❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉✲❱■❙■❖◆❉❘❆❯●❍❚❙✿ ❯▼❆ ❘❊❉❊ ◆❊❯❘❆▲ ❏❖●❆❉❖❘❆
❉❊ ❉❆▼❆❙ ◗❯❊ ❆P❘❊◆❉❊ P❖❘ ❘❊❋❖❘➬❖ ❊▼ ❯▼
❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❉■❙❚❘■❇❯❮❉❆
❆❨❘❊❙ ❘❖❇❊❘❚❖ ❆❘❆Ú❏❖ ❇❆❘❈❊▲❖❙
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❆❨❘❊❙ ❘❖❇❊❘❚❖ ❆❘❆Ú❏❖ ❇❆❘❈❊▲❖❙
❉✲❱■❙■❖◆❉❘❆❯●❍❚❙✿ ❯▼❆ ❘❊❉❊ ◆❊❯❘❆▲ ❏❖●❆❉❖❘❆
❉❊ ❉❆▼❆❙ ◗❯❊ ❆P❘❊◆❉❊ P❖❘ ❘❊❋❖❘➬❖ ❊▼ ❯▼
❆▼❇■❊◆❚❊ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❉■❙❚❘■❇❯❮❉❆
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥✲ ❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❘✐t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏ú❧✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛❝✉❧✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r r❡❢♦rç♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✑ ♣♦r ❆②r❡s ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✺ ❞❡ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❘✐t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏ú❧✐❛
❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘✐✈❛❧✐♥♦ ▼❛t✐❛s ❏ú♥✐♦r ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❆♥❛ ▲✉❝✐❛ ❈❡t❡rt✐❝❤ ❇❛③③❛♥
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❏❛♥❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✶
❆✉t♦r✿ ❆②r❡s ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❇❛r❝❡❧♦s
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❛ ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r r❡❢♦rç♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
●♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r à ❝❛ríss✐♠❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❉r❛ ❘✐t❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏✉❧✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐✲
❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦✱ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❡ ❡♥❝♦r❛❥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❋❆❈❖▼✴❯❋❯✱ q✉❡ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❛♦ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❘♦❞r✐❣✉❡s✱ ❆♥✐❧t♦♥ ❏♦❛q✉✐♠ ❡ ❘✐✈❛❧✐♥♦ ▼❛t✐❛s✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ t✉r♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ▼❛r❝♦s ▲✉✐③ ❡ ▼✉r✐❧♦ ❈❛r♥❡✐r♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ♣r♦♣♦r ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s✱ ♦ ❉✲ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✭❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✮✿ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r r❡❢♦rç♦✳ ❖ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts é tr❡✐♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ s❡♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ✭❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝❛♠♣❡ã♦ ❞♦ ♠✉♥❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ❈❤✐♥♦♦❦✮✳ ❖ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❞♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡st❡ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ à ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ▼▲P ✭♠✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r ♣❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥✮ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✳ ❖ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ é ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡❧ ❛♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ✭✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ♣r❡❞✐çã♦✮✳ ❊st❡ ✈❛❧♦r ✐rá ❣✉✐❛r ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥❛ ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛çã♦ ✭♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✮ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r q✉❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛✱ ❡ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ é ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❡♠✿ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ s❡r✐❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s ❞♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ♦ ♠✐♥✐♠❛① ❝♦♠ ♣♦❞❛ ❛❧♣❤❛✲❜❡t❛✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❨♦✉♥❣ ❇r♦t❤❡rs ❲❛✐t ❈♦♥❝❡♣t ✭❨❇❲❈✮❀ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✱ q✉❡ é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❨❇❲❈ ❡ ❞❛ ♣♦❞❛ ❛❧♣❤❛✲❜❡t❛ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧❀ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ♥❛s ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❞♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠♦str❛ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ r❡❞✉③✐♠♦s ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ t♦r♥❡✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❢♦✐ ♥✐t✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ ❞r❛✉❣❤ts ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ s②st❡♠✱ t❤❡ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✭❉✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✮✿ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❞r❛✉❣❤ts ♣❧❛②❡r ❛❣❡♥t ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✲ ✇♦r❦s t❤❛t ❧❡❛r♥s ❜② r❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✐s tr❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❛❝❤✐❡✈❡ ❛ ❤✐❣❤ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ♣❧❛② ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❡①♣❡rt ❣❛♠❡ ❛♥❛❧✲ ②s✐s ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ❤✉♠❛♥ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✭❞✐st✐♥❝t❧② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ❞r❛✉❣❤ts ❝❤❛♠♣✐♦♥ ❈❤✐♥♦♦❦✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡✣❝✐❡♥t ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ♣❧❛②❡r✱ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❧❛tt❡r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ❛ ▼▲P ✭♠✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r ♣❡r❝❡♣✲ tr♦♥✮ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ t❤❛t ❧❡❛r♥s ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r♦❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ❛ ❜♦❛r❞ st❛t❡ ✐s ❢❛✈♦r❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❛❣❡♥t ✭♣r❡❞✐❝t✐♦♥✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❛❧✉❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❧❡❛❞ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ♠♦❞✉❧❡ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤❡ ❜❡st ❛❝t✐♦♥ ✭✐♥ t❤✐s ❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ ❜❡st ♠♦✈❡✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❜♦❛r❞ st❛t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡✳ ❆♥♦t❤❡r ❢❛❝t♦r t❤❛t ❤❛s ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦♥ t❤❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡✣❝✐❡♥❝②✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛♥❛❧②③❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✱ ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❛♠❡ tr❡❡✳ ❚❤✉s✱ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛r❡✿ t❤❡ r❡♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡r✐❛❧ ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t❤♠ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛① ✇✐t❤ ❛❧♣❤❛✲❜❡t❛ ♣r✉♥✐♥❣✱ ❜② t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❨♦✉♥❣ ❇r♦t❤❡rs ❲❛✐t ❈♦♥❝❡♣t ✭❨❇❲❈✮❀ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❤❡✉r✐st✐❝s ❢♦r ❣❛♠❡ tr❡❡ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣✱ t❤❛t ✐s ❡ss❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡r ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❨❇❲❈ ❛♥❞ ❛❧♣❤❛✲❜❡t❛ ♣r✉♥✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❀ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❤✐❣❤✲♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ ✉♥s✉♣❡r✈✐s❡❞ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ s❦✐❧❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❧❛②❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ s❤♦✇s t❤❛t ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✉s❡❞✱ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ r❡q✉✐r❡❞ t♦ ♣❡r❢♦r♠ ❛ ❣❛♠❡ tr❡❡ s❡❛r❝❤ ✇❛s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❧② r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❛♥❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t♦✉r♥❛♠❡♥ts ♣❧❛②❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts t❤❡ ♦✈❡r❛❧❧ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ❛❣❡♥t ✐s ✐♠♣r♦✈❡❞✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐①
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①①✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①①✐✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✷✺
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✶✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❖❜t✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✶✳✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦ ✸✸
✷✳✶ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❘◆❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✶ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ◆❡✉rô♥✐♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✶✳✷ ❖s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✶✳✸ ❖ P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ s✐♠♣❧❡s ❡ ♦ P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐✲❝❛♠❛❞❛ ✲ ▼▲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✷ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❘❡❢♦rç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ▼♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛r❦♦✈✐❛♥❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❖ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❘❡❢♦rç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✷✳✷✳✸ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦r ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸ ❊st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❆rt❡ ✹✾
✸✳✶ ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❡ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✷ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ❉❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❈❤✐♥♦♦❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✷✳✷ ❆♥❛❝♦♥❞❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷✳✸ ❈❛❦❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✷✳✹ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✸ ❱❡rsõ❡s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ❞♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✸✳✶ ▲❙✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
①✈✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✸✳✸✳✸ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✲ ❯♠ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❉❛♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❊✜❝✐❡♥t❡
▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ✺✼
✹✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ ♥♦s ❏♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❉❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❱❡t♦r✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✶✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ◆❊❚✲❋❊❆❚❯❘❊▼❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✸ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ Pr❡❞✐çã♦ ❡ ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ▼❡❧❤♦r ❆çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❛❥✉st❡ ❞❡ P❡s♦s ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ▼▲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✹✳✺ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❚r❡✐♥♦ ♣♦r ❙❡❧❢✲P❧❛② ❝♦♠ ❈❧♦♥❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✹✳✻ ❊✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✹✳✻✳✶ ❖ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❧❢❛✲❇❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✹✳✻✳✷ ❆ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼ ✹✳✻✳✸ ■♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❧❢❛✲❇❡t❛ ❡ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ✽✼ ✹✳✻✳✹ ❖ ❆♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ■t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✹✳✻✳✺ ❖ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❆❧❢❛✲❇❡t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❚❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❚r❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❆♣r♦❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ■t❡r❛t✐✈♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✺ ❇✉s❝❛ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✶✵✶
✺✳✶ ❚❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶✳✶ ▼❡❞✐❞❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❙♦❜r❡❝❛r❣❛s ✭♦✈❡r❤❡❛❞s✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡
❥♦❣♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❆❧♣❤❛✲❇❡t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✻ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐✲
❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✶✵✾
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✈✐✐
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✸✶
✼✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✶✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❬✸✷❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ t❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❤✐♣❡r❜ó❧✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✷✳✹ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ▼✉❧t✐❝❛♠❛❞❛s ✲ ▼▲P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✺ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✲❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❘❡❢♦rç♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♣♦r ◆❊❚✲❋❊❆❚❯❘❊▼❆P ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✹✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ❞❡
❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✹✳✸ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✹✳✹ ❆ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✿ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠✐♥✐♠❛①✳ ❆ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✿ ár✈♦r❡
❡①♣❛♥❞✐❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❆❧❢❛✲❇❡t❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✹✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❝ ❡ ❢ ✿ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ é ❛❧✲
❝❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❡ç❛s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♠ ❛ ❡ ❝✿ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ é ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦
♣♦r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❥♦❣❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ r❡✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽ ✹✳✼ ❱❡t♦r ❞❡ ✶✷✽ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✹✳✾ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣❛✐ ❞❡ ♥ é ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✹✳✶✵ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ♣❛✐ ❞❡ ♥ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✺✳✶ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♥ós ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✺✳✷ ❊①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❝♦♠ ✷ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡❧♦ P❱❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺ ✺✳✸ ❊①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❆P❍■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✶ ✭❛✮ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ❈♦rr❡♥t❡ ✭❜✮ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡
❡st❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
①① ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✷✽ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❙❛♠✉❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✹✳✷ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✶ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✻✳✶ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆P❍■❉ ❆s②❝♥❤r♦♥♦✉s P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❍✐❡r❛r❝❤✐❝❛❧ ■t❡r❛t✐✈❡ ❉❡❡♣❡♥✐♥❣ ❆❘ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r ❘❡❢♦rç♦
❉❚❙ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝ ❚r❡❡ ❙♣❧✐tt✐♥❣ ▼▲P ▼✉❧t✐❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ▼P■ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ P❛ss✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ P❉▼ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❉❡❝✐sã♦ ❞❡ ▼❛r❦♦✈ P❱❙ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❱❛r✐❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❛r❝❤ ❘◆❆ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❚❉ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s
❨❇❲❈ ❨♦✉♥❣ ❇r♦t❤❡rs ❲❛✐t ❈♦♥❝❡♣t
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❡ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❜❡♠✲s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ✲ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ▼▲P ✭▼✉❧t✐✲ ❧❛②❡r P❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥✮ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ♣♦r r❡❢♦rç♦ ✲ ♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❬✶✵❪✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r❡♠ s❡✉ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r é ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s ✐♥t❡♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡st✉❞❛r✱ ♣r♦♣♦r ❡ t❡st❛r ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ♦♥❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛ ♥ã♦ é ❞❡s❡❥❛❞❛ ♦✉ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦s é ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✭♦ q✉❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✮ ❡ ♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ ♠❛s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❛❞✈❡rs♦s✳ ❖ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r r❡❢♦rç♦ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ r❡q✉❡r ✉♠ ✐♥str✉t♦r ✐♥t❡❧✐❣❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦✈❡r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♦♥❞❡ é ❞✐❢í❝✐❧ ♦✉ ♠❡s♠♦ ✐♠♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♦❜t❡r t❛✐s ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❬✹✹❪✱ ❬✸✼❪✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r r❡❢♦rç♦✱ ✉♠ q✉❡ s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛ é ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ❞✐❢❡r✲ ❡♥ç❛s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✭❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ✲ ❚❉✮✳ ❊❧❡ é ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉s✐✈❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❥♦❣❛r ❞❛♠❛s✱ ①❛❞r❡③✱ ❣❛♠ã♦✱ ♦t❤❡❧♦✱ ❣♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❬✹✺❪✱ ❬✷✽❪✱ ❬✷✾❪✱ ❬✸✻❪✱ ❬✹✾❪✱ ❬✺✽❪✱ ❬✺✻❪✱ ❬✷✹❪✱ ❬✺✷❪ ❡ ❬✶✸❪✳ ❚❛✐s ❛❣❡♥t❡s tê♠ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❥♦❣♦s sã♦ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉✲ ❞❛r ❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✳ P❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r❛♠ ❞❛♠❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ t❡st❛r ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ss❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♠✉✐t❛s s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❥♦❣♦s✱ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦s ❞♦s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❥♦❣♦s ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ①❛❞r❡③✱ ♠❛s s❡♠ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❬✺✵❪✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❞✐✲ ✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣rát✐❝♦s ✱ ❝♦♠♦✿
