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Matos, S., Teixeira, J., Costa, J. R., Fernandes, C. A., Nachabe, N., Luxey, C....Vizzari, J. -F. (2020). 3D-Printed transmit-array antenna for broadband backhaul 5G links at V band. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 19 (6), 977-981
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10.1109/LAWP.2020.2985399Publisher's copyright statement:
This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Matos, S., Teixeira, J., Costa, J. R.,
Fernandes, C. A., Nachabe, N., Luxey, C....Vizzari, J. -F. (2020). 3D-Printed transmit-array antenna for broadband backhaul 5G links at V band. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 19 (6), 977-981, which has been published in final form at https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2020.2985399. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with the Publisher's Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.
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Serviços de Informação e Documentação, Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) Av. das Forças Armadas, Edifício II, 1649-026 Lisboa Portugal
Ab ac T e -c a d c ac e f a -a a a e a (TA ) a e e a ac e f 5G bac a . H e e , e TA ad a age e b e c de g e b adba d e a e e e . T a fac f e ce e ba d d e f a ce: ) e ba d d f e ce ; ) e be f 360 a e a g e e a e e, c a e de g ed f a ec f c f e e c . He e , e e c e e e a b g a -d e ec c ce ( e e b adba d) a d b de e g a ge e a e d a f a d a age e ca e e a be ee a e a ga , ba d d a d a e a e g . Ba ed f a e e e, a a e a e, a TA de g (f ca d a ce, a d a e e d a e e ) c ca ga ec f ca f 5G bac a (>30 dB ) e W G G ba d (f 57 66 GH ). T e feed a ded ca ed c ac ( ) a de a e a f e a e e. Add e a fac g ed f e a fac g ce f e a e a. A e g d ag ee e be ee a a d e e e a e b a ed, ac e g g d a e e eff c e c f e f a e a (42%), c a e g ba ed e e e e a fac g ec e . I d T 5G bac a , W G G ba d, T a -A a , V-ba d H a e a, Add e a fac g
I. INTRODUCTION
HE a f ca f 5G c -effec e ech g e ha ca he de e e f he E ha ced M b e B adba d (eMBB) a f . I he c e f c a d fe ce , ha c e he a d ca e f f e 5G b e c ca , e e e -c bac ha be ee ba e a a d acce a e e ed. M e e - a e ( W) de he ece a h gh h e e e de e c he c a ed h f be c -ba ed bac ha . I a c a , he W G G ba d f 57 66 GH , ffe a ge Ma c ece ed Oc be , 2019. Th a a a ed b g a ISTA-BM-2016 a d a a ed b F da a a a C c a e Tec g a (FCT) de ec PTDC/EEI-TEL/30323/2017 ( ADAM3D ) a d UIDB/EEA/50008/2020. S g A. Ma , J ge R. C a, J ge P. Te e a a d Ca A. Fe a de a e h I de Te ec ca e , I S e T c c , U e dade de L b a, A . R c Pa 1, 1049-001 L b a, P ga (E-a : eg . a @ . . ; J ge.c a@ . . ; Ca .Fe a de @ . . ) J ge R. C a, J ge P. Te e a a d S g A. Ma a e a h I U e de L b a (ISCTE-IUL), De a a e de C c a e ba d d h e ce ed ec a d h gh f e e c e e ca ab , dea de e ce e e [1]. The e ec c d e d g h c e eed f c ea g he e a g f e e c b d g e ch e W a e a-d e [2]-[4]. Pha ea-d-a a c f g a c d be a a e a e, b he ead e ce e feed g e e a d he c ca e h ga a d f e e c [5], [6] a e a DC c . P g e ha bee ade c e c a eg a ed h gh ga a e a f V-ba d [7], h e e , he c f he e a e a he a b e ec . H gh fab ca ec e ed ee he e a ce , h ch ac he a e a c . The ef e, he a e a de g h d a a f a e fab ca ce . The g g de e e f add e a fac g ca ffe e b e f c ed c . F e a e, d e ec c e -ba ed ca be ef f he -c f f ed de de g (FDM) ech e, ec d g a d c . The d a bac ha a e a ed he e ech g e e d be , ch a ABS-M30 ( 2.48, tan 𝛿 0.009)). A e e e ea ch eff be g ca ed ach e e a ha ca de e h gh ga ( ca ab e 30 dB [1]) he e e W G G ba d [8], [9] h he e b e c . I [8], he a h eg a ed a 3D ed e ca ch ed d e ec c e h a FR4 PCB a e a- ce fa ga e ha ce e a -c . H e e , he ga e f a ce f h a ed b he ad a eff c e c f he FR4 a feed a e a a d b he d e ec c e f he e a e a . I [10], he a h h ed ha h e e c d be ed ced b g a a -a a (TA) e e e de g a ed a d c e e d e ec c e (DDL). We h ed ha he a e a ad a eff c e c c ea ed f 60% 83% he a PLA ch ed e ca e a e aced b a e a e PLA TA. O he 3D ed DDL de g ca be f d he e a e [11]-[17]. Ach e g h gh ga e Tec g a da I f a A . da F a A ada , 1649-026 L b a, P ga (J ge_Ped _Te e a@ c e- . )
N Nachabe, C. L e , D a e T ,, Jea -Ph e Ga e a d Jea -F a V a a e h P ech Lab, U e N ce S h a A , 06560 Va b e, F a ce. F. G a e e , h STM c e ec c , 38920 C e , F a ce. Ca de R h U e dad P b ca de Na a a, UPNA, Pa a, S a A a A b e a h h U e dad Re J a Ca , Mad d, S a .
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Membe , IEEE, Ca A. Fe a de , Senio Membe , IEEE, N Nachabe, C L e , Fello ,
IEEE, D a e T , Senio Membe , IEEE, F ede c G a e e , Membe , IEEE, Ca de R , Senio
Membe , IEEE, A a A b e a, Me be , IEEE, Jea -Ph e Ga e , Jea -F a V a
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58a gh f a d, h e e , he cha e ge e c e he ba d d h a ca ed b he be f 360 ha e e ha d ec c e a e h he F/D a . I [13] he ba d d h b e a ed b c ea g he f ca d a ce e g d a ea . Th ead a ge f ca e g h (𝐹/𝐷 2.8) h ch ac he a e a he gh . A c e e che e ed [13] ed ce he f ca d a ce b a fac f 3 g a a a a e ec face a d a a g d. H e e , he e a e a bec e he e g e a a a d he add a c e f he c f g a ac he a e a- e a d e a c . I h , e e e a de g ced e f d e ec c TA a e a ( DDL) ha e he c e be ee 𝐹/𝐷 a , ga a d ba d d h. We e g de e h ha a a -d e ec c TA a e a ca be a ab e aff dab e ee he ec f ca f b adba d bac ha c ec a V-ba d. The ce de g ced e f TA de a f e h e ec e he c a ca c f F e e Z e P a e Le [14]. A g he a e a ach ed [23] e a a e he ca g e f a ce f a e a -ba ed a e ed TA, e de a e ha b e ach e e a c ed-f e e ha acc a e ca e he e a be ee ga , ba d d h a d f ca d a ce. The c f h e h d c a h he c e f he GO/PO eg a f a ed [15] f FZPL. F he e, de a d ec e a be ee ga a d ba d d h ha ca ed b he a a ach f g a a ha e e c e a [16]. A c ac 3D- ed e a -c a ed e c ga ed h a e a a ec a de g ed de e a f he e . Me a 3D ed c ga ed h e h b g d e f a ce a W ba d e e 300 GH [18]-[20], b he e a c a g f 3D- ed e a a e aff dab e ech e [20]. A he f e e c c ea e , h ce bec e e cha ge g d e he c ea e f e he face gh e a d c a g c d c , b ha he c e e f h ech g [21],
a c -effec e a e a e f V-ba d.
Th de a e ha he h e a e a d c ca be ba ed add e a fac g, ead g a c ac (𝐹/𝐷 0.8) a e a e a he V-ba d h h gh ga (>30 dB ) a d g d a e e eff c e c (42%). I ec II, he de g g de e f a DDL a e ded ba ed a GO/PO a a . I ec III, e e e he e g de e de g a a e a (feed a d e ) c a h he ga ec f ca f W G G 5G bac ha . F a , ec IV add e e he ea ed e . II. DIELECTRIC TRANSMIT-ARRAY
I a TA each f he a e e ac a a a a ha e h f e he ce ha add he c g ha e , a e c bed ha e de a , ch ha . The ce a e de g ed a f he a a g h gh he e a e e e d c a face, h ch ca be a ea ab e a a f e h c e e a d c de ce a g e (F g. 1). I h , he ce a a a e e ed h he gh ℎ , c ed f a d e ec c (ABS-M30) h he gh ℎ, a d a ( cc g he e a g e). The c f he ce ha e h f b a ed b a g he d e ec c he gh ℎ, he e he ea a f he d e ec c e a d 𝑘 he f ee- ace a e be . C de g a he gh d ffe e f e a d ha g a e c ed b e a a ed a a eg . He e , e c de ℎ 1 𝑚𝑚, h ch e gh f he e c a eg . O he he ha d, he he gh ℎ f ed de he a 360 ha e a TA de g f a g e a e e g h . The a e e de g ed d ce b e gh c a b d b g he ce acc d g he f e ℎ 𝑟 ℎ 𝐹 ∆𝑙 𝑚 √ 1 , 𝑅 𝑟 𝑅 (1) Whe e ℎ he ce a he gh f he e (𝑟 0 , ∆𝑙 𝑟 𝐹 𝐹 ( ee F g. 1) a d 𝑚 def e he e f he e a a f K e . The ad a f he a be ee e a e def ed b he c d ℎ 𝑅 ℎ . We c de ed he ca ha f a e e g h ce e, 𝑤 2.5 𝑚𝑚 @ 60 𝐺𝐻𝑧 e g he e e e f e g e F g. 1. The ad a e f h b e a a e b g he e g c ce c a h f ed d h 𝑤, a e e e ed he e f F g. 1. The d ff ac effec a e he ed ced he c a ed h a f e ed e f he e . The g g e ec c f e d f he TA a a e f c a ha e (g ee da hed e F g. 1) ca be a a ed b Ga a a de d b h a da d de a 𝐸⃗ 𝑟 𝑒 𝑒 𝑢⃗ . (2) he e Φ a e h a e e g h a a e e f c Φ 2 𝑚 , 𝑅 𝑟 𝑅 . (3) W h 𝑚 0,1, . . , 𝐾 .The a da d de a e a ed he a e e e , , 𝐸 𝑟 𝐷 2⁄ 10 / . The ca a e a e 10 dB h ch e e a g d c e be ee e d e he e a d b- a f he a e e. A he f he 360 ha e a de e d he e a g f e e c , ha e e b d- a he be f e e c ea e . C de g he Ga a F g. 1. W g c e f a d e ec c a -a a f bea c a . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
a a , he eg a f he f e d f he a e e ca be d e a a ca g GO/PO a a . The d ec f he b e gh d ec ca he be ca c a ed e c 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐷𝑖𝑟0 ∑ 𝑒 𝑗 2 𝑚 0 𝑒 𝑅𝑚2 2 2 𝑒 𝑅𝑚 12 2 2 𝐾 𝑚 0 1 𝑒 𝐷2 4 2 2 . (4) (3) Whe e 𝐷 𝑠𝑇𝐴 4 2 tanh 𝐷 4 2 (5) (4) he d ec f a c c a a e e h c a ha e ( = ) a d Ga a a , a E .8 f [23]. 𝑅 def ed b ℎ 𝑅 ℎ h 𝑚 0,1, . . , 𝐾 a d ce he a e ca be ca ed, 𝑅 𝐷 2⁄ . We d ce he a a e e 𝑠 a he TA ca g fac ha acc f he effec ha e e c de ed h GO/PO a a , ch a ce ef ec a d e e , a e e a e a d ha e e ca ed b ef ac a d d ff ac ( h ch a e e g f ca ea he e 360 ha e a ). L g a a de a e f d ffe e e f TA , 𝑠 ca be 50% [23]. The ef e, e c de ed 𝑠 3 dB f he de g ce . A h [10], he ad a eff c e c f he e d e ec c TA h gh, a g a a e he a e a ga b d ec . The a e e d e a d he f ca d a ce ca he be def ed f a g e ga a d ba d d h c e a acc d g (4) a d (5).
III. DESIGN OF A TRANSMIT-ARRAY LENS FOR WIGIGBAND
A a e a f 5G bac ha e e eed de e h gh ga , ca ab e 30 dB [1]. W G G ba d a efe he [57-66] GH ba d acc d g 802.11.ad a da d, b ece a e e ded W G G ba d a def ed (802.11.a ) c e g [57-70] GH ( ee e f F g. 2) A. TA de ign We e a 31 dB d ec 𝐷 , g e a 1 dB a g acc da e he ba d d h a f he TA he ec f ed ga c e a. The a e e d e f f : 𝐷 𝐷 31 dBi → 𝐷 80 mm . The a be f ha e a de e ed b he 𝐹/𝐷 a , he e 𝐹 he f ca d a ce. F h a e e e, e e e a e a e he f ca d a ce ha c e h he 30-dB ga c e a f he W G G ba d. B e g ℎ ℎ he ad f he f e e (𝑚 0 , h ch ha ba d d h a , a . Neg ec g ec d de effec , h c d a e he e ba d d h a e . La e , f - a e a a e e ed e h a a e e , f he g he ga a d e ba d d h. I h ca e, he ha e a cc a 𝑅 𝑚 2𝐹 𝑚. I F g. 2 e f e e a F/D a a d e ec he a e ha c e h he ga c e a f he e e ded W G G ba d, c e d g 𝐹/𝐷 0.8. F g. 2 ca e he e a be ee he de e de ce f 𝐷 h f e e c a d he ga deg ada d e he ha e e ca ed b he g ce . F 𝐹/𝐷 2 g cc (𝐾 0) h 𝐷 𝐷 . B. Feed e fo mance Acc d g he de g ed DDL e , a f ca a 𝐹/𝐷 0.8 a d 10 dB a e e e e a 13 dB feed d ec [23]. A ded ca ed c ac c ga ed h a e a a de g ed a d fab ca ed (8 5 22 𝑚𝑚 . I deba d a d ha a ab e ad a a e he W G G ba d (57-66 GH ). The e f a ce f h de g h F g. 3. A 13 dB c ga a ach e ed he e e W G G ba df 56 67 GH , h h gh ad a eff c e c (>85%), c a a (>27 dB), a d g d a a (>27 dB ). Mea ed a d a ed ga ag ee e e .
IV. ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
The ea e e ca a g f he ad a a e a c d c ed -h e ea e e e : a he ca ea e e a ge ca ab e f e f g a de-ac 140 GH a f ed d a ce f 20 c , 40 c a d 60 c (F g. 4 a). C de g he a d ag a f he e , he fa -f e d (FF) d a ce a 66 GH 6.13 . Th , ece a e ea -f e d fa -f e d (NF-FF) a f a ech e b a he ad a a e . The e ed ha e e NF-FF a g h ba ed he ha ele
So ce Recon c ion Me hod ( SRM) [24]. The SRM a
e a e ha e e ech e h ch e e he a a a ab f he NF h d a ce a d, he ef e, e e
a de f a f e NF ac
face . The a ad a age f e a e ech e ha he d e e a d f ca f he ea e e e h F g. 2. PO/GO d ec 𝐷 a a h f e e c , E . , f d ffe e f ca d a ce c de g 𝐷 80 𝑚𝑚 dB=10 dB a d 𝑠 3 dB 28 29 30 31 32 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 F/D=0.5 (K=3) F/D=0.8 (K=2) F/D=1 (K=1) F/D>1.97 (K=0)𝐹 𝐷 2.0 𝐾 3 𝐾 1 𝐾 0 802.11ay 𝑓 𝑓 𝐷 dB 𝐾 2 𝐹 𝐷 0.5 𝐹 𝐷 0.8 𝐹 𝐷 1.0 Frequency 𝐺𝐻𝑧 802.11.ad F g. 3. Rad a a e f he a fac ed h a e a . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
e ec a eg a FF ac . H e e , he e a f ag a f he a g h d e he e f e a e e f ea e f e a . Th bec e h ghe he he a ab f he f e d h he NF ac face , a gh be he ca e h e a e a , e d g e acc a e FF e . The f e d a de ac ed a he ca face h ad f 40 c a d 60 c . The a g a e /4 a he h ghe f e e c f he ba d, 66 GH , a e ed e f ha e e NF-FF a f a [25]. D e echa ca e c f he e , he ac face a e ca ed a a d a g a a ge f [-25 , 25 ], e d g a a d a g f he FF da a f [-14 , 14 ] b h a e [25]. I F g. 5 he FF a de a d ha e f he c a c e f he f e d, c ed f he NF ha e e ac c a ed h f - a e a f he E- a e f he c a c e . The ag ee e be ee ea e e a d a g d h he a d a g a ea, haded g e . The a ce f he e e a e a e e a ed he ca f he ac a e a d he acc ac f he ha e e e a e h d a d, a e e e e , echa ca de a f he b c a a d a d e f he RF e a . F a , he a e a ga a c ed b ea f he e - e c a e h d [26] h a a da d ga h .The e h d ada ed f NF ac de c e a e he a a d ced b he NF-FF a f a he ad a a e a d h , he ga g e b 𝐺 , 𝐺 , 𝐷 , 𝐷 , , he e 𝐺 , he ea ed ga NF, 27.16 dB a 60 GH . 𝐷 , a d 𝐷 , a e d ec e f FF a d NF e ec e , c ed f a e eg a f he e ac ed FF a e b ea f he SRM a d he ca ed NF a de- ac e ec e . The b a ed a e a 60 GH a e 34.67 a d 29.95 dB , e d g a FF ga a e f 31.9 dB . The f a FF ga a e f he e f he d ed f e e c e a e ga he ed F g. 6 a d c a ed h he e b a ed f f - a e a a d he PO/GO a a . Ba ed e ea g e e e ce , e e a e ha he ce a f ea ed ga 1.2 dB (c e d g he e ba F g. 6), h ch e h he e ec ed acc ac f he e e f a g h [24][25]. Acc d g f - a e a h a e a de a ad a eff c e c f 91% h a bea eff c e c f 52% a 60 GH . A e ded he ga h ghe ha he e ed 30 dB h he c e e e a g ba d. I a h e g ha he TA d e affec he e f he h . The 𝑆 f he c e e a e a (H +Le ) a a be -15 dB he e e ba d f e a . I TABLE 1 he de e ed TA c a ed h he ece de g . D ffe e e f e e a e c de ed: f d e ec c TA a fac e h FDM 3D- g (3D FDM TA); a TA f ac ed e a c a e e bedded a d e ec c h ed (Me a c TA); a d a F e e Z e P a e Le (FZPL). We c c de ha he ed de a g d ba a ce be ee 𝐹/𝐷, ga (𝐺 a d 1 dB ba d d h (1 dB BW) h e de g a d a fac g ce e . F g. 4. (a) NF ac e ; NF ac ed da a (b) a d c e d g ha e g SRM (b), a g a c f 60 GH a 40 c . F g. 6. Ga c a h PO/GO a a f a a e a e e (𝑠 2.3 𝑑𝐵 (5)), f - a e a a d NN-FF ca c a . TABLE 1.
COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS RELATED WORKS
A e a / (%) 1dB BW (%) Thi o k 60.0 16.0 0.78 31.9 48 15 3D FDM TA [27] 60.0 9.50 0.42 23.0 18 16 3D FDM TA [13] 60.0 40.0 2.50 37.5 36 43 Me a c TA [9] 61.5 20.5 0.70 32.5 43 15 FZPL [28] 60.0 30.0 0.88 36.0 45 6 V. CONCLUSIONS The a e d ce GENERAL de g e f c g he e a ba d d h f TA a e a , e c e he a f a e e ha e- a g a c a ed a . I de g , he F/D a def ed g he c a . He e , a c ed f e e e e ed f d he a F/D a f he a e a acc d g ga a d ba d d h c e a. A h a e a f he V-ba d a a de g ed f h ec f c a ca . The a e a de g ege a e, -c fab ca ce ba ed he aff dab e 3D g ech e , a g a c -effec e a e a e e g f - a e h gh-ga a e a . The e e ed a e a e a e e ded f f 5G bac ha c ca a W G G ba d. F g. 5. N a ed ad a a e (E- a e) a 60 GH . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
REFERENCES
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-802-11ad-d e - e e -bac ha /
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