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J11/y, 2009
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~
2009
INTEGR~TY, REL~ABILITY
ANID
FA! lURE
(CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUN
I
TIES)
Editors
}.F. Sill'a Games and Shaker A. Meguid
Edi~oes
I
NEGI
ORGANIZATION ·
Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE J.F. Silva Gomc.s :mu Shaker A. Mcguid. (Co-Ciwirs)
Carlos C. Antonio. Jose M. Cimc, Rui M. Gucdcs. Paulo G. Piloto
M. Tcrcsa Rcstivo, Aarash Snna. Mario A.P. Vaz
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Clito F. Afunso. Porwgnl: Anabcla C. Alves, Porlltgal; C.C. Antt'mio, Pomt,~nl; Rui C. Barros. Portugal; K.J. Batht:. USA: R. de Borst.Nether/amls; Pcdro Camanhn. Portugal; Curios Cardeir..t, Portugal; Cmarina Castro.
Porwgal: J.L. Chcnot. Frtmc<•: Luistt Cosw. Ponugal: Alvaro Cunha. Porwgal: S. Datta. USA: J. Rodrigucs Dias, Portu.~al; Josl! L. Estevcs. Porlllgal: A.J.M. Fcrrcira. Porwgal; Elza Fonsec:J. Portugal; Hossam A. Gabbar, Cwwda; S.V. Hnu. Camula; I. Hutchings.Uii: N. Joncs. Uli: Rcnuto N. Jorgc. Porwga/; David
Kcnncdy. lrl!land: H.W. Klcin. Gl'nmmy: M. Langscth. Nonmy; T. Laurscn.USA; Cclina P. Lcao. Portugal; R.
Lcwis. Uli: D.G. Lee. lior<•a: Nuno M:1ia, Portugal: A. Mal. USA: A.T. Marques. Portugal; J. Couto Marques. Portugal; Alhcno Mt:da. lmly; S. A. Mcguid. Ct11wda: R.E. Miller, Cmuula; G. Mimmi. Italy: Rosa M. Miranda, l'ortugttl: Y. Miyano. Japmr; Amiram Moshaiov. !.l'ral'l; Marcclo F. Mouru. Porlllgal: Curios N:Jv:trro. Spain; C. P;~palcllcre. Italy: Puulo Piloto. Portugal; J.N. f>ircs. l'orwgal: J.N. Rcddy. USA; M.T. Rcstivo. Portugal; Nuno
f'. Rilo. Portugal; J. Dias Rodrigucs. Portugal; C.Q. Ru. Camula: Arlimlo J. Silva. Portugal; Lucas F. M. Silva.
Pnrtugttl; J.F. Sitva Gomcs, Portugal: C.A. Sciummarclla, lwly: Jorgc H.O. Se:Jbra. Portufla/; M. Gamciru Sil\'a
Portugttl: S. Carmo Silva Pm1ugal: C. M. Snares, Portugal; Afzal Sulcman. Portugal: Joliu M.R.S. Ta\'arcs.
Portllflttl: M.J . Tnorcn. Nt•tlterlmrds; K.T. Tan. Sirl,~llpore; Mario P. Vaz, Portugal; Gcorgc Wcng. USA: Y.C.
Yoon. Singapore; Z. Zlmng. Clti1111.
SYMPOSIA COORDINATORS
Clitn Afonso (U. l'orto, Portugal). Carlos C. Antonio (U. Porto, Prmugal). Tiago Darbosa (IPB, Portugal). Rui
C. Barros (U. Porto. Portugal). Pcdro C:1manho (U; l'rmo. Portugal). J. Rcis C:~mpus (U. Porto, Porlttgcr/J. M. Braz Ccsar (IP/J. Pmmga/1. J. Rodrigucs Dias (U. £1'1/rct, Portugal). Jose S. Est eves ( U. Parw. Portugal). Paulo Fcrnandcs (/ST. Portl'!!lll). Antonio Fcrrcira tU. Pono, Portugal). E17.a Fonscca (IPIJ, PonrrgaiJ. Mihail Fontul
(!ST. l'ortrtgal. Hossam Gahbar (UOIT. Cwuu/a). J.F. Silva Gomcs (U. Porto. Portuga/), Rcnatu N. Jorgc (U. Pnrto, Portugal), Jackk Li (CUNI. USt\J. F. Jorgc Lino (U. Porto, Portugal). Ramiro Martins (INEGI.
