International Relations: Theory and Practice
Andrew L. Ross Naval War College
Spring 1999
John Maynard Keynes once observed that "Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from any intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economist. Madmen in authority, who hear voices in the air, are distilling their frenzy from some academic scribbler of a few years back. I am sure that the power of vested interests is vastly exaggerated compared with the gradual encroachment of ideas." The influence of academic scribblers on practitioners is no less evident in international relations than in economics. Yet there is a yawning divide between practitioners and theorists of international relations. Despite the evident effect of theorists on their thinking and actions, practitioners are all too often inclined to dismiss the work of theorists as "academic." And even though the issues of the day tend to influence their research agendas, theorists frequently regard with disdain the short-term focus of practitioners on their in-boxes.
This course represents an attempt to bridge the divide between these two worlds. While the conceptual foundations of thinking about international relations will be reviewed, the focus of the course is on the application, rather than the development, of international relations theory. We will examine the analytical bases of contending approaches to dealing with a broad range of contemporary international problems. Among the issue areas covered are: the causes of war, the bases of international cooperation, proliferation, globalization and economic interdependence, democracy and war, ethics and international relations, and the clash of civilizations. All of these issues require the attention of current and future generations of civilian and military leaders. Many involve the use or potential use of force.
Both recent and "classic" readings are drawn upon. The reading load is not light. We will discuss how the reading can be managed.
Though there may be some variations, classes each week generally will be conducted as seminars. Students are expected to participate actively and will occasionally give presentations. Seminar exercises will play an integral role in the effort to develop the connections between theory and practice.
The books listed below have been ordered for your use. A collection of readings will be utilized as well.
• Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1993.
• Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
• Samuel P. Huntington, et al., The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate, New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1993.
• Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge, New York: St. Martin's, 1995
• Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate, New York: Norton, 1995.
• Paul R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi, International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, 2nd ed., New York: Macmillan, 1993.
• Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York: Columbia University Press, 1954, 1959.
In case you were wondering: No, you will not have to read all of each of these books!
Week 1 -- March 18
Introduction
• Anthony Lake, "From Containment to Enlargement," U.S. Department of State Dispatch,
Vol. 4, No. 39, September 27, 1993, pp. 658-664.
• John J. Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War,"
International Security, Vol. 15, No. 1, Summer 1990, pp. 5-56.
• Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy,
Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 1993. Read Introduction, Chapters 1-2
and 9-10, and Summary and Conclusions. Scan Chapters 3-8.
Recommended:
Elisabeth T. Crawford and Albert D. Biderman, eds., Social Scientists and International Affairs, New York: Wiley, 1969.
Mark D. W. Edington, “The Fog of the Familiar Paradigm: On the Dangers of Applied Theory,” Daedalus, Vol. 126, No. 2, Spring 1997, pp. 211-231.
Michel Girard, Wolf-Dieter Eberwein, and Keith Webb, eds., Theory and Practice in Foreign-Policy Making: National Perspectives on Academics and Profesionals in International Relations, London: Pinter, 1994.
Colin S. Gray, "Villains, Victims, and Sheriffs: Strategic Studies and Security for an Interwar Period," Comparative Strategy, Vol. 13, No. 4, 1994, pp. 353-369.
Fred Halliday, “International Relations and Its Discontents,” International Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4, October 1995, pp. 733-746.
Christopher Hill and Pamela Beshoff, eds., Two Worlds of International Relations: Academics, Practitioners, and the Trade in Ideas, London and New York: Routledge, 1994.
Joseph Kruzel and James N. Rosenau, eds., Journey’s through World Politics: Autobiographical Reflections of Thirty-four Academic Travelers, Lexington: Lexington Books, 1989.
Joseph Lepgold, “Is Anyone Listening? International Relations Theory and the Problem of Policy Relevance,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 113, No. 1, Spring 1998, pp. 43-62.
David D. Newsom, "Foreign Policy and Academia," Foreign Policy, No. 101, Winter 1995-96, pp. 52-67.
Wolfgang H. Reinicke, “Global Public Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 6, November/December 1997, pp. 127-138.
Raymond Tanter and Richard Ullman, eds., Theory and Policy in International Relations, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Philip Zelikow, "Foreign Policy Engineering: From Theory to Practice and Back Again," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 4, Spring 1994, pp. 143-171.
Week 2 -- March 25
Paradigms, Theory, and Levels of Analysis
•
Andrew L. Ross, “The Theory & Practice of International Relations: Contending
Analytical Perspectives,” in Strategy and Force Planning Faculty, ed., Strategy and Force
Planning, 2nd ed., Newport: Naval War College Press, 1997, pp. 45-62.
