LINGUAGENS DE CONSULTA PARA BANCO DE DADOS COM SUPORTE A PREFERÊNCIAS CONDICIONAIS

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

▲■◆●❯❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❙❯▲❚❆ P❆❘❆ ❇❆◆❈❖ ❉❊ ❉❆❉❖❙

❈❖▼ ❙❯P❖❘❚❊ ❆ P❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❈❖◆❉■❈■❖◆❆■❙

▼❆❘❈❖❙ ❘❖❇❊❘❚❖ ❘■❇❊■❘❖

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

▼❆❘❈❖❙ ❘❖❇❊❘❚❖ ❘■❇❊■❘❖

▲■◆●❯❆●❊◆❙ ❉❊ ❈❖◆❙❯▲❚❆ P❆❘❆ ❇❆◆❈❖ ❉❊ ❉❆❉❖❙

❈❖▼ ❙❯P❖❘❚❊ ❆ P❘❊❋❊❘✃◆❈■❆❙ ❈❖◆❉■❈■❖◆❆■❙

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿

Pr♦❢❛_{✳ ❉r}❛_{✳ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦}

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❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✑ ♣♦r ▼❛r❝♦s ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳

❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✸ ❞❡ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛✿

Pr♦❢❛_{✳ ❉r}❛_{✳ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❆♣❛r❡❝✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦} ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛

❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿

Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❏♦ã♦ ◆✉♥❡s ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖

❉❛t❛✿ ❉❡③❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✵✽

❆✉t♦r✿ ▼❛r❝♦s ❘♦❜❡rt♦ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦

❚ít✉❧♦✿ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❙✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s

❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦

●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦

❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳

❆✉t♦r

❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳

❝

❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛

❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦✳✳✳

❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣♦r ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳

❆ ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ●❡③✉ ▼❡ss✐❛s ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❡ ❙❡❜❛st✐❛♥❛ ❞❡ ❋át✐♠❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✱ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s✳

❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✐r♠ã ▼ír✐❛♥ ❈❡❝í❧✐❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s✱ ❝❛r✐♥❤♦ ❡ ❛♠♦r ❞✉✲ r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❡st❛ ❡t❛♣❛ ❞❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ✈✐❞❛✳

➚ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ▼ír✐❛♥ ❍❡❧❡♥❛ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❛♣♦✐❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡st❡ ♣r♦❥❡t♦✳ ❱♦❝ê ♠❡ ❞❡✉ ♠✉✐t❛ ❢♦rç❛✱ tr❛♥qü✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♣❛③✱ ❛❧❡❣r✐❛ ❡ ❛♠♦r✳

