❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❖ ❈❊❆❘➪ ❉❊P❆❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
▼❊❙❚❘❆❉❖ ❊ ❉❖❯❚❖❘❆❉❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❏❖➹❖ ▼❆❘❈❊▲❖ ❯❈❍Ô❆ ❉❊ ❆▲❊◆❈❆❘
❘❊❈❖◆❋■●❯❘❆➬➹❖ ❊▲➪❙❚■❈❆ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❖◆❊◆❚❊❙
P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖❙ ❊▼ ◆❯❱❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❙❊❘❱■➬❖❙ ❉❊
❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆▲❚❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖
❏❖➹❖ ▼❆❘❈❊▲❖ ❯❈❍Ô❆ ❉❊ ❆▲❊◆❈❆❘
❘❊❈❖◆❋■●❯❘❆➬➹❖ ❊▲➪❙❚■❈❆ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❖◆❊◆❚❊❙
P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖❙ ❊▼ ◆❯❱❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❙❊❘❱■➬❖❙ ❉❊
❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆▲❚❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖
❚❡s❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡s✲ tr❛❞♦ ❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛✲ çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❍❡r♦♥ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r
Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação Universidade Federal do Ceará
Biblioteca Universitária
Gerada automaticamente pelo módulo Catalog, mediante os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a)
A353r Alencar, João Marcelo Uchôa de.
Reconfiguração Elástica de Componentes Paralelos em Nuvens de Serviços de Computação de Alto Desempenho / João Marcelo Uchôa de Alencar. – 2017. 134 f. : il. color.
Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação , Fortaleza, 2017.
Orientação: Prof. Dr. Francisco Heron de Carvalho Junior.
1. Computação de Alto Desempenho. 2. Desenvolvimento Baseado em Componentes. 3. Nuvens Computacionais. 4. Elasticidade. I. Título.
❏❖➹❖ ▼❆❘❈❊▲❖ ❯❈❍Ô❆ ❉❊ ❆▲❊◆❈❆❘
❘❊❈❖◆❋■●❯❘❆➬➹❖ ❊▲➪❙❚■❈❆ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❖◆❊◆❚❊❙
P❆❘❆▲❊▲❖❙ ❊▼ ◆❯❱❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❙❊❘❱■➬❖❙ ❉❊
❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆▲❚❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖
❏♦ã♦ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❯❝❤ô❛ ❞❡ ❆❧❡♥❝❛r
❚❡s❡ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ à ❈♦♦r❞❡♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ❈❡❛rá ❡♠ ✸✶✴✵✽✴✷✵✶✼ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ❉♦✉t♦r ❡♠ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❉♦✉t♦r❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ ❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❋♦rt❛❧❡③❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❜❛♥❝❛ ❡①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛ ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ ❍❡r♦♥ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❚❛❞❡✉ ❆③❡✈❡❞♦ ●♦♠❡s
Pr♦❢❛✳ ❉r❛✳ ❘♦ss❛♥❛ ▼❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ❆♥❞r❛❞❡
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▲✐♥❝♦❧♥ ❙♦✉③❛ ❘♦❝❤❛
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ P❛✉❧♦ ❍❡r✐♥q✉❡ ▼❡♥❞❡s ▼❛✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
■♥✐❝✐♦ ♦s ❛❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ❧❡♠❜r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s✱ ❏♦ã♦ ❡ ❏♦s❡❢❛✱ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦✱ s❡♠♣r❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❢♦ss❡ ❡♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞♦s ♠❡✉s s♦♥❤♦s✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ r❡❝❡❜✐ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❡ ♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞✉r♦ ❡ ❤♦♥❡st♦ r❡♥❞❡ r❡❝♦♠♣❡♥s❛s ❧❡❣ít✐♠❛s✳
❙♦❜r❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❡s♣♦s❛✱ ●❡r♠❛♥❛✱ s✉❛ t❡♥❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❡♠ s❡♠♣r❡ ❢✉✐ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ s❡r ♦ ♠❛r✐❞♦ ♣❡r❢❡✐t♦✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ às ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♦❜r✐❣❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ✈✐❞❛ ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐ ✐♠♣õ❡✱ ♠❛s s✉❛ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣r❡s❝✐♥❞í✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❚❡s❡✳
❖ ❝❛♠♣✉s ❞❡ ◗✉✐①❛❞á✱ ♠✐♥❤❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❝❛s❛✱ r❡♣❧❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ♣r♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r❡♠✱ s❡❥❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ♦✉ ❛té ♠❡s♠♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠ã♦ ♥❛ ♠❛ss❛✳ ❙❡♠ ♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡ ❡ ❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❡✉ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦ t❡r✐❛ s✐❞♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ár❞✉♦✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r✱ ❡s♣❡r♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❝♦♥tr✉✐❜✉✐r ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣✉s✳
❱♦❝ê s❡ t♦r♥❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r s❡♥❞♦ ❛❧✉♥♦✳ ❊ ❢✉✐ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❞❡ ót✐♠♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s✳ ❆ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❡ ♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❧✐st❛r t♦❞♦s✱ ♠❛s ❣♦st❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❣r❛❞❡❝❡r ❛♦s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞❛ ❯❊❈❊✱ ♦♥❞❡ ✜③ ❛ ❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❛♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ▼❉❈❈✲❯❋❈✱ s❡❞❡ ❞♦ ♠❡✉ ♠❡str❛❞♦ ❡ ❛❣♦r❛ ❞♦✉t♦r❛❞♦✳ ❙✉❛ ❞❡❞✐çã♦ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❢♦rt❡ ✐♥s♣✐r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛rr❡✐r❛ q✉❡ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐ s❡❣✉✐r✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❛ ❘♦ss❛♥❛✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❛ ♠❡ ❛❝♦❧❤❡r ❡ ❛♣♦✐❛r ♥❛ ❯❋❈✳ ❙❡♠ ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ▲❆❇✵✸✱ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡s t❡r✐❛♠ s✐❞♦ ♦s ♠♦✲ ♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡s♣❡r♦✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❝♦♥stró✐ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦❧❡t✐✈❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ ♥♦ss❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ✉♥✐ã♦ é ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛✳ ❚❡♥❤♦ ❝❡rt❡③❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❢✉t✉r♦ ♥♦s r❡s❡r✈❛ ♠❛✐♦r❡s s✉r♣r❡s❛s ❡ ❞❡ss❡ ❣r✉♣♦ s❛✐rã♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ♣r♦✜ss✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s q✉❡ ❞❡s❡❥❛♠ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ✈❛st❛ ♦♣✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ♥✉✈❡♥s✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥❢r❛✲ ❡str✉t✉r❛s sã♦ ❞❡ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛✱ é ♥♦r♠❛ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✳ ➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ q✉❡ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✜♥❛✐s ❡ ♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ ♠❡✐♦s ❞❡ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥✲ t✐r ♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❛s ♥✉✈❡♥s✱ ❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ é ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✳ ◆❡st❛ ❚❡s❡✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❞❡✜♥✐r ♣♦❧ít✐❝❛s ❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s✱ ❛❧t❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s✳ ❯t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✳ ❊ss❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❝♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s✱ ❞❡✜♥✐♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡ ♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✳ ❖s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❝♦♥t❡①✲ t✉❛✐s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ ❞❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡❧ást✐❝❛ ❛♠♣❧✐❛ ❛s ♦♣çõ❡s ❞♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❣❛✲ r❛♥t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s❡❥❛ r❡s♣❡✐t❛❞♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♥❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛s ❡ ❞❡ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✳
❆❜str❛❝t
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷✳✷ ❚♦♣♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❞♦ ❈❊◆❆P❆❉✲❯❋❈✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✜❧❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦r ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷✳✺ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♥✉✈❡♥s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✸✳✶ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ✉s❡s✴♣r♦✈✐❞❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✸✳✷ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❙❈▼❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸✳✸ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ■♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ❈◗♦❙✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✸✳✹ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❋r❛❝t❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✺ ■♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡r❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛❞♦r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✻ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❆✉t♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ P❛ss✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✸✳✼ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❆✉t♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❆t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
✹✳✶ ❖ ❧❛ç♦ ▼❆P❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✹✳✷ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❈❆❉ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✹✳✸ ❙✉❜♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❈♦❞❡❈❧♦✉❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
✹✳✹ ❯♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✹✳✺ ❆P■ ❡ ▼✐❞❞❧❡✇❛r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✳✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❆✉t♦❊❧❛st✐❝✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✺✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣♦r s♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✺✳✷ ❈♦♥❡❝t♦r ♥❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❍P❈ ❙❡❧❢✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✺✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼
✺✳✹ ❘❡❣✐str♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❈♦r❡✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
✺✳✺ ❘❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❡❧♦ ❈♦r❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾
✻✳✶ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠❛❧❡á✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
✻✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼
▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ✶✵
✻✳✹ ▲✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛❧❡á✈❡❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷
✻✳✺ ▲✐❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✻✳✻ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❍❛s❤ ❡❧ást✐❝♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽
✼✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ s❡♠ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✼✳✷ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ s❡♠ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