• Paul R. Viotti and Mark V. Kauppi, International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism,
Globalism, 2nd ed., New York: Macmillan, 1993. Scan pp. 1-16; read pp. 35-66, 228-250,
and 449-468.
• Charles W. Kegley, Jr., "The Neoliberal Challenge to Realist Theories of World Politics:
An Introduction," in Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., Controversies in International Relations
Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge, New York: St. Martin's, 1995, pp. 4-17.
Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2nd ed., New York: Longman, 1999.
American Political Science Review, “Forum,” Vol. 19, No. 4, December 1997:
• John A. Vasquez, “The Realist Paradigm and Degenerative versus Progressive Research Programs: An Appraisal of Neotraditional Research on Waltz’s Balancing Proposition,” pp. 899-912;
• Kenneth N. Waltz, “Evaluating Theories,” pp. 913-917;
• Thomas J. Christensen and Jack Snyder, “Progressive Research on Degenerate Alliances,” pp. 919-922; • Colin Elman and Miriam Fendius Elman, “Lakatos and Neorealism: A Reply to Vasquez,” pp. 923-926; • Randall L. Schweller, “New Realist Research on Alliances: Refining, Not Refuting, Waltz’s Balancing Proposition,” pp. 927-930; and
• Stephen M. Walt, “The Progressive Power of Realism,” pp. 931-935.
David A. Baldwin, ed., Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Linda P. Brady, “On Paradigms and Policy Relevance: Reflections on the Future of Security Studies,” National Security Studies Quarterly, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Autumn 1997, pp. 1-12.
Stephen G. Brooks, “Dueling Realisms,” International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 3, Summer 1997, pp. 445-477.
Michael Brown, et al., Theories of War and Peace, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998.
Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater, eds., Theories of International Relations, New York: St. Martin’s, 1996.
Barry Buzan, Charles Jones, and Richard Little, The Logic of Anarchy: Neorealism to Structural Realism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
David Callahan, Between Two Worlds: Realism, Idealism, and American Foreign Policy After the Cold War, New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
Edward Hallett Carr, The Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939, New York: Harper & Row, 1939, 1946, 1964.
Ian Clark and Iver B. Neumann, eds., Classical Theories of International Relations, London: Macmillan, 1996.
George T. Crane and Abla Amawi, eds., The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy: A Reader, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Pierre de Senarclens, "The 'Realist' Paradigm and International Conflicts," International Social Science Journal, No. 127, February 1991, pp. 5-19.
Jack Donnelly, “Realism and the Academic Study of International Relations,” in James Farr, John S. Dryzek, and Stephen T. Leonard, eds., Political Science in History: Research Programs and Political Traditions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 175-197.
Michael W. Doyle, Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism, New York: Norton, 1997.
Michael W. Doyle and G. John Ikenberry, eds., New Thinking in International Relations Theory, Boulder: Westview, 1997.
Jürg Martin Gabriel, Worldviews and Theories of International Relations, New York: St. Martin’s, 1994.
Stephen Gill and David Law, The Global Political Economy: Perspectives, Problems, and Policies, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
Peter Gourevitch, “The Second Image Reversed: The International Sources of Domestic Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 32, No. 4, Autumn 1978, pp. 881-911.
Stefano Guzzini, Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: The continuing Story of a Death Foretold, London: Routledge, 1998.
Owen Harries, "Fourteen Points for Realists," The National Interest, No. 30, Winter 1992/93, pp. 109-112.
Stanley Hoffmann, "The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism," Foreign Policy, No. 98, Spring 1995, pp. 159-177.
Barry B. Hughes, Continuity and Change in World Politics: The Clash of Perspectives, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1991.
Robert Jervis, “Realism in the Study of World Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, Autumn 1998, pp. 971-991.
Robert Jervis, System Effects: Complexity in Political and Social Life, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.
Ethan B. Kapstein, "Is Realism Dead? The Domestic Sources of International Politics," International Organization, Vol. 49, No. 4, Autumn 1995, pp. 751-774.
Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
Charles W. Kegley, Jr., "The Neoidealist Moment in International Studies? Realist Myths and the New International Realities," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 2, June 1993, pp. 131-146.
Robert O. Keohane, ed., Neorealism and Its Critics, New York: Columbia University Press, 1986.
V. Kubálková and A. A. Cruickshank, Marxism and International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985.
James Kurth, “Inside the Cave: The Banality of IR Studies,” The National Interest, No. 53, Fall 1998, pp. 29-40.
Robert Latham, The Liberal Moment: Modernity, Security, and the Making of the Postwar International Order, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Richard Ned Lebow, "The Long Peace, The End of the Cold War, and the Failure of Realism," International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 249-277.
Richard Ned Lebow and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.
