❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙ P❆❘❆ ❈❖▼P❘❊❊◆❙➹❖ ❉❊ ❘❆❙❚❘❖❙ ❉❊
❊❳❊❈❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆❙ ❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❖❙ ❆ ❖❇❏❊❚❖❙
▲❯❈■❆◆❆ ▲❖❯❘❉❊❙ ❙■▲❱❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
▲❯❈■❆◆❆ ▲❖❯❘❉❊❙ ❙■▲❱❆
❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙ P❆❘❆ ❈❖▼P❘❊❊◆❙➹❖ ❉❊ ❘❆❙❚❘❖❙ ❉❊
❊❳❊❈❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ P❘❖●❘❆▼❆❙ ❖❘■❊◆❚❆❉❖❙ ❆ ❖❇❏❊❚❖❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ❖❜❥❡t♦s✑ ♣♦r ▲✉❝✐❛♥❛ ▲♦✉r❞❡s ❙✐❧✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✷ ❞❡ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❈♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❞♦s ❙❛♥t♦s ❙♦❛r❡s ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❋❡✈❡r❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶
❆✉t♦r✿ ▲✉❝✐❛♥❛ ▲♦✉r❞❡s ❙✐❧✈❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛✲ ♠❛s ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ❖❜❥❡t♦s
❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♥♦✐✈♦ ❏â♥✐♦ ❘♦s❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡✉ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❛♠✐③❛❞❡s s✐♥❝❡r❛s q✉❡ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❡✐ ❡ ♦s ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♦❜t✐✈❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳
❊✉ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♦ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▼❛✐❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✲ ❧✐s♠♦✱ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❙❡✉ ❡♥t✉s✐❛s♠♦✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♠♣❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛♠♦s ❥✉♥t♦s✳
❊✉ t❛♠❜é♠ ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝♦✲♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✱ ❛ Pr♦❢✳❛ ❉r❛ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦✱
♣❡❧♦s ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ✈❛st❛ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦s ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ♥❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ ♣❡❧♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❛❝❡✐t♦✱ q✉❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉✐❞❛❞❡✳
❊✉ q✉❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ♠❡✉ ♥♦✐✈♦ ❏â♥✐♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❞✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣♦r s❡♠♣r❡ ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛r ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♠❡ ❞❛♥❞♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦✳
❊✉ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡ ❩✐❧❞❛ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ▲❡✐❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡✲ ❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛✉sê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❊♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ q✉❡r♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❤♦♥♦rár✐♦ ❊❞s♦♥ ❡ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ t✐❛ ❘♦s❛❧✐♥❛✱ q✉❡ t✐✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❱ár✐❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s✳ ▼✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♣❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❛s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦s sã♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝❡✐s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡♠ ✉♠ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ só❧✐❞♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✳ ▼❛s é r❛③♦á✈❡❧ ❛ss✉♠✐r q✉❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡ ♦❜t❡r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛✲ ❣❡♠ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ③❡r♦✳ ❊♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ✐♥❝♦♠✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦❜r❡s ❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❡✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣✉✐❛r ❡♠ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♣❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈❡❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦✉ q✉❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ❞✉❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✿ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥❞✉③ ❛ ❛❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛✳ ❯♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ é ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r s❡ ♦s r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s ❛❥✉❞❛♠ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣✉✐❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳ ❆ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❢♦✐ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ r❡❛❧ ❡ ❝♦♠ t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ r❡❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✳ ➱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ r❡❝❛❧❧ ❡♠ ❞♦✐s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦s ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r ❲❡❜ ❚♦♠❝❛t✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ s✉❣❡r❡ ❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❛tt❡♠♣ts t♦ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛t❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s②st❡♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ P❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ ✇❡❧❧✲❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ❡❛s✐❡r t♦ ♣❡r✲ ❢♦r♠ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t t❡❛♠ ❤❛s ❛ s♦❧✐❞ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐t ✐s r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡ s②st❡♠ t♦ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ✐s ❛♥ ❛♣♣❡❛❧✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ ❝♦❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ❢r♦♠ s❝r❛t❝❤✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤✐s s❝❡♥❛r✐♦✱ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✐t ✐s ♥♦t ✉♥❝♦♠♠♦♥ t❤❛t s②st❡♠s ❛r❡ ♣♦♦r❧② ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❡❞✱ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ✇✐❞❡❧② ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ ❣✉✐❞❡ t❤❡ ♣❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❡ ♠❛✐♥t❡♥❛♥❝❡ ❢♦r ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ✇✐t❤ ❧♦✇ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦r t❤❛t r❡❝♦✈❡rs ❤✐❣❤✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❜♦t❤ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❧❛r❣❡ s②st❡♠s✳