✼✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼❛❧❡á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ Pr✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻
✼✳✹ ❊✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼❛❧❡á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ Pr✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ✶✶✼
✼✳✺ ❈✉st♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ▼❛❧❡á✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ Pr✐♦r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❚❡♠♣♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽
✼✳✻ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡ ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✷✳✶ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛r❡❢❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s✲ s❛♠❡♥t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❈❆❉ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✻✳✶ ❈❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❞❡ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✻✳✷ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❧❛ç♦ ▼❆P❊✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✼✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ s❡♠ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❈❆❉ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❈❇❙❊ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t✲❇❛s❡❞ ❙♦❢✇❛r❡ ❊♥❣✐♥❡❡r✐♥❣ ❈❈❆ ❈♦♠♠♦♥ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❈◗♦❙ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ◗✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
❋▲❖Ps ❋❧♦❛t✐♥❣ P♦✐♥ts ❖♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s ♣❡r ❙❡❝♦♥❞s ❋P●❆ ❋✐❡❧❞✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ●❛t❡ ❆rr❛②
●❈▼ ●r✐❞ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ▼♦❞❡❧ ●P❯ ●r❛♣❤✐❝ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐ts
❍P❊ ❍❛s❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t ❍❚❙ ❍❛s❤ ❚②♣❡ ❙②st❡♠
■❛❛❙ ■♥❢r❛str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛s ❛ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
▼❆P❊ ▼♦♥✐t♦r❛r ❆♥❛❧✐s❛r P❧❛♥❡❥❛r ❡ ❊①❡❝✉t❛r ▼■❈ ▼❛♥② ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈♦r❡s
▼P■ ▼❡ss❛❣❡ P❛ss✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡
▼P▼❉ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❉❛t❛ ▼PP ▼❛ss✐✈❡ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ Pr♦❝❡ss♦rs ◆■❈ ◆❡t✇♦r❦ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❈❛r❞ P❛❛❙ P❧❛t❢♦r♠ ❛s ❛ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ◗♦❙ ◗✉❛❧✐t②✲♦❢✲❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❙❛❛❙ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❛s ❛ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡
❙❈▼❉ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❉❛t❛ ❙■▼❉ ❙✐♥❣❧❡ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❉❛t❛
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✶✵
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ✶✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ✶✷
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✼
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✶✳✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✿ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✷✹
✷✳✶ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✶✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ▼♦❞❡r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✶✳✷ ●r❛❞❡s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✶✳✸ ◆✉✈❡♥s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✶✳✹ ◆✉✈❡♥s ✈❡rs✉s ●r❛❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✷✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❱❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❈♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✷✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❚r♦❝❛ ❞❡ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✸ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❚❛r❡❢❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✷✳✸✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ❊s❝❛❧♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✷✳✸✳✷ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✷✳✹ ❊s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✹✳✶ ▼étr✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✹✳✷ ❊s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠❛s P❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✶✹
✸ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❇❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✭❈❇❍P❈✮ ✹✺
✸✳✶ ❈❈❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✸✳✶✳✶ ❖ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❯s❡s✴Pr♦✈✐❞❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✸✳✶✳✷ ❖ P❛❞rã♦ ❞❡ Pr♦❥❡t♦ ❙❈▼❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✸✳✶✳✸ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✸✳✷ ●❈▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✸✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❍✐❡rárq✉✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ❈♦❧❡t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✷✳✸ ●❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❆✉t♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❆❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ♥♦ ●❈▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✸✳✷✳✸✳✶ ❊sq✉❡❧❡t♦s ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✷✳✸✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❆✉t♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✸✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✹ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ◆✉✈❡♥s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✺✾
