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Análise dos Pátios de Estacionamento da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina

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❯♥✐✈❡%&✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡%❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥,❛ ❈❛,❛%✐♥❛ ❈❡♥,%♦ ❚❡❝♥♦❧1❣✐❝♦

❉❡♣❛%,❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛%✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧

❋❡❧✐♣❡ ◆♦%②✉❦✐

❆♥=❧✐&❡ ❞♦& ♣=,✐♦& ❞❡ ❡&,❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥,♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡%&✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡%❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥,❛ ❈❛,❛%✐♥❛

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❆❣"❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥*♦,

❆❣"❛❞❡&♦ () ❜❡❧❡③❛) ♥❛.✉"❛✐) ❞❛ ✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❋❧♦"✐❛♥3♣♦❧✐)✱ ♣❡❧❛ )❛6❞❡ ❡ ❝❧❛"❡③❛ ❞❡ ♣❡♥)❛♠❡♥.♦ ♣"♦♣♦"❝✐♦♥❛❞♦) ❞✉"❛♥.❡ ♦) ❛♥♦) ❞❡ ❣"❛❞✉❛&9♦✳

❆♦ ♦"✐❡♥.❛❞♦" ;✉❡ ❜"✐❧❤❛♥.❡♠❡♥.❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐✉ ❛) ♣"♦♣♦)✐&<❡) ❞♦ ."❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ➚ ❢❛♠?❧✐❛ ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦)✳

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❘❊❙❯▼❖

❊!"✉❞♦! ❡ ♣❛)❛♠❡")✐③❛-.❡! ❞❡ /✉❡!".❡! )❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦! ❛♦ ")3❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈❡7❝✉❧♦! ♥♦! ❣)❛♥❞❡! ❝❡♥")♦! ✉)❜❛♥♦! ❝♦♥!"✐"✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛! ♠❛✐♦)❡! "❡♠3"✐❝❛! ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛)✐❛ ❞❡ ❚)3❢❡❣♦✳ ❉❡♥")❡ !✉❛! 3)❡❛! ❞❡ ❛"✉❛-=♦✱ ♦! ♣)♦❜❧❡♠❛! )❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦! ? ❞✐!♣♦!✐-=♦ ❡ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦! ♣3"✐♦! ❞❡ ❡!"❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥"♦ "@♠ !❡ ♠♦!")❛❞♦ ♣)❡♦❝✉♣❛-=♦ ❝)❡!❝❡♥"❡ ❞♦! ❛❞♠✐♥✐!")❛❞♦)❡! ❡ "A❝♥✐❝♦! )❡!♣♦♥!3✈❡✐! ♥♦! B♦❧♦! ●❡)❛❞♦)❡! ❞❡ ❚)3❢❡❣♦✳ ❊!"❡ ")❛❜❛❧❤♦ !❡ ♣)♦♣.❡ ❛ )❡❛❧✐③❛) ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛-=♦ "A❝♥✐❝❛ ❞♦! ♣3"✐♦! ❞❡ ❡!"❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥"♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡)!✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡)❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥"❛ ❈❛"❛)✐♥❛✱ ❝♦♥"❡♠♣❧❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❞✐-.❡! ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛-=♦ ❡ ❞✉)❛-=♦✱ ❛❧A♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛-.❡! /✉❛❧✐"❛"✐✈❛!✳ ❆! ❝♦♥!"❛"❛-.❡! ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❛❝❡)❝❛ ❞❛! ❝❛)❛❝"❡)7!"✐❝❛! ❞❛! ✐♥!"❛❧❛-.❡! ❞♦! ♣3"✐♦! ❢♦)❛♠ )❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛! ❝♦♠ ❛! ❡!♣❡❝✐✜❝❛-.❡! ❡♥❝♦♥")❛❞❛! ♥❛ ❧✐"❡)❛"✉)❛ "A❝♥✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❡①♣❡)✐@♥❝✐❛ ❛❞/✉✐)✐❞❛ ❞✉)❛♥"❡ ❛ )❡❛❧✐③❛-=♦ ❞❡!"❡ ")❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦!")♦✉ /✉❡ ❡!"❡ "✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛♥3❧✐!❡ A ❡!!❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛)❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❡♣-=♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ♣)♦❥❡"♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛)✐❛ ❡ ❢✉"✉)❛ ♦♣❡)❛-=♦ ❞❡!"❡ "✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣)❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥"♦✳ B❛❧❛✈)❛!✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛)✐❛ ❞❡ ")3❢❡❣♦❀ ♣3"✐♦! ❞❡ ❡!"❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥"♦❀ ❛✈❛❧✐❛-=♦ "A❝♥✐❝❛✳

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❆❇❙❚❘❆❈❚

❙!✉❞✐❡& ❛♥❞ ♣❛*❛♠❡!*✐③❛!✐♦♥& ❛❜♦✉! ❝❛* !*❛✣❝ ✐&&✉❡& ✐♥ ❧❛*❣❡ ❝✐!✐❡& ❛*❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ !❤❡ ♠❛❥♦* ❝♦♥❝❡*♥& ❛♠♦♥❣ ❚*❛✣❝ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡*✐♥❣ *❡&❡❛*❝❤❡*&✳ ❇❡!✇❡❡♥ ♣*♦❜❧❡♠& *❡❧❛!❡❞ !♦ !❤❡ ❧♦❝❛!✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐!② ♦❢ ♣❛*❦✐♥❣ ❢❛❝✐❧✐!✐❡&✱ ♣*♦❢❡&&✐♦♥❛❧& ❛♥❞ ❛❞♠✐♥✐&!*❛!♦*& ❡♥❞ ✉♣ ❞❡❛❧❧✐♥❣ ✇✐!❤ ❚*❛✣❝ ●❡♥❡*❛!♦* ?♦❧❡&✳ ❚❤✐& &!✉❞② ♣*♦♣♦&❡& !♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛♥ !❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛!✐♦♥ ♦❢ !❤❡ ♣❛*❦✐♥❣ ❧♦!& ❧♦❝❛!❡❞ ❛! !❤❡ ❯♥✐✈❡*&✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡*❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥!❛ ❈❛!❛*✐♥❛✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✐!& ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛!✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞✉*❛!✐♦♥ ♠❡❛&✉*❡♠❡♥!& ❛& ✇❡❧❧ ❛& ❛♥ D✉❛❧✐!❛!✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②&✐&✳ ❚❤❡ ✜♥❞✐♥❣& ❛❜♦✉! !❤❡ ♣❛*❦✐♥❣ ✐♥&!❛❧❧❛!✐♦♥& ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛&&♦❝✐❛!❡❞ ✇✐!❤ !❡❝❤♥✐❝❛❧ ❡&♣❡❝✐✜❝❛!✐♦♥& ❧✐&!❡❞ ✐♥ !❤❡ ❧✐!❡*❛!✉*❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❛❝D✉✐*❡❞ &❤♦✇& !❤❛! ♣❛*❦✐♥❣ ❧♦! ❢❡❛!✉*❡& ❡✈❛❧✉❛!✐♦♥& ❧✐❦❡ !❤❡ ♦♥❡& &!✉❞✐❡❞ ❛*❡ ❡&&❡♥❝✐❛❧ !♦ ❛ &❛!✐&❢②✐♥❣ ♣*♦❥❡❝! ❞❡&✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ❢✉!✉*❡ ❡♥!❡*♣*✐&❡ ♦♣❡*❛!✐♦♥✳

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❙✉♠#$✐♦

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉()♦ ✶✵ ✶✳✶ ❏✉$%✐✜❝❛%✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡%✐✈♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡%✐✈♦ ❣❡2❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡%✐✈♦$ ❡$♣❡❝5✜❝♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷ ❘❡✈✐0)♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣$4✜❝❛ ✶✹ ✷✳✶ ❉❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡ ♦❢❡2%❛ ❞♦$ ❡$%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✷ ▲❡❣✐$❧❛=>♦ ❞♦$ ❡$%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✸ ❈❛2❛❝%❡25$%✐❝❛$ ❞♦$ ❡$%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦$ ❡ ❡$%✉❞♦$ ❡$♣❡❝5✜❝♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✹ ❊$%✉❞♦$ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛=>♦ ❡ ❞✉2❛=>♦ ❞♦$ ❡$%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✺ E2♦❥❡%♦$ ❣❡♦♠F%2✐❝♦$ ❞♦$ ❡$%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸ ▼;#♦❞♦ ✷✹ ✸✳✶ ❆H✉✐$✐=>♦ ❞♦$ ❞❛❞♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✷ ❚2❛%❛♠❡♥%♦ ❞♦$ ❞❛❞♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ L2❡❛ ❞❡ ❡$%✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛=>♦ H✉❛❧✐%❛%✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹ ❘❡0✉❧#❛❞♦0 ✷✽ ✹✳✶ ❆♥L❧✐$❡ ❞♦$ ❞❛❞♦$ ❡♠ ❙■● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✷ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛=>♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✸ ❉✉2❛=>♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✹ ❆✈❛❧✐❛=>♦ ❞♦$ ❛$♣❡❝%♦$ H✉❛❧✐%❛%✐✈♦$ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

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✹✳✹✳✶ ❙$♥&❡(❡ ❞❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛./♦ 1✉❛❧✐&❛&✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉'(❡' ❡ *❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛.(❡' ♣❛*❛ 0*❛❜❛❧❤♦' ❢✉0✉*♦' ✺✶ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❧✉(7❡( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✺✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛.7❡( ♣❛<❛ &<❛❜❛❧❤♦( ❢✉&✉<♦( ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ❘❡❢❡*6♥❝✐❛' ✺✺ ❆ 9*♦❣*❛♠❛ ♣❛*❛ 0*❛♥'❢❡*6♥❝✐❛ ❞♦' ❞❛❞♦' ♣❛*❛ ❙◗▲✐0❡ ✺✼ ❇ 9*♦❣*❛♠❛ ♣❛*❛ ♦ ♣*♦❝❡''❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞♦' ❞❛❞♦' ❡ ❣❡*❛.@♦ ❞♦' ❣*A✜❝♦' ✺✽

(9)

▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉*❛"