❆ ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❯❋❯ q✉❡ s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❡✱ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦✉ ✐♥❞✐r❡t❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❆❞r✐❛♥♦ ❋✐❛❞ ❋❛r✐❛s✱ ❈rí❝✐❛ ❩✐❧❞❛ ❋❡❧í❝✐♦✱ ❉❛♥✐❡❧ ❆♥tô♥✐♦ ❋✉rt❛❞♦✱ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛ ❘✐❜❡✐r♦✱ ➱✈❡rt♦♥ ❍✐♣ó❧✐t♦ ❞❡ ❋r❡✐t❛s✱ ❋❛❜✐♦❧❛ ❙♦✉③❛ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ❋❡❧✐♣❡ ❈é③❛r ❞❡ ❈❛str♦ ❆♥t✉♥❡s✱ ●✉t✐❡rr❡③ ❙♦❛r❡s ❈❛✐✲ ①❡t❛✱ ■t❛❧♦ ❚✐❛❣♦ ❞❛ ❈✉♥❤❛✱ ❏❛♥✐♥❡ ❋❛❜✐❛♥❛ Pr❛t❡s ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛✱ ❏❡❛♥ ❈❛r❧♦ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❏♦❤♥❛t❛s ❚❡✐①❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❋r❡✐t❛s✱ ❏✉❧✐❛♥♦ ❉❛❧ó✐❛ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦✱ ❑❧ér✐ss♦♥ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s ❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❞❛ P❛✐①ã♦✱ ▲✐❧✐❛♥❡ ❞♦ ◆❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❱❛❧❡✱ ▲✉❝✐♦ ❆❣♦st✐♥❤♦ ❘♦❝❤❛✱ ▼❛r✐❛♥❣❡❧❛ ❙♦❛r❡s ❙✐✲ ♠❡❞♦✱ ▼✐r❡❧❧❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❏✉♥q✉❡✐r❛✱ ◆ú❜✐❛ ❘♦s❛ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ◆②❛r❛ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ P❡❞r♦ ❏✉♥✐♦r ❆s❤✐❞❛♥✐✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❉✐❛s ❆r❛ú❥♦✱ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❙♦❛r❡s ❇♦❛✈❡♥t✉r❛✱ ❘✐❝❛r❞♦ ❇♦rt♦❧❛tt♦ ◆✉♥❡s✱ ❘✐✲ ❝❛r❞♦ ❏♦sé ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❘❡✐s P❡r❡✐r❛✱ ❘♦❜s♦♥ ❙✐❧✈❛ ▲♦♣❡s✱ ❙té❢❛♥♦ ❙❝❤✇❡♥❝❦ ❇♦r❣❡s ❱❛❧❡ ❱✐t❛✱ ❚❛r❝ís✐♦ ●♦tt♦ ❈❧❡♠❡♥t❡✱ ❚❛✉❧❧❡r ❆✉❣✉st♦ ❞❡ ❆r❛ú❥♦ ▼❛t♦s✱ ❱❛❧q✉ír✐❛ ❆♣❛✲ r❡❝✐❞❛ ❘♦s❛ ❉✉❛rt❡✱ ❱✐♥í❝✐✉s ❇♦r❣❡s P✐r❡s✱ ❲❛❧❞❡❝✐r P❡r❡✐r❛ ❏✉♥✐♦r✱ ❲❛❧t❡r ❇♦r❣❡s ❉✐❛s ♣❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s❡❧❤♦s ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦✳

❆ ♠❡✉s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❘♦❞r✐❣♦✱ ◆❡✐❧s♦♥✱ ▲❡♦♥❛r❞♦✱ ❈❧á✉❞✐❛✱ ❲❛❧t❡r✱ ■r❡♥❡✱ ❈❧❡♦♠❛r ♣❡❧♦ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳

❆ ❈❆P❊❙✱ ❈◆Pq ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✜♥❛♥❝❡✐r♦✳

❘❡s✉♠♦

❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✈❡♠ s❡ t♦r♥❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ t❛r❡❢❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛s ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊st❡ t❡♠❛ t❡♠ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❞♦ ♠✉✐t❛s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛s t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳

◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝r✐❛❞♦s ✈ár✐♦s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❞❡s❡♥✲ ✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❡st❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙◗▲ ♣❛❞rã♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♠♦s ♦s ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦s ♣❛r❛ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ❡ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲✳ ❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙◗▲ ♣❛✲ ❞rã♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞♦s s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t✉♣❧❛s ót✐♠❛s ❇❡st✲❊✱ ❇❡st✲◆ ❡ ❇❡st✲❉ q✉❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❛s t✉♣❧❛s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦✲ ♥❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ Pr♦♣♦♠♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t✉♣❧❛s ót✐♠❛s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲✳

❆ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ é ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s✳ ◆♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡st❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦✲ ♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s✱ ✐♥tr♦❞✉③✐♠♦s ✉♠❛ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦t❛❞❛ ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s✳ ❖s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s sã♦ ♦s três ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ót✐♠❛s ❇❡st❙❡q✲❊✱ ❇❡st❙❡q✲◆ ❡ ❇❡st❙❡q✲❉ ✭❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ❛♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❇❡st✲❊✱ ❇❡st✲◆ ❡ ❇❡st✲❉ ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲✮ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s t❡♠♣♦r❛✐s✳ Pr♦✲ ♣♦♠♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠♦s ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲✳

❆❜str❛❝t

◆♦✇❛❞❛②s✱ t❤❡ tr❡❛t♠❡♥t ♦❢ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s ❤❛s ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❛s❦ ✐♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s ❧✐❦❡ ❡✲❝♦♠♠❡r❝❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❡❞ s❡❛r❝❤ ❡♥❣✐♥❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❛r✐s❡❞ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✜❡❧❞ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✜❡❧❞✳