Portugal). Albcrto Mcda (U. Uomt•, lw/y), Shaker A. Mcguid ((!. 1immlrl. Ccmada). Rosa Miranda ( FCTIUNI ..
Porw~:al). Paulo Piloto {IP/1, Ponuga/J. M. Tcrcsa Rcstivo (U. l'orw. Portugal), Nur10 Rilo ( U. Coimbm). J. Dias Rodrigucs ( U. Porto, Portugal), C:Jrla Roquc ( U. Porto, Pnrltlga/), Jorgc Sc:J!Jra ( U. Porto. Portugal),
Arlindo Silva (IS1; Portugal). Lucas F. Sih·a (U. /'orto. PortugalJ. Aarash Son;~ ( U. Toromo. Cmuula), Joi:io M. Ta\'arc~ (U. Pono. PorJttga/). Ccsar Vasqucs (INEGI. Pm1uga/J. M:irio A.P. Vu7. (U. Porta. Portugal). Zhcng
IRF'2009- hllt!griry. Reliability and Failure
Sl70&_A0-132 PLASTICITY-INDUCED fATIGUE CRACK GROWTH IN HIGH-STRENGTH 41Jl) STEELS: NUMERICAL MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTAL
VALIDATION. Jesus Torihio, V. Klmin. F.J. Ayaso. B. Gonzalcz. J.C. Matos, D. V crgara. ami M. Lorcnw
-51707_A0531 PRACTICAL fRAMEWORK FOR PROCESS SAFETY MANAGEMENT 501
BASED ON PLANT LifE CYCLE ENGINEERING. Yukiyasu Shimatla, Tciji Kiwjima. antl Kazuhiro Takcda
S 1708_A0537 SAFETY CONTROL DESIGN FRAMEWORK. Hossam A.Gallbar 503
S J7()tJ_A0545 RELIABILITY BASED DESIGN OF NOVEL OFFSHORE STRUCTURES. 505
Athanasins Kolios. <IIJU Feargal llrcnnan
CHAP. XVI SELF-SENSING, SELF-HEALING, SELF-POWERING AND 507
1\IULTIFUNCTIONAL MATEIUALS
SI801_A0231J SHM OF CFRP-STRUCTURES WITH IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY AND 509 LAMB\\' AYES. Jiirgcn Pohl. and Gcrhanl Mnok
SI802_A02n DOMAIN WALL DYNAMICS IN FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS. Yu Su 511
SI803_A0292 NEURAL NETWORK SYSTEM USED TO DETECT FAULTS AND 513
AUTotviATICALLY DIAGNOSE IN CONDITION-BASED MONITORING USING VIBRATION. Atlylcs Arato Junior. antl Fahr[t:io CCsar Lobato tle Almeitla
SI804_A0313 ON THE KlNETICS OF SELF-HEALING POLYMERS. T.C. Mauldin, and fvl.R. 515 Kcsslcr
SI805_A03H3 ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE METHOD FOR SELF-SENSING DAMAGE IN 517 CARBON FIB ER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES UNDER FATIGUE LOAD. Y. Ngabonziza. C. Buldrini, J. Li. B.M. Liaw. F. Delaic. and J.H. Chung
CHAI'. XVII COMPUTER SIMULATION IN IHOMEDICAL AI'I'LICATIONS 519
SI!Jlli_All225 FINITE ELEMENT DETERMINATION OF FACTORS LEADING TO 521
PERIPROSTHETIC INTRAOPERATIVE FEMUR FRACTURE. Taylor G. S 1902_.1\030 I
Martin. Shaker A. Mcguitl, C<Jri M. Whync, ;md Ornri Luhovski
CONSTITUTIVE lviODEL OF DEFORMATION-INDUCED DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS FOR APPLICATION IN BIODEGRADABLE STENT DESIGN. Juao S. Soarcs. James E. Monrc Jr .. and Kurnhakon:tm R. R;tjagop;~l