✹✳✶ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❈♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹✳✶✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ●❡r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹✳✶✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❈♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s ❊❧ást✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✹✳✶✳✸ ●❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹✳✶✳✸✳✶ ❖ ▲❛ç♦ ▼❆P❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✹✳✶✳✸✳✷ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✹✳✷ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✹✳✷✳✶ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❈❆❉✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✹✳✷✳✷ ●❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❊❧ást✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❘❡❝✉rs♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✹✳✷✳✸ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ à ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ◆í✈❡❧ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✹✳✷✳✸✳✶ ❈♦❞❡❈❧♦✉❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✹✳✷✳✸✳✷ P❛r▼♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✹✳✷✳✸✳✸ ❊❧❛st✐❝ ▼P■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
✹✳✷✳✸✳✹ ▼❛❧❧❡❛❜❧❡ ▼P■ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✹✳✷✳✸✳✺ ❈❧♦✉❞❧✐♥❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✹✳✷✳✸✳✻ ❆✉t♦❊❧❛st✐❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✹✳✷✳✸✳✼ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✶✺
✺ ❆ ◆✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✼✺
✺✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ P❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺
✺✳✷ ❖ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❍❛s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✺✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s P❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡ ❈♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ♣♦r ❙♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✺✳✷✳✷ ❍P❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✺✳✸ ❆s ❊s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
✺✳✹ ❆t♦r❡s ❊♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✺✳✺ ❖ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✺✳✻ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻
✺✳✼ ◗✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡♠ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s ❈♦♥t❡①t✉❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵
✺✳✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✻ ❯♠ ❆r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦
❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❊❧ást✐❝❛s ✾✹
✻✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✻✳✷ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❊❧ást✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻
✻✳✸ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽
✻✳✸✳✶ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❊❧ást✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✻✳✸✳✶✳✶ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ▼❛❧❡á✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✻✳✸✳✶✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✻✳✸✳✷ ❊str✉t✉r❛ ■♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s P❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❊❧ást✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼
✻✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✾
✼ ❊st✉❞♦s ❞❡ ❈❛s♦s ✶✶✵
✼✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❚❡st❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵
✼✳✷ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ▼❛❧❡á✈❡✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
✼✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ s❡♠ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶
✼✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❘❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
✼✳✸ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❈♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❊✈♦❧✉t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
✼✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵
✽ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✶✷✷
✽✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ✶✻
✽✳✷✳✶ ❘❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸
✽✳✷✳✷ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ P❛r❛❧❡❧✐s♠♦ ❡ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❈❆❉✮ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡ à ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣♦✲ ❞❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♠❛✐♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s tí♣✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡ ✉s♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ♦✉ s❡r✈✐❞♦r❡s✱ ♥❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✲ t❡♥s✐✈♦s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛s✱ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛s ❡ r❛♠♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ✭●❯P❚❆✱ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❖ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ár❡❛s é ♥♦tór✐♦✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✼✵ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦s s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦♣r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐t♦s✱ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r✱ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦s ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❣♦✈❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛ís❡s ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡ t❡❝♥♦✲ ❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❤❡❣❡♠ô♥✐❝♦s✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛✳ ◆♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✾✵✱ ❝♦♠ ♦ s✉r❣✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡rs✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❞❡ ♣r❛t❡❧❡✐r❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♠♦s ❛ ❞✐ss❡♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ❝❡♥tr♦s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✱ ✉♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡s✱ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛s ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈♦s✱ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❛ís❡s✱ ♠♦t✐✈❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡✲ ♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ t♦r♥❛r❛♠✲s❡ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣♦r ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❡♠ ❝❛♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦s♠♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ q✉í♠✐❝❛ q✉â♥t✐❝❛✱ ♣r❡✈✐sõ❡s ❝❧✐♠át✐❝❛s ✭❡✳❣✳ ❛q✉❡✲ ❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✮✱ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❤✉♠❛♥❛✱ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛ ❞❡ ♠❡❞✐❝❛♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr❛s✳ ◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s✱ s❡✉ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ é ♠❛✐s r❡❝❡♥t❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ♠❡r❝❛❞♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦ ✭❡❝♦♥♦❢í✲ s✐❝❛✮ ❡ ❡♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✳ ❖ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❡st❛t❛❧ t❛♠❜é♠ é ♠✉✐t♦ ❢♦rt❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❞❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛✱ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ ♠✐❧✐t❛r ✭❡✳❣✳ t❡st❡s ✐♥ s✐❧✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♦❣✐✈❛s ♥✉❝❧❡❛r❡s✱ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦✮✳
✶✽ ❱✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛s ❞❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♦ ❡❝♦s✲ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❡✈♦❧✉✐✉ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦✳ ❆s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❢♦r❛♠ ♦s s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵ ❛❞♦t❛r❛♠ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❙■▼❉ ✭❙✐♥❣❧❡ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❉❛t❛ ✭❑❯▼❆❘✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✮ ♥❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ s✉❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❝❡♥tr❛✐s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✈❡t♦r✐❛❧✱ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✈ár✐❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛❞♦ ♥❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧✳ ❏á ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵✱ ♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ ❞♦r❡s ✈❡t♦r✐❛✐s ♣❛ss❛r❛♠ ❛ t❡r ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❛❝❡ss❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❣❧♦❜❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ ✭♠✉❧t✐♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ✈❡t♦r✐❛✐s✮✳ ❖s ▼PPs ✭▼❛ss✐✈❡ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ Pr♦❝❡ss♦rs✮ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❛✉❣❡ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦s s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❝❧áss✐❝♦s✱ ✉♥✐♥❞♦✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ✈❡t♦r✐❛✐s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✳ P❛r❛ ♦s s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛❜r✐✲ ❝❛♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❛ ❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ✭♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦✱ ❡t❝✮ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s✱ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱❡t❝✮✳ ❖s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ❡r❛♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ q✉❛❧ t✐♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ❛ ♣♦rt❛❜✐❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❡r❛ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛✳
❖ ❛❧t♦ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ❛ ♣♦✉❝❛ ♣♦rt❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠ ❛ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ♣❛r❛ ❈❆❉ q✉❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛✈❛♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♠❡♠ór✐❛s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❡ç❛s ♥ã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛q✉❡❧❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❡ ❝♦♠ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✳ ◆❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✾✵✱ ♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❇❡♦✇✉❧❢ ✭❙❚❊❘▲■◆●✱ ✷✵✵✷✮ s❡ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞♦✉ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ q✉❡ ✉♥✐❛ ✈ár✐♦s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡ss♦❛✐s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡r ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ♣ró①✐♠♦ ❛ ✉♠ s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦ ♠❛s ❝♦♠ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠❛ ❢r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ P❈ t✐♥❤❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❧♦❝❛❧✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡r❛ ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ✉♠❛ ❤✐❡r❛rq✉✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❝❧✉st❡rs s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ▼■▼❉ ✭▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ■♥str✉❝t✐♦♥✱ ▼✉❧t✐♣❧❡ ❉❛t❛ str❡❛♠s✮✳
✶✾ ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞♦s ❣❡♦❣r❛✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❉❛ s✐♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ s✉r❣✐✉ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❋❖❙❚❊❘❀ ❑❊❙❙❊▲▼❆◆✱✷✵✵✸✮✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ t✐♥❤❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡t❛ ❢♦♠❡♥t❛r ❛ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛✳
▼❡s♠♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛❞✈❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s✱ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r✲ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❡r❛ r❡str✐t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✵✳ ❙♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♠ ♦rç❛♠❡♥t♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉✐✲ s✐çã♦ ❡ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ❈❆❉✱ t✐♥❤❛♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ à s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs✳ ❊♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♥❛s q✉❛✐s ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ r❡♠♦t♦ ❡r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s ❣r❛❞❡s ❝♦♠✲ ♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s✱ ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❥❡t♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❛ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♠✐tês ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝♦s✳ ❆s ♥✉✈❡♥s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❩❍❆◆●❀ ❈❍❊◆●❀ ❇❖❯❚❆❇❆✱
✷✵✶✵✮✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦r✐✉♥❞❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧✱ s✉r❣✐r❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦♣çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡s✲ q✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s ❝♦♠ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ❈❆❉ ❡♠❡r❣❡♥t❡s✳ ❆❞♦t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❈❆❉ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❞❡ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ✈✐rt✉❛✐s ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ ♦❜tê♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞❛ ♣✐❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❆ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❛ ✢❡①✐❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛❞✈é♠ ❞❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♥✉✈❡♥s✳ ❊❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ♥✉✈❡♥s é ❛ ❛❧♦❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛çã♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s s❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧✳ ❆ ❛❜str❛çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡ é ❛ ✐❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ✐♥✜♥✐t♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞♦s ❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭▼❊▲▲❀ ●❘❆◆❈❊✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✳
❆ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♥✉✈❡♥s é ✉♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡✐s ✭●❆▲❆◆❚❊❀ ❇❖◆❆✱ ✷✵✶✷✮✳ P♦r r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡❧ást✐❝❛✱ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡♠♦s ❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❈❆❉ ❛❧t❡r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡✲ ❝✉çã♦✳ ❈ó❞✐❣♦ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉rá✈❡❧ ♣♦❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛r ♠❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❡❧ást✐❝❛ s❡♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♦✉ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛❞♦r✳ ❆ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ♥ã♦ tr❛t❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r✐❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ❝❛s♦ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✱ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❧✐❜❡r❛ r❡❝✉rs♦s q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ã♦ sã♦ ♠❛✐s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ P♦r t❡r ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ♥♦ ❝✉st♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡❧ást✐❝❛ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ ♣❡r❝❡♣çã♦ ✜♥❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r t❡♠ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✳
✶✳✶✳ ▼❖❚■❱❆➬➹❖ ❉❆ P❊❙◗❯■❙❆ ✷✵ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♠❛✐s ♦♣çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝✉st♦ ❡ ❛❧t♦ ♣♦❞❡r ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❤❡t❡r♦❣❡♥❡✐❞❛❞❡ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐♠✐♥✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❝✉st♦s✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ♦ ❞❡s❛✜♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ q✉❡ s❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r q✉❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ s❡❥❛ ❣✉✐❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✳
✶✳✶ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ P❡sq✉✐s❛
❆ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❜❡♥é✜❝❛ ❛♦ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♠❛✐♦r❡s✱ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛ ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ♥❛ ❣❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s r❡❝✉rs♦s✳ ❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ ❞❡❝✐✲ ❞✐r q✉❛❧ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡ss❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ♥ã♦ é s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ P♦❞❡♠ ❡①✐st✐r ✈ár✐❛s ✈❡rsõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦ ❞❡ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✲ ✈❡❞♦r ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✮✱ ❞♦ ♠❛♥t❡♥❡❞♦r ❞❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ✭❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡✮ ❡ ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ✜♥❛❧ ✭❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✮ ♣❛r❛ t♦♠❛r ✉♠❛ ❞❡❝✐sã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ✭❍❆▲▲❀ ●■▲❀ ▲❯❈❆❙✱ ✷✵✵✽✮✳