■♥ t❤❡ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ■♥t❡❧❧✐❣❡♥❝❡ ✜❡❧❞✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠s ❢♦r ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❡❛s♦♥✐♥❣ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝r❡❛t❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❉❛t❛❜❛s❡ ✜❡❧❞✱ t❤❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ❢♦❝✉s❡❞ ♦♥ ❡①t❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❙◗▲ t♦ s✉♣♣♦rt ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✉s❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐s♠s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❆■ ✜❡❧❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s♣❡❝✐❢② t❤❡ q✉❡r② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡s ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ❛♥❞ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲✳

❚❤❡ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ q✉❡r② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ❝♦♥s✐sts ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❙◗▲ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❇❡st✲❊✱ ❇❡st✲◆ ❛♥❞ ❇❡st✲❉ ✇❤✐❝❤ s❡❧❡❝t t❤❡ t✉♣❧❡s ♦❢ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t❛❦✐♥❣ ✐♥t♦ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✉s❡r✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❛ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳

❚❤❡ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ q✉❡r② ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❤❡r❡ ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡ st♦r❡❞ ✐♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t ♦❢ t❤✐s s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛ ❘❡❧❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❆❧❣❡❜r❛ ✇✐t❤ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦rs ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t♦ ♦♣❡r❛t❡ ♦♥ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❆♠♦♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t♦rs ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ t❤r❡❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❇❡st❙❡q✲❊✱ ❇❡st❙❡q✲◆ ❛♥❞ ❇❡st❙❡q✲❉ ✭t❤❡ ❝♦✉♥t❡r♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❇❡st✲❊✱ ❇❡st✲◆ ❛♥❞ ❇❡st✲❉✮ ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t♦ s❡❧❡❝t t❤❡ ❜❡st s❡q✉❡♥❝❡s ✐♥ ❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡s✳ ❲❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ❢♦r ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❛ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ❢♦r ❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ❧❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✳

❙✉♠ár✐♦

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①✐✐✐

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶✻

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✶✳✷ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

■ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s

✷✷

✷ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✷✸

✷✳✶ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❘❡❧❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❖r❞❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✸ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✶ Pr❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✷✳✸✳✷ ❖ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❲✐♥♥♦✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✹ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❈P✲♥❡ts ❡ ❚❈P✲♥❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✹✳✷ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✷✳✺ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❈♦♥t❡①t♦ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦

❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✷✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✸ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❚✉♣❧❛s Ót✐♠❛s ✹✵

✸✳✶ ❖ ●r❛❢♦ ❇❚● ❡ s✉❛ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ▼í♥✐♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✷ ❊s❝♦♣♦ ❞❡ ❚✉♣❧❛s ❝♦♠ ❘❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ TΓ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✸✳✸ ▲✐st❛s ❞❡ ❊s❝♦♣♦s ❞❡ t✉♣❧❛s ❝♦♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ BT GΓ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽

✸✳✹ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❈♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ▼í♥✐♠❛ Ót✐♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✸✳✺ ❖t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✹ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✺✼

✹✳✶ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽

❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ①✐

✹✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♥❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✹✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶

✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✻✷

✺✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❙✉❜r♦t✐♥❛ ❇✉✐❧❞❇❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❖❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛s ▲✐st❛s ❞❡ ❊s❝♦♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✺ ❚❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✻ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼

❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ❞❛ P❛rt❡ ■ ✼✽

■■ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s

✼✾

✻ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✽✵

✻✳✶ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻✳✷ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❖❜❥❡t♦s✿ ❖ ❋♦r♠❛❧✐s♠♦ ▲ó❣✐❝♦ ❚Pr❡❢ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✻✳✷✳✶ ❈♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❚❡♠♣♦r❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ❞❡ Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❈♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❚❡♠♣♦r❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✻ ✻✳✷✳✸ ❖r❞❡♠ ■♥❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❚❡♦r✐❛✲♣❝t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✼ ✻✳✷✳✹ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✻✳✷✳✺ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♠ ❚❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❉✐st✐♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✵ ✻✳✸ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❯t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ▲✐st❛s ❞❡ ❊s❝♦♣♦s ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷

✼ ➪❧❣❡❜r❛ ❚Pr❡❢❆❘ ✾✸

❙❯▼➪❘■❖ ①✐✐

✼✳✶✵✳✷ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ■♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✶✵✳✸ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❏✉♥çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✶✵✳✹ ❖♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛s Ót✐♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✼✳✶✶ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽

✽ ❆ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✶✵✾

✽✳✶ ❙✐♥t❛①❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✽✳✶✳✶ ❆s ❈❧á✉s✉❧❛s ❙❊▲❊❈❚ ❡ ❋❘❖▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✷ ✽✳✶✳✷ ❆ ❈❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❲❍❊❘❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✽✳✶✳✸ ❆ ❈❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❆❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸ ✽✳✶✳✹ ❆s ❈❧á✉s✉❧❛s ❯◆■❖◆✱ ❊❳❈❊P❚✱ ■◆❚❊❘❙❊❈❚ ❡ ❈❖◆❈❆❚❊◆❆✲

❚■❖◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹ ✽✳✶✳✺ ❆ ❈❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❙❯❇❙❊◗❯❊◆❈❊❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺ ✽✳✶✳✻ ❆ ❈❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❆❈❈❖❘❉■◆● ❚❖ P❘❊❋❊❘❊◆❈❊❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✻ ✽✳✶✳✼ ❆ ❈❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❇❯■▲❉❇❊❙❚❙❊◗❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼ ✽✳✷ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥s✉❧t❛s ♥❛ ▲✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❚Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✽✳✸ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ✜♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽

✾ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❡ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✶✶✾

✾✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛s Ót✐♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✾✳✶✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✾✳✶✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✾✳✶✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✾✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡qüê♥❝✐❛s Ót✐♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✾✳✷✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✼ ✾✳✷✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✾✳✷✳✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✾✳✸ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺ ✾✳✹ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❋✐♥❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✼

✶✵ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✸✽

▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✷✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✶ ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❛♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✷✳✷ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✷✳✸ ❈P✲♥❡t ❡ s❡✉ ❣r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ✐♥❞✉③✐❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✹ ❊①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❈P✲♥❡ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✷✳✺ ❚❈P✲♥❡ts ❝♦♠ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❛❜s♦❧✉t❛ ❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ r1 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✸✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ t✉♣❧❛s ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♥s ❢r❛❝❛s ❡ ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♥s ♥ã♦ ❢r❛❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✸✳✸ ●r❛❢♦ BT GΓ2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺ ✸✳✹ ➪r✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦BT GΓ2 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✸✳✺ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ TΓ2 ❝♦♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ♣ós✲♦r❞❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✻ ➪r✈♦r❡ ❞❡ ❝♦❜❡rt✉r❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ TΓ2 ❝♦♠ ❡s❝♦♣♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✸✳✼ ●r❛❢♦ BT GΓ2 ❝♦♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❡s❝♦♣♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✸✳✽ ●r❛❢♦ ❇❚● ❝♦♠ ár✈♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ót✐♠❛s ❡ ♥ã♦ ót✐♠❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✸✳✾ ❙✉❜❣r❛❢♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧SBT GΓ3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✸✳✶✵ ❈❧♦♥❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ s✉❜❣r❛❢♦SBT GΓ3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✸✳✶✶ ●r❛❢♦ BT GΓ3 ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞♦s ❝❧♦♥❡s ❞❡ SBT GΓ3 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✸✳✶✷ ●r❛❢♦ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ G(Γ2) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻

✹✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ▼ ✭◆❖▼❊✱ ❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ❘■❚▼❖✱ ❉❯❘❆✲ ❈❆❖✱ ❊P❖❈❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✷ ❝❛♥t♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❈ ✭❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ●❊◆❊❘❖✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✹✳✸ P❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ❜ás✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✸ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ▼✹ ✭◆❖▼❊✱ ❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ●❊◆❊❘❖✱ ❘■❚▼❖✱

❉❯❘❆❈❆❖✱ ❊P❖❈❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❇❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t❡❘✉❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❯♣❞❛t❡❇❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✼ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✐✈

✺✳✽ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✾ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✵ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✶✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ▼✺ ✭●❊◆❊❘❖✱ ❘■❚▼❖✱ ❉❯❘❆❈❆❖✱

❊P❖❈❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✶✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❙❝♦♣❡▲✐sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✶✸ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❇❚● ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❖♣t✐♠✉♠❙♣❛♥♥✐♥❣❚r❡❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶ ✺✳✶✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t▼❛✐♥❙❝♦♣❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✶✻ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐♠♦ ●❡t❙❝♦♣❡▲✐sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸ ✺✳✶✼ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✺✳✶✽ ❚❡st❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❙◗▲ ❡ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ✳ ✼✻ ✺✳✶✾ ❚❡st❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❇❡st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻ ✻✳✶ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✻✳✷ ▲✐st❛s ❞❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷ ✻✳✸ ●r❛❢♦ BT GΓ2 ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✼✳✶ ■♥stâ♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❡ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ r❡❧❛✲

❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✼✳✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦❥❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✼✳✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✼✳✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✉♥✐ã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✼✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ r5 −r6 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽

✼✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❝❛rt❡s✐❛♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✼✳✼ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ s✉❜s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✼✳✽ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❛t❡♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✵ ✼✳✾ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❇❡st❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✼✳✶✵ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❇❡st❙❡qs✲❉Φ2(r) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✷ ✼✳✶✶ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ s✉❜s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✶✷ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✸ ✼✳✶✸ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❞❡ ❥✉♥çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✹ ✼✳✶✹ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❇✉✐❧❞❇❡st❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻ ✼✳✶✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❇❡st❙❡qs✲◆Φ2,3,0(r16) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✼ ✼✳✶✻ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡①♣r❡ssã♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❇❡st❙❡qs✲❉Φ3,3,0(r16) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✽ ✽✳✶ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♠✉s✐❝❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ▼✭◆❖▼❊✱ ❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ❘■❚▼❖✱ ❉❯❘❆✲

❈❆❖✱ ❊P❖❈❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✽✳✷ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ◆✭◆❖▼❊✱ ❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ❘■❚▼❖✱ ❉❯❘❆✲

▲■❙❚❆ ❉❊ ❋■●❯❘❆❙ ①✈

✽✳✸ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ■✭◆❖▼❊✱ ❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ❘■❚▼❖✱ ❉❯✲ ❘❆❈❆❖✱ ❊P❖❈❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✵ ✽✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❧✐st❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ▲✭◆❖▼❊✱ ❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ❘■❚▼❖✱ ❉❯❘❆❈❆❖✱

❊P❖❈❆✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✽✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❝❛♥t♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❈✭❈❆◆❚❖❘✱ ●❊◆❊❘❖✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✶ ✽✳✻ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ r22 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸

✽✳✼ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ r23 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹

✽✳✽ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ r24 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺

✽✳✾ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ r25 ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✼

✽✳✶✵ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❘✷✻ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✽ ✾✳✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾ ✾✳✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✵ ✾✳✸ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ m6 s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ M6(N, C, G)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✶

✾✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✷ ✾✳✺ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✾✳✻ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✸ ✾✳✼ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✾✳✽ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ●❡t❇❡st❙❡qs✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹ ✾✳✾ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ m7 s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ M7(N, C, G)✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✺

✾✳✶✵ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❈♦♠♣❛r❡❙❡qs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✻ ✾✳✶✶ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✾✳✶✷ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲❊ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✽ ✾✳✶✸ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ m8 s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ M8(G, D) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵

✾✳✶✹ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✵ ✾✳✶✺ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶ ✾✳✶✻ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ m9 s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ M9(G, D) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✶

✾✳✶✼ ❊sq✉❡♠❛ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✾✳✶✽ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❇✉✐❧❞❙❡qs✲❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✸ ✾✳✶✾ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ m10 s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❡sq✉❡♠❛M10(G, D) ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸✺

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❈♦♠ ♦ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ t❛♥t♦ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t q✉❛♥t♦ ❡♠ ❜❛♥❝♦s ❞❡ ❞❛✲ ❞♦s ♣r✐✈❛❞♦s✱ ❛♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r✱ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♥❢r♦♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✉✐t♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❞❡ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ t❛✐s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♠✲s❡ s❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦✳ P❛r❛ s♦❧✉❝✐♦♥❛r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♣❡sq✉✐✲ s❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s tê♠ s❡ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❛t❡♥❞❡r ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✳

Pr❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡stã♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ q✉❛s❡ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ é ❢❡✐t♦ ♥♦ ❞✐❛✲❛✲❞✐❛ ❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛✐s✳ ❙♦❜ ♦ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✈✐st❛ ✜❧♦só✜❝♦ ♠✉✐t♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛❜♦r❞❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❥á ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❬❍❛❧❧❞é♥ ✶✾✺✼✱❈❛st❛ñ❡❞❛ ✶✾✺✽✱✈♦♥ ❲r✐❣❤t ✶✾✻✸✱✈♦♥ ❲r✐❣❤t ✶✾✼✷✱❑r♦♥ ❡ ▼✐❧♦✈❛♥♦✈✐➣ ✶✾✼✺✱❚r❛♣♣ ✶✾✽✺✱❍❛♥ss♦♥ ✶✾✾✻❪✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ♥♦s ú❧t✐♠♦s ❛♥♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣❡sq✉✐s❛❞♦r❡s tê♠ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❝♦♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♥❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❞❡ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✳ ❚❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ s❡ ❞❡✈❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ à ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝❛❞❛ ✈❡③ ♠❛✐s ❢r❡qü❡♥t❡ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❛s r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✳