✶ ▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛()♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡/✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡1❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥3❛ ❈❛3❛1✐♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷ ❋❧✉①♦❣1❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♠;3♦❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸ >?3✐♦/ 1❡♣1❡/❡♥3❛❞♦/ ❡♠ ❙■● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹ ●1?✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦ ♦❜3✐❞♦ ❞❛/ ♦❜/❡1✈❛(G❡/ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✺ ●1?✜❝♦ ❞❡ ❞✉1❛()♦ ♦❜3✐❞♦ ❞❛/ ♦❜/❡1✈❛(G❡/ ❞❡ ❝❛♠♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✻ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❈❆✲❈❙❊ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞✐❛ ❝❤✉✈♦/♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✼ ❱❛❣❛/ ❡①❝❧✉/✐✈❛/ ♣❛1❛ ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥3❡/ ❢Q/✐❝♦/ ❡♠ ❢1❡♥3❡ ❛♦ ❈❙❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✽ ❱❛❣❛ ❡①❝❧✉/✐✈❛ ♣❛1❛ ✐❞♦/♦/ ❡♠ ❢1❡♥3❡ ❛♦ ❈❊❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✾ ❊♥31❛❞❛ ♣❛1❛ ♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✶✵ ❙✐3✉❛()♦ ❞♦ ♣❛✈✐♠❡♥3♦ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞♦ ❘❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✶✶ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞❛ ?1❡❛ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥3❡ ❛♦ ♣?3✐♦ ♣1✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❉❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✶✷ ❙✐3✉❛()♦ ❞♦ ♣❛✈✐♠❡♥3♦ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞♦ ❈❉❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✶✸ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞❛ ❆❘◗✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✶✹ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞❛ >❖❙▼❊❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✶✺ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛13❡ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞♦ ■◆❊>✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✶✻ ❈♦♥❞✐()♦ ❞♦ ♣❛✈✐♠❡♥3♦ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞❛ ❇❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶✼ ❱❛❣❛ ❡①❝❧✉/✐✈❛ ♣❛1❛ ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥3❡/ ❢Q/✐❝♦/ ❞❛ ❇❯✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✶✽ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❞♦ ❇❛♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❇1❛/✐❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✶✾ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ✬3❡11)♦✬ ❞♦ ❈❈❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✷✵ ❙✐3✉❛()♦ ❞❛/ /✐♥❛❧✐③❛(G❡/ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ❡♠ ♦❜1❛/ ❞♦ ❊❈❱✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✷✶ >❛♥♦1❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣?3✐♦ ✬❢✉♥❞)♦✬ ❞♦ ❈\11❡❣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✷✷ >?3✐♦/ ❛♥❛❧✐/❛❞♦/✿ ❞❡ ✭❛✮ ❛ ✭❤✮ ❞❡ ❛❝♦1❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦1❞❡♠ ❞❛/ ❞❡/❝1✐(G❡/✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✷✸ >?3✐♦/ ❛♥❛❧✐/❛❞♦/✿ ❞❡ ✭✐✮ ❛ ✭♣✮ ❞❡ ❛❝♦1❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦1❞❡♠ ❞❛/ ❞❡/❝1✐(G❡/✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

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▲✐"#❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛"

✶ ❉❡✜♥✐&'♦ ❞❡ *●❚ ♣♦. ❞✐❢❡.❡♥0❡1 ❛✉0♦.❡1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷ ◗✉❛♥0✐❞❛❞❡ ♠9♥✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛1 ♣❛.❛ ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥0❡1 ❢91✐❝♦1 ❞❡ ❛❝♦.❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❖❊❙❙❀ *❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸ *M0✐♦1 ❞❡ ❡10❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦ ❛♥❛❧✐1❛❞♦1 ❡ 1✉❛1 M.❡❛1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹ ■♥0❡.✈❛❧♦1 ❞❛1 .♦♥❞❛1 ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐&'♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✺ ❘❛③'♦ ❡♥0.❡ ❛1 M.❡❛1 ❡ ❛1 ♦❝✉♣❛&R❡1 ♠M①✐♠❛1 ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛❞❛1 ❞♦1 ♣M0✐♦1 ❛♥❛❧✐1❛❞♦1✳ ✸✷ ✻ ❘❡❧❛&'♦ ❞❡ ♥♦0❛1 ❡ ♠❡♥&R❡1 ❞♦1 ♣M0✐♦1 ❞❡ ❡10❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶

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✶✵

✶ ■♥#$♦❞✉()♦

❆ ❛$✉❛❧ $❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝+❡,❝✐♠❡♥$♦ ♣♦♣✉❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❜+❛,✐❧❡✐+❛ 3 ❝♦♥,✐❞❡+❛❞❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ 5✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛+❛❞❛ ❛♦, ❞❡♠❛✐, ♣❛6,❡, ✭❖◆❯✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ 5✉❡ ❞❡❝+❡,❝❡♥$❡✱ ♥♦, ❝♦♥❢❡+❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❛, ♠❛✐, ♣♦♣✉❧♦,❛, ♥❛AB❡, ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ,✐♥$♦♠❛ ❞♦ ♥♦,,♦ $❛+❞✐♦ ❞❡,❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥$♦✳ ◆❛ ❜✉,❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❛+❛♠❡$+✐③❛AB❡, ❞❡,$❡ ♣+♦❣+❡,,♦✱ ❛, ❞✐✈❡+,❛, E+❡❛, ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥$♦ ,G♦ ❞❡ ❣+❛♥❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❛ ♣❛+❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣+❡❡♥,G♦ ❡ ♠✐$✐❣❛AG♦ ❞♦, ♠❛❧❡, 5✉❡ ❛❢❡$❛♠ ♦ ❜❡♠✲❡,$❛+ ❡ ♦ ❞❡,❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥$♦ ❡5✉✐❧✐❜+❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❡$I♥❝✐❛, ❛,,❡❣✉+❛❞❛, ♣♦+ ♥♦,,❛ ❈♦♥,$✐$✉✐AG♦ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✶✾✽✽✮✳ ❆ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉+❜❛♥❛ 3 ✐♠♣♦+$❛♥$❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛❞♦+ ♣❛+❛ ,❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛+ ❛ 5✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ♥♦, ❝❡♥$+♦, ✉+❜❛♥♦,✱ 5✉❡ ❡♠ ✈✐+$✉❞❡ ❞❡ ,✉❛, ✐♠❡♥,❛, ❛$+❛$✐✈✐❞❛❞❡,✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♥$+❛♠ ❡ ❛❝❡♥$✉❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✐AG♦ ❞❡ ,❛$✉+❛AG♦ ❞❛, ♠❛❧❤❛, ✈✐E+✐❛,✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥,❡5✉I♥❝✐❛✱ ,❡ +❡❣✐,$+❛ ♣♦✉❝❛ ❡✜❝✐I♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ $+❛♥,♣♦+$❡ ❡ ❝✐+❝✉❧❛AG♦ ❞❡ ♣❡,,♦❛,✱ ❜❡♥, ❡ ♣+♦❞✉$♦, ✭❈◆❚✱ ✷✵✶✺✮✳

❆$✉❛❧♠❡♥$❡✱ ♣❡+❝❡❜❡✲,❡ 5✉❡ ♦, ♣❛❞+B❡, ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦, ❝✐❞❛❞G♦, ♦❢❡+❡❝❡♠ ✉♠ ♦❜,$E❝✉❧♦ ♥❛ +❡❛❧✐③❛AG♦ ❞❛, $❛+❡❢❛, ❞✐E+✐❛, ♠❛✐, ❜E,✐❝❛,✱ $❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡,,♦ ❛♦ $+❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡❞✉❝❛AG♦✱ ,❡+✈✐A♦,✱ ❝♦♠♣+❛, ❡ ❧❛③❡+ ✭❙■▲❱❆✱ ✷✵✵✾✮✳ ❊ ❞✐❛♥$❡ ❞❛ ❡①❝❡,,✐✈❛ ✉$✐❧✐③❛AG♦ ❞♦ ❛✉$♦♠V✈❡❧✱ ❤E❜✐$♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣+❡♦❝✉♣❛♥$❡✱ ♦, ❝♦♥❣❡,$✐♦♥❛♠❡♥$♦, ❡ ,✉❛, ❝♦♥,❡5✉❡♥$❡, ❡①$❡+♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡, ♥❡❣❛$✐✈❛, ,G♦ +♦$✐♥❡✐+♦,✱ ♣+✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥$❡ ❡♠ +❡❣✐B❡, ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦+ ❛$+❛$✐✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ 5✉❡ ❣❡+❛♠ ❡ ❛$+❛❡♠ ✈✐❛❣❡♥, ❝♦♠ ,✐❣♥✐✜❝❛$✐✈❛ ✐♥$❡♥,✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❇❊◆❏❆▼■◆✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳

❊,$❡ ❣❡+❛+ ❡ ❛$+❛✐+ ❡①♣+❡,,✐✈♦ ♥Z♠❡+♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♥, ✈❡♠ ❝❛✉,❛♥❞♦ +❡✢❡①♦, ♥❡❣❛$✐✈♦, ♥❛ ❝✐+✲ ❝✉❧❛AG♦ ✈✐E+✐❛✱ ♣+❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❝❡,,✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❣+❛✈❛♥❞♦ ❛, ❝♦♥❞✐AB❡, ❞❡ ,❡❣✉+❛♥A❛ ❞❡ ✈❡6❝✉❧♦, ❡ ♣❡❞❡,$+❡,✱ ✐♥$❡+❢❡+✐♥❞♦ ♣♦+$❛♥$♦ ♥❛ ,❛❞✐❛ 5✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ❞♦, ,❡✉, ✉,✉E+✐♦, ❡ $+❛♥,❡✉♥$❡,✳ ❆ ❯♥✐✈❡+,✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡+❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥$❛ ❈❛$❛+✐♥❛ ✭❯❋❙❈✮ ,❡ ❡♥❝❛✐①❛ ♥❡,$❡ ♣❡+✜❧ ♣♦✐, ❛$+❛✐ ✉♠ ,✐❣♥✐✜❝❛$✐✈♦ ♥Z♠❡+♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♥, ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛+❡,✳ ❆❧✉♥♦, ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥E+✐♦, ♥❡❝❡,,✐$❛♠ ❞✐+✐❣✐+ ,❡✉, ✈❡6❝✉❧♦, ❛$3 ❛ ✉♥✐✈❡+,✐❞❛❞❡ ❞✐❛+✐❛♠❡♥$❡✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈ ✉♠ ✐♥$❡♥,♦ ♣♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝✐+❝✉❧❛AG♦ ❡ ♣♦+ ✐,,♦ ❛ ✐♠♣♦+$^♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ,❡ ❞❡✜♥✐+ ♦ 5✉❡ ,G♦ ❡,$❡, ❝❡♥$+♦, 5✉❡ ❛$+❛❡♠ ❡ ❣❡+❛♠ $+E❢❡❣♦✳ ❆ ❧✐$❡+❛$✉+❛ ❡,♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝❧❛,,✐✜❝❛ $❛✐, ❝❡♥$+♦, ❝♦♠♦ _♦❧♦, ●❡+❛❞♦+❡, ❞❡ ❚+E❢❡❣♦ ✭_●❚✮✳ ❆ +❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞♦ ♠✉♥✐❝6♣✐♦ ❞❡ ❋❧♦+✐❛♥V♣♦❧✐, ♥♦ ❡,$❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❙❛♥$❛ ❈❛$❛+✐♥❛ ♠♦,$+❛ 5✉❡ ,❡✉, ❝✐❞❛❞G♦, $❛♠❜3♠ ,G♦ ❛❢❡$❛❞♦, ♣❡❧❛ ♠❛,,✐✜❝❛AG♦ ✉+❜❛♥❛ ❡ ❝♦♥,❡5✉❡♥$❡ 5✉❡❞❛ ❞❡ 5✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ,✐ 3 ❜❛,$❛♥$❡ ❛$+❛$✐✈❛✳ ❆ ❝❛♣✐$❛❧ ❝❛$❛+✐♥❡♥,❡ 3 ❤♦❥❡ ✉♠ ❣+❛♥❞❡ ♣♦❧♦ $✉+6,$✐❝♦ ❞❛ +❡❣✐G♦ ,✉❧ ❜+❛,✐❧❡✐+❛✱ +❡❝❡❜❡♥❞♦ ❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥$❡ ♠✐❧❤B❡, ❞❡ $✉+✐,$❛, ❡ ♥♦✈♦, ♠♦+❛❞♦+❡,✳ ❆❧3♠ ❞✐,,♦✱ ❛ ✐❧❤❛ ♦❢❡+❡❝❡ $❛♠❜3♠ ❛$+❛$✐✈♦, ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦, ❝♦♠♦ ❡✈❡♥$♦, ❢❡,$✐✈♦,✱ ❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❝❡♥)❡* ✱ ✉♥✐✈❡+,✐❞❛❞❡,✱ ❡♥$+❡ ♦✉$+♦,✳

