Brito RIP No. 30 pp.31-56, 2012
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE INVESTIGAÇÃO PESQUEIRA
REVISTA MOÇAMBICANA DE INVESTIGAÇÃO
PESQUEIRA
RIP No. 30 pp. 31-56, 2012
An interview-based assessment of the incidental capture and mortality of sea
turtles in Mozambique´s Sofala Bank commercial shrimp fishery
by
Atanásio Brito
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Index
Abstract ... 33
Resumo ... 33
1. Introduction ... 35
2. Materials and Methods ... 37
2. Results and Discussion ... 39
2.1. Interviewees experience and onboard observations ... 39
2.2. Sea turtle incidental catches and fate ... 39
2.3. Dolphins incidental catches and fate ... 42
2.4. Perceptions on historical trends of protected species ... 43
3. Conclusions and recommendations... 44
4. Acknowledgements ... 44
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Abstract
Trawling for penaeid shrimps in Sofala Bank (central Mozambique) has been suggested to have major effects on the size of sea turtle populations. A total of 39 commercial fishers, fishery observers and enforcers were interviewed to assess the level of sea turtle catches in fishing operations and reported that at least 1,735±1,235 sea turtles are caught each fishing season of about seven months. Green turtle (Chelonia mydas, 48.4%), the loggerhead turtle (Caretta
caretta, 25.8%) were the most common species, but catches also comprised the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea),
the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). Over 54.8% of the incidents occur within a few miles of the small islands forming the Primeiras and Segundas archipelago in the northern one fifth section of the fishery. About 86% of the animals are hauled alive and around 14% (265±184) drown in the net each fishing season. While these rates of mortality are high owing to tow times lasting 3 hrs on average, they are lower than the ones reported in Australia and the US Gulf of Mexico and North Atlantic trawl fisheries. These results should be validated by onboard observations to be carried out during one fishing season before they can be considered for management.
Key words: sea turtles; incidental capture; Sofala Bank; shrimp trawling; Mozambique
Resumo
O arrasto comercial para camarões peneídeos do Banco de Sofala (centro do Moçambique) tem sido referido como tendo efeitos negativos sobre a população de tartarugas marinhas. Foram conduzidas 39 entrevistas com mestres de pesca, amostradores e fiscais de pesca para avaliar o nível de impacto desta pescaria sobre a população destas espécies, que reportaram que pelo menos 1.735±1.235 tartarugas marinhas são acidentalmente pescadas durante uma campanha de pesca de cerca de sete meses. A tartaruga verde (Chelonia mydas, 48,4%), a tartaruga cabeçuda (Caretta caretta, 25,8%) tem sido as mais frequentes, mas também tem sido pescadas a tartaruga olivácea (Lepidochelys olivacea), tartaruga de bico (Eretmochelys imbricata) e a tartaruga coriácea (Dermochelys coriacea). Mais de 54,8% dos incidentes ocorrem nas proximidades do Arquipélago das Primeiras e Segundas, uma quinta parte da área de pesca. Cerca de 86% das tartarugas são pescadas vivas e cerca de 14% (265±184) afogam-se na rede em cada campanha de pesca. Embora estas taxas de mortalidade possam ser elevadas, devido ao tempo de arrasto de três horas em média, as mesmas são mais baixas que as reportadas na Austrália e nos EUA. Estes resultados devem ser validados por observações a bordo da frota durante uma campanha de pesca completa, antes que possam ser considerados para a gestão da pescaria.
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1. Introduction
Natural populations of marine turtles are either depleted or declining worldwide (Seminoff and Shanker, 2008). Most of this decline is attributed to mortality by anthropogenic activities, in particular those caused by fishing gears (FAO, 2009).
Initiatives to reduce interactions of fisheries with marine turtles have helped to reverse declining trends for some sea turtle populations, as especially visible in the commercial shrimp trawling. In the Gulf of Mexico and in the Australian northern prawn fishery, for example, a series of technological initiatives were developed since 1978, including the reduction of tow time to decrease sea turtle drowning and the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) (FAO, 2009; Brewer et al., 2006). TEDs allow that sea turtles and other by-catch are released from the fishing net while trawling is occurring. TEDs were found to reduce capture of marine turtles by up to 99% (Brewer et al., 2006) and enhancing catch value through reduction in damage to shrimp by large animals and reduction of catch sorting times. These results made the use of this technology mandatory in the shrimp fisheries of the USA since 1989 and then in Australia, Mexico, Madagascar among other countries, partly to enable their fisheries to meet United States rules on imports (FAO, 2009). However, the process of TED introduction has always been associated with opposition and controversy. Most of this has to do with perceptions from the fishing industry that TED (hard version) pose a safety hazard to fishing crews, particularly in rough weather; letting escape part of target species and valuable by-catch due to clogging of guiding panel by large animals and debris, poor installation and, for being more difficult to handle than a standard cod-end (FAO, 2009).
The Sofala Bank shrimp fishery in Mozambique (Fig. 1) has been open since the early 1960’s and has developed to a fleet of between 50-95 vessels. About 20% of the vessels preserve catch in ice and the remainder are freezer vessels that have operated for seasons of 6.5 to 12 months (data in Palha de Sousa et al., 2007; Palha de Sousa et al., 2010; Brito, 2010).
The “ice vessels” are based and fish near the towns of Beira, in the south, and the town of Angoche, in the north. This is a mainly locally owned fleet and lack the vertical integration and high management standards of the larger joint-venture companies employing freezer vessels and that operate throughout the Sofala Bank.
This fishery yields around US$ 80 million per year in exports of shrimp primarily to the European community and Japan (Palha de Sousa et al., 2006; Brito, 2010). It employs standard otter trawl nets in two basic versions, namely the single net and four nets (also known as quad configuration) at or near the sea floor along offshore and inshore coastal waters of the Sofala Bank.
These waters also serve as foraging, breeding or migratory habitats for sea turtles. Five species of turtles (Chelonia
mydas, Caretta caretta, Eretmochelys imbricata, Lepidochelys olivacea and Dermochelys coriacea) occur in
Mozambique coast (Pereira et al., 2010). All these are listed as threatened or endangered by national and international legal framework. Insular beaches, seagrass beds and coral reef ecosystems associated to Bazaruto archipelago, adjacent to the southern Sofala Bank, the Primeiras and Segundas archipelago in the north of the fishery (Fig. 1) are some of the main breeding and foraging areas for these turtles (Costa et al., 2007). Data obtained from the SWSD database at the Mozambique Fishery Research Institute reveal that tow time in the fishery takes three hours on average, which increases the risk of capturing and drowning sea turtles that cannot come to the surface to breathe.
Sea turtles and Sofala Bank trawlers interactions have been reported since the onset of the fishery but the first attempt to quantify the level of incidental catch and mortality in this fishery was done by Gove et al., (2001). That study was based on interviews to “ice vessel” skippers that operate to the southern part of the Sofala Bank fishery near Chiloane Island (Fig. 1). While that limited coverage of the fishing ground was recognized in the study, it concluded that sea turtle capture and mortality by the shrimp industry is a problem since every fishing season between 1,932 and 5,436 sea turtles were caught by the shrimp fleet of the entire Sofala Bank and that TEDs should
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be mandatory in the fishery. The re-design of the current maritime fisheries regulation, which was enacted in 2003 (Decree 43/2003) used those findings and the perception of at least part of the wider Sofala Bank operators and conservation organizations to make the use of TEDs mandatory by 2004.
However, the effective implementation of the TEDs has never occurred in the fishery. One major fishing fleet reportedly employed TEDs briefly and abandoned its use. It also happened that the south of Sofala Bank where most ice vessels were based (and most of the incidental catches of turtles were reported by Gove et al., 2001) was closed to the freezer vessels by a ministerial dispatch, as a means of protecting the locally-owned “ice vessels” based in the area. Indeed, most fishing industry members have been complaining to the Fisheries Administration through the Commission of Fisheries Administration (CAP) that 1) sea turtles is not a problem on the wider Sofala Bank where the freezer vessels operate; 2) not enough testing and reconfiguration of TEDs to fishery-specific practical and viable TED has been carried out; 3) they will lose part of the target catch and valuable by-catch by clogging; 4) It poses an hazard to crew members especially on rough weather and it is difficult to handle a cod-end with TED and 5) lack of capacity of average vessel owner to build or procure for TEDs and lack of expertise to inspect and maintain good working TEDs.
Consequently, the deficient implementation of TED regulation in the Sofala Bank fishery lowers the classification of this fishery when assessed in terms of its considerations to the ecosystem. It also threatens the ability of its fish products to enter future markets, which are increasingly demanding for eco-friendly fisheries practices.
Recognizing that it is necessary to properly quantify the incidental capture and mortality of sea turtles in the wider Sofala Bank fishery this study was commissioned by a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Ministry of Fisheries of Mozambique. This assessment should start in the 2011 fishing season that started in March. However, owing to difficulties in placing Ministry of Fisheries observers on board the fishing vessels, due to risk of piracy attacks, this preliminary assessment is based on interviews. Whenever it is possible to have observers on board for sampling of catch, a second part of the study will be carried out. That study together with a new logbook to be introduced in the 2012 fishing season that makes mandatory for vessel skippers to collect information on sea turtles will validate the results from the interviews. The objective of this study is to quantify the number of sea turtles incidentally caught and the number that drown in the Sofala Bank commercial shrimp fishery. While this first part of the study based on interviews provides only preliminary results on the form of interaction and the fate of sea turtles caught, this will help in the understanding of the level of the problem and compare with historical levels of interactions. It is anticipated that this information together with the results of the second part of the study, based on field biological sampling in 2012, will produce conclusive results that will help settle the current controversy on TED use and shape the decisions for the management of the Sofala Bank fishery and the ecosystem.
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2. Materials and Methods
This study was based in the Mozambique´s Sofala Bank (16o 20´ S to 21o 00´S, Fig. 1), which supports the largest commercial fishery for shrimps in Mozambique. A total of 39 individual and face-to- face interviews were conducted with equal number of experienced technical staff of the fishing sector in the towns of Quelimane and Beira. Ten samplers or observers of the Fishery Research Institute, 10 fishing enforcement officers of the Provincial Directorate of Fisheries and 19 fishing masters of commercial vessels completed the interview. Both the observers and enforcement officers represented the total number of staff in undertaking on board activities based in these towns. The fishing masters represent 38% of the number of vessels licensed in the Sofala Bank industrial fishery in 2011 and were randomly selected from port visits made during the study period.
Several questions were included in the interview in order to assess the rate of incidental capture and mortality of sea turtles in the fishery´s past fishing seasons (Annex 1). Background information on the respondents work experience, type of fishing gear and vessel were also obtained. A field guide showing color photographs of sea turtles were used in each interview to aid identify species. The questionnaire also included several other questions, comments and semi-qualitative evaluation of the level of confidence to each answer given about the number of animals caught as well as on the perception of the interviewee on the historical trends of sea turtle populations. The Sofala Bank shrimp fishing ground was divided into five sections based on historical divisions of fishing effort (Fig. 1, L.Palha de Sousa, Mozambique Fisheries Research Institute, personal communication). The Angoche-Pebane region is a region of thin continental shelf area where a small number of tows are carried out by both semi-industrial ice and industrial freezers; Pebane-Macuse a region of wide shelf area, several habitat types where about ¾ of the total number of tows in the fishery is carried out by industrial vessels; Macuse-Zambezi and Zambezi-Beira areas, both characterized by a similarly wide continental shelf and moderate levels of fishing effort and, finally, the Beira-Save river area with a number of semi-industrial ice vessels, which have had limited ability to fish in recent years due to an obsolete fleet.
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Figure 1. Map of Sofala Bank off Mozambique, with indication of turtle hotspots (open circules) and incidental catch areas.
Estimates of number of sea turtles caught was obtained by fishing zones and took into account the duration of onboard missions. The average number of sea turtles caught by each vessel “sampled” by the respondents of the interview was calculated by using equation 1:
tz=(ti*D/di+ …+tn*D/dn)/N………(1)
where:
tz=average number of turtles caught at zone z by interviewee i, when i =1,2,3,…n; D=number of days of fishing season; di=number of days interviewee i remained onboard; N=total number of interviewees that reported turtles catches in zone z).
The total number of turtles caught in the fishery over the fishing season was estimated by extrapolating results of equation 1 using the number of vessels in the fishery, as follows:
T=(tz1*b+ …+tzn*b) ………..….(2)
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b is the number of vessels that operated in the fishery which was obtained from the Mozambique Fisheries Administration database.
The same estimates (equations 1 and 2) were applied for the number of turtles drowning each season and fishing zone reported by respondents.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Interviewees experience and onboard observations
Respondents had an average age of 42.9 (±9.1 S.D.) years old, all were males and with 17.3 (±10.6) years on the job and with frequent work at sea. A total of 34 interviewees worked on industrial freezer and five on “ice” trawlers for shrimp, other two had combined experience with gill-netting vessels and one in a long-liner.
Based on the names of the vessels given during the interview and a review of the Ministry of Fisheries vessel database, all vessels mentioned had an average length of 28.8 (±5.9) m. There were between 12 and 32 crew members per vessel including the skipper and the staff of the Ministry of Fisheries.
The respondents worked at sea on missions lasting from 15 days do the full length of the fishing season of 6.5 to 12 months since the year 1987. The average length of on board observation and enforcement missions was around 72 days, which is 33% of the current 7-month fishing season. For the purpose of sea turtle quantification and inference on the current status, only responses from the past two years were considered. Shrimp trawling operations had on average six trawl hauls per day and fishing occurred throughout the duration of the fishing season except for days of bad weather, mechanical problems with vessels and three days every 30 days or so in which most vessels return to base port for unloading of catch and get supplies. During their field work, interviewees reported observing catches of four of the daily six trawl hauls. Based on the above data, it was estimated that each vessel did 924 tows per year on average.
A look at the catch and effort data from the fishery (stored at the Fisheries Research Institute SWSD database) reveal that there were 50 trawlers fishing the entire season on average for the past five fishing seasons. These trawlers make on average six tows per fishing day (concurrent with the interview results) and each tow takes on average 3 hrs. If a season takes seven months (since 2008), then it is estimated that a total of 46,200 tows are carried each season at Sofala Bank shrimp fishery.
2.2. Sea turtle incidental catches and fate
A total of 25 interviewees reported seeing sea turtle being caught by otter trawl nets and 14 were sure to not have witnessed a catch of sea turtles. Based on respondents’ answers, it is estimated that 1,735±1,235 sea turtles are incidentally caught by the entire fleet (50 vessels) per fishing season pooling all sections of the Sofala Bank (Table 1). This does not represent population number as one turtle can be caught several times in one season. These
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estimates are associated with a wide error margin reflecting the variability in number of incidents in different sections of the fishery.
Over 54.8% of the incidents reportedly occur to the north of Macuse, but more specifically within a few miles of the small islands of the Primeiras and Segundas archipelago, which represent about 1/5 of the fishing ground (Fig. 1). Sandy beaches of the island area have been widely reported as breeding ground for several of the sea turtle species (Costa, 2007; Pereira et al., 2010).
It is estimated that about 86% of the sea turtles are hauled alive and 14% (265±184) drown in the net per year. Accounting for the number of total tows in the fishery of 46,200 tows, at least 0.0375±0.0267 sea turtles are caught per trawl made of which 0.0057±0.0039 drown (Table 1). This is less than the reported incidents in this fishery by Gove et al., (2001), and in two Australian prawn fisheries (Poiner et al., 1990; Robins, 1995) and may reflect differences in the methodologies followed and the significant time difference (10 years) elapsed between the two studies carried out on Sofala Bank. Gove et al., (2001) based their interviews to the Southern section of the fishery near the Bazaruto Archipelago and Chiloane island. which is probably the main sea turtle habitat in the Sofala Bank region (Pereira et al., 2010).
The distribution of fishing effort in number of tows per section of the fishing ground based on the fishery commercial catch and effort data and the reported number of sea turtles incidentally caught are presented in table 1. The current low tow number in the south of Beira to Save River (only 2.5% of total tows), where Gove et al., (2001) carried out their study has probably resulted in a decrease of the current (2010-2011) number of incidents with sea turtles previously reported.
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Table 1. Sumary results on the estimated number of incidental catches and mortality of sea turtles by region of the Sofala Bank in 2010 and 2011.
Angoche-Pebane Pebane-Macuse Macuse-Zambezi Zambezi-Beira
Beira-Save river
Total
N tows per year
(database) 2,670 32,094 6,255 4,889 291
46,200 N of positive samples
(interviewees)
10 5 4 2 4 25
N sea turtles caught per
year 375±308 560±524 700±404 0 100±0 1,735±1,235
N sea turtles drowning 61±45 84±79 105±61 0 15±0 265±184
Average N turtles per
tow 0.1404±0.1152 0.0174±0.0163 0.1119±0.0646 0 0.3441±0.0000 0.0375±0.0267
Average N turtles
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A reconstruction of the species composition is given in Figure 2. All five sea turtle species were observed by respondents, being the most commonly caught the green turtle (Chelonia mydas, 48.4%), the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta, 25.8%) and the least common in decereasing order were the olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea), the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea). This reconstructed species composition is similar to the one reported by Costa et al., (2007) and Pereira et al., (2010) based on beach surveys carried out in the region and allows to ascertain that there is some good level of confidence in current study’s interview data.
Figure 2. Species composition of sea turtles incidentally caught in Sofala Bank commercial prawn fishery.
Based on the fact that 54.8% of sea turtle interactions occur to the North of the fishery, near the small islands forming the Primeiras and Segundas archipelago, it is recommended that a study be conducted to assess the role of the different habitats of the Sofala Bank, the ranges of distribution of sea turtle and their migratory patterns. That study should also assess the role that each area in particular plays to the fisheries sector.
2.3. Dolphins incidental catches and fate
Apart from sea turtles, this study obtained information on the fisheries interactions with marine mammals at Sofala Bank. Three of the interviewees reported a total of six dolphins being accidentally caught primarily by gill-nets, line
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and hook and otter trawl fishing. The gill-net incidence occurred with one vessel that had been experimentally fishing for sharks in 2009 to the south of Sofala Bank. Eventually, the fishing license of this vessel was revoked in 2010 due to violation of several fishing regulations and is no longer fishing. The other case refers to one shrimp commercial vessel crew member who incidentally hooked a dolphin while recreationally line fishing when the vessel was anchored at sea (maybe broken down). Finally, a trawler reportedly caught or trapped a dolphin by the warp and chains near the tip of the boom.
In summary the rate of incidental mortality of dolphins and other sea mammals is extremely rare. All reported incidents are not directly related to the trawling operations for shrimps.
2.4. Perceptions on historical trends of protected species
Interviewees had mixed perceptions on the historical trends. They were asked whether sea turtles population numbers remain the same, are decreasing or increasing at Sofala Bank. About 54% (21) of them replied that sea turtles are decreasing at sea, while other few (less than 13% each) said the numbers remained the same or were increasing (Fig. 3). A group of nine respondents did not know the answer.
The same questions on historical trends of sea turtles were made regarding dolphins. In this case, 19 (49%) interviewees did not know the answer, while 13 (33%) said that dolphin numbers remain generally the same throughout the years (Fig. 3). This historical trend perceptions need to be confirmed. This could be achieved by comparing data from biological sampling to be carried out as soon as possible with estimates carried out in previous beach surveys of sea turtles and of aerial surveys of dolphin populations
.
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3. Conclusions and recommendations
It was found that about 1,735±1, 235 sea turtles are caught annually and 265±184 of them die in the net at Sofala Bank. These represent 0.0375±0.0267 sea turtles being incidentally caught per trawl in each fishing season. About 0.0057±0.0039 sea turtles drown per tow within the same fishing season. Nearly 54.8% of sea turtle interactions occur to the North of the fishery, near the Primeiras and Segundas archipelago.
It is recommended that these results should be validated by onboard biological sampling on 5% of the fishing fleet during a full fishing season. That should also be combined with logbook data collection on sea turtles; that study should be able to identify with high degree of certainty the location of migratory routes, the timing of migrations and other sea turtle hotspots that could assist in future ecosystem approach management of the Sofala Bank shrimp fishery.
4. Acknowledgements
Funding for this study was provided by WWF Mozambique coordination office. Special thanks go to Mr. Dionisio Varela and Mr. Martinho Padera, both of the Mozambique Fisheries Research Institute for helping carry out interviews with fish masters in Quelimane and in Beira, respectively. Mr. Osvaldo Chacate provided important literature used in the study and together with Dr. Rui Silva made useful comments to earlier versions of this paper.
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5. References
Brewer D., D. Heales, D. Milton, Q. Dell, G. Fry, B. Venables, P. Jones 2006. The impact of turtle excluder devices and by-catch reduction devices on diverse tropical marine communities in Australia's northern prawn trawl fishery. Fisheries Research 81:176-188.
Brito A. 2010. Lunar cycle, nocturnal catchability of penaeid shrimps and implications for the management of the shrimp fishery in Sofala Bank in Mozambique. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 9(1): 75- 89. Costa A. 2007. Status and management of marine turtles in the Quirimbas National Park. A Report Prepared for the Quirimbas National Park. WWF Mozambique coordination office. Maputo.Unpublished report.13p.
Costa A, H. Motta, M.A.M. Pereira, , E.J.S. Videira, C.M.M. Louro, J. João. 2007. Marine turtles in Mozambique: The development of an effective conservation and management programme. Unpublished report of WWF Mozambique coordination office, Maputo Unpublished report. 11p.
FAO. 2009. Guidelines to reduce sea turtle mortality in fishing operation. Rome.141p.
Gove D., H. Pacule, M. Gonçalves. 2001. The impact of Sofala Bank (Central Mozambique) shallow water shrimp fishery on marine turtles and the effects of introducing TED (turtle excluder device) on shrimp fishery. Eastern African Marine Eco-Region Programme of WWF. Maputo. Unpublished report. 23p.
Poiner I.R., R.C., Buckworth, A.N.M. Harris. 1990. Incidental capture and mortality of Sea Turtles in Australia's northern Prawn Fishery. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 41 (1) 97 – 110.
Palha de Sousa L., A. Brito, S. Abdula, J. Penn, D. Howell. 2010. O camarão do banco de Sofala 2010. Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira. Maputo. Unpublished report. 72p.
Palha de Sousa L., A. Brito, S. Abdula, J. Penn, D. Howell. 2007. O camarão do banco de Sofala 2007. Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira. Maputo. Unpublished report 60p.
Palha de Sousa L., A. Brito, S. Abdula, N. Caputi. 2006. Research assessment for the management of the industrial shallow-water multi-species shrimp fishery in Sofala Bank in Mozambique. Fisheries Research, 77:207-219. Pereira M. A. M., E. J. S. Videira, D. A. Narane, C. M. M. Louro. 2010. Monitoring, tagging andconservation of marine turtles in Mozambique: 2009/10 annual report. Maputo,AICM/GTT. Unpublished report .7 p.
Robins J.B. 1995. Estimated catch and mortality of sea turtles from the East Coast Otter Trawl Fishery of Queensland, Australia. Biological conservation. 74:157-167.
Seminoff J. A., K. Shanker. 2008. Marine turtles and IUCN Red Listing: A review of the process, the pitfalls, and novel assessment approaches. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 356: 52-68.
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ANNEX 1 (in Portuguese)
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PARA USO DO ENTREVISTADOR Entrevista #: __________
Data:__________ Nome do entrevistador:__________ Hora do dia: ____________ Local da entrevista 1 Provincia:__________ Cidade/aldeia:__________ Distrito:_____________
Local da entrevista 2: No Porto_____ No escritorio________ Outro local: _______________
Genero do entrevistado: M F
Foi necessário apoio de um tradutor para conduzir esta entrevista? Sim____ Não_______
PARA O ENTREVISTADO
Declaracao inicial do entrevistador:
Meu nome é __________. Eu trabalho no Instituto de Investigação Pesqueira. Esta instituição faz pesquisas sobre a pesca e o mar. O objectivo deste projecto é de conhecer sobre a existencia de tartarugas marinhas, golfinhos e tubarões nas zonas de pesca de camarão e o efeito que esta pesca tem sobre estes animais, porque existe um grande interesse por estes animais.
A sua participação nesta entrevista é voluntaria e confidencial. Não vamos registar o seu nome ou qualquer informação de contacto pessoal ou partilhar as suas respostas individuais com pessoas fora da equipa de pesquisa. As suas respostas honestas são muito apreciadas e não terão qualquer consequência sobre a sua pessoa. A nossa pesquisa poderá, no entanto, melhorar o ambiente marinho e garantir a sustentabilidade da pesca a longo prazo. Por exemplo, esta pesquisa pode ajudar a que o camarão do Banco de Sofala chegue a novos mercados internacionais e possa ser melhor apreciado. Pode não responder as questoes que nao quiser responder e pode pedir-me para terminar esta entrevista a qualquer momento que quiser. O tempo de entrevista é de 15 a 30 minutos. Sabemos que é uma pessoa ocupada e estamos muito gratos que tenha aceite apoiar-nos nesta pesquisa.
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1-Perguntas sobre a experiência do entrevistado:1-1. Alguma vez participou numa pesquisa sobre (circule):
Tubaroes? Pesca? Mamiferos marinhos? Tartarugas marinhas? Nenhum destes Se respondeu Sim, descriva: ___________________________________________________________________
1-2.Qual é a sua idade?__________ 1-3. Qual é a sua função?__________
1-4.Em que instituicao/empresa trabalha?________________________ 1-5.Ha quanto tempo exerce esta função?___________
1-6.Esta é a sua unica função?______________
(Se respondeu Não): Quais são as outras ocupações? ____________________ 1-7.Quando é que esteve no mar durante os últimos 12 meses? _______________ 2- Descrição do Barco onde trabalhou
2-1 Tipo de barco: Industrial_______ Semi-industrial____________ Artesanal___________ 2-2 Qual e o comprimento do barco (em metros)?__________
3-Perguntas sobre a pesca
Responda estas perguntas para descrever a sua experiência pessoal não a da sua empresa/instituição
3-1 Qual é a arte de pesca usada no barco? (use ilustratrações se possível) Circule uma:
Arrasto de fundo. Tamanho da malha do saco ____________
Mono-filamento emalhe. Comprimento __________ tamanho da malha ____________ Multi-filamento emalhe. Comprimento __________ Tamanho da malha ____________ Palangre (muitos anzois) tamanho de anzol:_________ numero anzois _____________ Linha e anzol (1 ou poucos anzois)
Cerco. Tamanho da malha ____________ Comprimento da rede _____________
Arrasto a praia. Tamanho da malha ____________ Comprimento da rede _____________ Arrasto de bordo
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Armadilhas
Outra (descreva): __________
3-2 Quantos pescadores trabalham no barco consigo? __________
3-3 Quantos meses por ano ocorre a pesca com esta arte? __________________ 3-4 Quantos dias por semana se pesca com esta arte?
1 2-3 4-5 6-7
3-5 Quantos lances são feitos por dia com esta arte? ___________________
3-6 Quantos lances por dia voce tem oportunidade de assistir? ___________________
3-7 Alguma vez pescaram tartaruga marinha com esta arte de pesca? Sim Nao Nao me lembro
Se respondeu sim:
3-7 a. Qual espécie de tartaruga marinha foi apanhada (use as fotos/ilustrações), e quão certo esta sobre a identidade da espécie? Aliste as espécies em ordem desde aquela que aparece mais até a menos comum.
1__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
2__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
3__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
4__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
5__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza 3-7 b.Quando é que foi pescada a espécie de tartaruga com esta arte de pesca?
Primeira espécie___________________ Seconda espécie__________________
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Terceira espécie___________________
3-7 c. Quantas espécies foram pescadas ao longo do ano ou periodo em que embarcou no barco mencionado acima? circule um: 0 1 - 3 4 - 10 11 - 20 >20 nao sei 3-7 d. Em que zona estavam a pescar quando pescaram tartaruga marinha, longe da costa ou próximo?
___________________________________________________________________ 3-7 e. Mais a Norte/centro ou Sul do Banco de Sofala?
___________________________________________________________________
Não me
3-8 Alguma vez pescaram golfinho, baleia ou dugongo com o esta arte de pesca? Sim Não lembro
Caso Sim:
3-8 a. Que especies pescou com esta arte (use ilustracoes), e qual é a certeza que tem? Aliste as especies em ordem decrescente.
1__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
2__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
3__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
4__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
5__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza 3-8 b. Em que meses pescou mamiferos marinhos ao longo deste ano?
Primeira espécie___________________ Segunda espécie__________________ Terceira espécie___________________
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circule um: 0 1 - 2 3 - 5 6 - 10 >10 não sei 3-8 d. A que profundidade ou distancia da costa pescaram os mamiferos marinhos?
___________________________________________________________________ 3-8 e. Mais a Norte/centro ou Sul do Banco de Sofala?
___________________________________________________________________
3-9 Alguma vez pescaram raias/tubarões com esta arte de pesca? Sim Não
Não me lembro Caso Sim:
3-9 a. Que espécies pescou com esta arte (use ilustrações), e qual é a certeza que tem? Aliste as espécies em ordem decrescente.
1__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
2__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
3__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
4__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
5__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza 3-9 b. Em que meses pescou raias/tubarões ao longo deste ano?
Primeira espécie___________________ Segunda espécie__________________ Terceira espécie___________________
3-9 c. Quantas raias/tubaroes pescaram durante o ano?
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3-9 d. A que profundidade ou distancia da costa pescaram as raias/tubarões? ___________________________________________________________________ 3-9 e. Mais a Norte/centro ou Sul do Banco de Sofala?
___________________________________________________________________ 4- Outras artes: perguntas sobre pesca e capturas
4-1 Que outras artes de pesca voce trabalhou durante este ano? (use ilustrações se possivel) Circule uma:
Arrasto de fundo. Tamanho da malha do saco ____________
Mono-filamento emalhe. Comprimento __________ tamanho da malha ____________ Multi-filamento emalhe. Comprimento __________ Tamanho da malha ____________ Palangre (muitos anzois) tamanho de anzol:_________ número anzois _____________ Linha e anzol (1 ou poucos anzois)
Cerco. Tamanho da malha ____________ Comprimento da rede _____________
Arrasto a praia. Tamanho da malha ____________ Comprimento da rede _____________ Arrasto de bordo
Armadilhas
Outra (descreva): __________
4-2 Já pescou tartarugas marinhas com esta outra arte? Sim Nao Nao lembro
Caso Sim:
4-2 a. Em qual das artes se capturou tartarugas marinhas? (liste todas artes aplicaveis): ______________________________________ Em qual das artes houve maior captura de tartarugas marinhas?__________
4-2 b. Que especies de tartaruga foram pescadas com estas artes (use ilustracoes), e qual e' a certeza que tem? Aliste em ordem de mais frequente para menos frequente das especies.
1__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
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certeza
3__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
4__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
5__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza 4-2 c. Quantas tartarugas marinhas pescou com esta outra arte de pesca?
circule uma opção: 0 1 - 3 4 - 10 11 - 20 >20 nao sei
4-3 Jã pescou mamiferos marinhos com esta outra arte? Sim Não Não lembro
Caso Sim:
4-3 a. Em qual das artes se capturou mamiferos marinhos? (liste todas artes aplicaveis): ______________________________________ Em qual das artes houve maior captura de mamiferos marinhos?__________
4-3 b. Que espécies de mamiferos marinhos foram pescadas com estas artes (use ilustrações), e qual é a certeza que tem? Aliste em ordem de mais frequente para menos frequente das espécies.
1__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
2__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
3__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
4__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
5__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza 4-3 c. Quantos mamiferos pescou com esta outra arte de pesca?
circule uma para golfinhos: 0 1 - 2 3 - 5 6 - 10 >10 não sei circule uma para dugongos 0 1 - 2 3 - 5 6 - 10 >10 não sei
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4-4 Ja pescou raias ou tubarões com esta outra arte? Sim Não Nao lembro
Caso Sim:
4-4 a. Em qual das artes se capturou raias ou tubarões? (liste todas artes aplicáveis): _________________________________________ 4-4 b.Em qual das artes houve maior captura de raias e tubarões?__________
4-4 c. Que espécies de raias e tubarões foram pescadas com estas artes (use ilustrações), e qual é a certeza que tem? Aliste em ordem de mais frequente para menos frequente das espécies.
1__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
2__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
3__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
4__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza
5__________________ Muita certeza
Pouca
certeza Não tenho certeza 4-4 d. Quantas raias/tubarões pescou com esta outra arte de pesca?
circule uma para golfinhos: 0 1 - 2 3 - 5 6 - 10 >10 não sei 4-5 O que fizeram com as tartarugas pescadas nos últimos 12 meses?
Comer
Libertar
vivo Deitar fora morta Outro: __________
Vender a carne Vender inteiro Vender carapaça
Porque?___________________________ 4-6 O que fizeram com os mamiferos capturados?
Comer Vender
Libertar
vivo Deitar fora morto Outro: __________
Porquê?___________________________
4-7 O que fizeram com as raias/tubarões capturados nos ultimos 12 meses?
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vivo
Vender so barbatanas Vender inteiro
Porque?___________________________
4-8 As tartarugas marinhas danificam as artes de pesca? Sim Não Caso Sim, quais são as artes que danificam? ______________________ 4-9 Os golfinhos/baleias danificam as artes de pesca? Sim Não
Caso Sim, quais são as artes que danificam? ______________________ 4-10 Os tubarões danificam as artes de pesca? Sim Não
Caso Sim, quais são as artes que danificam? ______________________
4-11 Os golfinhos prejudicam de alguma forma a actividade de pesca? Sim Não
Caso Sim, descreva como: ______________________________________ 5- Perguntas
historicas
5-1 Comparado com os anos de início do seu trabalho no mar:
5-1 a. Há mais, menos ou a mesma quantidade de tartarugas marinhas nas zonas de pesca?__________ ou não sabe?__________________ 5-1 b. A captura acidental de tartarugas marinhas aumentou, diminuiu ou se mantem no mesmo numero?_________ou não sabe?
5-1 c. A captura intencional de tartarugas marinhas aumentou, diminuiu ou se mantem?____________ou nao sabe?_________________ 5-2 Comparado com os anos de inicio do seu trabalho no mar:
5-2 a. Há mais, menos ou a mesma quantidade de tubaroes nas zonas de pesca?__________ ou não sabe?__________________ 5-2 b. A captura acidental de tubaroes aumentou, diminuiu ou se mantem no mesmo numero?_________ou não sabe?
5-2 c. A captura intencional de tubaroes aumentou, diminuiu ou se mantem?____________ou não sabe?_________________ 5-3 Comparado com os anos de inicio do seu trabalho no mar:
5-3 a. Há mais, menos ou a mesma quantidade de golfinhos ou dugongos nas zonas de pesca?__________ ou não sabe?__________________ 5-3 b. A captura acidental de golfinhos ou dugongos aumentou, diminuiu ou se mantem no mesmo numero?_________ou não sabe?
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SOMENTE PARA O ENTREVISTADOR
Como notou a abertura e sinceridade do entrevistado quando respondia as perguntas?
Muito aberto/sincero Mais ou menos aberto/sincero Não foi aberto
Como foi o interesse do entrevistado durante a entrevista?
Muito interessado Moderadamente interessado Aborrecido/Nao interessado
Qual é o nivel de certeza que o entrevistado mostrou quando respondia perguntas sobre números de animais?
