❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆
❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖■▼❇❘❆
■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ❊ ❘❖❇Ó❚■❈❆
❊❙❚❘❆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❙❖▲❖❙ ❊▼ ❈❆▼❆❉❆❙
❍❖❘■❩❖◆❚❆■❙ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖ ❊❱❖▲❯➬➹❖
❉■❋❊❘❊◆❈■❆▲
❲■▲▲ ❘❖●❊❘ P❊❘❊■❘❆
❉❖❯❚❖❘❆❉❖
❲■▲▲ ❘❖●❊❘ P❊❘❊■❘❆
❊❙❚❘❆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❙❖▲❖❙ ❊▼ ❈❆▼❆❉❆❙
❍❖❘■❩❖◆❚❆■❙ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖ ❊❱❖▲❯➬➹❖ ❉■❋❊❘❊◆❈■❆▲
❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ✭❯❋❯✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥✲ çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❆t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s✳
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ◆❡t♦✱ ❉r✳ ✲ ❯❋❯ ✲ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
❆♥tó♥✐♦ P❛✉❧♦ ▼❡♥❞❡s ❇r❡❞❛ ❉✐❛s ❈♦✐♠❜r❛✱ ❉r✳ ✲ ❯❈ ✲ ❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r ❑❡✐❥✐ ❨❛♠❛♥❛❦❛✱ ❉r✳ ✲ ❯❋❯
▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ❱✐❡✐r❛ ▲✐♠❛✱ ❉r✳ ✲ ❯❋❯
❏♦sé ▲♦♣❡s ❞❡ ❙✐q✉❡✐r❛ ◆❡t♦✱ ❉r✳ ✲ ❯❋▼● ▼❛r❝✉s ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s ❇♦r❣❡s ▼❡♥❞♦♥ç❛✱ ❉r✳ ✲ ❯❋❚▼
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil.
P436e 2016
Pereira, Will Roger, 1987-
Estratificação de solos em camadas horizontais utilizando evolução diferencial / Will Roger Pereira. - 2016.
173 f. : il.
Orientador: Luciano Martins Neto,.
Coorientador: Antônio Paulo Mendes Breda Dias Coimbra.
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica.
Inclui bibliografia.
1. Engenharia elétrica - Teses. 2. Aterramentos elétricos - Teses. 3. Inteligência artificial - Teses. 4. Estatística matemática - Teses. I. Martins Neto, Luciano. II. Coimbra, Antônio Paulo Mendes Breda Dias. III. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica. IV. Título.
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆
❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈❖■▼❇❘❆
■◆❙❚■❚❯❚❖ ❉❊ ❙■❙❚❊▼❆❙ ❊ ❘❖❇Ó❚■❈❆
❲■▲▲ ❘❖●❊❘ P❊❘❊■❘❆
❊❙❚❘❆❚■❋■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❙❖▲❖❙ ❊▼ ❈❆▼❆❉❆❙
❍❖❘■❩❖◆❚❆■❙ ❯❚■▲■❩❆◆❉❖ ❊❱❖▲❯➬➹❖ ❉■❋❊❘❊◆❈■❆▲
❚❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ✭❯❋❯✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥✲ çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❆t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s✳
▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s ◆❡t♦✱ ❉r✳ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
❉❛r✐③♦♥ ❆❧✈❡s ❞❡ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡✱ P❤❉✳ ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦r ❞♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛
❊❧étr✐❝❛
❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆✴❇❘❆❙■▲ ✫ ❈❖■▼❇❘❆✴P❖❘❚❯●❆▲ ❆❇❘■▲✱ ✷✵✶✻
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
Pr✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❣✉✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❛té ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡ ❛ ❤♦❥❡ s❡r ✉♠ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ▼❛r❛ ❡ ❈❧❛②t♦♥✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦✱ q✉❡ ❝✉❧♠✐♥❛r❛♠ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❱♦❝ês sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ✐st♦✱ ❡ ❡stã♦ ❥✉♥t♦s ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ♥❡st❛ ✈✐tór✐❛✳ ◆❡♠ s❡✐ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝ê✲❧♦s✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐ ❍é❧✐♦ ✭✐♥ ♠❡♠♦r✐❛♥✮ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❣✉✐❛r ❡ ❛❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❛r ❞♦ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❡s♣✐r✐t✉❛❧✳
❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ ♣r♦❢✳ ▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ▼❛rt✐♥s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛♦ ✐♥❣r❡ss♦ ♥♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛r ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❛ ❧♦♥❣❛ ❡ ár❞✉❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s s♦♥❤♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡❧❛✳ ❊st❡s q✉❛tr♦ ❛♥♦s s♦❜ s✉❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♠❡ ♣r♦♣♦r❝✐♦♥❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❙❡✉s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rs❛s q✉❡ t✐✈❡♠♦s ❛❥✉❞❛r❛♠ ♥♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ q✉❡ tr✐❧❤❡✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tít✉❧♦✳ ❋♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜♦♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár❡❛ ♦♥❞❡ ❡✉ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ❜❡♠ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s❡r r❡❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦✱ r❡s♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ ♣r♦♣♦♥❞♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❞❛✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❈♦✐♠❜r❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡st❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦✐♠❜r❛✳ ❙❡✉ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ♠❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ♠❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ s♦♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛✱ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛❞❛✱ ❡ ♣♦r ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r tã♦ ❜❡♠✳ ❙✉❛ s❡r✐❡❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❛rát❡r✱ ❝❛r✐s♠❛✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❛q✉✐ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛rã♦ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♣❡ss♦❛❧
❡ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡✳ ❊ ❛♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❈❆❉✴❈❆❊ ♥❛ ❯❈✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ▲✐♠❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ♥❛ ✜♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦✳
➚ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦✐♠❜r❛ ❡ ❛♦s ♣♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❡ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡r tã♦ ❜❡♠✳ ❊st❛ ❢❛s❡ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ s❡rá ✉♠❛ ❞♦❝❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ q✉❡ ❣✉❛r❞❛r❡✐ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠♣r❡✳ ❆♥❞❛r ♣♦r s✉❛s r✉❛s ❡ r❡s♣✐r❛r ❤✐stór✐❛✱ ❝♦♠ ❝❛❧♠❛ ❡ tr❛♥q✉✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡ ✜③❡r❛♠ ♣❡♥s❛r ❡ ♠❡ t♦r♥❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛❢❡t❛r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❈♦✐♠❜r❛✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡♠♣r❡ s❛✉❞❛❞❡✳
➚ ❈✐♥❛r❛✱ ✉♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛❣✉❡♥t❛r ❡ ♠❡ ❛❥✉❞❛r ✐♥❝❡ss❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡s ✺ ❛♥♦s ♥❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳ ❱♦❝ê é ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r s❡❝r❡tár✐❛ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ▼❡ ❛❥✉❞♦✉ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❞❡s❡s♣❡r❛❞♦r❛s ❡ s♦rr✐✉ ❝♦♠✐❣♦ ♥❛s ❤♦r❛s ❜♦❛s✳ P♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ✈❡③❡s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❢✉✐ à s✉❛ s❛❧❛ ❡ ✈♦❝ê r❡s♦❧✈❡✉ t✉❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣✐s❝❛r ❞❡ ♦❧❤♦s✱ ♣♦r t✉❞♦ q✉❡ ♣❛ss❡✐ ❡ ❝r❡s❝✐ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡s ❛♥♦s✱ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦r ♠❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ❞❡❝✐s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ s♦♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r ❡♠ ❈♦✐♠❜r❛✳ ❙❡♠ ✈♦❝ê✱ ❡✉ t❡r✐❛ ♣❡r❞✐❞♦ ❢á❝✐❧ ❛ ❣✉❡rr❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉r♦❝r❛❝✐❛✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ▲✉❝✐❛♥♦ ▲✐♠❛ ❡ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈♦st❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ✈❛st♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❡ ♣♦r ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ▼❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❛❝r❡❞✐t❛✲ r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠✐♠ ❡ ♥♦ ♠❡✉ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡✉ ❡r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ❡st✉❞❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❣♦st❛✈❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r✱ ❝♦♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s r❡♣r♦✈❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠é❞✐❛ ♣í✜❛✳ ❱♦❝ês ❡♥①❡r❣❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♥❡♠ ❡✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✈✐❛✱ ❡ ❤♦❥❡ sã♦ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ s♦✉ ❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss♦ ❢❛③❡r✳
❆♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ❑❡✐❥✐ ❨❛♠❛♥❛❦❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛ss❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❞✐s❝✐♣❧✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡✲ ♥ét✐❝♦s✱ ❡ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ♣ós✲❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✳ ❚♦❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❧❤❛r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ t❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛q✉✐✳ ❈♦♠ s❡✉s ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛r ❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦✲ ❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❡ ♦❜t✐✈❡ ❜♦♥s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✉❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣✉❞❡ss❡ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡r✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐ss❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s✭❛s✮ ❞❛ ❯❋❯✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❞❡ ▼áq✉✐♥❛s ❊❧étr✐❝❛s ❡ ❆t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤✐❛ ❡ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❛
❡t❛♣❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦ à t♦❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s q✉❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠✳ ▼❛t❤❡✉s✱ ✈❛❧❡✉ ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s tr❛❞✉çõ❡s ❞♦ ✧♠❛q✉✐♥ês✧q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐❛ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❢❛❧❛✈❛✳ ❈♦♠ ❝❡rt❡③❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥♦ss♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢♦✐ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜♦♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡stá ❛í✱ ❝♦♠ ❛rt✐❣♦ ❡♠ r❡✈✐st❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛❧✐s ❆✶✱ ❡ ❞❛q✉✐ ❛ ♣♦✉❝♦ s❡rá s✉❛ ✈❡③✳ ❊ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛s ✜❣✉r❛s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s✭❛s✮ ❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞♦ ■❋❚▼✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ à ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❞❡ ❣❡stã♦✱ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ár❡❛✱ ❡ à ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❧✐❝❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❡st✐✈❡ ❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ♥❛ ❯❈✳
➚ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦s ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈♦✐♠❜r❛✳
➚ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✱ ♣♦r ❞❡❞✐❝❛r❡♠ s❡✉ t❡♠♣♦ ❡♠ ❧❡r✱ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ❞❡❢❡s❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❏♦sé ▲♦♣❡s ❡ ▼❛r❝✉s ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s✱ q✉❡ ♠♦r❛♠ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❊ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ❘✉❜❡♥s ❇❛r❜♦s❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✳ ▼✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦✳
▼❡✉ ♠✉✐t♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛❞♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s q✉❡ s❡ s✐♥t❛♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡st❛ ❝♦♥q✉✐st❛ ❡♠ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡s q✉❡ ♥ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ❡ t♦❞❛s q✉❡ ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ♣❡❧❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♥❡st❡s ❛♥♦s✱ q✉❡ ✈✐❜r❛r❛♠ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡st❡ s♦♥❤♦ s❡ t♦r♥❛ss❡ r❡❛❧✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✈ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ①✐①
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✺