(12)
(13)

✶✷ "#❣%♦' ♦✉ ❡♥+✐❞❛❞❡' ❞❡ +#/♥'✐+♦ #❡'♣♦♥'1✈❡✐' ❛♥❛❧✐'❡♠ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥❢♦#♠✐❞❛❞❡' ❧❡❣❛✐' ❞♦' ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦' ❛ '❡#❡♠ ✐♠♣❧❛♥+❛❞♦' ❡♠ 8●❚✳ ◗✉❛'❡ ❞✉❛' ❞=❝❛❞❛' ❞❡♣♦✐'✱ ♥%♦ ❛♣❡♥❛' ❛ '✐+✉❛?%♦ ❞♦' ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦' ♣✐♦#♦✉ ✈❡#+✐❣✐♥♦✲ '❛♠❡♥+❡✱ ♣❡#❝❡♣+A✈❡❧ ❞✐❛♥+❡ ♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ♥B♠❡#♦ ❞❡ ❝❛'♦' ❞❡ ❝#✐♠❡' ❡ +#❛♥'❣#❡''C❡' #❡❧❛+❛❞♦' ❡♠ ♥♦+✐❝✐1#✐♦' ❡ #❡❞❡' '♦❝✐❛✐'✱ ❝♦♠♦ #❡'+♦✉ ❡✈✐❞❡♥+❡ ❛ ♦♠✐''%♦ ❞♦ "#❣%♦ ❞❡ ❡♥'✐♥♦ '✉♣❡#✐♦#✳ ◆❡''❡' B❧+✐♠♦' ✷✵ ❛♥♦' ♥♦+❛✲'❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥'✐❞❡#1✈❡❧ ❞✐'♣❛#✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥+#❡ ♦ ❝#❡'❝✐♠❡♥+♦ ❞❛ ♣♦✲ ♣✉❧❛?%♦ ✉♥✐✈❡#'✐+1#✐❛ ❡ ❛' 1#❡❛' ♣❛#❛ ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦✳ ❆♦ ♣❛''♦ G✉❡ ❡♠ ✶✾✾✺✱ ❛♥♦ ❞❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛?%♦ ❞♦ ❘❡❧❛+"#✐♦ ❞♦ 8❧❛♥♦ ❉✐#❡+♦# ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈✱ ♣♦✉❝♦ ♠❛✐' ❞❡ ✺✷ ♠✐❧ ♠❡+#♦' G✉❛❞#❛❞♦' +✐♥❤❛♠ ♦ ✉'♦ ✈♦❧+❛❞♦ ♣❛#❛ ❡'+❡ ♣#♦♣"'✐+♦✱ '❡#✈✐♥❞♦ Q' ✷✺✳✽✽✸ ♣❡''♦❛' G✉❡ ❤❛❜✐+❛✈❛♠ ♦ ❝❛♠♣✉' ♥❛ =♣♦❝❛✱ ♥♦ ♣#❡'❡♥+❡ ❛♥♦ ✼✹ ♠✐❧ ♠❡+#♦' G✉❛❞#❛❞♦' '❡#✈❡♠ ❛ ❛+✉❛❧ ♣♦♣✉❧❛?%♦ ✉♥✐✈❡#'✐+1#✐❛ ❞❡ ✺✷✳✵✵✵ ♣❡'✲ '♦❛' ✕ ✉♠ ❛✉♠❡♥+♦ ❞❡ ✹✹✪ ❡♠ 1#❡❛ ❡ ❞❡ ✶✵✵✪ ❡♠ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✳ ◆%♦ '❡ ♣♦❞❡ ♥♦ ❡♥+❛♥+♦✱ +#❛+❛# ❡'+❛ ❝♦♠♣❛#❛?%♦ ✐'♦❧❛❞❛♠❡♥+❡ ❞♦' #❡'♣❡❝+✐✈♦' ❝♦♥+❡①+♦' ✉#❜❛♥♦'✱ ♥♦ +♦❝❛♥+❡ ❛ ❞✐'♣❛#✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡''♦ ❛♦' ♠❡✐♦' ❞❡ +#❛♥'♣♦#+❡ ❝♦❧❡+✐✈♦ ❡ ❛ #❡❝❡♥+❡ ♠♦+♦#✐③❛?%♦ ❞♦' ❡'+✉❞❛♥+❡' ✉♥✐✈❡#'✐+1#✐♦' ♣♦# ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✳ ➱ ♥❡'+❡ ❝♦♥+❡①+♦ G✉❡ '❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦#+/♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣#❡❣❛# ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥+♦ ❛❝❡#❝❛ ❞❛' ❝❛✉'❛' ❡ ❝♦♥'❡G✉[♥❝✐❛' ❞❡''❛ ❡♥❢❡#♠✐❞❛❞❡ ✉#❜❛♥❛✱ ❡ '✉#❣❡ ❛ ♠♦+✐✈❛?%♦ ♣❛#❛ +#❛?❛# ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛?%♦ '♦❜#❡ ❛ +=❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛#✐❛ ❞♦' ❛+✉❛✐' ♣1+✐♦' ❞❡ ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈✱ ❝♦♥+#✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❡♠❜❛'❛♠❡♥+♦ ❛❝❛❞[♠✐❝♦ ❡ ♣#♦♣♦♥❞♦ ❛❧+❡#♥❛+✐✈❛' ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦#✐❛✳

✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡'✐✈♦+

✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡'✐✈♦ ❣❡,❛❧ ❖ ♣#❡'❡♥+❡ +#❛❜❛❧❤♦ +❡♠ ♣♦# ♦❜❥❡+✐✈♦ ❣❡#❛❧ #❡❛❧✐③❛# ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛?%♦ ❞♦' ♣1+✐♦' ❞❡ ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡#'✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡#❛❧ ❞❡ ❙❛♥+❛ ❈❛+❛#✐♥❛✳ ✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡'✐✈♦/ ❡/♣❡❝2✜❝♦/ ❖' ♦❜❥❡+✐✈♦' ❡'♣❡❝A✜❝♦' '%♦ ♦' '❡❣✉✐♥+❡'✿ • #❡✈✐'❛# ❛ ❧✐+❡#❛+✉#❛ +=❝♥✐❝❛ ❡'♣❡❝A✜❝❛ ❛ #❡'♣❡✐+♦ ❞❡ ♣1+✐♦' ❞❡ ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦ ❡ 8♦❧♦' ●❡#❛❞♦#❡' ❞❡ ❚#1❢❡❣♦❀ • #❡✉♥✐# ❡ ♦#❣❛♥✐③❛# ❞❛❞♦' '♦❜#❡ ❛ ✐♥❢#❛❡'+#✉+✉#❛ ❞♦' ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦' ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈❀

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✶✸ • "❡❛❧✐③❛" ♠❡❞✐*+❡, ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛*/♦ ❡ ❞✉"❛*/♦ ❞♦, ♣"✐♥❝✐♣❛✐, ♣34✐♦, ❞❡ ❡,4❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥4♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈❀ • ❡❧❛❜♦"❛" ❞❡,❝"✐*/♦ 4;❝♥✐❝❛ ❞♦, ♣"✐♥❝✐♣❛✐, ♣34✐♦, ❡,4❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥4♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈❀ • ❞❡4❡"♠✐♥❛" ♦, ♣"✐♥❝✐♣❛✐, ♣34✐♦, ❡,4❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥4♦ ♥❛ ❯❋❙❈ <✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ✈❛❣❛, ♣❛"❛ ❡,✲ 4❛❝✐♦♥❛"❀ • ✐♥4❡"♣"❡4❛" ♦, "❡,✉❧4❛❞♦, ❞✐❛♥4❡ ❛ ❛4✉❛❧ ✐♥❢"❛❡,4"✉4✉"❛❀ • ♣"♦♣♦" ♠❡❧❤♦"✐❛,✳