R. D. McKinlay and R. Little, Global Problems and World Order, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.
Helen V. Milner, “The Assumption of Anarchy in International Relations Theory: Neorealism to Structural Realism,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 1991, pp. 67-85.
Karen Mingst, Essentials of International Relations, New York: Norton, 1999.
Andrew Moravcsik, “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 51, No. 2, Autumn 1997, pp. 513-553.
Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, 5th ed., revised, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978.
Miroslav Nincic, Democracy and Foreign Policy: The Fallacy of Political Realism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Emerson M. S. Niou and Peter C. Ordeshook, "'Less Filling, Tastes Great': The Realist-Neoliberal Debate," World Politics, Vol. 46, No. 2, January 1994, pp. 209-234.
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., "Conflicts after the Cold War," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 5-24.
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History, New York: HarperCollins, 1993.
Andreas Osiander, “Rereading Early Twentieth-Century IR Theory: Idealism Revisited,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3, September 1998, pp. 409-432.
Amos Perlmutter, Making the World Safe for Democracy: A Century of Wilsonianism & Its Totalitarian Challengers, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
Barry R. Posen and Andrew L. Ross, “Competing Visions for U.S. Grand Strategy,” International Security, Vol. 21, No. 3, Winter 1996/97, pp. 5-53.
Robert Powell, "Anarchy in International Relations Theory: The Neorealist-Neoliberal Debate," International Organization, Vol. 48, No. 2, Spring 1994, pp. 313-344.
Gideon Rose, “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy,” World Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1, October 1998, pp. 144-172.
Paul Schroeder, "Historical Reality vs. Neo-Realist Theory," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 1, Summer 1994, pp. 108-148.
Keith L. Shimko, “Realism, Neorealism, and American Liberalism,” The Review of Politics, Vol. 54, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 281-301.
Jennifer Sterling-Folker, “Realist Environment, Liberal Process, and Domestic-Level Variables,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 1, March 1997, pp. 1-25.
Robert W. Tucker, "Realism and the New Consensus," The National Interest, No. 30, Winter 1992/93, pp. 33-36.
Stephen Van Evera, Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. See Chapter 1, “Hypotheses, Laws, and Theories: A User’s Guide,” pp. 7-48.
Stephen M. Walt, “International Relations: One World, Many Theories,” Foreign Policy, No. 110, Spring 1998, pp. 29-46.
Kenneth N. Waltz, "The Emerging Structure of International Politics," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 2, Fall 1993, pp. 44-79.
Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics, Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1979.
Frank W. Wayman and Paul F. Diehl, eds., Reconstructing Realpolitik, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1994.
Alex Wendt, “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of State Politics,” International Organization, Vol. 46, No. 2, Spring 1992, pp. 391-425.
Michael C. Williams, "Neo-Realism and the Future of Strategy," Review of International Studies, Vol. 19, No. 2, April 1993, pp.
103-121.
William C. Wohlforth, "Realism and the End of the Cold War," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, Winter 1994/95, pp. 91-129.
Ngaire Woods, ed., Explaining International Relations Since 1945, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Fareed Zakaria, From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Fareed Zakaria, "Is Realism Finished?" The National Interest, No. 30, Winter 1992/93, pp. 21-32.
Fareed Zakaria, “Realism and Domestic Politics: A Review Essay,” International Security, vol. 17, No. 1, Summer 1992, pp. 177-198.
Week 3 -- April 1
The Causes of War
•
Kenneth N. Waltz, Man, the State and War: A Theoretical Analysis, New York:
Columbia University Press, 1954, 1959. Read Chapters 1, 2, 4, 6, & 8; scan the rest.
Recommended:
Geoffrey Blainey, The Causes of War, 3rd ed., New York: The Free Press, 1988.
Daniel Byman and Stephen Van Evera, “Why They Fight: Hypotheses on the Causes of Contemporary Deadly Conflict,” Security Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3, Spring 1998, pp. 1-50.
Barbara Ehrenreich, Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War, New York: Metropolitan Books, 1997.
James D. Fearon, "Rationalist Explanations for War," International Organization, Vol. 39, No. 3, Summer 1995, pp. 379-414.
Robert Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics, London: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
Michael Howard, The Causes of Wars, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
Patrick James, "Structural Realism and the Causes of War," Mershon International Studies Review, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39, Supplement 2, October 1995, pp. 181-208.
Donald Kagan, On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace, New York: Doubleday, 1995.
Jack S. Levy, "The Causes of War: A Review of Theories and Evidence," in Philip E. Tetlock, et al., eds., Behavior, Society, and Nuclear War, Vol. I, New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Keith L. Nelson and Spencer C. Olin, Jr., Why War? Ideology, Theory, and History, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1979.