513
S l903_A0303 f'INITE ELEIVIENT ANALYSIS OF MICROCRACK LOCALISATION AND 515
PROPAGATION INSIDE CORTICAL BONE TISSUE. Dieter Kanlas. antl Udo Nadcnhorst
Sl91l-I_AOJ-15 HUMAN FEMUR ASSESSl'viENT USING ISOTROPIC AND ORTHOTROPIC 527 MATERIAL() DEPENDENT Of BONE DENSITY. E.IVI.M. Fons~ca. M.J. Lima. and L.M.S. Barrcin1
SJ905_A0377 NUJ\'IERICAL SIMULATION Of BLOOD FLOW' IN A STENOTIC ARTERY. 529
Luis;1 C. Sousa. C;llarina F. Castro. and Carlos C. Antlinio
CHAP. XVJII STRUCTURAL SAFETY 531
S200I_A031J2 ASSESSMENT Of THE THERMAL RESPONSE OF HIGH RISE BUILDINGS 533 UNDER NATURAL FIRES USING CrD AND FEM ANALYSIS. Jorgc Capotc. Daniel Alvcar. Mariano L;\zaro. and Jorgc Crcspo
Porto!Portugul, 20-24 July 200CJ
S2002_A0385 FIRE DAtviAGED R.C. COLUMNS REPAIRED WITH HIGH PERFORMANCE 535 FIB ER REINFORCED CONCRETE JACKET. Angclo Lcnnardi. Albcrto Meda, ;md Zila Rinaldi
S2003_AO.f7l EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF INTUMESCENT COATINGS USED FOR 537
FIRE PROTECTION: COMPARISON BETWEEN NUMERICAL METHOD AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. Lufs M.R. Mcsquita, Paulo A.G. Pil01o. anti M;irio A.P. Vaz
S20().1_A0472 INELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF I'ARTIALL Y ENCASED SECTIONS- 539 NUMERICAL COMPARISON. P.A.G. Piloto, Ana Ramos Gavililn. L.M.R.
Mcs4uita. ami i\lbcnn Mctla
S2005_A0562 ROBUSTNESS STUDY OF TOP-HAT SECTIONS Of HIGH STRENGTH 541
STEEL SUBJECTED TO AXIAL CRUSHING. 0. Fyllingcn. O.S. Hnppcrstad. and M. Lnngscth
S2006_A0316 CONTRIBUTION OF EXOGENOUS SUBSTANCES TO ALTERATION OF 543
STONE SURFACES IN METROPOLITAN STATIONS. Curios Alvcs, Carlos f-igucircdo. Anttlnio Mauricio, Paula f-igucircdo, anti Luis Aircs-Barros S2007_A0317 AESTHETIC FAILURE OF LIMESTONES UNDER SALT
CRYSTALLISATION TESTS. Carlos Alvcs, Carlos Figucircdo, M aria Am:ilia ScqucirJ Braga. Antuniu l'>'lauricio. and Lufs Aires-Barrns
545
S2008_A0326 EROSION OF CARBONATE ROCKS UNDER WATER-FLOWING 547
(FOUNTAIN) CONDITIONS. Carlns Alvcs
S2009_AU327 WIDESPREAD OCCURENCE OF WHITE COATINGS IN RECENT 549
BUILDINGS. Carlos Alvcs
S2011l_A0328 THE EFFECT OF ACCELERATED CORROSION EXPOSURE ON THE 551 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS Or TI·IE AIRCRAFf ALUM! NUM ALLOY 2024. Nikolaos D. Alcxupoulos
S2011_AU363 NUMERICAL MODELLING OF FATIGUE CRACK SHAPE EVOLUTION IN 553 SHAFfS UNDER TENSION AND BENDING. R. Branco.
r.
V. Antuncs. and J. BarhosaS2012_A03CH INFLUENCE OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS ON CRACK SHAPE EVOLUTION 555 IN AXLES. R. Brancn.
r.