✶✳✶ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✶✳✷ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✶✳✸ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✷ ❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❘❛❝❦❡t ✶✸
✸ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ✶✼
✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✷✶
✺ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✷✾
✺✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✺✳✷ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❋✐t♥❡ss ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✺✳✸ ❊str❛té❣✐❛s P♦ssí✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✹ ▼✉t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✺✳✹✳✶ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞♦s P❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ❡ P❡rt✉r❜❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✺✳✺ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺✳✺✳✶ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✺✳✺✳✷ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✻ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ♣♦r ❋✐t♥❡ss ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✺✳✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✻ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✹✶
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s P❛r❛ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✻✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ♥♦ ❘❛❝❦❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✻✳✸ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛t✐③❛çã♦✿ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆ú♠❡r♦s Pr✐♠♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✻✳✸✳✶ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ ■♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ◆✉♠ér✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✻✳✸✳✷ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✻✳✸✳✸ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ P❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻✳✸✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✻✳✹ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡♠ P❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✻✳✹✳✶ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✹✳✷ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✹✳✸ ●❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ P♦♣✉❧❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✹✳✹ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ P❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✼ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ✻✺
✼✳✶ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✼✳✶✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✼✳✶✳✷ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❋ís✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✼✳✶✳✸ ❈♦❞✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❙♦❧♦s ❆♠♦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✼✳✶✳✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❊rr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✼✳✶✳✺ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✷ ❉❡s❡st❛❣♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✼✳✸ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✼✳✹ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❖t✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✼✳✹✳✶ ❈✉r✈❛ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✼✳✹✳✷ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✼✾ ✽✳✶ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵ ✽✳✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✽✳✸ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✽✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✽✳✺ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✽✳✻ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✽✳✼ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✽✳✽ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✽✳✾ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✽✳✶✵ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✽✳✶✶ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✽✳✶✷ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✽✳✶✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
✾ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✶✶✶ ✾✳✶ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✾✳✷ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✾✳✸ ❇❛s❡ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✾✳✸✳✶ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❆♠♦str❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✾✳✸✳✷ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞♦ ▲✐♠✐t❡ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✾✳✸✳✸ ▼❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✾✳✸✳✹ ◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❈♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❱❛❧♦r ❈rít✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✾✳✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❆♠♦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✾✳✺ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✾✳✺✳✶ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✾✳✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✾✳✺✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✾✳✻ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾
✾✳✻✳✶ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✾✳✻✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✾✳✻✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ✾✳✼ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✽
✶✵ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✶✸✾
✶✵✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✶ ✶✵✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹✷
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✹✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❛ ■❉❊ ❉r❘❛❝❦❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✶ ❚❡rrô♠❡tr♦ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ❞❡ ◗✉❛tr♦ ❚❡r♠✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✷ ▼❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ ❚❡rrô♠❡tr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✹✳✶ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✺✳✶ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✺✳✷ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✺✳✸ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✺✳✹ ❈r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❇✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✻✳✶ ▲✐♥❤❛ ❞♦ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❬❙❲❆■◆❊ ❡t✳ ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✻✳✷ P❧❛❝❡s ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ✲ ❋♦♥t❡✿ ❬❚❊❲ ❡t✳ ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✶❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✻✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ◆ú♠❡r♦s Pr✐♠♦s P❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛❞❛ ✺✵ ✻✳✹ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ P❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✻✳✺ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ✴ ◆ú❝❧❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✻ ❆❝❡❧❡r❛çã♦ ✴ ◆ú❝❧❡♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✻✳✼ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐③❛❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✽ ❘♦t✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ P❧❛❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✼✳✶ ❙✐t✉❛çã♦ Prát✐❝❛✴❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✼✳✷ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✼✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ P✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❊rr♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✼✳✹ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s P♦♥t♦s ■♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✽✳✶ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✽✳✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✽✳✸ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✽✳✹ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹ ✽✳✺ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✲ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P✐❝♦s ✽✺ ✽✳✻ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✲ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P✐❝♦s ✽✻ ✽✳✼ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✽✳✽ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✽✳✾ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✽✳✶✵ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✽✳✶✶ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✽✳✶✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✽✳✶✸ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✽✳✶✹ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✽✳✶✺ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✽✳✶✻ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✽✳✶✼ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✽✳✶✽ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✽✳✶✾ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✽✳✷✵ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✽✳✷✶ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✽✳✷✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✽✳✷✸ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✽✳✷✹ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✽✳✷✺ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✽✳✷✻ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
✾✳✶ ❙♦❧♦ ❡♠ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❘❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❍♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
✾✳✷ ❙♦❧♦ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r Pró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ❍♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✾✳✸ ❙♦❧♦ ■rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❝♦♠ ❖❜stá❝✉❧♦s ◆❛t✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✾✳✹ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙✉❝❡ss♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✾✳✺ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ■♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✾✳✻ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✾✳✼ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❆♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✾✳✽ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❞❛s ❈❛♠❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✾✳✾ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✾✳✶✵ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✾✳✶✶ ❈✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✾✳✶✷ ❱❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✽✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✽✳✷ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✽✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✽✳✹ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✽✳✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✲ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✽✳✻ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■ ✲ ❚r❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P✐❝♦s ✳ ✽✺
✽✳✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❆♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✽✳✽ ❙♦❧♦s ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❆♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✽✳✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✽✳✶✵ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✽✳✶✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❆♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✽✳✶✷ ❙♦❧♦s ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❆♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✽✳✶✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✽✳✶✹ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✽✳✶✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✽✳✶✻ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✽✳✶✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✽✳✶✽ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✽✳✶✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✽✳✷✵ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✽✳✷✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✽✳✷✷ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❱■■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✽✳✷✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✽✳✷✹ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ■❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✽✳✷✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✽✳✷✻ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✽✳✷✼ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✽✳✷✽ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✽✳✷✾ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✽✳✸✵ ❙♦❧♦ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❘❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ✲ ❊st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❈❛s♦ ❳■■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✾✳✶ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❝rít✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ✾✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ✾✳✸ ❙♦❧♦s ●❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✾✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❆❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✻ ✾✳✺ ❙♦❧♦s ●❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ❖t✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ✲ ❈❛s♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s