Dean G. Pruitt and Richard C. Snyder, eds., Theory and Research on the Causes of War, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1969.
Robert I. Rotberg and Theodore K. Rabb, eds., The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Melvin Small and J. David Singer, eds., International War: An Anthology, Chicago: Dorsey, 1989.
Stephen Van Evera, “Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War,” International Security, Vol. 22, No. 4, Spring 1998, pp. 5-43.
John Vasquez, The War Puzzle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Week 4 -- April 8
Proliferation and World Order
• Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate,
New York: Norton, 1995.
Recommended:
Graham T. Allison, Owen R. Coté, Jr., Richard A. Falkenrath, Steven E. Miller, Avoiding Nuclear Anarchy: Containing the Threat of Loose Russian Nuclear Weapons and Fissile Material, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
Robert D. Blackwill and Albert Carnesale, eds., New Nuclear Nations: Consequences for U.S. Policy, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993.
Barry Buzan and Eric Herring, The Arms Dynamic in World Politics, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998.
Lewis A. Dunn, Controlling the Bomb: Nuclear Proliferation in the 1980s, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982.
Fred Charles Iklé, "The Second Coming of the Nuclear Age," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75, No., 1, January/February 1996, pp. 119-128.
David J. Karl, “Proliferation Pessimism and Emerging Nuclear Powers,” International Security, Vol. 21, No. 3, Winter 1996/97, pp. 87-119.
Alexander T. Lennon, "The 1995 NPT Extension Conference," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 4, Autumn 1994, pp. 205-227.
Stephen M. Meyer, The Dynamics of Nuclear Proliferation, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Andrew J. Pierre, ed., Cascade of Arms: Managing Conventional Weapons Proliferation, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1997.
George Rathjens, "Rethinking Nuclear Proliferation," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 1, Winter 1995, pp. 181-193.
Mitchell Reiss and Robert S. Litwak, eds., Nuclear Proliferation after the Cold War, Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1994.
Jean-François Rioux, ed., Limiting the Proliferation of Weapons: The Role of Supply-Side Strategies, Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1992.
Brad Roberts, "From Nonproliferation to Antiproliferation," International Security, Vol. 18, No. 1, Summer 1993, pp. 139-173.
Brad Roberts, Weapons Proliferation and World Order: After the Cold War, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996.
Brad Roberts, ed., Weapons Proliferation in the 1990s, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995.
Scott D. Sagan, “Why Do States Build Nuclear Weapons? Three Models in Search of a Bomb,” International Security, Vol. 21, No. 3, Winter 1996/97, pp. 54-86.
Barry R. Schneider, "Nuclear Proliferation and Counter-Proliferation: Policy Issues and Debates," Mershon International Studies Review, supplement to the International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 38, Supplement 2, October 1994, pp. 209-234.
Barry R. Schneider and William L. Dowdy, eds., Pulling Back From the Nuclear Brink: Reducing and Countering Nuclear Threats, London: Frank Cass, 1998.
Leonard S. Spector and Mark G. McDonough, with Evan S. Medeiros, Tracking Nuclear Proliferation: A Guide in Maps and Charts, 1995, Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995.
Leonard S. Spector, with Jacqueline R. Smith, Nuclear Ambitions: The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, 1989-1990, Boulder: Westview, 1990.
John F. Sopko, “The Changing Proliferation Threat,” Foreign Policy, No. 105, Winter 1996-97, pp. 3-20.
Peter van Ham, Managing Non-Proliferation Regimes in the 1990s: Power, Politics, and Policies, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1993.
Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better, Adelphi Papers, No. 171, London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, Autumn 1981.
Week 5 -- April 13
Interdependence and Institutionalism: From Conflict to Cooperation?
•
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, "International Interdependence and
Integration," and "Realism and Complex Interdependence," in Paul R. Viotti and Mark V.
Kauppi, International Relations Theory: Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, 2nd ed., New York:
Macmillan, 1993, pp. 384-421.
•
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., “Power and Interdependence in the
Information Age,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 77, No. 5, September/October 1998, pp. 81-94.
• John J. Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International
Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, Winter 1994/95, pp. 5-49.
• Robert O. Keohane and Lisa L. Martin, "The Promise of Institutionalist Theory,"
International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1, Summer 1995, pp. 39-51. Scan.
• Robert O. Keohane, “International Institutions: Can Interdependence Work?” Foreign
Policy, No. 110, Spring 1998, pp. 82-96.
• G. John Ikenberry, “Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Persistence of American
Postwar Order,” International Security, Vol. 23, No. 3, Winter 1998/98, pp. 43-78.
•
Jeffrey Frieden, “The Euro: Who Wins? Who Loses?” Foreign Policy, No. 112, Fall
1998, pp. 25-40.