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✶✹

✷ ❘❡✈✐%&♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣+,✜❝❛

❘❖❊❙❙❀ '❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛8❛♠ 9✉❡ ♦; ❞❡;❧♦❝❛♠❡♥>♦; ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛8❡; ✉8❜❛✲ ♥♦;✱ ❡♠ ;✉❛ ♠❛❥♦8✐>D8✐❛ ♣❛8>❡✱ ❝♦♠❡F❛♠ ❡ >❡8♠✐♥❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❞❡;>8❡;✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦; ❛✉>♦8❡;✱ ;❛❧✈♦ ❛❧❣✉♠❛; ❡①❝❡FJ❡; ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛♥❝♦; ❡ 8❡;>❛✉8❛♥>❡; ❞♦ >✐♣♦ ❢❛"#✲❢♦♦❞"✱ >❛✐; ❞❡;❧♦❝❛♠❡♥>♦; ;❡ ♦8✐❣✐♥❛♠ ❛ ♣K ❡ >❡8♠✐♥❛♠ >❛♠❜K♠ ❛ ♣K✳ ❊ ❡♠ ;❡ >8❛>❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♥; ❝♦♠ ✈❡L❝✉❧♦; ♣❛8>✐❝✉❧❛✲ 8❡;✱ ❝♦♠♦ K >✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥>❡ ♣8❡❞♦♠✐♥❛♥>❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥>❡①>♦ ❜8❛;✐❧❡✐8♦✱ ❡;>❛; ❝♦♠❡F❛♠ ❡ >❡8♠✐♥❛♠ ♥♦; ❡;>❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥>♦;✳ ❊♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛; ❡①>8❡♠✐❞❛❞❡; ❞❛; ✈✐❛❣❡♥;✱ ;❡❥❛ ;❛✐♥❞♦ ♦✉ ❝❤❡❣❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ;✉❛ 8❡;✐❞N♥❝✐❛✱ ♦; ✈❡L❝✉❧♦; ♣8✐✈❛>✐✈♦; >N♠ ❛❝❡;;♦ ❛ ✈❛❣❛; ❞❡ ❡;>❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥>♦ ♣❛8>✐❝✉❧❛8❡; ♦✉ ✈❛❣❛; ❡♠ ❛✈❡♥✐❞❛; ❡ ❧♦>❡; ❞❛; ♣8♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡;✳ ◆❛ ♦✉>8❛ ❡①>8❡♠✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛FP♦ ❡ ♥❛>✉8❡③❛ ❞❛; ✈❛❣❛; ❞❡ ❡;>❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥>♦ ;P♦ ❝8✐>✐❝❛♠❡♥>❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥>❡; ❞❛ ❞❡♥;✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉;♦ ❡ ❢✉♥FP♦ ❞❛9✉❡❧❡ >❡88❡♥♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛❝❡;;♦ ❛♦; ♠♦❞❛✐; ❞❡ >8❛♥;♣♦8>❡ ♣R❜❧✐❝♦ 9✉❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥>❛♠ ❛ 8❡❣✐P♦ ✭❘❖❊❙❙❀ '❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ '■◆❚❖❀ ❉■V●❊◆❊❙❀ ▲■◆❉❆❯ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✱ ✈D8✐♦; ;P♦ ♦; ♠♦❞♦; ❞❡ >8❛♥;♣♦8>❡ ✉>✐❧✐✲ ③❛❞♦; ♣♦8 ❛9✉❡❧❡; 9✉❡ ;❡ ❞❡;❧♦❝❛♠✳ ❱✐❛❣❡♥; ❛ ♣K ❣❡8❛❧♠❡♥>❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛♠ ♠❡♥♦8 ✐♥❢8❛❡;>8✉>✉8❛ ✈✐D8✐❛✱ 8❡9✉❡8❡♠ ❛♣❡♥❛; ❛ ❛❞❡9✉❛FP♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧F❛❞❛; ❡ >8❛✈❡;;✐❛; ♣❛8❛ ♣❡❞❡;>8❡;✳ ❱✐❛❣❡♥; 8❡❛❧✐③❛✲ ❞❛; ♣♦8 >8❛♥;♣♦8>❡ ❝♦❧❡>✐✈♦✱ ❛♣❡;❛8 ❞❡ ♥❡❝❡;;✐>❛8❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♥❢8❛❡;>8✉>✉8❛ ♠❛✐; ❡❧❛❜♦8❛❞❛✱ >N♠ ;❡ ♠♦;>8❛❞♦ ❡①❝❡❧❡♥>❡ ;♦❧✉FP♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉8❜❛♥❛✱ ❛ ❝✐>❛8 ♦; ♠♦❞❛✐; ;♦❜8❡ >8✐❧❤♦;✳ ❏D ❛; ✈✐❛❣❡♥; 8❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛; ♣♦8 ❛✉>♦♠]✈❡❧ >❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❝❛✉;❛8 ✉♠❛ ;K8✐❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❛❝>♦; ♥❡❣❛>✐✈♦; ♥❛ ❝✐8❝✉❧❛FP♦ ✈✐D8✐❛✱ >❛✐; ❝♦♠♦✿ • ❛✉♠❡♥>♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✈❡L❝✉❧♦; >8❛❢❡❣❛♥❞♦ ♥❛; ✈✐❛;❀ • ❝♦♥❣❡;>✐♦♥❛♠❡♥>♦; ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞♦;❀ • ❛❣8❛✈❛♠❡♥>♦ ❞❛ ♣♦❧✉✐FP♦ ;♦♥♦8❛ ❡ ❛>♠♦;❢K8✐❝❛❀ • ❛✉♠❡♥>♦ ❞♦; ❛❝✐❞❡♥>❡;✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ;❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❘❖❊❙❙❀ '❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊ ✭✷✵✵✹✮✱ ♣❛8❛ ✉♠ >❡88❡♥♦ ;❡8 ♣8♦❞✉>✐✈♦ ❡♠ ;❡✉ ✉;♦✱ ❡;>❡ ❞❡✈❡ ;❡8 ❛❝❡;;L✈❡❧✳ ❊♥9✉❛♥>♦ ♦ >8❛♥;♣♦8>❡ ❝♦❧❡>✐✈♦ ♦❢❡8❡❝❡ ❛ ♠❛❥♦8✐>D8✐❛ ❛❝❡;;✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ 8❡❣✐P♦ ❞❡ ❣8❛♥❞❡ ❛❞❡♥;❛♠❡♥>♦ ✉8❜❛♥♦✱ ♥❛ ❣8❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦8✐❛ ❞❛; ✈❡③❡;✱ ❡;;❛ ❛❝❡;;✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ >❛♠❜K♠ ❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✱ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐N♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝✉;>♦ ❞♦; ❡;>❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥>♦;✳ ❖; ❣8❛♥❞❡; ♣♦❧♦; ❣❡8❛❞♦8❡; ❞❡ >8D❢❡❣♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ;❤♦♣♣✐♥❣; ❝❡♥>❡8✱ ❡;>D❞✐♦; ❞❡ ❢✉>❡❜♦❧ ❡ ❛❡8♦♣♦8>♦;✱

(16)

✶✺ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ '✐❣♥✐✜❝❛-✐✈❛♠❡♥-❡ ❞❛ ❛❝❡''✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ '❡✉ ♣2❜❧✐❝♦ ❛♦' ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦'✳ ❙❡♠ ❡'-❡ '✉♣6✐♠❡♥-♦✱ -❛✐' ♣♦❧♦' ♣6♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥-❡ ♥8♦ '❡6✐❛♠ ❧✉❝6❛-✐✈♦' ♣♦6 ❣6❛♥❞❡ ♣❛6-❡ ❞♦ -❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ '♦❜6❡✈✐✈:♥❝✐❛ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐6❛ ❞❡'-❡' ♣♦❧♦' ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❡♥-8♦ ❞♦' ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦' ❡ ❞❡ ♦✉-6❛' ❢♦6♠❛' ❞❡ ❛❝❡''♦✳ <♦6 ✐''♦✱ ❛ ♣6❡'❡♥=❛ ❞♦' ♣>-✐♦' ❞❡ ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦✱ ❛''✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❞❡ ♦✉-6♦' ♠♦❞❛✐' ❞❡ -6❛♥'♣♦6-❡ ❝♦❧❡-✐✈♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ '❡6 ❝♦♥'✐❞❡6❛❞♦' ?✉❛♥❞♦ '❡ ❛♥❛❧✐'❛ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♠♣6❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥-♦✳ ❊ ♠✉✐-❛' ✈❡③❡' ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐6❛ B ❞✐6❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❝C♠♦❞♦ ❛❝❡''♦ ❛♦' ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦'✱ ❡♥?✉❛♥-♦ ♦' ✐♠♣❛❝-♦' ❛♠❜✐❡♥-❛✐' ❞❡❝♦66❡♥-❡' ❞♦ -6>❢❡❣♦ ❣❡6❛❞♦ ❞❡❣6❛❞❛♠ ❛ ?✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ '❡♠ '❡6❡♠ ❝♦♥-❛❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦'✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶ ❛♣6❡'❡♥-❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛' ❞❡✜♥✐=E❡' ❞❡ <♦❧♦' ●❡6❛❞♦6❡' ❞❡ ❚6>❢❡❣♦✳

✷✳✶ ❉❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❡ ♦❢❡+,❛ ❞♦-

❡-,❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥,♦-❘❖❊❙❙❀ <❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛✜6♠❛♠ ?✉❡ ♦ ♣♦♥-♦ ❝6✉❝✐❛❧ B ❛ ❞❡-❡6♠✐♥❛=8♦ ❞❛ ?✉❛♥✲ -✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛' ♥❡❝❡''>6✐❛' ♣❛6❛ ✉♠ ❡♠♣6❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥-♦ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❡'-❛' ✈❛❣❛' ❞❡✈❡♠ '❡6 ❞✐'♣♦'-❛'✳ ❊'-❡' ♣❛6T♠❡-6♦'✱ ❛❧✐❛❞♦' U' ❧❡❣✐'❧❛=E❡' ❞❡ ③♦♥❡❛♠❡♥-♦ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧✱ 6❡'✉❧-❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥2♠❡6♦ ♠V♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛' ❞❡ ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦✳ ❱❆▲❉❊❙ ✭✶✾✼✽✮ ❛✜6♠❛ ?✉❡ ♦' ❡'-✉❞♦' ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦ -:♠ ♣♦6 ♦❜❥❡-✐✈♦ ♣6❡✈❡6 ❛ ❢✉-✉6❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛✱ '❡❥❛ ❡♠ ③♦♥❛' ❡♠ ❢❛'❡ ❞❡ ❞❡'❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥-♦ ♦✉ ❡♠ ❞✐♠❡♥'✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦' ❞❡ ❢✉-✉6♦' ❡♠♣6❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥-♦' ❡♠ ③♦♥❛' ✉6❜❛♥❛' ❥> ❡①✐'-❡♥-❡'✳ ▲❯❩ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ?✉❛❧✐✜❝❛ ♦' ❡'-✉❞♦' ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥-❛❧♠❡♥-❡ ❡♠♣V6✐❝♦'✱ ♣♦✐' ♣♦❞❡♠ '❡ ♦6✐❡♥-❛6 ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡6'❛' ♠❛♥❡✐6❛'✱ ❝♦♠♦ ?✉❛♥❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐'❛❞❛' ❛' ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛' ❡ ♦ ✉'♦ ❞♦ '♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❡-❡6♠✐♥❛❞♦ -❡66❡♥♦✱ ?✉❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❞✐❞♦ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ -6>❢❡❣♦ ?✉❡ '❡ ❞❡'-✐♥❛ ❛-B ❝❡6-♦ ❡'-❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥-♦ ❝♦♠❡6❝✐❛❧✱ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ?✉❛♥❞♦ '❡ ❡'-✉❞❛ ♦ ❝❛'♦ ❡♠ ♣❛6-✐❝✉❧❛6 ♣♦6 ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❡♥?✉❡-❡' ❡✴♦✉ ♣6♦❣♥b'-✐❝♦' ♣♦6 ❡①-6❛♣♦❧❛=8♦ '✐-✉❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❇❆❚❊❙ ❡- ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❛❝6❡'❝❡♥-❛6❛♠ ?✉❡ ❡'-✉❞♦' ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ '❡6 6❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦' ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉'♦ ❞❡ -B❝♥✐❝❛' ❞❡ ♣6♦♣♦6=8♦ ♠❛-❡♠>-✐❝❛✳ ❉✐❛♥-❡ ❞❡'-❛ 6❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛6✐>✈❡✐' ♥♦ ❡'-✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦6 ❡'-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦' B ?✉❡ '❡ ♠♦'-6❛ ♣6❡❢❡6V✈❡❧ ❝♦♥'✐❞❡6❛6 ❜❛'❡' ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦' ❡♠ 6❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡' ♣6b①✐♠❛' ❛♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ '❡6> ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞♦ ♦ ♣6♦❥❡-♦✱ ❝♦♠ 6❡'♣❛❧❞♦ ❡♠ -✐♣♦' ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛=8♦ ❡ ✉'♦' '✐♠✐❧❛6❡'✳ ■''♦ -♦6♥❛ ♦' 6❡'✉❧-❛❞♦'✱ ❛✐♥❞❛ ?✉❡ ❡♠ ♣6♦❥❡-♦✱ ♣♦''✐✈❡❧♠❡♥-❡ ♠❛✐' ✈❡6♦''V♠❡✐'✳ ◆♦ -♦❝❛♥-❡ U 6❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥-❛=8♦ ❞♦ ③♦♥❡❛♠❡♥-♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥-6♦❧❡ ❛❝❡6❝❛ ♦ ♥2♠❡6♦ ♠V♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛' ♦❢❡6-❛❞❛' ♣♦6 ❡♠♣6❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥-♦' ?✉❡ ❣❡6❡♠ '✐❣♥✐✜❝❛-✐✈♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ✈❡V❝✉❧♦' B 6❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥-❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛

(17)

✶✻ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✶✿ ❉❡✜♥✐+,♦ ❞❡ /●❚ ♣♦2 ❞✐❢❡2❡♥4❡5 ❛✉4♦2❡5 ❘❡❢❡%&♥❝✐❛ ❉❡✜♥✐-.♦ ❈❊❚ ✭✶✾✽✸✮ ❙.♦ ❡♠♣%❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥<♦= ❞❡ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ♣♦%<❡ ?✉❡ ❛<%❛❡♠ ♦✉ ♣%♦❞✉③❡♠ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ♥B♠❡%♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♥=✱ ❝❛✉=❛♥❞♦ %❡✢❡①♦= ♥❡❣❛<✐✈♦= ♥❛ ♥❛✈❡❣❛-.♦ ✈✐G%✐❛ ❡♠ =❡✉ ❡♥<♦%♥♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛<♦✱ ❡ ❡♠ ❝❡%<♦= ❝❛=♦=✱ ♣%❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❝❡==✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ <♦❞❛ ✉♠❛ %❡❣✐.♦ ♦✉ ❛❣%❛✈❛♥❞♦ ❛= ❝♦♥❞✐-K❡= ❞❡ =❡❣✉%❛♥-❛ ❞❡ ✈❡L❝✉❧♦= ❡ ♣❡❞❡=<%❡=✳ ●❘❆◆❉❖ ✭✶✾✽✻✮ ❙.♦ ❡♠♣%❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥<♦= ?✉❡✱ ♠❡❞✐❛♥<❡ ❛ ♦❢❡%<❛ ❞❡ ❜❡♥= ❡✴♦✉ =❡%✈✐-♦= ❣❡%❛♠ ♦✉ ❛<%❛❡♠ ✉♠ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ♥B♠❡%♦ ❞❡ ❞❡=❧♦❝❛♠❡♥<♦= ❡✱ ❝♦♥=❡?✉❡♥<❡♠❡♥<❡✱ ❝❛✉=❛♠ %❡✢❡①♦= ♥❛ ❝✐%❝✉❧❛-.♦ ❞❡ <%G❢❡❣♦ ♥♦ ❡♥<♦%♥♦✱ ♣%❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❝❡==✐✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✢✉✐❞❡③ ❞♦ <%G❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ <♦❞❛ %❡❣✐.♦ ❡ ❛❣%❛✈❛♥❞♦ ❛= ❝♦♥❞✐-.❡= ❞❡ =❡❣✉%❛♥-❛ ❞❡ ✈❡L❝✉❧♦= ❡ ♣❡❞❡=<%❡=✳ ■♥=<✐<✉<❡ ♦❢ ❚%❛♥=✲ ♣♦%<❛<✐♦♥ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡%= ✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❙.♦ ❝❡♥<%♦= ❞❡ ❛<✐✈✐❞❛❞❡= ❝♦♠ ❛❧<❛ ❞❡♥=✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡=❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥<♦ ✭❤♦=♣✐<❛✐=✱ ✐♥=<✐<✉✐-K❡= ❡❞✉❝❛❝✐♦♥❛✐=✱ ❤♦♣✲ ♣✐♥❣ ❝❡♥*❡+ ✮ ?✉❡ ❛<%❛❡♠ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥<%❛-.♦ ❞❡ <%G❢❡❣♦ ❞❡ ✈❡L❝✉❧♦= ❡✴♦✉ ♣❡❞❡=<%❡=✳ ❙.♦ ❝♦♥=<%✉-K❡= ?✉❡ ♥❡❝❡=✲ =✐<❛♠ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥<♦ ❞❛ ✐♥❢%❛❡=<%✉<✉%❛✱ ♣❛%❛ ?✉❡ ♦❢❡%<❛ ❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ =❡❥❛♠ ❡✜❝✐❡♥<❡♠❡♥<❡ ❝♦♠♣❛<✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦=✳ ❆◆❚W ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❙.♦ ❝♦♥=<%✉-K❡= ✉%❜❛♥❛= ?✉❡ ❛<%❛❡♠ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ?✉❛♥<✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡=❧♦❝❛♠❡♥<♦= ❞❡ ♣❡==♦❛= ♦✉ ❝❛%❣❛= ✭❡=❝♦❧❛=✱ ❝♦♥❥✉♥✲ <♦= ❞❡ ❡=❝%✐<Y%✐♦=✱ ❤♦♣♣✐♥❣ ❝❡♥*❡+ ✱ =✉♣❡%♠❡%❝❛❞♦=✮✳ ❉❊◆❆❚❘❆◆ ✭✷✵✵✶✮ ❙.♦ ❡♠♣%❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥<♦= ❞❡ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ♣♦%<❡ ?✉❡ ❛<%❛❡♠ ♦✉ ♣%♦❞✉③❡♠ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ♥B♠❡%♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♥=✱ ❝❛✉=❛♥❞♦ %❡✢❡①♦= ♥❡❣❛<✐✈♦= ♥❛ ❝✐%❝✉❧❛-.♦ ✈✐G%✐❛ ❡♠ =❡✉ ❡♥<♦%♥♦ ✐♠❡❞✐❛<♦ ❡✱ ❡♠ ❝❡%<♦= ❝❛=♦=✱ ♣%❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❝❡==✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ <♦❞❛ ✉♠❛ %❡❣✐.♦ ♦✉ ❛❣%❛✈❛♥❞♦ ❛= ❝♦♥❞✐-K❡= ❞❡ =❡❣✉%❛♥-❛ ❞❡ ✈❡L❝✉❧♦= ❡ ♣❡❞❡=<%❡=✳ ❙✐❧✈❡✐%❛ ❡* ❛❧ ❛♣✉❞ W❖❘❚❯●❆▲❀ ●❖▲❉✲ ◆❊❘ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ ❙.♦ ❝♦♥=<%✉-K❡= ❝♦♥❝❡♥<%❛❞❛= ♥✉♠ ❞❡<❡%♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❛<✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡=♣❡❝L✜❝❛✱ ?✉❡ ✐%.♦ ❣❡%❛% ✈✐❛❣❡♥= ❡ <%G❢❡❣♦ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ?✉❡=<K❡= %❡❧❛<✐✈❛= ❛ <%❛♥=♣♦%<❡=✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♦%❣❛♥✐③❛-.♦ ❞❛= ❛<✐✈✐❞❛❞❡= ❤✉♠❛♥❛=✳ ❙■▲❱❆ ✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❙.♦ ❡♠♣%❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥<♦ ?✉❡ ❣❡%❛ ❣%❛♥❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♥=✱ ❡♠ =✉❛ ♠❛✐♦%✐❛ ❛?✉❡❧❛= ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛= ♣❡♥❞✉❧❛%❡=✱ %❡=♣♦♥=G✲ ✈❡✐= ♣❡❧♦= ♣%♦❜❧❡♠❛= ❞❡ <%_♥=✐<♦✱ ♣%❡❥✉❞✐❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❝❡==✐✲ ❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ✢✉✐❞❡③ ❞♦ <%G❢❡❣♦✳ ❛❞♠✐♥✐=<%❛-.♦ ♣B❜❧✐❝❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❚❛❧ ❧✐♠✐<❡ ❛♣♦♥<❛ ✉♠❛ ?✉❛♥<✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛= ❞❡ ❡=<❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥<♦ ❛❞❡?✉❛❞❛ ♣❛%❛ ✉♠ ❞❡<❡%♠✐♥❛❞♦ ✉=♦ ♦✉ <❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ <❡%%❡♥♦ ✭❘❖❊❙❙❀ W❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❉❡♥<%❡ ❛= ✈❛❣❛= ✐♥❝❧✉❡♠✲=❡ ❛= ❡①❝❧✉=✐✈❛= ♣❛%❛ ♣❡==♦❛= ❝♦♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❧♦❝♦♠♦-.♦ ✭❈❖◆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✽❜✮✳ ❆ %❡=♦❧✉-.♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥<❛✲=❡ ♥❛ ▲❡✐ ✶✵✳✵✾✽✴✵✵ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✵✮ ?✉❡ ❞✐=♣K❡