❯♠❛ ❞❛s ♠❛♥❡✐r❛s ♣❛r❛ ❧✐❞❛r ❝♦♠ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ é ❛❞♦t❛r ✉♠ ♣❛r❛❞✐❣♠❛ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ s✐s✲ t❡♠❛✳ ❖ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❍P❊ ✭❍❛s❤ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ❊♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✮ ✭❈❆❘❱❆▲❍❖ ❏❯◆■❖❘✱✷✵✵✼✮ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ◆♦ ❍P❊✱ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❛ s❡r ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞♦ q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ❝❛tá❧♦❣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ✭♦ ❈♦r❡✮ q✉❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐s✲ ♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛r ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳ ❖r✐❣✐♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❡ s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s✱ ♥❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦ ❍P❊ ❡stá ❡✈♦❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✱ ✉♠❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
✶✳✷✳ ❖❇❏❊❚■❱❖❙ ✷✶ ❙❡❥❛ q✉❛❧ ❢♦r ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛♠ ❡♠ r✐s❝♦ ♦ s❡✉ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❧❡❣ít✐♠♦ ❞♦s ❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s✱ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✐♠♣r❡❝✐s❛s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♠❛❧ ❞❡✜✲ ♥✐❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♠❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦s✳ ■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ✈✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦✱ ♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❛t✉❛r ♣❛r❛ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r q✉❡ ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s é ❡stát✐❝♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❋❆◆✱✷✵✶✷✮✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❛s ♥✉✈❡♥s✱ ❝♦♠♦ sã♦ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐✲ ❧❤❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✈✐rt✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦✱ ♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♠✉❧t✐✲✐♥q✉✐❧✐♥♦ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ q✉❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❛♦ ♠❡s♠♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣♦ss❛♠ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r✐r ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡ ❝♦❧♦❝❛r ❡♠ r✐s❝♦ ♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦✳ ❊ss❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡r ❞❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ✈✐st♦ q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s❡r ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❛❧♦❝❛r ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛r ♦✉tr♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❛t✉❛✐s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❡✲ ♠ór✐❛ ❝❛❝❤❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♥ú❝❧❡♦✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ é ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ t♦❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ♣♦❞❡ ✐♥✈❛❧✐❞❛r ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❛ ❝❛❝❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❡stá ❡♠ ✉s♦ ♣♦r ♦✉tr♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥ú❝❧❡♦ ❞✐st✐♥t♦✱ ❝❛✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛tr❛s♦s ♥❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✳ ❉❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❈❆❉ ♣♦✲ ❞❡♠ ❝♦♥❝♦rr❡r ♣❡❧♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❜❛rr❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ♦✉ à r❡❞❡ ✐♥t❡r❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧✉st❡r✳ ❊♠ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙✱ é ♣r❡❝✐s♦ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛s ♥♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛ ❈❆❉ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ♣❛r❛ s❛t✐s❢❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛ss✉♠✐♠♦s ♥❡st❛ ❚❡s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧❛r ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡❧ást✐❝❛ q✉❡ ✈✐s❡♠ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ❡♠ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❛♦ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞❡ ◗♦❙ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡ ❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❡①❡❝✉t❛✳ P❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r t❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ❞❡❧✐♠✐✲ t❛♠♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ❝♦♠ ❛s ❝❛r❛t❡ríst✐❝❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s✳
✶✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
✶✳✸✳ ▼❊❚❖❉❖▲❖●■❆ ✷✷
✶✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ●❡r❛❧
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❛ ❚❡s❡ é ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ✉♠ ❛r❝❛❜♦✉ç♦ ✭❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✮ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ❛♦s ❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡❧ást✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡ ♦ ❤❛r❞✇❛r❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦✳
✶✳✷✳✷ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
❆❧é♠ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡✱ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s✿
• ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ♣❛♥♦r❛♠❛ ❛t✉❛❧ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡✲ ♥❤♦✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛ ❡ ♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s✳
• ▲❡✈❛♥t❛r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❡♠ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✱ ❝♦♥s♦❧✐❞❛♥❞♦ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❛s q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s✳
• ❉✐s❝✉t✐r ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❛ ♥✉✈❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❍P❈ ❙❤❡❧❢✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s ❥á ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣♦r ❡①t❡♥sõ❡s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡❧ást✐❝❛✳
• Pr♦♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❡❧ást✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛✲ çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✳
• P❡r♠✐t✐r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❡ ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ ❛rt❡❢❛t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ❤❛❜✐❧✐t❡♠ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✳
✶✳✸ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛
✶✳✹✳ ❖❘●❆◆■❩❆➬➹❖ ❉❆ ❚❊❙❊ ✷✸ ❛ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ s✉♣♦rt❡✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛♠♦s ♦ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛s ❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ sã♦ ❡①❡❝✉t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❡ s❡ ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ✜♥❛❧ é ✈❛♥t❛❥♦s♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞❡ ❝✉♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❚❡s❡
✷✳ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✿
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥✲ t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❚❡s❡✳ ❈♦♠❡ç❛♠♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛s ✐♥❢r❛❡str✉t✉r❛s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡❝✉t❛r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶✮✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❙❡çã♦✷✳✷✮ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ✭❙❡çã♦✷✳✸✮✳ ❯♠❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧♦s ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❝♦♥✲ t❡①t✉❛❧✐③❛r ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ❡❧❛st✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹✮✳ ❉✐s❝✉t✐♠♦s ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♥❛ ❙❡çã♦✷✳✺✳
✷✳✶ P❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦
❆s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛ ❡✈♦❧✉ír❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ r❛❞✐❝❛❧ ♥♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡r ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✳ ❆ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r❡s ✈❡t♦r✐❛✐s ❞❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✼✵ ✭❘❯❙❙❊▲▲✱✶✾✼✽✮✱ ♣❛s✲ s❛♥❞♦ ♣❡❧♦s ▼PPs ✭▼❛ss✐✈❡ P❛r❛❧❧❡❧ Pr♦❝❡ss♦rs✮ ♥❛ ❞é❝❛❞❛ ❞❡ ✶✾✽✵ ❛té ♦ ❈❧✉st❡r ❇❡♦✇✉❧❢ ✭❙❚❊❘▲■◆●✱✷✵✵✷✮ ♥♦s ❛♥♦s ✶✾✾✵✱ t❡♠♦s ♥❛ ❛t✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❤í❜r✐❞❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❝❧✉st❡rs ❝♦♠ ♥ós ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ❛❝❡❧❡r❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♠❡r❡❝❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡ ❛s ●P❯s ✭●r❛♣❤✐❝ Pr♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ❯♥✐ts✮ ✭❋❆◆✱✷✵✵✹✮ ✱ ▼■❈s ✭▼❛♥② ■♥t❡❣r❛t❡❞ ❈♦r❡s✮ ✭❉❯❘❆◆❀ ❑▲❊▼▼✱✷✵✶✷✮ ❡ ❋P●❆s ✭❋✐❡❧❞✲Pr♦❣r❛♠♠❛❜❧❡ ●❛t❡ ❆rr❛②✮ ✭❍❊❘❇❖❘❉❚✱ ✷✵✵✼✮ ✳
❙❡♥❞♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝✐❡♥tí✜❝❛s✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠♦s ♥❡ss❛ s❡çã♦ ✉♠❛ ✈✐sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♠♦❞❡r♥♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ q✉❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❞✉❛s ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞❛s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆❧t♦ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✭❣r❛❞❡s ❡ ♥✉✈❡♥s✮ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s✳
✷✳✶✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❙✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ▼♦❞❡r♥♦
✷✳✶✳ P▲❆❚❆❋❖❘▼❆❙ ❉❊ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆▲❚❖ ❉❊❙❊▼P❊◆❍❖ ✷✺ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠♦s ♥♦ss❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛ ❧✐st❛ ❚❖P✺✵✵
✭✇✇✇✳t♦♣✺✵✵✳♦r❣✮ ❡ ❞❛ ♠áq✉✐♥❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❈❊◆❆P❆❉✲❯❋❈ ✭✇✇✇✳❝❡♥❛♣❛❞✳✉❢❝✳❜r✮✳
❆ ♠❡♥♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✉♣❡r❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ♠♦❞❡r♥♦ q✉❡ ❡①❡❝✉t❛ ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♥ó ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛✷✳✶é ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛✳ ◆❡ss❛ ✜❣✉r❛✱ ♣♦❞❡♠♦s ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ❞♦✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ✭❈P❯✵ ❡ ❈P❯✶✮✳ ❊ss❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝❤✐♣s ♣♦❞❡ ✈❛r✐❛r✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r t❡♠ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♠ór✐❛✱ q✉❡ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❛♣❛r❡❝❡r ❝♦♠♦ ❞✉❛s ❡♥t✐❞❛❞❡s s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✱ tr❛t❛✲s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♥ú❝❧❡♦s ✭❝♦r❡s✮ q✉❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♠❡♠ór✐❛ ❝❛❝❤❡ ✭♦❝✉❧t❛ ♥❛ ✐❧✉str❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦✮✳ ❖s ♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛r ❡♥tr❡ s✐ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣r✐❡tár✐♦✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ✐♥t❡r♥❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♥ó✳
CPU0
CPU1
Acelerador
GDDR5
NIC0
Computação
NIC1
Gerência
Intel QPI ou AMD HyperTransport
Ponte
E/S
DMI
PCI Express
PCI Express
PCI Express
PCI Express
PCI
Disco Local
SATA Banco de Memória
❋♦♥t❡✿ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❉❖◆●❆❘❘❆✱ ✷✵✶✸✮✳