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ♥❡✇ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t♦ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐♦♥ t❛s❦s ♦❢ ♦❜❥❡❝t ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ♣r♦❣r❛♠s t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ tr❛❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ♣❡r❢♦♠❡❞ ♦♥ t✇♦ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✿ ❚❤❡ ✜rst t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❡♥❛❜❧❡s t❤❡ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ♣❛rts ♦❢ s♦✉r❝❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❢r♦♠ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♣❛rts r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢❡❛t✉r❡s t❤❛t ❞r✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♦♥❡✳ ❆♥ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❞♦♥❡ t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② ✐❢ t❤❡ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ tr❛❝❡s ❤❡❧♣s t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ t♦ ❧♦❝❛t❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ ❝♦❞❡ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❣✉✐❞❡ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❛s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡❛❧✲✇♦r❧❞ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠❡❛♥✐♥❣❢✉❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t❛s❦s✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ t❤❛t r❡❝♦♥str✉❝ts str✉❝t✉r❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r❛❧ ❤✐❣❤✲ ❧❡✈❡❧ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠s ❜② t❤❡ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ s✉♠♠❛r✐③❡❞ ❡①❡❝✉t✐♦♥ tr❛❝❡s✳ Pr❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❝❛❧❧ ✇❡r❡ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t✇♦ t❤✐r❞✲♣❛rt② ♦♣❡♥✲s♦✉r❝❡ s②st❡♠s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❡❜s❡r✈❡r ❚♦♠❝❛t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧t s✉❣❣❡sts t❤❡ ❢❡❛s✐❜✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ♦♥ r❡❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞ ❧❛r❣❡ s❝❛❧❡ s②st❡♠s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✹
✷ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✷✶
✷✳✶ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❚r❡❡ ❱✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✸ ❙❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❚❛r❡❢❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s ✷✾
✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✲ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✲ ❈♦❧✉♠❜❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ✸ ✲ ▲❧❛♠❛ ❈❤❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✸✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✹ ❊①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❱✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❆❜str❛çã♦ ✺✵
✹✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸ ❆❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❚r❡❡ ❱✐❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ①
✹✳✹✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❆❚▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❚♦♠❝❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✺ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✺ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✻✺
✺✳✶ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✼✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞♦s r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙✉♠♠❛r✐③❡r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❊♥❝♦♥tr❛❴●r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛❴❘❛str♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠❛✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙✉♠♠❛r✐③❡r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✼ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦ ❞❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✳ ✷✻ ✷✳✽ ✭❛✮ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ r❛str♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❧❛ç♦s ❡ r❡❝✉rsõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡♠♦✈✐✲
❞♦s ❡ ✭❜✮ ♠♦str❛ ♦ r❛str♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❙✉♠♠❛r✐③❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ r❡♣♦s✐tór✐♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❛♣ós ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣♦r t❛r❡❢❛s✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✹ ❢❛s❡s ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✸ ❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✹ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❣♦❯♠❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✺ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ q✉❡ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ♣❛r❛
❝❛❞❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✸✳✻ ✭❛✮ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡
♠ét♦❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❜♦tã♦ ♥❛ ❜❛rr❛ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ✭❜✮ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❞❡s❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✼ ❙❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡s❛❧✐♥❤❛❞♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛♦ r❡❝❡❜✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ▲❧❛♠❛ ❈❤❛t✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✹ ❢❛s❡s ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛r ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ s♦❜r❡
r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷ ➪r✈♦r❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚r❡❡ ❱✐❡✇ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✹ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚r❡❡ ❱✐❡✇ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞♦ ❏❛✈❛❝✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✺ ❋❛s❡s ❞❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✻ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞❡ ❙❛❧❞♦ ❞♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❆❚▼ ❡ s❡✉s
❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ P❛r ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ q✉❡ ✐♠♣❧❡✲
♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✷ P❛r ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐✲
③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✹ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✺ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❘❡❝❛❧❧ ♥♦ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✻ P❛r ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❈♦❧✉♠❜❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✸✳✼ P❛r ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡✉s❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❈♦❧✉♠❜❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦✲
❧✉♠❜❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✾ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡♥✈✐❛r ♠❡♥✲
s❛❣❡♠ ♥♦ ❈♦❧✉♠❜❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✶✵ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❈♦❧✉♠❜❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✶ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❘❡❝❛❧❧ ♥♦ ❈♦❧✉♠❜❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✶✷ P❛r ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▲❧❛♠❛ ❈❤❛t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦
▲❧❛♠❛ ❈❤❛t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✶✹ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❘❡❝❛❧❧ ♥♦ ▲❧❛♠❛ ❈❤❛t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ Pr❡✈❛②❧❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✷ ❈❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❆❚▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐✲
♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❆❚▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❘❡❝❛❧❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦r ❆❚▼✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s ❞♦ ❚♦♠❝❛t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✻ Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❡ ❘❡❝❛❧❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✉❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ ❚♦♠❝❛t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛❜❡rt♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❡q✉✐♣❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ út✐❧ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉s ♣r♦❞✉t♦s✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ é s❛❜✐❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ q✉❡ q✉❛s❡ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♦✉ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♥ã♦ é ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛t✉❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♦✉ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s ❬▲❡t❤❜r✐❞❣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
❙❡♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✳ ■st♦ é ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❡r ❛ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❡❧❡s ❬❍❛♠♦✉✲❧❤❛❞❥ ❡ ▲❡t❤❜r✐❞❣❡ ✷✵✵✹❪✳
❖ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r s✉❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✾✵✪ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬❙❡❛❝♦r❞ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
▼❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛♣ós ❛ ❡♥tr❡❣❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ❢❛❧❤❛s✱ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♦✉ ♦✉tr♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s✱ ♦✉ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ❬❙✉❜❝♦♠♠✐tt❡❡ ✶✾✾✷❪✱ ❬❇❡♥♥❡tt ❡ ❘❛❥❧✐❝❤ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ ❊st❛s ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛çõ❡s sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿
▼❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❆❞❛♣t❛t✐✈❛✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ♥♦✈♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s✳
▼❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❈♦rr❡t✐✈❛✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡①✐st❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦rr✐❣✐r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s✳
▼❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ Pr❡✈❡♥t✐✈❛✳ ❊stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❢❛❧❤❛s ❛♥t❡s ♠❡s♠♦ ❞❡❧❛s ♦❝♦rr❡r❡♠✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉♠ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❡ ❞❡t❡❝t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s s❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ s❡❥❛ ♥♦t❛❞❛✳