❆◆◆ ❈❈ ❈■▼ ❉❊ ●❆ ●❯■ ■❉❊
▲■❙P ▼❘❚ P❙❖
❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ✲ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❈♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❈✉rr❡♥t ✲ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥tí♥✉❛
❈♦♠♣❧❡① ■♠❛❣❡s ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✲ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✲ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧
●❡♥❡t✐❝ ❆❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✲ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡♥ét✐❝♦
●r❛♣❤✐❝s ❯s❡r ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✲ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞♦ ❯s✉ár✐♦
■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✲ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ■♥t❡❣r❛❞♦
▲✐st Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ✲ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣♦r ▲✐st❛s ▼♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❡t♦r♥♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❚❡rr❛
P❛rt✐❝❧❡ ❙✇❛r♠ ❖♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✲ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❊♥①❛♠❡ ❞❡ P❛rtí❝✉❧❛s
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥✲ t❛✐s✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ♣♦❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦✳ ❆ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥♦ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t❡rrô♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ t❡r♠✐♥❛✐s✱ ❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛✳ ❊st❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❡♥tã♦ é ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ss❡ s♦❧♦ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s sã♦ ❝♦♥❥❡t✉r❛❞♦s✳
❖s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡st❡ s♦❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s✱ ❥✉♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛✱ sã♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ❝♦♠ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛❞❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ q✉❡ ❛♠❜❛s ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ✜q✉❡♠ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡♥t❡ ♣ró①✐♠❛s✱ ❡ ♣❛ss❡ ❛ s❡r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s ❞♦t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦s✳
❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r ❡st❛❣♥❛çã♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❛r❜✐trár✐❛ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çõ❡s✱ é ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡st❛❣✲ ♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐r ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ t❡st❛r ♥♦✈❛s ❝♦♠❜✐✲ ♥❛çõ❡s✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❡ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡✴♦✉ s❛✐❛ ❞❡ ♠í♥✐♠♦s ❧♦❝❛✐s✳
❋♦✐ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉❛✈✐③❛r ♣✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡rr♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ❞❛♥❞♦ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛r❡♠✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✱ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡rr♦ ♠á①✐♠♦✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ♣♦❧✐♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❝✉r✈❛ ❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ t❡ór✐❝❛✱ ✐♥✲ ❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♥❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣♦♥t♦s ✐♥t❡r♠é❞✐♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♣♦❧✐♥ô♠✐♦✳
❋✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐✲ ❜✐❧✐t❛r ❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ s♦❧♦✳ ◆❡❧❡✱ ❛ ♠❡t♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r s♦❧♦s ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐✲ ③♦♥t❛✐s✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✐♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛✱ ♣♦❞❡r✲s❡✲á ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛r❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❡rr♦✱ ♥ã♦ s❡❣✉❡ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❆t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❊❧étr✐❝♦s✱ ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❆♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ❊str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙♦❧♦✱ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✭❉❊✮✱ ■♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❊st❛tíst✐❝❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦✬s ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ❛♥ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ s♦✐❧ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ str❛t✐✜❡❞ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r s♦✐❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ❢r♦♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡ ❡♥❣✐♥❡❡r ♠❛② ❝❛rr② ♦✉t ❡❧❡tr✐❝❛❧ ❣r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣ ♣r♦❥❡❝ts ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✉s❡s t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❝✉r✈❡✱ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❣r♦✉♥❞✱ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ✹✲✇✐r❡ ❡❛rt❤ ❣r♦✉♥❞ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ t❡st❡r ❦✐t✱ ❛❧♦♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝✉r✈❡ ✐s t❤❡♥ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❝✉r✈❡✱ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦✈❡r ❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧❧② str❛t✐✜❡❞ s♦✐❧✱ ✇❤♦s❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛r❡ ❝♦♥❥❡❝t✉r❡❞✳
