▲▲❈ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥t ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r
❢♦r ❙♦❧❛r ▼✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡rs
❏♦sé ❆✐rt♦♥ ❇❡❝❦❤ä✉s❡r ❋✐❧❤♦
▼❛st❡r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s s✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ P♦st✲●r❛❞✉❛t❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ✐♥ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❉❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ▼❛st❡r ✐♥ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣✳ ❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ■✈♦ ❇❛r❜✐✱ ❉r✳✲■♥❣✳ ❋❧♦r✐❛♥ó♣♦❧✐s ✷✵✶✽Ficha de identificação da obra elaborada pelo autor,
através do Programa de Geração Automática da Biblioteca Universitária da UFSC.
Beckhauser Filho, Jose Airton
LLC Resonant Converter for Solar Microinverters / Jose Airton Beckhauser Filho ; orientador, Ivo Barbi, 2018.
212 p.
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Florianópolis, 2018. Inclui referências.
1. Engenharia Elétrica. 2. Conversor LLC. 3. Conversores Ressonantes. 4. Microinversor. 5. Energia Solar. I. Barbi, Ivo. II. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica. III. Título.
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❊♠ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r à ❉❡✉s ♣❡❧❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢❛♠í❧✐❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♠♦r✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❛❞♦ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ♠✐♥❤❛s ❞❡❝✐sõ❡s✳ ❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❆✐rt♦♥ ❡ ❈❛r❡♠✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣♦r t❡r ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✐r♠ã ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✱ ▼❛②❛r❛✱ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦rr❡r✐❛s ❞❛ ♣r♦✜ssã♦ s❡♠♣r❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❞✐s♣♦st❛ ❛ ♠❡ ♦✉✈✐r ❡ ❛❝♦♥s❡❧❤❛r✳ ❙❡♠ ❝♦♥t❛r ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❞❛❞❛s à ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ s❡♠ ♥❡♠ ♠❡s♠♦ s❛❜❡r ❞♦ q✉❡ s❡ tr❛t❛ ❛ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛✦ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ■✈♦ ❇❛r❜✐✱ ♣♦r ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦r♥❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❡ té❝♥✐❝♦s ❞♦ ■♥✲ st✐t✉t♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❡trô♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ P♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭■◆❊P✮✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♠ t♦❞❛ ❛ s✉❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✜③❡r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❆❧❝❡✉ ❆♥❞ré ❇❛❞✐♥ ❡ ❏♦sé ▼❛r❝♦s ❆❧♦♥s♦ ➪❧✈❛r❡③ ♣♦r ❛❝❡✐t❛r❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥✈✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❡ s✉❣❡stõ❡s q✉❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❡r✲ ❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s q✉❡ ✜③ ♥♦ ■◆❊P ❡ ♥♦ ❋♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❡str❛❞♦✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝✐t❛r t♦❞♦s ❛q✉✐✱ ♠❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ ✈♦❝ês ❝♦♥tr✐✉❜✉✐✉ ❞❡ ❝❡rt❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡t❛♣❛ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✦ ●♦st❛r✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ♠❡✉s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❛♦ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❘üt❤❡r✱ ♣♦r ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r t♦❞❛ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P♦r ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥♦✐✈❛ ■s❛❞♦r❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r✐s♠♦ ❡ ♣♦r t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❡st❡✈❡ ❛♦ ♠❡✉ ❧❛❞♦✦ ✈✐✐■r♦♥ r✉sts ❢r♦♠ ❞✐s✉s❡❀ ✇❛t❡r ❧♦s❡s ✐ts ♣✉r✐t② ❢r♦♠ st❛❣♥❛t✐♦♥✳✳✳ ❊✈❡♥ s♦ ❞♦❡s ✐♥❛❝t✐♦♥ s❛♣ t❤❡ ✈✐❣♦✉r ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐♥❞✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ r❡♥♦✈á✈❡❧ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦✉ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦s ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♠✉♥❞♦✳ ❊st❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝♦♥t✐♥✲ ✉❛rá ❛ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❝✉st♦s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦s ❢♦r❡♠ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦✳ ❖s ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❡♠❡r❣✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✐♥✲ t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦✱ ❝✉❥❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦♠✐♥❛❧ é ✷✺✵ ❲✳ ❖ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❝❝✲❝❝ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ▲▲❈ r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦♣❡r❛ ♣♦r ♠♦❞✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢r❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ✭❋▼✮ ❡ é r❡✲ s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧♦ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭▼PP❚✮✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ▲▲❈ ♦♣❡r❛ ❡♠ ❢r❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❡♥tr❡ ✺✵ ❡ ✶✵✵ ❦❍③ ❡ ❢♦✐ ❡s✲ ❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à s✉❛ ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✱ ♠❡s♠♦ s♦❜ ❝❛r❣❛s r❡❞✉③✐❞❛✱ ♠❛♥✲ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡íst✐❝❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♠✉t❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡ ✭❩❱❙✮✳ ❖ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❝❝✲❝❛ é ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ três ♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ✜❧tr♦ ▲❈▲ ❛♠♦rt❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❛ s❛í❞❛✳ ❊st❡ ❡stá❣✐♦ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r s✐♥❝r♦♥✐③❛r ❡ ✐♥❥❡t❛r ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦ à r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✳ ❉❡t❛❧❤❡s ❞❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞♦ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✲ ✈❡rs♦r ♣r♦♣♦st♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❈❤❛✈❡✿ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠✉t❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡✳ ▼✐❝r♦✐♥✲ ✈❡rs♦r✳ ✐①❘❡s✉♠♦ ❊①♣❛♥❞✐❞♦