Recommended:
Kenneth W. Abbott and Duncan Snidal, “Why States Act Through Formal International Organizations,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 1, February 1998, pp. 3-32.
Jeffrey J. Anderson, "The State of the (European) Union: From Single Market to Maastricht, from Singular Events to General Theories," World Politics, Vol. 47, No. 3, April 1995, pp. 441-465.
Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, New York: Basic Books, 1984.
Michael J. Baun, "The Maastricht Treaty As High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 110, No. 4, Winter 1995-96, pp. 605-624.
Richard N. Cooper, The Economics of Interdependence, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980.
Charles L. Glaser, "Realists as Optimists: Cooperation as Self-Help," International Security, Vol. 19, No. 3, Winter 1994/95, pp. 50-90.
Joseph M. Grieco, "Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism", in Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge, New York: St. Martin's, 1995, pp. 151-171.
C. Randall Henning, Eduard Hochreiter, and Gray Clyde Hufbauer, eds., Reviving the European Union, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1994.
Pierre Jacquet, “European Integration at a Crossroads,” Survival, Vol. 38, No. 4, Winter 1996-97, pp. 84-100.
Mathias Jopp, The Strategic Implications of European Integration, Adelphi Paper 290, London: Brassey’s, for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1994.
Miles Kahler, International Institutions and the Political Economy of Integration, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1995.
Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory, Boulder: Westview, 1989.
Robert O. Keohane and Stanley Hoffmann, eds., The New European Community: Decisionmaking and Institutional Change, Boulder: Westview, 1991.
Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, 2nd ed., Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1989.
Jane Khanna, "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Challenges for Political Leadership," The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 1, Winter 1996, pp. 257-275.
Robert Z. Lawrence, Regionalism, Multilateralism, and Deeper Integration, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1996.
Robert A. Levine, “European Monetary Union: Where Has It Been? Where Is It Going? What Is It Doing to Europe?” World Policy Journal, Vol. 14, No. 4, Winter 1997/98, pp. 10-19.
Lisa L. Martin and Beth A. Simmons, “Theories and Empirical Studies of International Institutions,” International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 4, Autumn 1998, pp. 729-757.
Susan M. McMillan, “Interdependence and Conflict,” Mershon International Studies Review, supplement to the International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, Supplement 1, May 1997, pp. 33-58.
Kenneth A. Oye, ed., Cooperation Under Anarchy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Paul A. Papayoanou, “Economic Interdependence and the Balance of Power,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 1, March 1997, pp. 113-140.
Brent F. Nelson and Alexander C-G Stubb, eds., The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994.
Gerald Schneider, Patricia A. Weitsman, and Thomas Bernauer, eds., Towards a New Europe: Stops and Starts in Regional Integration, Westport: Praeger, 1995.
Randall L. Schweller and David Priess, “A Tale of Two Realisms: Expanding the Institutions Debate,” Mershon International Studies Review, supplement to the International Studies Quarterly, No. 41, Supplement 1, May 1997, pp. 1-32.
Mehmet Ugur, “State-Society Interaction and European Integration: A Political Economy Approach to the Dynamics and Policy-Making of the European Union,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 23, No. 4, October 1997, pp. 469-500.
William Wallace, Regional Integration: The West European Experience, Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1994.
Week 6 -- April 22
Democracy and World Order
•
Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and World Politics Revisited," in Charles W. Kegley, Jr.,
ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal
Challenge, New York: St. Martin's, 1995, pp. 83-106.
• Christopher Layne, "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace," International
Security, Vol. 19, No. 2, Fall 1994, pp. 5-49.
• David E. Spiro, "The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace," International Security, Vol. 19,
No. 2, Fall 1994, pp. 50-86.
• John M. Owen, "How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace," International Security,
Vol. 19, No. 2, Fall 1994, pp. 87-125.
•
Bruce Russett, “‘And Yet It Moves,’” International Security, Vol. 19, No. 4, Spring 1995,
pp. 164-184. Scan.
• Bruce Russett, John R. Oneal, and David R. Davis, “The Third Leg of the Kantian
Tripod for Peace: International Organizations and Militarized Disputes, 1950-85,”
International Organization, Vol. 52, No. 3, Summer 1998, pp. 441-467.
• Tony Smith, "In Defense of Intervention," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 6,
November/December 1994, pp. 34-46.
Recommended:
Bear F. Braumoeller, “Deadly Doves: Liberal Nationalism and the Democratic Peace in the Soviet Successor States,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 3, September 1997, pp. 375-402.
Michael E. Brown, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Steven E. Miller, eds., Debating the Democratic Peace, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
Steve Chan, “In Search of Democratic Peace: Problems and Promise,” Mershon International Studies Review, supplement to the International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, Supplement 1, May 1997, pp. 59-91.