V. Antunt!s, and J. D. CostaS2013_AO.I35 INFLUENCE OF CASTING DEf-ECTS ON THE FATIGUE Lll\.HT Or A 557 STEEL CAST RAILWAY COMPONENT. T.:rcsa Morgado, A. Sousn.: Britn.
and C. Moum Br.mco
S2014_AO.f36 COMPARISON OF FATIGUE LIFE EXTENSION RESULTS IN RAILWAY 559 COUPLINGS Or CAST STEEL ASTM 14!l90-60 USED IN FREIGHT
TRAINS. Tcrcsa Morgado, Carlos Moura Br~nco, and Virginia infante
S2015_A0550 MEASUREMENT OF THE DYNAMIC f-RACTURE TOUGHNESS WITH 561
NOTCHED BRITILE SPECIMEN UNDER IMPACT LOADING. S. Siihr.toui, A. El Mahi. and B. Castagncdc
CH AI'. XIX NOVEL ENEUGETIC SYSTEMS: CHALLENGES AND 563
OPI'OUTUNITIF-<;
S2101_A020H ALTERNATIVE SOURCES Or ENERGY. David M. Kcnnedy 565
S2102_AII365 TRANSIENT THERMAL BEHA V JOUR OF INSULATED AND NON 567 INSULATED lvi3165 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE IN SHELL
ECO-MARATI-ION PROTOTYPE VEHICLE. Pcdro Carvnlhcira
S2103_A036(J DESIGN Or: ENGINE PISTON OF M300 ENGINE. Pcdro CarvalheirJ 56lJ
SYMPOSIUM
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
Coordinatt'd by
Paulo A.G. Piloto11•1 and Alberto Meda1'•1
1
/nl'lirwo Poliu!cnico de Bragilll{'a. Portugal l Unil'ersitY of Home, lw/y
In Association with
IRF'2009
3rd International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure
Porta, Portugal
20-24 July 2009
Editors J.F. Silvu Gumes
Faculty of EIIMillt'erin~ U.Porto, Portugal
Shuker A. Meguid MADL
U. Toronw, Canada
Porw!Portugal, 20-2-1 July 2009
Introduction to Symposium on
Structural Safety
Safe design is a design process that eliminates hazards, or minimizes potential risks, by
involving decision makers and considering the life cycle of structures and materials. Safe design approach will generate a well-infonncd design option that should eliminate these potential problems to those who makes the product and to those who use it.
Structural safety in design will cover the design aspects of safe structures and components,
using different materials. Advances in standards and regulations should permanently ensure
safety with the best practices and methods. Advanced analysis methods should be
permanently improved and used to prevent such potential risk in structures and materials.
Designers should guarantee structural integrity and reliability.
The following communications will present different aspects in Damage Analysis and
Assessment, Fire Safety Engineering, Life Cycle Analysis, Natural and Man-Made Hazards,
Performance-Based Design Methods, Prescribed Design Methods, Computational Methods
and Simplified Methods for Structural Safety. Ptmlo Piloto
lnstituto Pnlitecnicn de Bragan(:a Alberlo Meda
University of Rome "Tor Vergma"
IRF'2009-lmegrity, Rdiabilily and Failure
REF: S2003_AO.t7 I
EFFICIENCY EVALUATION
OF INTUMESCENT COATINGS USED
FOR FIRE
PROTECTION: COMPARISON BETWEEN NUl\tiERICAL
METHOD AND
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
Luis J\1.1{, Mcsqulln"'', l'aulo A.G. l'iloto1, anti Mario A.P. Vo1.! 1
Poly1cdmic lnslilutc of Bmgunt,:OI, Pnnugnl
~F;1culty of Engineering. Univcr.;ity of Ponu. Pnnugal
'''Email: [email protected]
SYNOPSIS
An experimental study to assess the perfonnance of water-based intumescent paints. used as a
passive fire protection material. is presenled. The specimens are steel plates coated with two
different paints, three dry film thicknesses and tested with two different radiant heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter. The efficiency of this protection is attained regarding the substrate temperature evolution. A comparison between these experimental results and the ones
obtained from a numerical model is presented. The numerical model considers the coating
decomposition, and models the protection by two layers. the reacted and the unreacted layer
(Mesquita et al. 2009). INTRODUCTION
Thin film intumescent coatings are mostly used in the civil construction industry to increase the fire resistance requirements prescribed by the structural fire design codes. They are
applied essentially to structural elements with inadequate fire behaviour, like the case of steel
and aluminium structures. An intumescent coating when submitted to fire starts to bubble and
swells to form a carbonaceous, porous, low-density char, reducing the heat trnnsfer to
underlying virgin material layer and therefore to the substrate.