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠ ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ❢♦♥t❡s r❡♥♦✈á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ s✉r❣❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛s ❝♦♥✈❡rsõ❡s ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡st❛s ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✳ ❖s ✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦s sã♦ ♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♥s ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞♦s ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ♣♦r s❡r❡♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♠ó❞✉❧♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❛té ❞❡③❡♥❛s ❞❡❧❡s✳ ●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ s❡❣✉✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ✭▼PP❚✮✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ str✐♥❣s ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♦✉ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛çõ❡s ❛③✐♠✉t❛✐s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ t❡♥✲ sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ é ✉♠ ✈❛❧♦r ♠✉✐t♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❡✜❝❛③ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ❢❛③ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❣❛♥❤♦✱ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧✳ ❖s ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s✱ ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③✱ sã♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛♠ à ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦✳ ❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ❡❧❡s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ♦♣❡r❡ ❡♠ s❡✉ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠á①✲ ✐♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ s❡♠ s♦❢r❡r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s✱ s❡❥❛ ♣♦r q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ s♦♠❜r❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥✜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ ❥á q✉❡ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦✉❝♦ ❛❢❡t❛rá ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ t♦❞♦✳ ❖ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❡♠ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡rá ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦ ❛♦s ✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❱ ❝♦♥tr❛ ✺✵✵ ❱✱ r❡✢❡t✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♥✉♠❛ ♠❛✐♦r s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦✱ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♥s✱ ♦s ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞❡✲ ✈❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡stát✐❝♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✵ ❡ ✷✵ ✈❡③❡s ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ t❡♥sã♦ ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ✭Vmp✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦ ❝♦♠ ✻✵ ❝é❧✉❧❛s s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ♥❛ ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ ✸✵ ❱✳ ❊st❡s ①✐❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡stã♦ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❛♦s ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✈ê♠ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ♣♦rt❡✳
❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❢♦t♦✲ ✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ❡stá❣✐♦s✱ ❝✉❥❛s ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s s❡❥❛♠ s❡♠❡❧✲ ❤❛t❡s às ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❝♦♠♣❧❡t♦✱ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ s❡rá ❞❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❝❝✲❝❝✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ▲▲❈ r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡✳ ❖s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s tó♣✐❝♦s✿ ❼ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❀ ❼ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❤❛r♠ô♥✐❝❛ ✭❋❍❆✮ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❝❝✲❝❝❀ ❼ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r❀ ❼ ❙✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦❀ ❼ ❆♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s té❝♥✐❝♦✲❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s❀ ❼ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦ ❡ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ❛❧✲ ❣✉♠❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s q✉❡ ♣✉❞❡ss❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r à ❡st❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡s✲ ♣❡❝í✜❝❛✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❧✐✈r♦s✱ ❛rt✐❣♦s ❡ ♣❛t❡♥t❡s✳ ❆♣ós ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛t❡♥❞❡ss❡ ❛♦s r❡q✲ ✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♥s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡stát✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ▲▲❈✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ✈❛❧✐❞❛r ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛✱ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s s✐♠✉✲ ❧❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❊st❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ✈✐s❛♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐✲ ❝❛s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ▲▲❈ r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦✳ ❋♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s s✐♠✉✲ ❧❛çõ❡s t❛♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❝❝✲❝❝ q✉❛♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦r✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛♠étr✐❝❛s✳❈♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✱ ❢♦✐ ❞❡s❡♥✈✐❞♦ ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦✱ ❝✉❥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s ❛♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❢♦✐ ✈❛❧✐❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ▲▲❈ ❝♦♠♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦r ❡ r❛s✲ tr❡❛❞♦r ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠á①✐♠❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❢♦t♦❝♦❧t❛✐❝♦✳
❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssõ❡s
❖ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❢♦✐ t❡st❛❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ♦♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❡ t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ▲▲❈ r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛q✉✐s✐t❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♦s❝✐❧♦s❝ó♣✐♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ✷✺✵ ❲♣ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡s ❛♦s ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❝❝✲❝❝ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ✉♠ r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✾✹✪❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ✉♠ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡ ❢♦✐ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ♦ ❡stá❣✐♦ ❞❡ r❛str❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r ❞❡ ▲▲❈ ♥ã♦ é ♠♦❞❡❧❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥ã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❢♦♥t❡s r❡♥♦✈á✈❡✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❣❡r❛❞❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rs♦r❡s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❛tr❛t✐✈♦s✳ ❖s ♠✐❝r♦✲✐♥✈❡rs♦r❡s sã♦ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝♦ ❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ❡①✐❣❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ❣❛♥❤♦ ❡stát✐❝♦ ❡ ✐s♦❧❛çã♦ ❣❛❧✈â♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❆ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❢♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝❛ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛ ✉♠ ♣❛♣❡❧ ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦✲ ❣✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡ r❡❞✉③ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stí✈❡✐s ❢óss❡✐s✳ P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❈❤❛✈❡✿ ❈♦♥✈❡rs♦r r❡ss♦♥❛♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠✉t❛çã♦ s✉❛✈❡✳ ▼✐❝r♦✐♥✲ ✈❡rs♦r✳❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛❧✲ ❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ s②st❡♠s ❛r♦✉♥❞ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✳ ■t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡s t♦ ❣r♦✇ ❛s t❤❡ ❝♦sts ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ s②st❡♠s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡✳ ▼✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❡♠❡r❣❡❞ ❛s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❧♦✇✲♣♦✇❡r ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ❛ ✷✺✵ ❲ s♦❧❛r ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❝✲❞❝ st❛❣❡ ✐s ❛ ▲▲❈ r❡s♦♥❛♥t ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♣❡r❛t❡s ❜② ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❋▼✮ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣♦✇❡r ♣♦✐♥t tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ✭▼PP❚✮✳ ❚❤✐s ▲▲❈ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ♦♣❡r❛t❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✺✵ ❛♥❞ ✶✵✵ ❦❍③ ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐ts ❤✐❣❤ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✱ ❡✈❡♥ ✉♥❞❡r ❧♦✇❡r ❧♦❛❞s✱ ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ ❛ ③❡r♦ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ✭❩❱❙✮ ❝❤❛r❛❝✲ t❡r✐st✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❝✲❛❝ st❛❣❡ ✐s ❛ t❤r❡❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ▲❈▲ ✜❧t❡r ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t✳ ❚❤✐s s❡❝♦♥❞ st❛❣❡ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❥❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣♦✇❡r ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❣r✐❞✳ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❞❡t❛✐❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥t ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ❙♦❢t s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣✳ ❙♦❧❛r ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ①✈❈♦♥t❡♥ts
▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ①①✐ ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶ ✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ P❱ ▼❛r❦❡t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✶✳✺ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❚❤❡s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷ P❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝s ❖✈❡r✈✐❡✇ ✼ ✷✳✶ ❍✐st♦r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❙♦❧❛r ■rr❛❞✐❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❙♦❧❛r ■♥s♦❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❆✐r ▼❛ss ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷✳✹ P❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❈❡❧❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✺ P❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ▼♦❞✉❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✷✳✻ P❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❆rr❛② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✷✳✼ ❇②♣❛ss ❉✐♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✸ P❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸✳✶ ❈r②st❛❧❧✐♥❡ ❙✐❧✐❝♦♥ ✭❝✲❙✐✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❚❤✐♥ ❋✐❧♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹ P❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❈❡❧❧ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ■rr❛❞✐❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❙❡r✐❡s ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ❙❤✉♥t ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✺ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ①✈✐✐✸ ●r✐❞✲❚✐❡❞ ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡rs ✷✸ ✸✳✶ ■♥✈❡rt❡r ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❇❛s✐❝ ❋✉❧❧✲❇r✐❞❣❡ ■♥✈❡rt❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❍✺ ■♥✈❡rt❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❍❊❘■❈ ■♥✈❡rt❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷ ▼♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❚❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❚✇♦✲▲❡✈❡❧ ❙P❲▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❚❤r❡❡✲▲❡✈❡❧ ❙P❲▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✸ ❖✉t♣✉t ❋✐❧t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❋✐rst✲❖r❞❡r ▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❚❤✐r❞✲❖r❞❡r ▲❈▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✸✳✸ ❉❛♠♣❡❞ ▲❈▲ ❋✐❧t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✹ ▼✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡rs✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✹✳✶ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡s ❢r♦♠ P❛t❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✺ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t❛♥❞❛r❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✻ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ ▼✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✼ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹ ▲▲❈ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥t ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r ✸✾ ✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✷ ❇❛s✐❝ ❈♦♥❝❡♣ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷✳✶ ■♥♣✉t ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷✳✷ ■♥♣✉t ❈✉rr❡♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✸ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❘❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷✳✹ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✷✳✺ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ❋❛❝t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r✬s ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ●❛✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✸✳✶ ❖♣❡♥ ▲♦❛❞ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ●❛✐♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✹ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✺ ■♥♣✉t ■♠♣❡❞❛♥❝❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✻ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♥❣ ▼♦❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✻✳✶ ❆t ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✻✳✷ ❇❡❧♦✇ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✻✳✸ ❆❜♦✈❡ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✼ ❉❡s✐❣♥ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✽ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ P♦✇❡r P♦✐♥t ❚r❛❝❦❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✾ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✵ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✺ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ■♥✈❡rt❡r ✻✾ ✺✳✶ ❉❈✲▲✐♥❦ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✷ ❖✉t♣✉t ❋✐❧t❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷✳✶ ■♥❞✉❝t♦rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❉❛♠♣✐♥❣ ❇r❛♥❝❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✸ ❉❡s✐❣♥ Pr♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✹ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✹✳✶ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✺✳✹✳✷ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✺ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ❙tr❛t❡❣② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❈✉rr❡♥t ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ▲♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✺✳✺✳✷ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ▲♦♦♣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✻ P❤❛s❡✲▲♦❝❦❡❞ ▲♦♦♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✺✳✼ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✽ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✾✾ ✻✳✶ ❚❡st ❛♥❞ ▼❡❛s✉r❡♠❡♥t ❊q✉✐♣♠❡♥ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✻✳✷ Pr♦t♦t②♣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✻✳✸ ▲▲❈ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥t ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✻✳✸✳✶ ■♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ❋❛❝t♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✻✳✸✳✷ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ P♦✇❡r P♦✐♥t ❚r❛❝❦❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✻✳✸✳✸ ❊✣❝✐❡♥❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✹ ❍✲❇r✐❞❣❡ ■♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✹✳✶ P❤❛s❡✲▲♦❝❦❡❞ ▲♦♦♣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✳✺ ❙✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾ ✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✶✶✶ ✼✳✶ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✶✶✸ ❆ ❙✐❣♥❛❧ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❈✐r❝✉✐t ✶✶✾ ❇ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❖s❝✐❧❧❛t♦r ✭❱❈❖✮ ✶✷✸ ❇✳✶ ■♥✜♥❡♦♥ ■❈❊✶❍❙✵✶● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ❇✳✶✳✶ ▼✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❙✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ❇✳✶✳✷ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❙✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺ ❇✳✶✳✸ ❙♦❢t✲❙t❛rt ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ❇✳✶✳✹ ❋❡❡❞❜❛❝❦ ❘❡❣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ❇✳✶✳✺ ▼❛✐♥s ■♥♣✉t ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❙❡♥s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼
❈ ●❛t❡ ❉r✐✈❡r ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✶✸✶ ❈✳✶ ❚❡①❛s ■♥str✉♠❡♥ts ❯❈❈✷✼✼✶✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ❈✳✶✳✶ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ■♥♣✉t ❋✐❧t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ❈✳✶✳✷ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❇♦♦tstr❛♣ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷ ❈✳✶✳✸ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❍♦❧❞✲✉♣ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ❈✳✶✳✹ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❇♦♦tstr❛♣ ❘❡s✐st♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ❈✳✶✳✺ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ●❛t❡ ❘❡s✐st♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ❈✳✶✳✻ ❙❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❇♦♦tstr❛♣ ❉✐♦❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✹ ❉ ❲♦r❦s❤❡❡t✿ ▲▲❈ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥t ❈♦♥✈❡rt❡r ✶✸✺ ❊ ❲♦r❦s❤❡❡t✿ ●❛t❡ ❉r✐✈❡r ❉❡s✐❣♥ ✶✺✶ ❋ ❲♦r❦s❤❡❡t✿ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡✲❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❈■ ✶✺✾ ● ❲♦r❦s❤❡❡t✿ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❙♦✉r❝❡ ■♥✈❡rt❡r ✶✻✸ ❍ ❆❧t✐✉♠ ❋✐❧❡s ✶✼✺ ■ ❙✉❜♠✐tt❡❞ P❛♣❡r ■◆❉❯❙❈❖◆ ✷✵✶✽ ✶✼✾
▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s
✶✳✶ ❲♦r❧❞✬s tr❡♥❞s ✐♥ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷ ✶✳✷ ❇r❛③✐❧✬s tr❡♥❞s ✐♥ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷✳✶ ❆❙❚▼ ●✶✼✸✲✸ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ s♣❡❝tr❛✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✷ P❱ ❝❡❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✷✳✸ P❱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹ P❱ ❛rr❛②✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✺ ❙✐❧✐❝♦♥✲❜❛s❡❞ s♦❧❛r ❝❡❧❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✻ ❚❤✐♥ ✜❧♠ s♦❧❛r ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✼ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❝✐r❝✉✐t ♦❢ ❛ s♦❧❛r ❝❡❧❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✽ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ ♦♥ ❛ P❱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✾ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ ✐rr❛❞✐❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❛ P❱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✶✵ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ s❡r✐❡s r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❛ P❱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✶✶ ❊✛❡❝ts ♦❢ s❤✉♥t r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❛ P❱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✸✳✶ ❍✲❜r✐❞❣❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✷ ❍✺ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✸✳✸ ❍❊❘■❈ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✹ ❲❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ❛ t✇♦✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✺ ❲❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ❛ t❤r❡❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✻ ❋✐rst✲♦r❞❡r ▲ ✜❧t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✼ ❇♦❞❡ ♣❧♦t ♦❢ ▲ ✜❧t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✽ ❚❤✐r❞✲♦r❞❡r ▲❈▲ ✜❧t❡r✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✾ ❇♦❞❡ ♣❧♦t ♦❢ ▲❈▲ ✜❧t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✵ ❋♦✉rt❤✲♦r❞❡r ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ▲❈▲ ✜❧t❡r✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✶ ❇♦❞❡ ♣❧♦t ♦❢ ❞❛♠♣❡❞ ▲❈▲ ✜❧t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✷ ❖♣t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝❛♣t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❧✐st ♦❢ ✜❣✉r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✸ P♦✇❡r✲❖♥❡✬s t♦♣♦❧♦❣②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✶✹ ❊♥♣❤❛s❡✬s t♦♣♦❧♦❣②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶✺ ❊♥❡❝s②s✬ t♦♣♦❧♦❣②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ①①✐✸✳✶✻ Pr♦♣♦s❡❞ t♦♣♦❧♦❣②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✹✳✶ ❋✉❧❧✲❜r✐❞❣❡ ▲▲❈ r❡s♦♥❛♥t ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✷ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t r❡s♦♥❛♥t ❝✐r❝✉✐t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✸ ■♥♣✉t ❞❝ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r❡s♦♥❛♥t t❛♥❦✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✹ ■♥♣✉t ❝✉rr❡♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✺ ❋r❡q✉❡♥❝② r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ❢♦r ✐♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t✐✈❡ r❡❛❝t❛♥❝❡s✳✳ ✹✺ ✹✳✻ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t r❡s♦♥❛♥t ❝✐r❝✉✐t ✇✐t❤ ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ✐♠♣❡❞❛♥❝❡s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✼ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❣❛✐♥ ❛s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✽ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ❣❛✐♥ ❛s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥❞✉❝t♦r✬s r❛t✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✾ ■♥❞✉❝t♦rs r❛t✐♦ ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶✵ ◆♦r♠❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥♣✉t ✐♠♣❡❞❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✹✳✶✶ P♦✇❡r ❞❡❧✐✈❡r② ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶✷ ❋r❡❡✇❤❡❡❧✐♥❣ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✶✸ ❲❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ❢♦r ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛t r❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✶✹ ❚②♣✐❝❛❧ ✇❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ❢♦r ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛t r❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✺ ❲❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ❢♦r ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛❜♦✈❡ r❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✶✻ ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ▲▲❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✶✼ ❙♦❧❛r ❝❡❧❧ ■✲❱ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✶✽ P✫❖ ✢♦✇❝❤❛rt✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✹✳✶✾ ❙✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✷✵ P❱ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✷✷ P❱ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐rr❛❞✐❛♥❝❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✹✳✷✶ ❘❡❛❧ ❛♥❞ tr❛❝❦❡❞ ♣♦✇❡r ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐rr❛❞✐❛♥❝❡ ❧❡✈❡❧s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✶ ❖✉t♣✉t ✜❧t❡r✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✷ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ♦✉t♣✉t ✜❧t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✸ P❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t r✐♣♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✹ ❖✉t♣✉t ✜❧t❡r ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❛♠♣✐♥❣ ❜r❛♥❝❤✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✺ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ❊❩P✲❊✺✵✶✶✼▼❚❆✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✻ ❖✉t♣✉t ✜❧t❡r✬s ✐♥❞✉❝t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✼ ❈❛♣❛❝✐t♦r ❊❈❲✲❋✻✷✵✹❍▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✺✳✽ P❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t r✐♣♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✾ ❇♦❞❡ ♣❧♦t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✲s✐❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✺✳✶✵ ❇♦❞❡ ♣❧♦t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r✐❞✲s✐❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✶✶ ❙✇❡❡♣ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣r✐❞✲s✐❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✺✳✶✷ P❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t r✐♣♣❧❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺ ✺✳✶✸ ❈✉rr❡♥t ♦♣❡♥✲❧♦♦♣ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽ ✺✳✶✹ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛t❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♦♣❡♥✲❧♦♦♣ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✺✳✶✺ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡ ♦♣❡♥✲❧♦♦♣ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✺✳✶✻ ❈♦♠♣❡♥s❛t❡❞ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ♦♣❡♥✲❧♦♦♣ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✺✳✶✼ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❖●■✲P▲▲✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✶✽ ❖rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ s②st❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✺✳✶✾ ❆♠♣❧✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡✲s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✷✵ ❙②♥❝❤r♦♥✐s♠✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✷✶ ❉❡t❡❝t❡❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✺✳✷✷ ❙t❛rt ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✷✸ ❙t❛rt ♦❢ ♣♦✇❡r ✐♥❥❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺ ✺✳✷✹ ■♥❥❡❝t❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✶ P♦✇❡r s✉♣♣❧②✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✷ ❖s❝✐❧❧♦s❝♦♣❡ ▼❉❖✸✵✷✹✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✸ P♦✇❡r ❛♥❛❧②s❡r P❆✹✵✵✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✻✳✹ ❉❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✻✳✺ ●❛t❡ ❞r✐✈❡r s✐❣♥❛❧s ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜r✐❞❣❡ ❧❡❣s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✻✳✻ ❲❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ❛t ✶✵✵ ❦❍③✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✻✳✼ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✇❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ❢♦r Q = 0.196✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✻✳✽ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✇❛✈❡❢♦r♠s ❢♦r Q = 0.392✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✻✳✾ P❱ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✻✳✶✵ ❈✉rr❡♥t ♣❡rt✉r❜❛t✐♦♥ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ P✫❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✻✳✶✶ P❱ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✐rr❛❞✐❛♥❝❡ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✶✷ ▲▲❈ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♥♣✉t ✈♦❧t❛❣❡s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✻✳✶✸ ❉❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✶✹ ●❛t❡ ❞r✐✈❡r s✐❣♥❛❧s ❢♦r ❛ t❤r❡❡✲❧❡✈❡❧ ♠♦❞✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✻✳✶✺ ■♥✈❡rt❡r✬s ♦✉t♣✉t ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ❆✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❝✐r❝✉✐t ❢♦r ❞❝ s✐❣♥❛❧s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ❆✳✷ ❈♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❝✐r❝✉✐t ❢♦r ❛❝ s✐❣♥❛❧s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ❆✳✸ ❇♦❞❡ ❞✐❛❣r❛♠ ♦❢ ❛ ❙❛❧❧❡♥✲❑❡② ✜❧t❡r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶ ❇✳✶ ❱♦❧t❛❣❡✲❝♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ♦s❝✐❧❧❛t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ❇✳✷ ❙✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❧✐♠✐ts ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡s✐st❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ❇✳✸ ❙✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ❛s ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ VF B ❛♥❞ RF min✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❚❤❡s✐s ♠❛✐♥ t❤❡♠❡✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧❧②✱ ❛ ❝♦♥t❡①✲ t✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠❛❞❡ r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r tr❡♥❞s✱ ❤✐❣❤✲ ❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ s♦❧❛r ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❚❤❡s✐s✬ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✱ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥
◆♦✇❛❞❛②s t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ✐s ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥❡❞ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❡①❤❛✉st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣❛❝ts ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ❢♦ss✐❧ ❢✉❡❧s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦✇ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❡♥❡r❣② s♦✉r❝❡s✳ ❖♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s ❢♦r ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♥❣ ❡♥❡r❣② ✐s ✐♥ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ s♦✉r❝❡s s✉❝❤ ❛s s♦❧❛r✱ ✇✐♥❞✱ ❜✐♦♠❛ss✱ ❡t❝✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ❣r❡❡♥ s♦✉r❝❡s ❛r❡ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣❧② ❝♦♠♠♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❣❛✐♥✐♥❣ s♣❛❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ♦❢ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊♥❡r❣② ❖✉t❧♦♦❦ ✷✵✶✼ ❬✶❪✱ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❯❙ ❊♥❡r❣② ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❆❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐♦♥✱ ✐t ✐s ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ✇♦r❧❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❜② ✷✽✪ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✷✵✶✺ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✹✵✳ ▼♦st ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♠❡ ❢r♦♠ ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s ✇❤❡r❡ ❞❡✲ ♠❛♥❞ ✐s ❞r✐✈❡♥ ❜② str♦♥❣ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❣r♦✇t❤✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② ✐♥ ❆s✐❛✳ ❚❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥ ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ❢♦r ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✻✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✬s t♦t❛❧ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ ❡♥✲ ❡r❣② ❝♦♥s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ✷✵✶✺ t♦ ✷✵✹✵✳ ❇② ✷✵✹✵✱ ✐t ✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❛ ✇♦r❧❞✇✐❞❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ ♠❛✐♥ ❡♥❡r❣② s♦✉r❝❡s✱ ❡①❝❡♣t ❢♦r ❝♦❛❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❤♦✉❧❞ r❡♠❛✐♥ ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧❧② st❛❜❧❡✳ ❘❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ s♦✉r❝❡s ❛r❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❢❛st❡st ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❡♥❡r❣② s♦✉r❝❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ✷✳✸✪ ♣❡r ②❡❛r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ✷✵✶✺ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✹✵✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❧❛r❣❡st ❣r♦✇ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❡♥❡r❣②✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ♦❢ ✶✳✺✪ ♣❡r ②❡❛r✳ ✶✷ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❆♠♦♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❡r❣② s♦✉r❝❡s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✱ s♦❧❛r ♣❤♦t♦✲ ✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣♦♣✉❧❛r ♦❢ t❤❡♠✳ ❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❛rr❛②s ❛s ❛♥ ❡♥❡r❣② s♦✉r❝❡ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♣r♦♠✐s❡s t♦ s✉♣♣❧② t❤✐s ❡①♣❡❝t❡❞ ❡♥❡r❣② ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❞❡❝❛❞❡s✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ ♦t❤❡r s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s s✉❝❤ ❛s ✇✐♥❞ ♦r ❤②❞r♦❡❧❡❝tr✐❝✱ s♦❧❛r ❡♥❡r❣② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ✐♠✲ ♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❛❧♠♦st ❛♥②✇❤❡r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣s✬ r♦♦❢s ❛♥❞ ❢❛ç❛❞❡s✱ ♠❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡♠ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t❛❧❧② s✉s✲ t❛✐♥❛❜❧❡✳
✶✳✷ P❱ ▼❛r❦❡t
P❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝s ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ♣r♦♠✐s✐♥❣ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❡♥❡r❣②✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❣r♦✇t❤ ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ s♦❧❛r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❛♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝✉r✈❡ ❢♦r ♦✈❡r ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ t✇♦ ❞❡❝❛❞❡s✳ ❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s t✐♠❡✱ ✐t ❤❛s ❡✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♥✐❝❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ s♠❛❧❧✲s❝❛❧❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s t♦ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦✉r❝❡ ♦❢ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝✐t②✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡♥✱ s✉❜s✐❞② ♣r♦❣r❛♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❣✉♥ t♦ ❜❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥ts ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦st ♦❢ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ s♦❧❛r ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛s ❛❧s♦ ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡❞ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ♣❡r ❲❛tt✲♣❡❛❦ ✭❲♣✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡❞✉❝❡s t❤❡ ♣❛②❜❛❝❦ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♠❛❦❡s t❤✐s ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥t ♠♦r❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝❤❛✐♥✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❜❛s❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤✐♥❛✱ ❛❧s♦ ♣❧❛② ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t r♦❧❡ t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡s ♦❢ P❱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ✐♥✈❡rt❡rs✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶✿ ❲♦r❧❞✬s tr❡♥❞s ✐♥ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝s✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ■❘❊◆❆ ❬✷❪✳P❱ ▼❛r❦❡t ✸ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ■♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊♥❡r❣② ❆❣❡♥❝② ❬✸❪✱ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✼ t❤❡ P❱ ♠❛r❦❡t ❜r♦❦❡ s❡✈❡r❛❧ r❡❝♦r❞s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ ✐ts ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥✱ ❛s ✐❧✲ ❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✳✶ ❬✷❪✳ ❆❢t❡r ❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡❞ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ✐♥ ✷✵✶✹ ❛♥❞ ❛ s❧♦✇ ✷✺✪ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✺✱ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡❞ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ✐♥ ✷✵✶✻ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✶✼✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❛s ❈❤✐♥❛✬s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤♦s❡ P❱ ❞❡✈❡❧✲ ♦♣♠❡♥t ❛❝❝♦✉♥ts ❢♦r ❛❧♠♦st ✺✹✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ✐♥st❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ✐♥ ✷✵✶✼ ❬✸❪✳ ●❡r♠❛♥② ✇❛s t❤❡ ♣✐♦♥❡❡r ❝♦✉♥tr② t♦ ✐♥✈❡st ✐♥ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦✲ ❣✐❡s ❜② t❤❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥❛❧ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣②✳ ■t ✇❛s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦✉♥tr✐❡s t♦ ❞❡♣❧♦② ❣r✐❞✲s❝❛❧❡ P❱ ♣♦✇❡r✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✷✵✵✹ s♦❧❛r ♣♦✇❡r ✐♥ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥tr②✬s ❢❡❡❞✲✐♥ t❛r✐✛s ❢♦r r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❡r❣②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇❡r❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ●❡r✲ ♠❛♥ ❘❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❊♥❡r❣② ❙♦✉r❝❡s ❆❝t✳ ■♥ ✷✵✶✶✱ s❤♦rt❧② ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ❛❝❝✐❞❡♥t ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❋✉❦✉s❤✐♠❛ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r r❡❛❝t♦r ✐♥ ❏❛♣❛♥✱ ●❡r♠❛♥② ❛♣♣r♦✈❡❞ t❤❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛❧ ❝❧♦s✉r❡ ♦❢ ✶✼ ♥✉❝❧❡❛r ♣♦✇❡r ♣❧❛♥ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r r❡✲ ♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ✇✐t❤ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❡r❣② s♦✉r❝❡s ❜② ✷✵✷✷ ❬✹❪✳ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✷✿ ❇r❛③✐❧✬s tr❡♥❞s ✐♥ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝s✳ ❙♦✉r❝❡✿ ❆❇❙❖▲❆❘ ❬✺❪✳ ■♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❡♥❡r❣② ✐♥❞❡① ❝♦♠❡s ❢r♦♠ ❝❧❡❛♥ ❡♥❡r❣②✱ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❜② t❤❡ ❤②❞r❛✉❧✐❝ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ✐♥st❛❧❧❡❞✳ ❆s ♦❢ ✷✵✶✷✱ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❢r♦♠ ❞❡❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❡❞ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ s♦✉r❝❡s ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ r❡❣✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ❆◆❊❊▲✬s ◆♦r♠❛t✐✈❡ ❘❡s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ◆r✳ ✹✽✷✴✷✵✶✷ ❛♥❞ r❡✈✐s❡❞ ❜② ◆r✳ ✻✽✼✴✷✵✶✺ ❬✻❪✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t st❡♣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥tr②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❤❛s ♥♦✇ ♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✷✵ t❤♦✉s❛♥❞ ✐♥st❛❧❧❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛t ❛❞❤❡r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❡♥❡r❣② ❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛t✐♦♥ s②st❡♠✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❊❧❡❝tr✐❝ ❊♥❡r❣② ❆❣❡♥❝② ✭❆◆❊❊▲ ✲ ❆❣ê♥❝✐❛ ◆❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❊♥✲
✹ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❡r❣✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✮✳ ■♥ ✷✵✶✼✱ ✾✶✵ ▼❲ ♦❢ P❱ ✇❡r❡ ❛❞❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ r❡❛❝❤✐♥❣ ❛ ❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐✈❡ ✐♥st❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ✶✳✶ ●❲ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❛t ②❡❛r✳ ❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❆❇❙❖▲❆❘ ✭❆ss♦❝✐❛çã♦ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❡r❣✐❛ ❙♦❧❛r ❋♦✲ t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝❛✮ ❬✺❪✱ ❜② t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ ✷✵✶✽ ❇r❛③✐❧ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ r❡❛❝❤❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛❧❧❡❞ ❝❛♣❛❝✐t② ♦❢ ✷✳✹ ●❲ ♦❢ s♦❧❛r ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❡♥❡r❣②✱ ❛s ✐❧❧✉str❛t❡❞ ✐♥ ❋✐❣✳ ✶✳✷✳ ❚❤✐s ♥✉♠❜❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❧② ✵✳✽✪ ♦❢ ❇r❛③✐❧✬s ❡♥❡r❣② ♠❛tr✐①✳
✶✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥
❋♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤✐s tr❡♥❞✱ t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❡q✉✐♣♠❡♥ts t❤❛t ♣r♦❝❡ss t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣✳ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ♦❢ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡rs ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞ ❡✈❡r② ②❡❛r✱ ❛❧✇❛②s ❛✐♠✐♥❣ ❛t ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✱ ❛♥❞ r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ❝♦sts✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r ✐s ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ s②st❡♠✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡❛❝❤ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ❢❡❡❞s ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r✱ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ♠♦❞✲ ✉❧❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ P♦✇❡r P♦✐♥t ❚r❛❝❦❡r ✭▼PP❚✮✱ s✐♥❝❡ t❤✐s ✐s ✐♥❞✐✈✐❞✉❛❧✐③❡❞ ❜② ♠♦❞✉❧❡✱ r❡❞✉❝✐♥❣ ♠❛✐♥❧② ❧♦ss❡s ❜② ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s❤❛❞♦✇✐♥❣ ❬✼❪✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ✐♥✲ ✈❡rt❡r ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡s t❤❡ r❡❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s②st❡♠✱ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❛♥② ❢❛✐❧✉r❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❛✉s❡ ❛ t♦t❛❧ ❞r♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤❡r❡❛s ✐❢ ❛ ♠✐✲ ❝r♦✐♥✈❡rs♦r ❢❛✐❧s✱ ♦♥❧② t❤❛t ♠♦❞✉❧❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❛✛❡❝t❡❞✱ ♥♦t ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ ❣r❡❛t ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ❛s ❛ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❬✽❪✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❢❛❝t♦r t❤❛t ❥✉st✐✜❡s t❤❡ st✉❞② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡✈✐❝❡s ✐s t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t ❛ s②st❡♠ ❡♠♣❧♦②✐♥❣ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ❡①♣❛♥❞❡❞ ❛❝✲ ❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❝✉st♦♠❡r✬s ✇✐s❤❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❛③✐♠✉t❤❛❧ ❛♥❣❧❡s✱ s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ♥♦t r❡❝♦♠♠❡♥❞❡❞ ✇❤❡♥ ✇♦r❦✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❡❞ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡rs ❛r❡ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❧❛r❣❡ ♣♦✇❡r ♣❧❛♥ts ❬✾❪✳ ■t ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡❡ ❞❡❡♣❧② ❛♥❛❧②s❡❞ ✐❢ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✲ ✈❡rt❡rs ❛r❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧❧② ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✳ ◆♦r♠❛❧❧②✱ ❛ s❤❛❞❡❞ ♣❧❛❝❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♠♦r❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❧ ❡✛❡❝ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣②✳ ❆❢t❡r s♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥s✱ ❛ s♦❧❛r ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ■t ✐s ❝♦♠♣r✐s❡❞ ♦❢ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ st❛t✐❝ ❣❛✐♥ st❛❣❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇❡❞ ❜② ❛ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣❤❛s❡ ❍✲❜r✐❞❣❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♥❡✇ t♦♣♦❧♦❣② ❛r❡ st✉❞✐❡❞ ✐♥ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ t❡sts✳ ❚❤❡ ❡q✉✐♣♠❡♥t ♠✉st ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❞❝✲❞❝ st❛❣❡ t♦ tr❛❝❦ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣♦✇❡r ♣♦✐♥t ✭▼PP❚✮❀ ❛ ❞❝✲❛❝ st❛❣❡ t♦ ♠❛t❝❤ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ✺ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥s ✈♦❧t❛❣❡❀ ❛ s②st❡♠ ❝❛♣❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③✲ ✐♥❣ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣r✐❞ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝②❀ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ❧♦♦♣s❀ ❛♠♦♥❣ ♦t❤❡r s✉❜s②st❡♠s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ♠❡❡t ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st❛♥❞❛r❞s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ✐♥✈❡rt❡rs ❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✇❡r ❣r✐❞✱ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ♣r♦t❡❝t✐♦♥✱ ❡♠✐ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝s ❛♥❞ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst st❛❣❡ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛ r❡s♦♥❛♥t ▲▲❈ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ✇❤♦s❡ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢r❡q✉❡♥❝② ✐s ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❚❤✐s st❛❣❡ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❡♥s✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣♦✇❡r ♣♦✐♥t tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ♠♦❞✉❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛t❤✲ ❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✭❋❍❆✮✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ st❛❣❡ ✐s ❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❛ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ s♦✉r❝❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r ✭❱❙■✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈♦❧t❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❝✲❧✐♥❦ ❝♦♥✲ tr♦❧❧❡❞✱ ✐♥ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ t❤❡ s②♥❝❤r♦♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❣r✐❞ ✇✐t❤ ❤✐❣❤ ♣♦✇❡r ❢❛❝t♦r ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇ ❤❛r♠♦♥✐❝ ❞✐st♦r✲ t✐♦♥ r❛t❡✳
✶✳✹ ❖❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s
❚❤✐s ❚❤❡s✐s ❛✐♠s ❛t ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt✲ ❡rs ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❛ ♣❤♦t♦✲ ✈♦❧t❛✐❝ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r ✇✐t❤ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ t❤♦s❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ❝♦♠♠❡r❝✐❛❧❧②✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❢♦❝✉s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❝✲❝❝ st❛❣❡✳ ❚❤❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛r❡✿ ❼ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r❀ ❼ ❋❍❆ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❡♣✲✉♣ st❛❣❡❀ ❼ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡r st❛❣❡❀ ❼ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛ss❡♠❜❧② ♦❢ ❛ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡❀ ❼ Pr♦❢❡ss✐♦♥❛❧ s❦✐❧❧s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t❀ ❼ ❈♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❡♥r✐❝❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳✶✳✺ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❚❤❡s✐s
❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ ❝❤❛♣t❡rs ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❝❤r♦♥♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ st❛❣❡s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✐ts ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳✻ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ t❤❡ tr❡♥❞ ♦❢ r❡♥❡✇❛❜❧❡ s♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ ❡♥❡r❣② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ P❱ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② t♦ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❝❧❡❛♥ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝✐t②✳ ■t ❤❛s ❛❧s♦ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s t♦ ❜❡ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❚❤❡s✐s✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✷ ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ r❡✈✐❡✇ ✐♥ ♣❤♦t♦✈♦❧t❛✐❝s t❤❡♦r②✱ s♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♠♦♥ t❡r♠s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ P❱ t❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛❧s♦ ❝♦✈❡rs t❤❡ ♠♦❞✲ ❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ s♦❧❛r ❝❡❧❧ ✉s✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ❝✐r❝✉✐t✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✸❜r✐♥❣s ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ r❡✈✐❡✇ ✐♥ ❣r✐❞✲t✐❡❞ ✐♥✈❡rt❡rs✬ t❡❝❤✲ ♥♦❧♦❣✐❡s ❛♥❞ s♦♠❡ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♣r♦t❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ✐♥❞✉str✐❛❧ ♣❛t❡♥ts✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐♥t❡r♥❛t✐♦♥❛❧ st❛♥✲ ❞❛r❞s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ ❣r✐❞✲t✐❡❞ ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡rs✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✹♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♥ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲▲❈ r❡s♦♥❛♥t ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r✬s t❤❡✲ ♦r②✱ ✐ts st❛t✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s✱ str❡ss ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❛♥❞ s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❧✐♠✐ts✳ ❚❤❡ str❛t❡❣② ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♣♦✇❡r ♣♦✐♥t tr❛❝❦❡r ✭▼PP❚✮ ❛♥❞ r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ❝♦✈❡r❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✺♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠✐❝r♦✐♥✈❡rt❡r✬s ❞❝✲ ❛❝ st❛❣❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ❛❧s♦ ❝♦✉♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ♠♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✉t♣✉t ✜❧t❡r✱ ❛ ♣❤❛s❡✲❧♦❝❦❡❞ ❧♦♦♣ ✭P▲▲✮ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥tr♦❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❥❡❝t❡❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❣r✐❞✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r✻♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❡st ❜❡♥❝❤ ❛♥❞ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝② ❝✉r✈❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲▲❈ r❡s♦♥❛♥t ❝♦♥✈❡rt❡r ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♥♣✉t ✈♦❧t❛❣❡s ❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✼ ❝♦♥t❛✐♥s t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s r❡❣❛r❞✐♥❣ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ♣r❡s❡♥ts s✉❣❣❡st✐♦♥s ❢♦r ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇♦r❦s ❛♥❞ tr❡♥❞s✳