Raymond Cohen, "Pacific Unions: A Reappraisal of the Theory that 'Democracies Do Not Go to War With Each Other,'" Review of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3, July 1994, pp. 207-223.
Larry Diamond, Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives, Washington, DC: Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, December 1995.
William J. Dixon, "Democracy and the Peaceful Settlement of International Conflict," American Political Science Review, Vol. 88, No. 1, March 1994, pp. 14-32.
Jorge I. Domínguez, “Free Politics and Free Markets in Latin America,” Journal of Democracy, Vol. 9, No. 4, October 1998, pp. 70-84.
Michael W. Doyle, "An International Liberal Community," in Graham Allison and Gregory F. Treverton, eds., Rethinking America's Security: Beyond Cold War to New World Order, New York: W. W. Norton, 1992, pp. 307-333.
Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and World Politics," American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, No. 4, December 1986, pp. 1151-1169.
Miriam Fendius Elman, ed., Paths to Peace: Is Democracy the Answer?, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1997.
Henry S. Farber and Joanne Gowa, "Polities and Peace," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2, Fall 1995, pp. 123-146.
Nils Peter Gleditsch and Håvard Hegre, “Peace and Democracy: Three Levels of Analysis,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, No. 2, April 1997, pp. 282-310.
Joanne Gowa, "Democratic States and International Disputes," International Organization, Vol. 39, No. 3, Summer 1995, pp. 511-522.
Joe D. Hagan, "Domestic Political Systems and War Proneness," Mershon International Studies Review, supplement to the International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 38, Supplement 2, October 1994, pp. 183-207.
Errol Anthony Henderson, “The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820-1989,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3, September 1998, pp. 461-484.
Margaret G. Hermann and Charles W. Kegley, Jr., "Rethinking Democracy and International Peace: Perspectives from Political Psychology," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39, No. 4, December 1995, pp. 511-533.
Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, "Democratization and the Danger of War," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1, Summer 1995, pp. 5-38.
Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, "Democratization and War," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 3, May/June 1995, pp. 79-97.
Zeev Maoz, “The Controversy over the Democratic Peace: Rearguard Action or Cracks in the Wall?” International Security, Vol. 22, No. 1, Summer 1997, pp. 162-198.
Zeev Maoz and Bruce Russett, "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace," American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, No. 3, September 1993, pp. 624-638.
John R. Oneal and Bruce Russett, “The Classical Liberals Were Right: Democracy, Interdependence, and Conflict, 1950-1985,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 2, June 1997, pp. 267-294.
Nicholas G. Onuf and Thomas J. Johnson, "Peace in the Liberal World: Does Democracy Matter?" in Charles W. Kegley, Jr., ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge, New York: St. Martin's, 1995, pp. 179-197.
John M. Owen IV, Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politics and International Society, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997.
James Lee Ray, Democracy and International Conflict: An Evaluation of the Democratic Peace Proposition, Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1995.
Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993.
Randall L. Schweller, “Domestic Structure and Preventive War: Are Democracies More Pacific?” World Politics, Vol. 44, No. 2, January 1992, pp. 235-269.
Tony Smith, “Making the World Safe for Democracy,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 4, Autumn 1993, pp. 197-214.
William R. Thompson and Richard Tucker, “A Tale of Two Democratic Peace Critiques,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, No. 3, June 1997, pp. 428-454.
Michael S. Ward and Kristian S. Gleditsch, “Democratizing for Peace,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 92, No. 1, March 1998, pp. 51-61.
Fareed Zakaria, “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 6, November/December 1997, pp. 22-43.
Week 7 -- April 29
Normative Theory and the World Order
• Joel H. Rosenthal, "Rethinking the Moral Dimensions of Foreign Policy," in Charles W.
Kegley, Jr., ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the
Neoliberal Challenge, New York: St. Martin's, 1995, pp. 317-329.
•
Charles W. Kegley, Jr., "The New Global Order: The Power of Principle in a Pluralistic
World," Ethics and International Affairs, Vol. 6, 1992, pp. 21-40.
• Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights, 2nd ed., Boulder: Westview, 1997, pp.
3-35.
•
Bilahari Kausikan, "Asia's Different Standard," Foreign Policy, No. 92, Fall 1993, pp.
24-41.
• Aryeh Neier, "Asia's Unacceptable Standard," Foreign Policy, No. 92, Fall 1993, pp.
42-51.
• Walter Russell Mead, “Asia Devalued,” The New York Times Magazine, May 31, 1998,
p. 38.