▼❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ P❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❛✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❝❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ♣❡❞✐❞♦s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♥♦✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✺
❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡♠ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✳ ❯♠ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦s ❡♠ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ♣❛rt❡s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛s ♦✉ ♦♥❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s✳ ❆ r❛str❡❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ é ❛✐♥❞❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ♥❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ♣❡r❢❡❝t✐✈❛ ❬▲✉❝✐❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✾❪✳
❊①✐st❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡stát✐❝❛✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ é ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡①❡❝✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡stát✐❝❛ ❡st✉❞❛ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s♦❜r❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ t❛❧✈❡③ s✉r❣❡♠ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❬▼✐t ❡ ❊r♥st✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳
Pr❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳ ❯s❛r ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ♦✉ r❡❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ r❡q✉❡r ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❛str♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❖s r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥♦ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦✳ ❖ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ é ✉♠❛ ✐♥stâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♦✉ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❬❏❛❝♦❜s♦♥ ✶✾✾✺❪✳ ❖s r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❝♦♥tê♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠❡♥t❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❡ q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❬❇❛❧❧ ✶✾✾✾❪✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡s✈❛♥✲ t❛❣❡♥s ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❛ ❡s❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣♦r ❝❛✉s❛ ❞♦s r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s✱ ❛❢❡t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ♦ ❡s✲ ♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊st❛ ❡s❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❡ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s✱ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦s ❬❩❛✐❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✻❪✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s é ✉♠❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✲ ✇❛r❡✱ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❡ r❡ús♦✳ ❊st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✺✵✪ ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞❡ ♠❛♥✉♥t❡♥çã♦ é ❣❛st♦ ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❬❈♦r❜✐ ✶✾✽✾❪✱ ❬✈♦♥ ▼❛②r❤❛✉s❡r ❡ ❱❛♥s ✶✾✾✺❪✳ ❊st❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❞✉③✐❞♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✈✐sõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❬❈❧❡♠❡♥ts ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✷❪✳ ❈♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✳ ❉✉❛s ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s r❡s✉♠✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✿
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❇♦tt♦♠✲✉♣✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡❧❡✳ ❊st❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❧❡r ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛r ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ ♥í✈❡✐s ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦✱ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛s s❡♠❛♥t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✻
❞❡ ❝❤✉♥❦✐♥❣✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ é r❡♣❡t✐❞♦ ❛té q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡❥❛ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛ ❬P❡♥♥✐♥❣t♦♥ ✶✾✽✼❪✱ ❬✈♦♥ ▼❛②r❤❛✉s❡r ❡ ❱❛♥s ✶✾✾✺❪✳
❯♠ r❛str♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❜♦tt♦♠✲ ✉♣ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❛str♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ❡①♣❧♦r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s s✉❜✲ár✈♦r❡s ❞♦ r❛str♦✳ ❊st❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r ❡ ♦❝✉❧t❛r s✉❜✲ár✈♦r❡s✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬❏❡r❞✐♥❣ ❡ ❘✉❣❛❜❡r ✶✾✾✼❪✳
▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❚♦♣✲❉♦✇♥ ❬❙♦❧♦✇❛② ❡ ❊❤r❧✐❝❤ ✶✾✽✹❪✱ ❬❙♦❧♦✇❛② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✽✽❪✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✲ ♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠❡ç❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ♣r♦ss❡❣✉❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❜✲♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦s q✉❡ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡ ♠❛✐s ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳ ❬✈♦♥ ▼❛②r❤❛✉s❡r ❡ ❱❛♥s ✶✾✾✺❪ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦✉ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ é ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ s✉♣♦♥❤❛ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛❞♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠❛♥t❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡ç❛✳ P♦r s❡r ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡❧❡ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♠❡❞✐❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦r ♦ ♥♦✈♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡❧❡ s❛❜❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡st❛r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✿ ✉♠ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐✲ ❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✱ ✉♠ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s✱ ✉♠ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ■✴❖ ❡ ✉♠ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡st❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st♦s✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ♦ ❣❡r❡♥✲ ❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ✐♥❝❧✉✐ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r t❛❧✈❡③ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ ❡st❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t♦♣ ❞♦✇♥ ❛té q✉❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡ç❛ ✉♠ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✱ q✉❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ é ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✱ ♥ã♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ r❡❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❡st❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❧✐♥❤❛ ♣♦r ❧✐♥❤❛✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r só ♣r❡❝✐s❛ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r q✉❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦ ❡①✐st❡✳ ❚❡♦r✐❝❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ♥♦✈♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ t♦♣ ❞♦✇♥ s❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❥á t❡♥❤❛ s❡ ❞❡♣❛r❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✳
❱ár✐❛s t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❜❛s❡✲ ❛❞❛s ♥❛s ❤✐♣ót❡s❡s q✉❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐ é ❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❝♦♥✜á✈❡❧ s♦❜r❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❬▼ü❧❧❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✸❪✱ ❬❍❛♠♦✉✲❧❤❛❞❥ ❡ ▲❡t❤❜r✐❞❣❡ ✷✵✵✷❪✱ ❬▲❡t❤❜r✐❞❣❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✱ ❬❉✉❝❛ss❡ ❡ P♦❧❧❡t ✷✵✵✾❪✳ ▼❛s✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s sã♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛r❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡✲ ❡♥❞❡r❡♠ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ rá♣✐❞❛ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ■❉❊s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ♠❛s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✈✐sõ❡s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✼
❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♣♦r ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❆ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ s✉♣õ❡ q✉❡ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♥♦✈♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s s❡rã♦ ✐♥s❡r✐❞♦s ♦✉ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❡st❡s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❬❨❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪✱ ❬❙❛rt✐♣✐ ❡ ❉❡③❤❦❛♠ ✷✵✵✼❪✳ ❊st❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s t❛♠❜é♠ ✉s❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡stát✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♦✉ ✉s❛♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❜♦s ❬▼✐t ❡ ❊r♥st✳ ✷✵✵✸❪✳ ❆ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s s❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❢♦r❡♠ ✉s❛❞❛s✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❛str♦s ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❧✈♦ ❬❇❛❧❧ ✶✾✾✾❪✳ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r q✉❛✐s ♣❛rt❡s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❬❙♦❜r❡✐r❛ ❡ ▼❛✐❛ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞♦s r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ sã♦ ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s ♣♦❞❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♥t❡r ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ♦✉ ❛té ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ♥❛ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❧❛ç♦s ❡ r❡❝✉rsõ❡s ❬❍❛♠♦✉✲❧❤❛❞❥ ❡ ▲❡t❤❜r✐❞❣❡ ✷✵✵✷❪ ♣♦rq✉❡✱ ♥♦ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❝❤❛✲ ♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s r❡♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s ♥ã♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ s❡✉ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ ♥♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥ã♦ ♣❛❣❛r ♦ ♣r❡ç♦ ❞❡ t❡r ✉♠ r❛str♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ❡st❛s r❡♠♦çõ❡s✱ ♦s r❛str♦s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s✳ ❱ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❞✉③✐r r❛str♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ ❬P❛✉✇ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽❪✱ ❬❘❡✐ss ❡ ❘❡♥✐❡r✐s ✷✵✵✶❪✱ ❬❍❛♠♦✉✲▲❤❛❞❥ ❡ ▲❡t❤❜r✐❞❣❡ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❬❑✉❤♥ ❡ ●r❡❡✈② ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❬Pr❛❞❛✲❘♦❥❛s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ✐❞❡❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✳ ❊①✐st❡♠ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡✲ ❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❬❈♦r♥❡❧✐ss❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞♦s r❛str♦s✱ ❡❧❡s ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛r s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r✲ ♠❛♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦s r❛str♦s r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❬❚❛♥✐❣✉❝❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✱ ❬❑✉❤♥ ❡ ●r❡❡✈② ✷✵✵✻❪ ♦✉ ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❬❘❡✐ss ❡ ❘❡♥✐❡r✐s ✷✵✵✶❪✱ ❬❙❛rt✐♣✐ ❡ ❉❡③❤❦❛♠ ✷✵✵✼❪ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♦ ❛♥❛❧✐st❛ ♦✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♣❛rt❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✽
❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✳ ❖s r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡♠ ♣r❡❝✐s❛r ❧❡r t♦❞♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s é ❝❛♣❛❝✐t❛r ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ t♦♣ ❞♦✇♥✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡①tr❛✐ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡✲ ❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥s❡r✐r ♥♦✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❡①tr❛✐ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞♦s r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♥❛ r❡❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✳
❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞❛ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦
❯♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞♦s r❛str♦s✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡✲ r❛❞❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ s❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ✐♥t❡r♥❛s ❛ ❡❧❛ é ❛❧t♦✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❜✉s❝❛ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s é ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛❞♦✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ♣♦❞❛ ❡①❝❡ss✐✈❛ q✉❡ t❛❧✈❡③ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ ✲ ❈♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛✲ çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s r❛str♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r❛♠ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❛t✉❛❧✳ ❆ss✉♠❡✲s❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❤✐♣ót❡s❡ q✉❡✱ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥✉✲ ❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ r❛str♦ sã♦ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✾
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ✲ ❆❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s à ♥♦✈❛ ❛ s❡r ✐♥s❡r✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❧✈♦✳ ❖ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♠♦str❛r ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s♦❜r❡ r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✱ r❡❝✉♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❣✉✐❛r ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛ r❡❞✉③✐r ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ♥❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦✳ P❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦✱ ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❢♦♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✱ ▲❧❛♠❛ ❈❤❛t ❡ ❈♦❧✉♠❜❛ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♥♦s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❛❧✐♥❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❚r❡❡ ❱✐❡✇s✳
❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♦♠✐t✐r ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ r❡♠♦✈✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✜❧tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ✈✐sõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛✲ ❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞❡ ♣❛❝♦t❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬❉❡❧❛♠❛r❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻❪✱ ❣❡r❛r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❜ás✐❝♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ♦s ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ é ❢á❝✐❧✱ ♠❛s ❣❡r❛r ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ é ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛✳ ❆s ■❉❊s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❞❡♣✉r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s s❡ ✐♥t❡r❛❣❡♠ ✉♥s ❝♦♠ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s✱ ❛ ❝♦♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ♥ã♦ é ❝❧❛r❛✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡st❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✈✐sõ❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧✱ s♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✷✵
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ ✲ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✈ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠❜é♠ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦❧❡t❛ ❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❛str♦s ❞❡
❊①❡❝✉çã♦
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦s r❛str♦s s❡❥❛♠ ❝❛♣t✉r❛❞♦s✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❧✈♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ✐♥str✉✲ ♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ✉s❛❞❛s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ sã♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛r r❛str♦s ❡①tr❡♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s é ❡①tr❛✐r ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ r❛str♦ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❡♥✲ t❡♥❞í✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❛♥❛❧✐st❛s ♦✉ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♥❛ t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ r❡❞✉③ ♦s r❛str♦s ♣♦r r❡♠♦✈❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❧✈♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r r❡❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦ r❛str♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t❏✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ ♦s ❝❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s✱ r❡s✉❧t❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✳ ❆♣ós r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦❧❡t❛ ❞♦s r❛str♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ♣❛ss♦ ♦s r❛str♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❧❛ç♦s ❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛s✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛ é ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s r❛str♦s ❝♦♠✲ ♣r✐♠✐❞♦s ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝✉❥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é r❡❞✉③✐r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r❛str♦s ❛✉①✐❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ é ❡①❡❝✉✲ t❛❞♦ ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❞❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♠♦✈❡r r❡♣❡t✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❆♣ós ♦s r❛str♦s s❡r❡♠ s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s✱ ❡st❡s ❡♥tã♦ sã♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♥♦✈♦s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❝♦♥té♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❝♦♥t✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❈❖▲❊❚❆ ❊ ❙❯▼❆❘■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❘❆❙❚❘❖❙ ❉❊ ❊❳❊❈❯➬➹❖
✷✳✶✳ ■◆❙❚❘❯▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❖ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆ ❊ ❊❳❊❈❯➬➹❖ ❉❖❙ ❈❊◆➪❘■❖❙ ❉❊ ❊❳❊❈❯➬➹❖ ✷✷
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s✳
✷✳✶ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❈❡♥á✲
r✐♦s ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦
❖ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛❧✈♦ é ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❆s♣❡❝t❏ q✉❡ ❝❛♣t✉r❛ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ♣ré✲ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦✳ ❆ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✴❛♥❛❧✐st❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛r ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳ ◗✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡st❛ t❛r❡❢❛ t❡r♠✐♥❛✱ t❛❧ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳ ❊st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ s❡ r❡♣❡t❡ ❛té q✉❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s t❛r❡❢❛s ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s✳ ❉✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ✉♠ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦ é ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❤r❡❛❞ ❞✐s♣❛r❛❞❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❛rq✉✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ♦ ♥♦♠❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛❞♦✱ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ♦ s❡✉ t✐♠❡st❛♠♣✳ ❊st❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♣r♦❞✉③✐r ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ r❛str♦s s✉♠❛r✐③❛❞♦s s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ❝❛❞❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❯▼▲ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲✶✳ ❆ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦
r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❡♠ ✻ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ r❛str♦s✱ ✉♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ t❤r❡❛❞ ❞✐s♣❛r❛❞❛✳ ❆♣ós ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣♦r t❛r❡❢❛✱ ❞♦✐s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✏✷✳ ❈r✐❛r ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s✑✱ ✉♠ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♦❜t✐❞♦ ❞♦ r❛str♦ ❞❛ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ✷ ❡ ♦ ♦✉tr♦ ❞❛ ❚❤r❡❛❞ ✻✳ ❊st❡s ❞♦✐s ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❞❡ r❛str♦s ❝♦♥té♠ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝r✐❛r ♦ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳
❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✷✳ ❈❖▲❊❚❆ ❊ ❙❯▼❆❘■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❘❆❙❚❘❖❙ ❉❊ ❊❳❊❈❯➬➹❖
✷✳✷✳ ❆▲●❖❘■❚▼❖ ❉❊ ❙❯▼❆❘■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❖❙ ❘❆❙❚❘❖❙ ✷✸
❚❛❜❡❧❛ ✷✳✶✿ P❛r ❞❡ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❆r❣♦❯▼▲ ❆✳ ❉❡s❡♥❤❛r ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s
✶✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✷✳ ❈r✐❛r ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ✸✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❈❧❛ss❡ ❈✶ ✹✳ ❆❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❈❧❛ss❡ ❈✷
✺✳ ■♥s❡r✐r ✉♠❛ ❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❈✶ ❡ ❈✷
❖❜✈✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s t❤r❡❛❞s ✷ ❡ ✻ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❡r s✐❞♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ♦✉tr❛s t❛r❡❢❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ♣♦r t❛r❡❢❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡st❛s ❞✉❛s t❤r❡❛❞s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✏✷✳ ❈r✐❛r ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s✑✳
✷✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❙✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❘❛str♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ é s✉♠❛r✐③❛r ♦s r❛str♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ q✉❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ✈♦❧✉♠♦s♦s✳ ▼❡s♠♦ ❛♣ós ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ❬❍❛♠♦✉✲❧❤❛❞❥ ❡ ▲❡t❤❜r✐❞❣❡ ✷✵✵✷❪ ♣❛r❛ r❡♠♦✈❡r ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s r❡❝✉rs✐✈❛s ❡ ❧❛ç♦s✱ ❡①tr❛✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♣♦rq✉❡ r✉í❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡✈❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠♦✉s❡ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❞❡t❡❝t❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡♣❡t✐çõ❡s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ♥♦ r❛str♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s✳
❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ s✉♠❛r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❛str♦s ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛çã♦