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✶✼ ♥♦$♠❛' ❡ ❝$✐+,$✐♦' ♣❛$❛ ♣$♦♠♦./♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡''✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡ ♦ ❉❡❝$❡+♦ ✺✳✷✾✻✴✵✹ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✹✮ ❛ $❡❣✉❧❛♠❡♥+❛✱ $❡'❡$✈❛♥❞♦ ✷✪ ❞♦ +♦+❛❧ ❞❛' ✈❛❣❛' ♣❛$❛ ❡'+❡ ✉'♦✳ ❆♦' ❝✐❞❛❞/♦' ❞❡ ✐❞❛❞❡ ❛✈❛♥.❛❞❛✱ ✐❞❛❞❡ ✐❣✉❛❧ ♦✉ '✉♣❡$✐♦$ ❛ '❡''❡♥+❛ ❛♥♦'✱ ❛ ❧❡❣✐'❧❛./♦ ❜$❛'✐❧❡✐$❛ ♣$❡✈I ❡①❝❧✉'✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✺✪ ❞❛' ✈❛❣❛' ✭❈❖◆❚❘❆◆✱ ✷✵✵✽❛✮✳ ❊'+❛ $❡'♦❧✉./♦ '❡ $❡'♣❛❧❞❛ ♥♦ ❊'+❛+✉+♦ ❞♦ ■❞♦'♦✱ ▲❡✐ ✶✵✳✼✹✶✴✵✸ ✭❇$❛'✐❧✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❖ ■♥'+✐+✉♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛$✐❛ ❞❡ ❚$❛♥'♣♦$+❡ ❛♠❡$✐❝❛♥♦ $❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛ ♣❛❞$S❡' ♠T♥✐♠♦' ♣❛$❛ ♣♦$+❛❞♦$❡' ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐+❛./♦ ❢T'✐❝❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥./♦ ❞♦ +✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✉'♦ ❞♦ +❡$$❡♥♦ ✭❘❖❊❙❙❀ W❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷ $❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛ ❛❧❣✉♥' +✐♣♦' ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛./♦ ❞♦ '♦❧♦ ✉$❜❛♥♦ ❝♦♠ ❛' $❡'♣❡❝+✐✈❛' Z✉❛♥+✐❞❛❞❡' ♠T♥✐♠❛' ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛' ❞❡ ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦ ♣❛$❛ ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥+❡' ❢T'✐❝♦'✳ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✿ ◗✉❛♥*✐❞❛❞❡ ♠.♥✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛1 ♣❛3❛ ❞❡✜❝✐❡♥*❡1 ❢.1✐❝♦1 ❞❡ ❛❝♦3❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❖❊❙❙❀ =❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❚✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♦❝✉♣❛./♦ ◗✉❛♥+✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛' ❊'❝$✐+]$✐♦' ✵✱✷✶ ✈❛❣❛' ♣♦$ ✶✵✵✵ ♠✷ ❞❛ ^$❡❛ ❜$✉+❛ ❇❛♥❝♦' ✶ ❛ ✷ ✈❛❣❛' ♣♦$ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❘❡'+❛✉$❛♥+❡' ✸✱✷✵ ✈❛❣❛' ♣♦$ ✶✵✵✵ ♠✷ ❞❡ ^$❡❛ ❜$✉+❛ ◆❛ ❯❋❙❈✱ ❛ ❝$❡'❝❡♥+❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦$ ✈❛❣❛' , ❛''✉♥+♦ ♣$❡♦❝✉♣❛♥+❡ ♣❛$❛ ♦' ❞✐$✐❣❡♥+❡' ❡ +,❝♥✐❝♦' ❞❛ ✐♥'+✐+✉✐./♦ ✭▲❯❩✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❡'+✉❞♦ ❢❡✐+♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛✉+♦$✱ ❛♣$♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥+❡ ✶✺✵✵ ♥♦✈❛' ✈❛❣❛' ❞❡ ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦' '❡$✐❛♠ ♥❡❝❡''^$✐❛' ♣❛$❛ ❛❧♦❝❛$ ♦' ✈❡T❝✉❧♦' ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦' ❢♦$❛ ❞♦' ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦' ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦' ♦✜❝✐❛✐'✱ ❛Z✉❡❧❡' ♣$♦✈✐❞♦' ❞❡ ♣❛✈✐♠❡♥+❛./♦ ♣$]♣$✐❛ ♣❛$❛ ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ ❛♠♣❧✐❛./♦ ❝♦$$❡'♣♦♥❞✐❛ ❛ Z✉❛'❡ ♦ ❞♦❜$♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛' ❡①✐'+❡♥+❡' ♥❛ ,♣♦❝❛ ✭✶✽✹✪✮✱ ♥b♠❡$♦ ❝♦♥✲ '✐❞❡$❛✈❡❧♠❡♥+❡ ♠❛✐♦$ ❞♦ Z✉❡ ♦' ✶✹✺✪ ❛♣♦♥+❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❡'+✉❞♦ ❞♦ ●$✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❊'+✉❞♦' ❞♦ ❙✐'+❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈✐$❝✉❧❛./♦ ❞♦ ❈❛♠♣✉' ✭●❊❙❈❈✮ ♥♦ ❛♥♦ ❛♥+❡$✐♦$✳ ●❘❆◆❉❖ ❡ ❯▲❨❙❙❊❙ ✭✶✾✾✶✮ ❛♣✉❞ ▲❯❩ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♥^❧✐'❡ '✐+✉❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦' ♣^+✐♦' ❡①✐'+❡♥+❡' ♥♦ ❈❛♠♣✉' ❯♥✐✈❡$'✐+^$✐♦ ❞❛ ❯❋❙❈✱ ❛♣♦♥+❛$❛♠ ❛ ❡①✐'+I♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ^$❡❛' ❝♦♠ ♦❝✐♦'✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛' ❞❡ ❡'+❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥+♦✱ ❡♥Z✉❛♥+♦ Z✉❡ ♦✉+$❛' ❛♣$❡'❡♥+❛$❛♠ ❣$❛✈❡' ♣$♦❜❧❡♠❛' ❞❡ ❝❛$I♥❝✐❛✳ ➱ ♣♦$ ✐''♦ Z✉❡ ✉♠ ❡'+✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦$ ✈❛❣❛' ♥♦ ❝❛♠♣✉' ♥/♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛' ❝♦♥'✐❞❡$❛$ ♦ ♣^+✐♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ^$❡❛ b♥✐❝❛✳ ❖ ❛✉+♦$ ❡❧❡♥❝❛ ❛' $❡❣✐S❡' ♠❛✐' ❝$T+✐❝❛'✱ '♦❜ ❛ ]+✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❢❛❧+❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛'✱ ❝♦♠♦ '❡♥❞♦ ❛' ^$❡❛' ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦$ ❞❡♥'✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❡''♦❛'✱ ♦ ❈❡♥+$♦ ❚❡❝♥♦❧]❣✐❝♦ ✭❈❚❈✮✱ ♦ ❈❡♥+$♦ ❞❡ ❈✐I♥❝✐❛' ❞❛ ❙❛b❞❡ ✭❈❈❙✮ ❡ ❛ ❘❡✐+♦$✐❛✱ ❛❝$❡'❝❡♥+❛♥❞♦ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ $❡''❛❧✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥' ❤♦$^$✐♦' ❡'♣❡❝T✜❝♦' ❞♦ ❞✐❛✱ ♦ ❈❡♥+$♦ ❙♦❝✐♦❡❝♦♥g♠✐❝♦ ✭❈❙❊✮ ❡ ♦ ❈❡♥+$♦ ❞❡ ❈✐I♥❝✐❛' ❏✉$T❞✐❝❛' ✭❈❈❏✮✳

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✶✽

✷✳✷ ▲❡❣✐&❧❛)*♦ ❞♦& ❡&-❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥-♦&

"❛$%✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♣$❡♠✐--❛ ❞❡ .✉❡ ♦ ❊-%❛❞♦ 1 ♦ ❛❣❡♥%❡ ♥♦$♠❛%✐✈♦ ❡ $❡❣✉❧❛❞♦$ ❞❛ ❛%✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❝♦♥6♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①❡$❝❡✱ ♥❛ ❢♦$♠❛ ❞❛ ❧❡✐✱ ❛- ❢✉♥:;❡- ❞❡ ✜-❝❛❧✐③❛:>♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥%✐✈♦ ❡ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥%♦✱ ♣♦❞❡$@❛♠♦- ❞✐③❡$ .✉❡✱ ♣❛$❛ ♦ ❝❛-♦ ❡-♣❡❝@✜❝♦ ❞❡-%❡ %$❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ %♦❞❛- ❛- ❡❞✐✜❝❛:;❡- ❣♦✈❡$♥❛♠❡♥%❛✐- ❞❡✈❡$✐❛♠ ❡-%❛$ ✐♥-❡$✐❞❛- ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐%♦ ❞❡ ♥♦"♠❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❞✐"❡✐)♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥+)"✉✐"✱ .✉❡ -❡❣✉♥❞♦ ▼❊■❘❊▲▲❊❙ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ❛❜$❛♥❣❡ %♦❞❛- ❛- ❢♦$♠❛- ❡ ♠♦❞❛❧✐❞❛❞❡- ❞❡ ✉-♦ ❞❛ ♣$♦♣$✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❡ 1 ♥♦$♠❛❧ ♣♦$ -❡ %$❛%❛$ ❞❡ ❝♦♥-%$✉:>♦ ♦✉ ❛%✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ .✉❡ ♥>♦ ❧❡-❡ ♦ ✈✐③✐♥❤♦✱ ♥❡♠ ♦- .✉❡ ❛ ❤❛❜✐%❛♠ ♦✉ ❢$❡.✉❡♥%❛♠ ♥♦ .✉❡ ❞✐③ $❡-♣❡✐%♦ ❛ -✉❛- -❡❣✉$❛♥:❛✱ -♦--❡❣♦ ♦✉ -❛M❞❡✳ ❈♦♥%✉❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦❞❡ -❡$ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥%❡ ♣❡$❝❡❜✐❞♦✱ ❛ .✉❡-%>♦ ❞♦- ❡-%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦- 1 ♣♦❧P♠✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❛❥♦$✐%❛$✐❛♠❡♥%❡ ❡♥.✉❛❞$Q✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐%♦ ❞❡ ✉+♦ ❛♥♦"♠❛❧ ❞❛ ♣"♦♣"✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❢❛%♦ $❡♣✉❞✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❉✐$❡✐%♦ ✭❈S❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧✱ ❛$%✳ ✶✷✷✼✮✳ ❆ -❡❣✉$❛♥:❛ ❛ .✉❡ ♦ ❈S❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❛❧✉❞❡ ❡ ♣$♦%❡❣❡ $❡❢❡$❡✲-❡ ❛♦ ♣$♦♣$✐❡%Q$✐♦ ♦✉ ❛♦ ♣♦--✉✐✲ ❞♦$✱ .✉❛❧.✉❡$ ♣❡--♦❛ .✉❡ ♦❝✉♣❡ ♦✉ ❢$❡.✉❡♥%❡ ❛ ❜❡♥❢❡✐%♦$✐❛✱ ❛ %@%✉❧♦ ♣❡$♠❛♥❡♥%❡ ♦✉ %$❛♥-✐%S$✐♦✱ ❣$❛%✉✐%♦ ♦✉ ♦♥❡$♦-♦✳ "♦❞❡✲-❡ ❡♥%>♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐$ ♦- ✉-✉Q$✐♦- ❞❡ ❡-%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦- ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦--✉✐❞♦$❡-❞❛.✉❡❧❛ ✈❛❣❛ ❡ ♣♦$ ✐--♦ %❡♠ -✉❛ -❡❣✉$❛♥:❛✱ -♦--❡❣♦ ❡ -❛M❞❡ ❛--❡❣✉$❛❞♦-✳ ❆ ♦❢❡♥-❛ W -❡❣✉$❛♥:❛ ♣♦❞❡ -❡$ ❞❛❞❛ %❛♥%♦ ♣♦$ ❛:>♦ .✉❛♥%♦ ♣♦$ ♦♠✐-->♦ ✭▼❊■❘❊▲▲❊❙✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♦ ❛✉%♦$✱ ♦ ❡--❡♥❝✐❛❧ 1 .✉❡ ♦ ❛%♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❛%✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣$♦❞✉③❛ ✉♠ ❞❛♥♦ ❡❢❡%✐✈♦ ♦✉ ❝$✐❡ ✉♠❛ -✐%✉❛:>♦ ❞❡ ♣❡$✐❣♦ ♣❛$❛ ❛ ✐♥%❡❣$✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦- ❢$❡.✉❡♥%❛❞♦$❡-✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♥♦ ❝❛-♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠❡♥%♦✳ ❊♠ $❡❧❛:>♦ W -❛M❞❡✱ ❛ ❧❡✐ ❝✐✈✐❧ ❛✉%♦$✐③❛ ♦ ✐♠♣❡❞✐♠❡♥%♦ ❞❡ ✉-♦ ❛♥♦$♠❛❧ ❞❡ ♣$♦♣$✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦✉%$❡♠ ❝❛-♦ -❡✉ ❜❡♠ -❡❥❛ ♣♦-%♦ ❡♠ $✐-❝♦✱ .✉❡ ♥❡-%❡ ❝❛-♦ -❡❥❛ -❡✉ ✈❡@❝✉❧♦✳ ◆❛ ✈❡$❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛✜$♠❛ ▼❊■❘❊▲▲❊❙ ✭✷✵✶✸✮✱ ♥>♦ -❡ ❝♦♠♣$❡❡♥❞❡$✐❛ .✉❡ ♦ ❧❡❣✐-❧❛❞♦$ ♣$♦%❡❣❡--❡ ❛ -❡❣✉$❛♥:❛ ❡ ♦ -♦--❡❣♦ ❞❡-❝✉✐❞❛♥❞♦ ❞❛ -❛M❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ .✉❡ ❡--❡ %$P- ❜❡♥- ❡-%>♦ ✐♥%✐♠❛♠❡♥%❡ ❧✐❣❛❞♦- ❡ ❛ ❧❡->♦ ❛♦- ❞♦✐- ♣$✐♠❡✐$♦- ❛❢❡%❛ ♦$❞✐♥❛$✐❛♠❡♥%❡ ♦ %❡$❝❡✐$♦✳ ▼❊■❘❊▲▲❊❙ ✭✷✵✶✸✮ ❞❡-%❛❝❛ %❛♠❜1♠ ♦ %$❡❝❤♦ ❞♦ ❛$%✐❣♦ ✶✽✷ ❞❛ ♣❡:❛ ❝♦♥-%✐%✉❝✐♦♥❛❧ .✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ ♦ ❞✐$❡✐%♦ ❞❡ ♣$♦♣$✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❛♦ ❝✉♠♣$✐♠❡♥%♦ ❞❡ -✉❛ ❢✉♥:>♦ -♦❝✐❛❧✱ -✉❜♦$❞✐♥❛❞♦ W-✐♠♣♦-✐:;❡- ❧❡❣❛✐- ❞❡❝♦$$❡♥%❡- ❞♦ "❧❛♥♦ ❉✐$❡%♦$ ♠✉♥✐❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❉❡♥%$❡ ♦- ✐♥-%$✉♠❡♥%♦- ♣♦--@✈❡✐-❞❡ -❡$❡♠ ✐♠♣♦-%♦- ❡-%>♦ ♦ ❊-%✉❞♦ "$1✈✐♦ ♣♦--@✈❡✐-❞❡ ■♠♣❛❝%♦ ♣♦--@✈❡✐-❞❡ ❱✐③✐♥❤❛♥:❛ ✭❊■❱✮ ❡ ♦ ❊-%✉❞♦ "$1✈✐♦ ❞❡ ■♠♣❛❝%♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥%❛❧ ✭❊"■❆✮✱ .✉❡ %❡♠ ♣♦$ ✐♥%✉✐%♦ ✐♠♣❡❞✐$ ❝♦♥-%$✉:;❡- ♦✉ ❛%✐✈✐❞❛❞❡- .✉❡ ♣$❡❥✉❞✐.✉❡♠ ❛ ❝♦❧❡%✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥%❡ ✉$❜❛♥♦ ✭❇❘❆❙■▲✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❚❛❧ ❧❡✐✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❊-%❛%✉%♦ ❞❛ ❈✐❞❛❞❡✱ %$❛③ ❡♠ -❡✉ ❛$%✐❣♦ ✶♦✱ ♣❛$Q❣$❛❢♦ M♥✐❝♦✱ W ❧✉③ ❞❛ ❝✐P♥❝✐❛ ❥✉$@❞✐❝❛✱ ♦ ❣$❛♥❞❡ ♦❜❥❡%✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♦$❞❡♥❛:>♦ ✉$❜❛♥❛✿ ❛ $❡❣✉❧❛:>♦ ❞♦ ❞✐$❡✐%♦ ❞❡ ♣$♦♣$✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❛%❡♥❞❡$ ❛♦ ❜❡♠ ❝♦❧❡%✐✈♦✱ W -❡❣✉$❛♥:❛ ❡ ❛♦ ❜❡♠✲❡-%❛$ ❞♦- ❝✐❞❛❞>♦-✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛♦ ❡.✉✐❧@❜$✐♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥%❛❧✳ "❛$❛ ✜♥- ❞❡ ❞✐$❡✐%♦✱ ❡♥%❡♥❞❡✲-❡ ♣♦$ ❝♦♥-%$✉:>♦ %♦❞❛ $❡❛❧✐③❛:>♦ ♠❛%❡$✐❛❧ ❡ ✐♥%❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✱ ✈✐-❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❛❞❛♣%❛$ ♦ ✐♠S✈❡❧ W- -✉❛- ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐P♥❝✐❛-✳ ◆❡--❡ -❡♥%✐❞♦✱ %❛♥%♦ ->♦