✶✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❡♠ q✉❡ ♦s ♠❛♣❛s sã♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❛✉t♦♥♦♠❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ✉♠ r♦❜ô ♠ó✈❡❧✿ ❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ r♦❜ô ❞❡✈❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡r ✉♠❛ tr❛❥❡tór✐❛ ❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r ✉♠ ♣♦♥t♦ ❛❧✈♦ ❡✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❞❡s✈✐❛r ❞♦s ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❬✹✷❪❀
✷✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
✷✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✐á❧♦❣♦✿ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s✱ ❛ ✈✐❞❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❞✐❛❧♦❣❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ✭t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❛t❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✮✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❛t❛❝❛ ❡ss❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❝✐t❛✲s❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❊▲❱■❙ ✭❊❧✈✐s ❱♦✐❝❡ ■♥t❡r❛❝t✐✈❡ ❙②st❡♠✮ ❞❡ ❲❛❧❦❡r ❬✺✾❪✱ q✉❡ ❝r✐❛ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠❛ ót✐♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐á❧♦❣♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s❀ ✸✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ trá❢❡❣♦ ✈❡✐❝✉❧❛r ✉r❜❛♥♦✿ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❝r✐❛r ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝❛✲
♣❛③ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ✈❡í❝✉❧♦s s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ✉r❜❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ♦s ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❛❣❡♠ s♦❜ ❡st❛ r❡❞❡ ❬✻✶❪ ❬✷❪✳
◆♦t❡ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ❡st❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s s✐♠✐❧❛r❡s ❛♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡♥❝♦♥✲ tr❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞♦s ❥♦❣♦s✱ ❛ s❛❜❡r✿
• ❆♣r❡♥❞❡r ❛ s❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛r ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦ é ❛r✲
♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦❀
• ❊s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡ ♦
❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❡ q✉❡ s✐r✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ q✉❛❧ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❛❞q✉✐r✐rá ♥♦✈♦s ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✭❡st❛ q✉❡stã♦ é ❞❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✮❀
• ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡
♦♥❞❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❡stá ✐♥t❡r❛❣✐♥❞♦ ✭♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✮❀
• ❊str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ q✉❡ ❢❛❝✐❧✐t❡♠ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ót✐♠♦ ♥í✈❡❧
❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
❖ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡q✉✐♣❡ ❧✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❙❝❤❛❡✛❡r ♥❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❆❧❜❡rt❛✱ ♦ ❈❤✐♥♦♦❦✱ é ♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❝❛♠♣❡ã♦ ❤♦♠❡♠✲♠áq✉✐♥❛ ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s✳ ❙✉❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐✲ ❛çã♦ é ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❥✉st❛❞❛ ❡ ♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛çã♦✳ ■st♦ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❈❤✐♥♦♦❦✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ q✉❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ é ❢♦rt❡♠❡♥t❡ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞♦✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✶✳ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✷✼
t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡r ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧✳ ◆♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤s✱ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝✲ t❡ríst✐❝❛s sã♦ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ♠❛♥✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ ♥ã♦ ✈❛r✐❛♠ ✭♦ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r é tr❡✐♥❛❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✮✳ ❆ ❜♦❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ♠♦str❛ ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ ◆❊❚✲❋❊❆❚❯❘❊▼❆P ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❡ ❛r❜✐trár✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❡rt❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥á✲❧❛s✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦✱ ♣♦✐s ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♠✐♥✐♠❛① ❞❡s♣❡r❞✐ç❛ ♠✉✐t♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡①♣❧♦r❛♥❞♦ r❛♠♦s ❞❡s♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ❬✹✹❪✳ ➱ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♥♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♥ã♦ ❞❡✈❡ s❡r ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ✹✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ r❡q✉❡r✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡r✐❛ ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧✳ ❊st❛ r❡str✐çã♦ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡ ♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❧♦♦❦✲❛❤❡❛❞ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤❡r ✉♠ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❢❛t♦s ♠❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✉s❛r❛♠ ♦ ❜❡♠ s✉❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❢❡t✉❛r s✉❛s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ ♠❡✐♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ s✉❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r✱ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r s✉❝❡ss✐✈❛s s✉❜st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♦✉ té❝♥✐❝❛s ✐♥❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts✳ ❆ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ t❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ três ✈❡rsõ❡s ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r❡s ❞♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s✿ ▲❙✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❬✸✺❪✱ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❬✾❪ ❡ ▼P✲ ❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❬✶✷❪✳ ❖ ▲❙✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛ ♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥s❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r✱ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐✲ ❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❡st❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦✳ ❱ár✐♦s t♦r♥❡✐♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ♣❡❧♦ ▲❙✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ❥♦❣❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ❝♦♥✜r♠❛r❛♠ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ú❧t✐♠♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ s❡çã♦ ✸✳✸✳✶✳ ◆♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♠♦✈✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s s✉❜st✐t✉ír❛♠ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♠✐♥✐♠❛① ❞♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té✲ ❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥❛ ♣♦❞❛ ❛❧♣❤❛✲❜❡t❛✱ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ t❛❜❡❧❛ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡ ❛♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐t❡r❛t✐✈♦✳ ❱ár✐♦s t♦r♥❡✐♦s ❣❛♥❤♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❥♦❣❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛ ♦ ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❡ ▲❙✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❝♦♥✜r♠❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❛♣❡r❢❡✐ç♦❛❞♦ ❞♦ ú❧t✐♠♦ ❝♦♥✲ tr✐❜✉✐✉ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ✳
❆✐♥❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛r ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦✱ ♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛r❛♠ ❞❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ♦ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts✳ ❖ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❢♦✐ ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ♦s ❛❣❡♥t❡s sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ♦✉ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ❤á ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ tr❡✐♥❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦♣❡r❛r ♥❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛✐s ❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛s ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❡ ✷✺ ❛❣❡♥t❡s tr❡✐♥❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡r ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✱ t♦❞♦s ❡❧❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❛♥á❧♦❣❛ ❛ ❞♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✳ ❊ss❡s ✷✺ ❝❧✉st❡rs sã♦ ♠✐♥❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r r❡❞❡s ❞❡ ❑♦❤♦♥❡♥✲❙❖▼ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♠✐❧❤❛r❡s ❞❡ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❡ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ ❞❡ ✜♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳
✷✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶✿ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s✳
❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❬✶✷❪✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ✷✺ ❛❣❡♥t❡s r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞❡ ✜♠ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ✉♠ ú♥✐❝♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ ♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡r♠❡❞✐ár✐❛✳ ❊st❡ é ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♥❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦✐s ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞❡✈❡r✐❛ ✈❛r✐❛r s✉❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❞♦ t❛❜✉❧❡✐r♦ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ s❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③♦✉✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ s❡r✐❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦s ❞♦ ▲❙✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ❞❡t❡❝t❛r ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦s ❝❧✉st❡rs ❡ ❞❛s ❢❛s❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s ✭r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s✮ ♣❛r❛ s❡r❡♠ tr❡✐♥❛❞♦s✱ s♦♠❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛❣❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡♠ ♦ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❛❣❡♥t❡ t❡r✐❛ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✱ t♦r♥❛r✐❛ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ tr❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♠✉❧t✐✲❛❣❡♥t❡✳ ❆ss✐♠ s❡♥❞♦✱ ♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ s✉❛s ♠♦t✐✈❛çõ❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉✐r ♦ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✶✳✶ ❡sq✉❡♠❛t✐③❛ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❥♦❣❛❞♦r❡s ❛✉t♦♠át✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ◆❡✉r♦❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ▲❙✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❡ ♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✮✳
P❛r❛ ❛t✐♥❣✐r t❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦✱ ♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts s✉❜st✐t✉✐ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ♣♦❞❛ ❛❧♣❤❛✲❜❡t❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❨♦✉♥❣ ❇r♦t❤❡rs ❲❛✐t ❈♦♥❝❡♣t ✭❨❇❲❈✮✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐r ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✱ q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❜♦♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ s❡r✐❛❧ ❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✳ ❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐✉ ❡①♣r❡ss✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❛st♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡✱ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦✱ ❞❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❜✉s❝❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ t♦r♥❡✐♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❉✲ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts ❡ ♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ t♦❞♦s ❢❛✈♦rá✈❡✐s ❛♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡✱ ❝♦♠ s✉❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♠❛✐s ♣♦❞❡r♦s❛✱ s❡✉ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ s✉♣❡r♦✉ ♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ s❡✉ ♣r❡❞❡❝❡ss♦r✱ ♦ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✳
✶✳✷✳ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❖❜t✐❞♦s ✷✾
✶✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝♦s ❖❜t✐❞♦s
❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡ ✐♥s❡r❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡①t❡♥s♦ ❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✲ ✉❛❞♦✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s ❧✐❣❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❛♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ♥❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ▼P✲❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ❛ ▼✉❧t✐❛❣❡♥t ❘❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t ▲❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ❙②st❡♠ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ▼▲P ❛♥❞ ❑♦❤♦♥❡♥✲❙❖▼ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦✲❛✉t♦r✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ■❊❊❊ ❙▼❈ ✷✵✵✾ ✭❈♦♥❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ ❙②st❡♠s✱ ▼❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❈②❜❡r♥❡t✐❝s✮ ❬✶✷❪✳
❈♦♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ❛rt✐❣♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✿ ❛ ❉r❛✉❣❤ts P❧❛②❡r ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ❚❤❛t ▲❡❛r♥s ❜② ❘❡✐♥❢♦r❝❡♠❡♥t ✐♥ ❛ ❍✐❣❤ P❡r❢♦r♠❛♥❝❡ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥✲ ♠❡♥t ❢♦✐ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦ ❡ ❛❝❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❊❙❆◆◆ ✷✵✶✶✭❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❙②♠✲ ♣♦s✐✉♠ ♦♥ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ◆❡t✇♦r❦s✱ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ▼❛❝❤✐♥❡ ▲❡❛r♥✲ ✐♥❣✮ ❬✶❪
✶✳✸ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❖s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❡stã♦ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❞✐s♣♦st♦ ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♣♦r r❡❢♦rç♦✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳ ❯♠ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s q✉❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❥♦❣❛r✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤t✱ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ♦ ❉✲ ❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤t ❢♦✐ ✐♥s♣✐r❛❞♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✳ ➱ ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞♦ ❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ♣❛r❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❉✲❱✐s✐♦♥❉r❛✉❣❤ts✱ ✉♠ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡ ❤❡✉ríst✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ s❡✉ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✼✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s
✶✳✹ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s
◆❡st❛ s❡çã♦✱ s❡rã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✶✺❪✳ P♦r N ✭N0✮ ❞❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ✭✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦
✵✮✱ ♣♦r Z❞❡♥♦t❛♠♦s ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ✐♥t❡✐r♦s✳
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✶✳ ✭●r❛❢♦✮
❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ G= (V, E) é ✉♠❛ t✉♣❧❛ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♥ós ✭♦✉
✸✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ♥ã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳
P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ G = (V, E) ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó
v ∈V é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
degi(v) =|{v′ ∈V|(v′, v)∈E}|(dego(v) =|{v′ ∈V|(v, v′)∈E}|)
P❛r❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ♥ã♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦G= (V, E)✱deg(v) =|{v′ ∈
V|{v, v′} ∈
E}|♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r
v ∈V é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ❞❡ v✳ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✷✳ ✭❈❛♠✐♥❤♦✮
❙❡❥❛ G = (V, E) ✉♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ✭♥ã♦✮ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✳ ❯♠❛ s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ W = (v1, ..., vn) ❞❡ ✈ért✐❝❡s é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❡♠ G✱ s❡ (vi, vi+1) ∈ E ({vi, vi+1} ∈ E) ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ i∈ {1, ..., n−1}✳
W = (v1, ..., vn) é ❝❤❛♠❞❛❞♦ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ s❡ vi 6=vj ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ i, j ∈ {1, ..., n}✱ i 6=j✳ W é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦✱ s❡ v1 = vn✳
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✸✳ ✭➪r✈♦r❡✮
❯♠ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ G= (V, E) é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ár✈♦r❡ s❡
✶✳ G ♥ã♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠ ❝✐❝❧♦
✷✳ ❊①❛t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ G t❡♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✵✱ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♥ós t❡♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✶✳
❙❡ G = (V, E) é ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ♥ó q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✵ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡
r❛✐③ ❞❡ G✳ ❯♠ ♥ó ❝♦♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ✵ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ G✱ ♥ós ❝♦♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ >0 sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ♥ós ✐♥t❡r♥♦s✳ ❙❡ v ∈V é ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡ G ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❛ r❛✐③ ❞❡ G✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦ ♥óv′ ❝♦♠
(v′
, v)∈E é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦ ♣❛✐ ❞❡ v✳ ❙❡ v ∈V ♥ã♦ é ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛✱ ❡♥tã♦ ♦s ♥ós v′
∈ V ❝♦♠ (v, v′
)∈ E sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s ♦✉ ✜❧❤♦s ❞❡ v✳ ◗✉❛❧q✉❡r ❞♦✐s s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✐r♠ã♦s✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ó v ∈ V ❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ v é ❛ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❛té v✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ♥ós ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ d ❡♠ G ❢♦r♠❛♠ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡♠ G✳
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✹✳ ✭❙✉❜ár✈♦r❡✮
❙❡❥❛G= (V, E)✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❝♦♠ r❛✐③vr❡ s❡❥❛v ∈V ✉♠ ♥ó ❞❡G✳ G(v) = (V(v), E(v)) ❝♦♠
V(v) = {v′
∈V|♦ ♠❡♥♦r ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ ❞❡ vr ❛ v′ ❝♦♥té♠ v} E(v) ={(v′
, v′′
)∈E|v′
, v′′
∈V(r)}
é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ s✉❜ár✈♦r❡G ❝♦♠ r❛✐③ v✳
❆s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♥ós ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ é út✐❧ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s✳ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✺✳ ✭❙✐st❡♠❛ ❉❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡✇❡②✮
✶✳✹✳ ❉❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✸✶
✶✳ ❆ r❛✐③ ❞❡ G é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ε✳
✷✳ ❖s s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó v ∈V ❝♦♠ dego(v) =b ∈N0 sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦sv.1, ..., v.b ❈♦♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❛ ♥♦t❛çã♦ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❞❡ ❉❡✇❡② s♦♠♦s ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐r ♦s s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡G ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✻✳ ✭s✉❝❡ss♦r✭❡s✮ à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❡ à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✮
❙❡❥❛G= (V, E) ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡✱ s❡❥❛ v ∈V ✉♠ ♥ó ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ G✳ ✶✳ ❖ ♥ó v.1 é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦r à ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❞❡ v✳
✷✳ ❚♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s ❞❡ v sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ s✉❝❡ss♦r❡s à ❞✐r❡✐t❛✳ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❛s ♥♦t❛çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❛❝✐♠❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❞❡✜♥✐r ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✿ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✼✳ ✭➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✮
❯♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ G= (V, E, f)é ✉♠❛ ✸✲✉♣❧❛ s❛t✐s❢❛③❡♥❞♦
✶✳ G= (V, E) é ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❡ V 6=∅✳
✷✳ f :V →Z∪ {±∞}
❖s ♥ós ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♠ às ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ❥♦❣♦✱ ❛s ❛r❡st❛s ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥✲ ❞❡♠ ❛♦s ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ à ✉♠❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ s✉❝❡ss♦r❛✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ f é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ G✳ ❊❧❛ ♠❛♣❡✐❛ ❛s ❢♦❧❤❛s ❞❡ G ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ♦r❞❡♥❛❞♦
Z∪ {±∞}✳ ◆ós ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r ❡♠ G sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼❆❳✲♥♦❞❡s ❡ ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r♦✲
❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ✐♠♣❛r ❡♠G sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ▼■◆✲♥♦❞❡s✳ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✽✳ ✭❱❛❧♦r ▼✐♥♠❛①✮
❙❡❥❛ G= (V, E, f) ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳ ❊♥tã♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠✐♥♠❛① F(v)❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó v ∈ V é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦
F(v) =
f(v) s❡ v é ✉♠❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡G.
max{F(v′
)|(v, v′
)∈E} s❡ v é ✉♠ ▼❆❳✲♥♦❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ G. min{F(v′
)|(v, v′
)∈E} s❡ v é ✉♠ ▼■◆✲♥♦❞❡ ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ G.
❈♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛ ♥♦çã♦ ❞♦ ✈❛❧♦r ♠✐♥♠❛①✱ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡❣✉❡✿
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✾✳ ✭Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✮
❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❉❛❞♦✿ ❯♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦G= (V, E, F) ❝♦♠ r❛✐③ ε✳
❈♦♠♣✉t❛r✿ F(ε)✳
❚♦❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ q✉❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡F(ε)é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡♠ ár✈♦r❡
✸✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✶✵✳ ✭▼❡❧❤♦r s✉❝❡ss♦r✮
❙❡❥❛ G = (V, E, f) ✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✱ s❡❥❛ v ∈ V ✉♠ ♥ó ✐♥t❡r♥♦ ❞❡ G✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ✉♠ s✉❝❡ss♦r v.j é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡ v✱ s❡
• F(v.j)> F(v.i),1≤i < j ❡ F(v.j)≥F(v.i), i≥j✱ ✐❢ v é ✉♠ ▼❆❳✲♥♦❞❡✳
• F(v.j)< F(v.i),1≤i < j ❡ F(v.j)≤F(v.i), i≥j✱ ✐❢ v é ✉♠ ▼■◆✲♥♦❞❡✳
❈♦♠ ✐ss♦✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✱ q✉❡ é ú♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦✳
❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ✶✳✶✶✳ ✭❱❛r✐❛çã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✮
❙❡❥❛G= (V, E, f)✉♠❛ ár✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❥♦❣♦ ❝♦♠ r❛✐③ε✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ✈❛r✐❛çã♦ ✭✈✵✱✳✳✳✱✈t✮ ❞❡G é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r✿
• v0 =ε
• vi+ 1 é ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r s✉❝❡ss♦r ❞❡ vi✱ 0≤i < t✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡ ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥✲ t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❛❣❡♥t❡ ❥♦❣❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❞❛♠❛s q✉❡ s❡rá ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞♦ ♥♦s ♣ró①✐♠♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳
✷✳✶ ❘❡❞❡ ◆❡✉r❛❧ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✲ ❘◆❆
❆s r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♥ós r❡❧❛t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦✳ ❊st❡s ♥ós sã♦ ♦s ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛❞♦s ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛r ❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❝é❧✉❧❛ ❝❡r❡❜r❛❧✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ s✉❜❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣õ❡ ❛ r❡❞❡✳ ❊❧❡s sã♦ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝♦s ❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧✳ ❊st❡s ♣❛❞rõ❡s sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦✉ t♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❬✸✸❪✳
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛s ✏r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s✑✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ♠♦t✐✈❛❞♦ ❞❡s❞❡ ♦ ❝♦♠❡ç♦ ♣❡❧♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝ér❡❜r♦ ❤✉♠❛♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥t❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ❖ ❝ér❡❜r♦ é ✉♠ ✏❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r✑ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦✱ ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✳ ❊❧❡ t❡♠ ❛ ❝❛✲ ♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r s❡✉s ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥t❡s ❡str✉t✉r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❝❡rt♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦s ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞♦ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♠♦❞❡r♥♦s ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦s ❬✶✽❪✳
❉❡st❛❝❛✲s❡ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ q✉❡✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❘◆❆ ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛s ❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡s ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ s❡rã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞❛s✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♦ ♣❡r❝❡♣tr♦♥ ♠✉❧t✐❝❛♠❛❞❛✳ ❯♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❬✶✽❪✱ ❬✶✹❪✱ ❬✷✶❪✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❆ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ▼❛t❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ◆❡✉rô♥✐♦
❯♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ r❡❞❡s ♥❡✉r❛✐s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s✳ ❖ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦
✸✹ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❘❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❚❡ór✐❝♦
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❬✸✷❪
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❛rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❢♦✐ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ▼❝❈✉❧❧♦❝❤ ❡ P✐tts ❡♠ ✶✾✹✸ ❬✸✷❪ ❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳ ◆❡ss❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡✿
✶✳ ♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ q✉❡ é r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ❥ ❀
✷✳ ♦s ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣♦ra0✱a1 ❛téan✳ ❊①❝❡t♦ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛a0 q✉❡ ❡stá ✜①❛ ❡ ✈❛❧❡ ✲✶✱ ❛s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s ❞♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❥ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s❛í❞❛s ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡❀
✸✳ ♦s ♣❡s♦s sã♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❧❡tr❛ ✇✳ ❖ ♣❡s♦ w1j ✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✈í♥❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛a1 ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❥ ❀
✹✳ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ s♦♠❛ ❛❝✉♠✉❧❛ ♦s ❡stí♠✉❧♦s r❡❝❡❜✐❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ✈í♥❝✉❧♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❛ ✜♠ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣♦ss❛ ♣r♦❝❡ssá✲❧♦s✳ ❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ é ❞❛❞❛ ♣♦r aj =g(inj) = g(
Pn
i=0wij.ai)✱ ♦♥❞❡ ai é ❛ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ✐ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ ❛ ❥✱ ❡wij é ♦ ♣❡s♦ ♥❛ ❧✐❣❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦s ✐ ❡ ❥ ❀
✺✳ ♦ ♣❡s♦w0j ✱ ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ à ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✜①❛ a0 ❂ ✲✶✱ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ❧✐♠✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❥✱ ♥♦ s❡♥t✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❥ s❡rá ❛t✐✈❛❞♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ s♦♠❛ ♣♦♥❞❡r❛❞❛ ❞❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s r❡❛✐s Pn
i=1wij.ai ❡①❝❡❞❡r w0j.a0✳
❆ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ❣✱ ♦✉ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐♠✐❛r❡s✱ é ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞✉❛s ❛s♣✐r❛çõ❡s✿
✶✳ ♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦ ❞❡✈❡rá s❡r ❛t✐✈❛❞♦✱ s❡✱ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡✱ ❛s ❡♥tr❛❞❛s r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛s s✉♣❡r❛r❡♠ ♦ ❧✐♠✐❛r ❞♦ ♥❡✉rô♥✐♦❀
✷✳ ❛ ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ s❡r ♥ã♦✲❧✐♥❡❛r ♣❛r❛ r❡❞❡s ▼▲P✱ ❝❛s♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✱ ❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧✐♥❡❛r s✐♠♣❧❡s❀