❚❤✐s s♦✐❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❧❛②❡rs✱ ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤✐❝❦♥❡ss ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❧❛②❡r✱ ❛r❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ❜② ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✇✐t❤ ❡♥❤❛♥❝❡❞ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜♦t❤ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❝✉r✈❡s ❣❡t ❝❧♦s❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤✱ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ ✉♥❦♥♦✇♥ s♦✐❧ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ♠✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ s♦✐❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✜tt❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛ss✐st t❤❡ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞✱ ✐♥ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❛ st❛❣♥❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❛r❜✐tr❛r② ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✉♥st✉❝❦ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✐s ♣r♦♣♦✲ s❡❞✱ t♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ s♣❛❝❡ ❛♥❞ t❡st ♥❡✇ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥s✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞✴♦r ❧❡❛✈❡ t❤❡ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♠✐♥✐♠❛✳
■t ✐s ❢✉rt❤❡r ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♥ ❡rr♦r ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣②✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s♠♦♦t❤ t❤❡ ❡rr♦r ♣❡❛❦s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❝✉r✈❡s✱ ❜② ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t✐❡s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r ♠♦r❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ❡①❝❡❧✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥✱ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ❡rr♦r✳
▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❡s t♦ ✈❡r✐❢② t❤❡ ♣♦❧②♥♦♠✐❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s♦✐❧ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ ♣♦✐♥ts ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❞ ♦♥❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ❛ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❞❡❝✉r❡ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✲ ✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦✐❧ s❛♠♣❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡ s♦✐❧ str❛t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ✐s ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❣r♦✉♣✱ ❢♦r♠❡❞ ❜② ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧❧② str❛t✐✜❡❞ s♦✐❧s✳ ❇② ✉s✐♥❣ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ✐♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✱ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♦❢ s♦✐❧s t❤❛t✱ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❛♥ ❡rr♦r ♠❛r❣✐♥✱ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ♠✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ●r♦✉♥❞✐♥❣✱ ❆♣♣❛r❡♥t ❘❡s✐st✐✈✐t②✱ ❙♦✐❧ ❙tr❛t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ▼♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣✱ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥✲ t✐❛❧ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✭❉❊✮✱ ❙t❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ■♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ♦s ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ❡①❡r❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥✲ çõ❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✳ P♦❞❡♠ ❛ss✉♠✐r ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✱ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡✉ ❡❧❡tr♦❞♦s✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ s✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❬❱■❙❆❈❘❖ ✷✵✵✷❪✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s✿
• ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❡✈✐t❛r ♦✉ ❛♦ ♠❡♥♦s ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❡❢❡✐t♦s ✐♥❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❞❡
❡♥❡r❣✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt❡s ♠❡tá❧✐❝❛s ❡①♣♦st❛s ❛♦ ❝♦♥t❛t♦✱ ❝❛rr❡❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❣❛s ❡stát✐✲ ❝❛s ❡♠ ❝♦r♣♦s ♦✉ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥❞✉str✐❛✐s✱ ❞❡s❝❛r❣❛s ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝❛s✱ ❡ ❞❡s❡q✉✐❧í❜r✐♦s ♣♦r ❢❛❧❤❛s ♥♦ s✐st❡♠❛❀
• ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❛ ♣❛t❛♠❛r❡s s❡❣✉r♦s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ r✐s❝♦s
r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s às t❡♥sõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❛ss♦ ❡ ❞❡ t♦q✉❡❀
• ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ♥♦ ❝✐r❝✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥✲
t❛çã♦✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ▼❘❚ ✭▼♦♥♦❢ás✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ❘❡t♦r♥♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❚❡rr❛✮✱ ❧❛r❣❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ár❡❛s r✉r❛✐s✱ ❡ ♥♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❈❈ ✭❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ❈♦♥tí♥✉❛✮✳
❆♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ é ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡st❡ s❡❥❛ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦✳ ❉❡✈✐❞♦ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❣❡ó❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s t❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ❡①✲
❝❡❧❡♥t❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❬❑■◆❉❊❘▼❆◆◆ ❡ ❈❆▼P❆●◆❖▲❖ ✶✾✾✺❪✳