•
Stanley Hoffmann, "The Politics and Ethics of Military Intervention," Survival, Vol. 37,
No. 4, Winter 1995-96, pp. 29-51.
Recommended:
Jack Donnelly, “Human Rights: A New Standard of Civilization?” International Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 1, January 1998, pp. 1-24.
Ethics & International Affairs, Vols. 1-13.
Mona Fixdal and Dan Smith, “Humanitarian Intervention and Just War,” Mershon International Studies Review, Supplement to the International Studies Quarterly, Vol,. 42, Supplement 2, November 1998, pp. 283-312.
David P. Forsythe, “Human Rights Fifty Years after the Universal Declaration,” PS, September 1998, pp. 507-511.
Mervyn Frost, Ethics in International Relations: A Constitutive Theory, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
W. B. Galle, Philosophers of Peace and War, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Louis Henkin, “The Universal Declaration and the U.S. Constitution,” PS, September 1998, pp. 512-515.
James Turner Johnson, Can Modern War Be Just?, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984.
James Turner Johnson, Just War Tradition and the Restraint of War: A Moral and Historical Inquiry, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.
Andrew J. Nathan, “China: Getting Human Rights Right,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1997, pp. 135-151.
Cathal J. Nolan, ed., Ethics and Statecraft: The Moral Dimension of International Affairs, Westport: Praeger, 1995.
Gregory A. Raymond, “Problems and Prospects in the Study of International Norms,” Mershon International Studies Review, supplement to the International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 41, Supplement 2, November 1997, pp. 205-245.
Alvin Z. Rubinstein, “The New Moralists on a Road to Hell,” Orbis, Vol. 40, No. 2, Spring 1996, pp. 277-295.
Kathryn Sikkink, “Transnational Politics, International Relations Theory, and Human Rights,” PS, September 1998, pp. 517-521.
Tony Smith, America’s Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
John Vincent, "The Place of Theory in the Practice of Human Rights," in Christopher Hill and Pamela Beshoff, eds., Two Worlds of International Relations: Academics, Practitioners, and the Trade in Ideas, London and New York: Routledge, 1994, pp. 29-39.
Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, New York: Basic Books, 1977.
Richard A. Wasserstrom, ed., War and Morality, Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1970.
George Weigel, "The Poverty of Conventional Realism," in Michael Cromartie, ed., Might and Right After the Cold War, Washington, DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1993, pp. 67-87.
Week 8 -- May 6
Divining the Future I: The End of History, the Coming Anarchy, the West Against the
Rest, Globalization, “Geo-Economics” [sic] or the Clash of Civilizations?
Contending Perspectives from International Relations, Political Science, History,
Economics, & (even) Geography
• Francis Fukuyama, "The End of History," The National Interest, No. 16, Summer 1989,
pp. 3-18.
• Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 273, No. 2,
February 1994, pp. 44-76.
• Matthew Connelly and Paul Kennedy, "Must It Be the Rest Against the West?," Atlantic
Monthly, December 1994, pp. 61-84.
•
Ralf Dahrendorf, “Towards the Twenty-First Century,” in Michael Howard and Wm.
Roger Louis, eds., The Oxford History of the Twentieth Century, Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1998, pp. 334-343.
• Charles William Maynes, "The New Pessimism," Foreign Policy, No. 100, Fall 1995, pp.
33-49.
Recommended:
Barry Buzan, "New Patterns of Global Security in the Twenty-First Century," International Affairs, Vol. 67, No. 3, July 1991, pp. 431-451.
Chester A. Crocker and Fen Osler Hampson, with Pamela Aall, eds., Managing Global Chaos: Sources of and Responses to International Conflict, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1996.
Tom Czerwinski, ed., Coping With the Bounds: Speculations on Nonlinearity in Military Affairs, Washington, DC: National Defense University, 1998.
George J. Demko and William B. Wood, eds., Reordering the World: Geopolitical Perspectives on the 21st Century, 2nd ed., Boulder: Westview, 1999.
Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, “The Logic of the West,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 10, No. 4, Winter 1993/94, pp. 17-25.
Graham Fuller, "The Next Ideology," Foreign Policy, No. 98, Spring 1995, pp. 145-158.
Francis Fukuyama, “Against the New Pessimism,” Commentary, Vol. 97, No. 2, February 1994, pp. 25-29.
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Free Press, 1992.
Robert E. Harkavy, “Images of the Coming International System,” Orbis, Vol. 41, No. 4, Fall 1997, pp. 569-590.
Michael Ignatieff, “Future Meltdown,” The New York Times Book Review, March 31, 1996, p. 7.
Robert D. Kaplan, The Ends of the Earth: A Journey at the Dawn of the 21st Century, New York: Random House, 1996.
Paul M. Kennedy, Preparing for the Twenty-First Century, New York: Random House, 1993.
Kishore Mahbubani, “The West and the Rest,” The National Interest, No. 28, Summer 1992, pp. 3-12.
William McNeill, “Things Fall Apart,” The National Interest, No. 45, Fall 1996, pp. 92-97.
William H. McNeill, “What We Mean by the West,” Orbis, Vol. 41, No. 4, Fall 1997, pp. 513-524.
Bill McKibben, “A Special Moment in History,” The Atlantic Monthly, May 1998, pp. 55-78.
Tina Rosenberg, “Anarchy Unbound,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, Spring 1996, pp. 83-87.
Yahya Sadowski, The Myth of Global Chaos, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998.
Max Singer and Aaron Wildavsky, The Real World Order: Zones of Peace/Zones of Turmoil, rev. ed., Chatham, NY: Chatham House Publishers, 1996.
Divining the Future II: The End of History, the Coming Anarchy, the West Against the
Rest, Globalization, “Geo-Economics” [sic] or the Clash of Civilizations?
Contending Perspectives from International Relations, Political Science, History,
Economics, & (even) Geography
•
Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order,
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. Read chapters 1-3, 5, 8 (pp. 183-6), 9, 10, & 12; scan
the rest.
• Samuel P. Huntington, et al., The Clash of Civilizations? The Debate, New York:
Council on Foreign Relations, 1993. Scan the responses to Huntington’s original article on
the clash of civilizations.
Recommended:
Fouad Ajami, “The Arab Inheritance,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 5, September/October 1997, pp. 133-148.
Benjamin R. Barber, “Fantasy of Fear: Huntington and the West versus the Rest,” Harvard International Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, Winter 1997/1998, pp. 66-71.
Barry Buzan, “Civilisational Realpolitik as the New World Order?” Survival, Vol. 39, No. 1, Spring 1997, pp. 180-183.
Stephen Chan, “Too Neat and Under-Thought a World Order: Huntington and Civilizations,” Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1997, pp. 137-140.
John Gray, “Global Utopias and Clashing Civilizations: Misunderstanding the Present,” International Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 1, January 1998, pp. 149-164.
David R. Gress, “The Subtext of Huntington’s ‘Clash,’” Orbis, Vol. 41, No. 2, Spring 1997, pp. 285-299.
Wang Gungwu, “A Machiavelli for Our Times,” The National Interest, No. 46, Winter 1996/97, pp. 69-73.
Denise Groves, “India and Pakistan: A Clash of Civilizations?” The Washington Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4, Autumn 1998, pp. 17-20.
Pierre Hassner, “Morally Objectionable, Politically Dangerous,” The National Interest, No. 46, Winter 1996/97, pp. 63-69. Reply by Huntington, “Hassner’s Bad Bad Review,” The National Interest, No. 47, Spring 1997, pp. 97-102. Counter-reply by Hassner, “Clashing On,” The National Interest, No. 48, Summer 1997, pp. 105-111.
Jacob Heilbrunn, “The Clash of Samuel Huntingtons,” The American Prospect, No. 39, July-August 1998, pp. 22-28.
Shireen T. Hunter, The Future of Islam and the West: Clash of Civilizations or Peaceful Coexistence?, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998.
Michael Ignatieff, “Fault Lines,” The New York Times Book Review, December 1, 1996, p. 13.
James Kurth, "The Real Clash," The National Interest, No. 37, Fall 1994, pp. 3-15.
“The Man in the Baghdad Cafe,” The Economist, November 9, 1996, pp. 23-26.
Ali A. Mazrui, “Islamic and Western Values,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 5, September/October 1997, pp. 118-132.
William H. McNeill, “Decline of the West?” The New York Review of Books, Vol. XLIV, No. 1, January 9, 1997, pp. 18-22.
Manus Midlarsky, “Democracy and Islam: Implications for Cvilizational Conflict and the democratic Peace,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, No. 3, Septermber 1998, pp. 485-511.
William Pfaff, “The Coming Clash of Europe with America,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, Winter 1998/99, pp. 1-9.
Salim Rashid, ed., “The Clash of Civilizations?” Asian Responses, Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Richard E. Rubenstein and Jarle Crocker, "Challenging Huntington," Foreign Policy, No. 96, Fall 1994, pp. 113-128.
Dieter Senghaas, “A Clash of Civilizations -- An Idée Fixe?” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 35, No. 1, January 1998, pp. 127-132.
Stephen M. Walt, “Building Up New Bogeymen,” Foreign Policy, No. 106, Spring 1997, pp. 177-189.
David A Welch, “The ‘Clash of Civilizations’ Thesis as an Argument and as a Phenomenon,” Security Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4, Summer 1997, pp. 197-216.