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❝♦♥-%$✉:;❡-✶✾ ❛ ❡❞✐✜❝❛()♦ ♦✉ ❛ ,❡❢♦,♠❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ 0❛♠❜2♠ ❛ ❞❡♠♦❧✐()♦✱ ♦ ♠✉,❛♠❡♥0♦✱ ❛ ❡5❝❛✈❛()♦✱ ♦ ❛0❡,,♦✱ ❛ ♣✐♥0✉,❛ ❡ ❞❡♠❛✐5 0,❛❜❛❧❤♦5 ❞❡50✐♥❛❞♦5 ❛ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛,✱ 0❛♣❛,✱ ❞❡5♦❜50,✉✐,✱ ❝♦♥5❡,✈❛, ♦✉ ❡♠❜❡❧❡③❛, ✉♠ ♣,2❞✐♦ ✭▼❊■❘❊▲▲❊❙✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ◆❡50❡ ✈✐25✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦5 ✐♥❝❧✉✐, ♦5 ♣G0✐♦5 ❞❡ ❡50❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜,❛5 ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛,✐❛✳ ❆❝❡,❝❛ ❞❡50❛5 ♦❜,❛5✱ ❡♠❜♦,❛ ♦ ❈K❞✐❣♦ ❈✐✈✐❧ ✭❈❱✮ ♥)♦ ❢❛(❛ ❞✐50✐♥()♦ ❡♥0,❡ ✈M❝✐♦ ❡ ❞❡❢❡✐0♦✱ ♦ ❈K❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❢❡5❛ ❞♦ ❈♦♥5✉♠✐❞♦, ✭❈❉❈✮ ♦ ❢❛③✳ ❖ ✈M❝✐♦ ❛❢❡0❛ ❛ ♣❡,❢❡✐()♦ ❞❛ ♦❜,❛✱ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐♥❞♦ 5❡✉ ✈❛❧♦,✱ ❥G ♦ ❞❡❢❡✐0♦ ❝♦♥50✐0✉✐ ✉♠ ✈M❝✐♦ ♠❛✐5 ❣,❛✈❡✱ Q✉❡ ♣R❡ ❡♠ ,✐5❝♦ ❛ 5❡❣✉,❛♥(❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥5✉♠✐❞♦,✱ ❞❡ 5❡✉5 ❜❡♥5 ♦✉ ❞❡ 0❡,❝❡✐,♦5✳ ❚♦,♥❛♥❞♦ ❛5 ✐❞❡✐❛5 ♦❜❥❡0✐✈❛5✱ ♥♦ ❝❛5♦ ❞❡ ❡50❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦5 ❝♦♠ ❝♦♠♣,♦✈❛❞♦5 ✈M❝✐♦5 ♦✉ ❞❡❢❡✐0♦5✱ 5)♦ ❝♦,,❡5♣♦♥5G✈❡✐5 ❛Q✉❡❧❡ Q✉❡ ♦ ❡❞✐✜❝❛ ❡ ❛Q✉❡❧❡ Q✉❡ ♦ ❛❞♠✐♥✐50,❛✳ ➚Q✉❡❧❡ Q✉❡ ❛❞♠✐✲ ♥✐50,❛✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥0❡ ❞❛ ❛♣✉,❛()♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧♣❛✱ ❝❛5♦ ❛ 5❡❣✉,❛♥(❛ ❞♦ ♠♦0♦,✐50❛✱ ❞❡ 5❡✉5 ❜❡♥5 ♦✉ ❞❡ 0❡,❝❡✐,♦5 5❡❥❛ ❛♠❡❛(❛❞❛✱ ♦✉ Q✉❛❧Q✉❡, ✐♠♣❡,❢❡✐()♦ 5❡❥❛ ❝♦♥50❛0❛❞❛✱ ❧❤❡ ❝❛❜❡ ,❡5♣♦♥5❛❜✐❧✐③❛()♦ ❡ ,❡♣❛,❛()♦ ❞♦5 ❡✈❡♥0✉❛✐5 ❞❛♥♦5✳ ❏G ❛♦ ❝♦♥50,✉0♦,✱ ♣,♦✜55✐♦♥❛❧ ❤❛❜✐❧✐0❛❞♦ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐,♦ ♦✉ ❛,Q✉✐✲ 0❡0♦✱ ❛ ,❡5♣♦♥5❛❜✐❧✐③❛()♦ ♣❡55♦❛❧ ✜❝❛ ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ W ❛♣✉,❛()♦ ❞❡ ❝✉❧♣❛✱ 5❡❥❛ ♣♦, ♥❡❣❧✐❣X♥❝✐❛✱ ✐♠♣,✉❞X♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ✐♠♣❡,M❝✐❛✱ ❤❛❥❛ ✈✐50❛ ♦ ❛❢❛50❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❛ 0❡♦,✐❛ ❞❛ ❝✉❧♣❛ ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❈❉❈ ❛♦5 ❝❛5♦5 ❞❡ ❞❡❢❡✐0♦5✳ ❈❛❜❡ ,❡55❛❧0❛, Q✉❡ ❤G ✉♠ ❞❡✈❡, ❧❡❣❛❧ ❞♦ ❢♦,♥❡❝❡❞♦, ❞❡ Q✉❡ ♦ 5❡,✈✐(♦ ♦✉ ♣,♦✲ ❞✉0♦ ♦❢❡,❡❝✐❞♦ ❛♦ ♠❡,❝❛❞♦ ❝♦,,❡5♣♦♥❞❛ ❛♦ Q✉❡ ❞❡❧❡ 5❡ ❡5♣❡,❛ ✲ ❞❡✈❡, ❞❡ Q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✲❛❞❡Q✉❛()♦ ✭▼❆❘◗❯❊❙❀ ❇❊◆❏❆▼■◆❀ ▼■❘❆●❊▼✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳ ❆5 ♣♦❧M0✐❝❛5 Q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♦5 ❡50❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦5 ♣♦❞❡♠ 5❡, ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥0❛✐5 ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❡ ❤♦,✐③♦♥0❡5 ♠❛✐5 ❧♦♥❣♦5✳ ❆ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛5 ❣,❛♥❞❡5 ♠❡0,K♣♦❧❡5 ❥G ❧✐♠✐0❛♠ ❛ ♦❢❡,0❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛5 ♣,♦♣♦5✐0❛❞❛♠❡♥0❡✱ ❛✜♠ ❞❡ ❞❡5❡♥❝♦,❛❥❛, ♦ ✉5♦ ❞❡ ❛✉0♦♠K✈❡✐5✳ ❈❧❛,♦ Q✉❡ 0❛❧ ✐♥0❡,✈❡♥()♦ 2 ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥0❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ 52,✐❡ ❞❡ ♦✉0,♦5 ❢❛0♦,❡5 ❧♦❝❛✐5 ♠❛5 ❡①❡♠♣❧✐✜❝❛ ❛ ✐♠♣♦,0_♥❝✐❛ Q✉❡ ❛ ❢❡,,❛♠❡♥0❛ ❥✉,M❞✐❝❛ 0❡♠ ♥❡50❡ ❝♦♥0❡①0♦✳