❉❡st❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ é ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛rt✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦s ❞❡ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❬❙❯◆❉❊ ✶✾✻✽❪✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡st❡s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ♦ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❡✐r♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡✲ q✉❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣❧❛r ❛ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❤❛st❡s ❞❡ ❛t❡rr❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦✉ ❡s✲ ❝♦❧❤❡r ♦✉tr❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❝❛❜♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❬❑■◆❉❊❘▼❆◆◆ ❡ ❈❆▼P❆●◆❖▲❖ ✶✾✾✺❪✳ ❆ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ r❡✢❡t❡ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❬❙❯◆❉❊ ✶✾✻✽❪✳ P♦r ✐st♦✱ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛✲ ❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❲❡♥♥❡r ❬❲❊◆◆❊❘ ✶✾✶✻❪✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣õ❡ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞❛ t❛✐s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡
❯♠ s♦❧♦ r❛r❛♠❡♥t❡ é ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡♦✱ ❡ ❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♥❞❡ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛r ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥✲ t❡s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ❬❲❊◆◆❊❘ ✶✾✶✻❪✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s é ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳
◆♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦✱ ✉s❛✈❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛✐s✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉í❛ ❜♦❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❙❡❡❞❤❡r ❡ ❆r♦r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r❛♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s✱ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ s♦❧♦ s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛✈❛ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❜✐❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❬❙❊❊❉❍❊❘ ❡ ❆❘❖❘❆ ✶✾✾✷❪✳
❈♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛r s♦❧♦s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s✱ ❉❡❧ ❆❧❛♠♦ r❡✈✐s♦✉ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r♦✉ ❛ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❞❡ ♦✐t♦ ❞❡st❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s✳ ❙❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ❡❧❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r❡s ❝♦♠ r❡str✐çõ❡s
❞❡s✐❣✉❛✐s ❬❉❊▲ ❆▲❆▼❖ ✶✾✾✸❪✳ ❊r❛ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♥ã♦ ✐r✐❛ t❡r✐❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t♦s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ♠✉✐t♦s s♦❧♦s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡①❛t♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐st❛♥t❡ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s s❡ ✈♦❧t❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ♠✉❧t✐❝❛♠❛❞❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ♠❛✐♦r q✉❡ ❞♦✐s✳
▼ét♦❞♦s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛té s❡r ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡s✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ sã♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥✲ çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❝♦♠ três ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝❛♠❛❞❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❝♦♠❡ç❛r❛♠ ❛ ✐♥❝❧✉✐r ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s s♦✜st✐❝❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳ ❉❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❞❛ r❡✲ s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡♥t❡✱ ❩❤❛♥❣ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐✉ ♦ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ■♠❛❣❡♥s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❛s ✭❈■▼✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ss❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✱ ❡ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❇r♦②❞❡♥✕❋❧❡t❝❤❡r✕●♦❧❞❢❛r❜✕❙❤❛♥♥♦ ✭❇❋●❙✮ ❬❩❍❆◆● ❡t✳ ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳
P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❡ ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛r ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ s♦❧♦s✳ ▲❡❡ ✉t✐❧✐③♦✉ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✭❆◆◆✮ ❡ ♣r♦♣ôs ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❬▲❊❊ ❡t✳ ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❡r❛ ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉í❞❛ ♣♦r t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❡rr♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ❞❡ ❝♦❞✐✜❝❛r✱ ♣♦✐s ✈❛r✐❛✈❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✐t♦ ❡ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✭♣❡s♦s✮ ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s ❤♦r✐③♦♥✲ t❛✐s✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ♣rát✐❝❛s✱ ❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ✈❡rt❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ●♦♥♦s ❡ ❙t❛t❤♦♣✉❧♦s✱ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❩❤✐q✐❛♥❣ ❡ ❇✐♥✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r❛♠ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ✭●❆✮ ❝♦♠♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐✲ ③❛çã♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❬●❖◆❖❙ ❡ ❙❚❆❚❍❖P❯▲❖❙ ✷✵✵✺❪ ❬❩❍■◗■❆◆● ❡ ❇■◆ ✷✵✶✶❪✳ ❏á ❈❛❧✐①t♦ ♣r♦♣ôs ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❛ s❡r ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❛♠❛❞❛s q✉❡ ❛ ❡str❛t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❬❈❆▲■❳❚❖ ❡t✳ ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✵❪✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❍❡✱ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐❣✐r ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ q✉❛s❡ ót✐♠❛✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r❡♠ ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ❡❧❡ ♣r♦♣ôs ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛ ♠❡t❛✲❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦s ♣❛râ♠❡✲ tr♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s♦❧♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✿ ❖ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❡♥①❛♠❡ ❞❡ ♣❛rtí❝✉❧❛s ✭P❙❖✮ ❬❍❊ ❡t✳ ❛❧✳ ✷✵✶✸❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❱❡st❡rstr♦♠ ❡ ❚❤♦♠s❡♥✱ P❙❖ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦♣❡✲ r❛❞♦r❡s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝r✉③❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠✉t❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐r