This work presents an experimental study to assess the performance of water-based
intumescent paints used as a passive fire protection material. These tests were perfonned in a
cone calorimeter (ISO, 2002), in squared steel plates, with 4 and 6 [mm] thick, coated with
two different paints (A and B), three dry film thicknesses (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 [mm]) and
considering two different radiant heat fluxes (35 and 75 [kWm'2]). Temperatures arc measured by means of four them10couples, type k, welded at the plate in the heating side and at the opposite side, at two different positions. Between the steel plate and the sample older
two silicate plates were used to put the specimen in place and also a thermocouple was
introduced inside to measure their temperature variation. During tests, among other quantities,
steel temperature, intumescence mass loss and thickness variation were measured.
A numerical model is also presented to study the intumescence behaviour. The paint thennal
decomposition numerical model is based on the Arrhenius equation, to simulate the chemical
reaction decomposition. The moving boundary and the free boundary locations, the depth of the carbonaceous and virgin coating layers (L(t), s(t)) are determined as part of the problem.
The energy equation for the overall conservation of energy within the intumescence zone can
be obtained by combining the energy equation for the gases with that of the solid char
material.
The solution method was implemented in a Matlab routine using the Method Of Lines (MOL)
(Wouwer. 2004), and the integrator ode 15s to solve the set of ordinary differential equations.
Ponu/Pcmugul, 20-24 July 2009
The temperature field is determined by tlf steel and virgin energy equations. When the front reaches t11e pyrolysis temperature, equal ;o 250 [0
c], starts to decompose and to move. Then the moving front rate is determined ano the intumescence sturts. The position of the free boundary is set equal to the experimental results ami the intumescence temperature field is determined. In each time step the virgin and char layers are remeshed.
RESULTS
Measured values from the thermocouples welded on the bottom of the plate are very close to the temperatures at the top, as presented in Fig. I. The numerical results follow reasonably
well the experimental values, us presented in Fig. 2. The results show that both the determined
steel temperatures and the moving front are strongly dependent on the activation energy that defines the amount of mass loss of virgin paint.
Fig. I S1ecl ;md calcium silicmc 1cmpcrmures for 4
[mm) specimens coalcd wilh a DFf of coaling A
equal 10 1.5 [mm), ICSicd wilh heal fluxcs of 35 and
75fk\Vm'~l.
CONCLUSIONS
••• IJ~11
""'
,.
_,,,
Fig. 2 Comparison of measured and compUicd slccl
1cmpcrmures, £
0
=
1251\Jmot- 1.This paper has presented a set of experimental tests conducted in a cone calorimeter to assess
the intumescent coating behaviour when used in fire protection. The intumescence depends on
the initial dry thickness and on the incident heat tlux. A numerical model is applied to
detem1ine the steel temperature considering the intumescence measured in the experimental
tests. The results show that temperature variation is strongly dependent on tlle activation
energy.
REFERENCES
[ 1) ISO 5660-1:2002, Reaction-to-fire tests - Heat release, smoke production and mass loss rate. Pan I: Heat release rate (cone calorimeter method), International Organization for
Standardization, 2002.
[2] Mesquita, L.M.R.; Piloto, P.A.G.; Vaz, M.A.P.; Pinto, T.; "Decomposition of intumescent coatings: comparison between numerical method and experimental results", Application of Structural Fire Design, ISBN: 978-80-01-04266-3, pp. 140-145, Prague, Czech Republic, 19-20 February 2009.
[3] Wouwer A.Y, Saucez P., and W. E. Schiesser, "Simulation of Distributed Parameter
Systems Using a Matlab- Based Method of Lines Toolbox: Chemical Engineering
Applications", lnd. Eng. Chem. Res. 2004, 43, 3469-3477.