✷✳✸ ❈❛%❛❝'❡%)*'✐❝❛* ❞♦* ❡*'❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥'♦* ❡ ❡*'✉❞♦* ❡*♣❡❝)✜❝♦*

❉✉,❛()♦ ❡ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦ 5)♦ ❞✉❛5 ❞❛5 ♠✉✐0❛5 ❝❛,❛❝0❡,M50✐❝❛5 Q✉❡ ♣❡,♠❡✐❛♠ ♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥0♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢✉0✉,♦ ♣G0✐♦ ❞❡ ❡50❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦✳ ❚❛♥0♦ ❛5 ❞✉,❛(R❡5 ❞♦ ✉5♦ ❞❛ ✈❛❣❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦ 5♦❜,❡ ❡50❛ ✈❛❣❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡,M♦❞♦✱ 5)♦ ❢❛0♦,❡5 ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥0❛✐5 5♦❜,❡ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛Q✉❡❧❡ ❡♠♣,❡❡♥❞✐♠❡♥0♦✳ ❆ ♣,♦①✐♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❞❡50✐♥♦ ✜♥❛❧ 0❛♠❜2♠ ♠❡,❡❝❡ ❝♦♥5✐❞❡,❛()♦✳ ❙)♦ ❛5♣❡❝0♦5 ❜❛50❛♥0❡ ♣,K①✐♠♦5✳ ❖ ♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥0❡ ❞❛ ❞✉,❛()♦✱ 2 0,❛0❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♠G①✐♠❛✳ ❘❖❊❙❙❀ `❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❝♦♠❡♥0❛♠ Q✉❡ 5❡ ❛ ❝❛♣❛✲ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡50❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥0♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞❛,✲5❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♣,♦♣♦,()♦ ❡5♣❛(♦✴❤♦,❛ ♣♦, ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛Q✉❡❧❡ ✈❡M❝✉❧♦ Q✉❡ ❡50❛❝✐♦♥❛, ♣♦, ♠❛✐5 ❤♦,❛5 ❝♦♥5✉♠✐,G ♠❛✐5 Q✉❡ ♦✉0,♦5 Q✉❡ ❛❧✐ ❡50❛❝✐♦♥❛,❡♠ ♣♦,

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✷✶

✷✳✹ ❊$%✉❞♦$ ❞❡ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛./♦ ❡ ❞✉0❛./♦ ❞♦$ ❡$%❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥%♦$

❆ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✉-❛()♦ .)♦ ✐♠♣♦-1❛♥1❡. ❡❧❡♠❡♥1♦. ♥♦ ♣❧❛♥❡❥❛♠❡♥1♦ ❡ ♦♣❡-❛()♦ ❞♦. ♣41✐♦. ❞❡ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥1♦✳ ❊.1❛. ❞✉❛. ✐♥❢♦-♠❛(8❡. ❡♥-✐9✉❡❝❡♠ .✐❣♥✐✜❝❛1✐✈❛♠❡♥1❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥1♦ ❛ -❡.♣❡✐1♦ ❞♦ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥1♦ ♥♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✭❈❊❚✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳ ❆❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥1♦ .❡ -❡❢❡-❡ ❛♦ ♥E♠❡-♦ 1♦1❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❡F❝✉❧♦. ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦. ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡1❡-♠✐♥❛❞❛ 4-❡❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣❡-F♦❞♦ ❞❡ 1❡♠♣♦ ✭❈❊❚✱ ✶✾✽✸✮✳ H■●◆❆❚❆❘❖ ✭✶✾✼✸✮ .✐♥1❡1✐③❛ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐()♦ ❝♦♠♦ .❡♥❞♦ ♦ 1♦1❛❧ ❞❡ ✈❡F❝✉❧♦. ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦. ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦ ♣❡-F♦❞♦ ❞❡ 1❡♠♣♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♥1❛❣❡♠ ❞♦. ✈❡F❝✉❧♦. ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦. P ❢❡✐1❛ ♣❡-✐♦❞✐❝❛♠❡♥1❡✱ ♥✉♠ ✐♥1❡-✈❛❧♦ ❞❡ 1❡♠♣♦ ❡.❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ 1P❝♥✐❝♦ ✭✶✺✱ ✸✵ ♦✉ ✻✵ ♠✐♥✉1♦. ♣♦- ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✮✳ ❆ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❛..❛❣❡♠ P ❛♥♦1❛❞♦ ♦ ♥E♠❡-♦ ❞❡ ✈❡F❝✉❧♦. ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦.✱ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦✲.❡ 1❛♥1❛. ♣❛..❛❣❡♥. 9✉❛♥1❛. ❢♦-❡♠ ♥❡❝❡..4-✐❛. ♣❛-❛ ❝♦❜-✐- ♦ ♣❡-F♦❞♦ ❡.1✐♣✉❧❛❞♦ ✭❈❊❚✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳ ❖. ❡.1✉❞♦. ❡♥1)♦ 1❡♥1❛♠ ❡.1❛❜❡❧❡❝❡- ♦. ♣❡-F♦❞♦. ❞❡ ♣✐❝♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐.1-✐❜✉✐()♦ ❞❡..❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦✳ ❏4 ❛ ❞✉-❛()♦ .❡ -❡❢❡-❡ ❛♦ ❧❛♣.♦ 1❡♠♣♦-❛❧ 9✉❡ ✉♠ ✈❡F❝✉❧♦ ♣❡-♠❛♥❡❝❡ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ➱ 1❛♠❜P♠ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❛ ❢-❡9✉Y♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐.♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛. ♣❛-❛ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛- ✭H■●◆❆❚❆❘❖✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ ❊.1❛ ✈❛-✐4✈❡❧ P ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛❞❛ ♣♦- ❞✐✈❡-.♦. ❤4❜✐1♦. ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛✐. ❞♦. ♠♦1♦-✐.1❛. ❡ ♣♦- ✐..♦ 1❡♠ ❣-❛♥❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❛ ♣❛-❛ ♦ ❡.1✉❞♦ ✭❘❖❊❙❙❀ H❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊✱ ✷✵✵✹✮✳ ❆..✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛()♦✱ ❛. ❞✉-❛(8❡. .)♦ ♣-♦♣♦-❝✐♦♥❛✐. ❛♦ 1❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ 4-❡❛ ✉-❜❛♥❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❡.1❡ ♣41✐♦ ❡.14 ✐♥.❡-✐❞♦✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ 9✉❡ ❛ ❛❣❧♦♠❡-❛()♦ ✉-❜❛♥❛ ❝-❡.❝❡✱ ❛ ❞✉-❛()♦ ♠P❞✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✈❡F❝✉❧♦ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛✉♠❡♥1❛✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥1❡♠❡♥1❡ ❞♦ ♣-♦♣a.✐1♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❛❣❡♠ ✭H■●◆❆❚❆❘❖✱ ✶✾✼✸✮✳ H♦- ♦✉1-♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❘❖❊❙❙❀ H❘❆❙❙❆❙❀ ▼❈❙❍❆◆❊ ✭✷✵✵✹✮ ❛✜-♠❛♠ 9✉❡ ❛ ❞✉-❛()♦ ✈❛-✐❛ .✐♠ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣-♦♣a.✐1♦ ❞❛ ✈✐❛❣❡♠✳ ❖✉1-♦ ♠P1♦❞♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ♣-41✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥.1❛1❛()♦ ❞❡ ❞✉-❛()♦ ❞❡ ✈❡F❝✉❧♦. ❡♠ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥1♦. P ♣♦- ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ❞♦ -❡❣✐.1-♦ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧ ❡ 1❡♠♣♦-❛❧ ❞♦ ✉.♦ ❞❡ ❞❡1❡-♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❣-✉♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛. ❡♠ ✐♥1❡-✈❛❧♦. -❡❣✉❧❛-❡. ❞❡ 1❡♠♣♦✳ ❖ ♣-♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥1♦ ❞❡ -❡❣✐.1-♦ ♣❡-✐a❞✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛❝❛. ♣❡-♠✐1❡✱ ❛♣a. 1❛❜✉❧❛()♦ ♥♦ ❡.❝-✐1a-✐♦✱ ❡.1✐♠❛- ♦ 1❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡-♠❛♥Y♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡F❝✉❧♦ ❡.1❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ✭❈❊❚✱ ✶✾✽✷✮✳ ❊❧❡. ♣♦❞❡♠ .❡- ❢❡✐1♦. ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉.♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛. ❞❡ ❝♦♥1❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ -❡❣✐.1-♦. ❢♦1♦❣-4✜❝♦.✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦. ♣41✐♦. ♣♦❞❡ .❡- .✉❜❞✐✈✐❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ❜❧♦❝♦.✱ ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡❧❡. 1❡- ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✳ ❯♠❛ .❡()♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛♥✐❧❤❛ ❞❡✈❡ .❡- ❝♦♥❝❡❜✐❞❛ ♣❛-❛ ❛♥♦1❛(8❡. ❞✐✈❡-.❛. 9✉❡ ✐♥❞✐9✉❡♠ 9✉❛❧9✉❡-♣❡❝✉❧✐❛-✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥1-❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦✳ ❆. 4-❡❛. ❞❡ ❡.1✉❞♦. ❞❡✈❡♠ .❡♠ ♠❛♣❡❛❞❛. ♣-❡✈✐❛♠❡♥1❡✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ -♦1❛. ♣❛-❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❜❡-1✉-❛ .❛1✐.❢❛1a-✐❛✳ ❊.1❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥1♦. ❡♠ ❛✈❡♥✐❞❛.✱ ❛❜❡-1♦. ♣♦-1❛♥1♦✱ ❛♣-❡.❡♥1❛♠ ❝♦♠♣♦-1❛♠❡♥1♦. ❞✐❢❡-❡♥❝✐❛✲ ❞♦.✳ ❖ 1❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡-♠❛♥Y♥❝✐❛ ♥❡.1❡ 1✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❣❛ P ♠❡♥♦- ❞♦ 9✉❡ ❛9✉❡❧❡ ❡♠ ♣41✐♦. ❞❡♠❛-❝❛❞♦.✱ ♣♦✐. ❛. ✈❛❣❛. ❛❜❡-1❛. ❡♠ ❛✈❡♥✐❞❛. .)♦ ♠❛✐. ❛1-❛1✐✈❛. ♣❛-❛ ♠♦1♦-✐.1❛. 9✉❡ ❞❡.❡❥❛♠

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