 a bnor ma l f e ma l e s L. g o me z i we r e i n a s a mp l e o f 47 f e ma l e s ( 4. 25 ¾ ) .
Suc h s p o r a d i c a b n o r ma l i t i e s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d s e p a r a t e l y f r om t he mo r e c o mmo n
i nt r a s pe c i f i c v a r i a b i l i t y a s s e e n i n L. b a h i e n s l s ( Ma n g a b e i r a & Sh e r l o c k , 1961) i n wh i c h
20¾ of a b o u t a t h o u s a n d s p e c i me n s s h o we d wi d e v a r i a t i o n s i n t he n u mb e r o f t he s pi ne s o n
t he s t yl e ( Sh e r l o c k , 1 9 6 3 ) . Th i s p h e n o me n o n s e e ms a l s o t o be ve r y c o mmo n i n L. a l p h a b e
c o n s i d e r e d a s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a n a b e r r a n t s p e c i e s ( Ma r t i ns
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
e t a l . ,zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
19 79 ) r a t he r t ha" c o mmo n a n o ma l i e s " ( Fo r a t t i n i , 1 9 7 3 ) .
Th e t ype a n d f r e q u e n c y o f a b n o r ma l i t i e s i n t he mo r p h o l o g y o f s a nd f l i e s a r e i mpo
t a nt f or c o r r e c t s p e c i f i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s . Ho we v e r , t he o r i g i n a n d s i g n i f i c a n c e of t he
a b n o r ma l i t i e s r e ma i n u n k n o wn . The p o s s i b i l i t y of a r e l a t i o n s h i p wi t h s ome f or m o
p a r a t i t i s m ha s be e n s u g g e s t e d by We l c h ( 1 9 6 3 ) a n d by Le wi s & Bu t t i k e r ( i n p r e s s ) .
AtNOWLEDGMENTS
Th e s e ni or a u t h o r ( M. D. F. ) wi s h e s t o t ha nk Dr . D. J . Le wi s a n d Dr . R. P. La ne ( Br i t
i s h Mu s e u m, N. H. ) f or he l pul d i s c u s s i o n s a n d t he r e v i s i o n o f t h e ma n u s c r i p t .
2- 8
PIG. 2. An o ma l o u s L. trinidadensis ( s p e c i me n
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1) . Ma l e s h o wi n g o n e s t y l e wi t h 6 s p i n e s . A- Ge n e r a l v i e w o f t he g e n i t a l i a . B- De t a i l of t he a b n o r ma l s t y l e .%
3- A
9
8
Ι
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Ch
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