❊♠ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s❡ ❞á ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❙✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❘❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çã♦ ❬◆❣✉②❡♥ ❡ ❍❛❞❞❛✇❛② ✶✾✾✾✱ ❘❡s♥✐❝❦ ❡ ❱❛r✐❛♥ ✶✾✾✼❪ ✭❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ❢❛③❡r s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✮✱ P❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❬❉♦♠s❤❧❛❦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✶✱❇r❛❢♠❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹❪ ✭♦♥❞❡ ❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❛✉✲ t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✮ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♠é❞✐❝❛s ❬❈❤❛❥❡✇s❦❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✽✱ ❇r❛❢♠❛♥ ❡ ❋r✐❡❞♠❛♥ ✷✵✵✻❪ ✭q✉❡ ✉s❛♠ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛r ❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡①❛♠❡s ❝❧í♥✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✮✳

❯♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛r ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛✲ t✐✈❛✳ ◆❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛r ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦o ✭♦✉ t✉♣❧❛ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✮ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦f(o)❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çã♦

❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ r❛♥❦✐♥❣ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ s❡✉ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❡st❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❬❆❣r❛✇❛❧ ❡ ❲✐♠♠❡rs ✷✵✵✵✱ ❍r✐st✐❞✐s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✶❪ ✭q✉❛♥t♦ ♠❡♥♦r ♦f(o) ♠❛✐s

♣r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ é ♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦o✮✳ ❏á ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✼

✶✳✶ sã♦ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛❞❛s ❡st❛s ❞✉❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✶✳✶✳ ❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛✲ t✐✈❛ s❡rá ❢❡✐t❛ ❝♦♠ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♥❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s✿

• o1 =✭✏❋á❝✐❧✑✱ ✏r♦❝❦✑✱ ✏❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛✑✮❀

• o2 =✭✏❆♣❛✐①♦♥❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✈♦❝ê✑✱ ✏s❡rt❛♥❡❥♦✑✱ ✏❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛✑✮❀

• o3 =✭✏▼❡♥✐♥♦ ❞❛ ♣♦rt❡✐r❛✑✱ ✏s❡rt❛♥❡❥♦✑✱ ✏❛♥t✐❣❛✑✮❀

• o4 =✭✏❉✐❛s ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s✑✱ ✏r♦❝❦✑✱ ✏❛♥t✐❣❛✑✮✳

❖♥❞❡ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ é ♦ ◆♦♠❡✱ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ é ♦ ●ê♥❡r♦ ❡ ♦ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ é ❛ ➱♣♦❝❛✳ ❯♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❳ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r s✉❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡ s❡❣✉❡✿

• f(o1) = 6❀

• f(o2) = 2❀

• f(o3) = 1❀

• f(o4) = 10✳

❯♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❨ ♣♦❞❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r s✉❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✏r❡❣r❛s✑✿

✶✳ ✏▼ús✐❝❛s s❡rt❛♥❡❥❛s sã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ r♦❝❦✑❀

✷✳ ✏P❛r❛ ♠ús✐❝❛s s❡rt❛♥❡❥❛s ♣r❡✜r♦ é♣♦❝❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ❛ é♣♦❝❛s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛s✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠ú✲ s✐❝❛s ❞❡ r♦❝❦ ♣r❡✜r♦ é♣♦❝❛s ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛s ❛ é♣♦❝❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s✑✳

➱ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥st❛t❛r q✉❡ t❛♥t♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❳ q✉❛♥t♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❨ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛♥❞♦ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s ♥❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ♦r❞❡♠✿

• o3 é ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ❛ o2 ✭t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❳ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❨✮❀

• o2 é ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ❛ o1 ✭t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❳ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❨✮❀

• o1 é ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞♦ ❛ o4 ✭t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❳ q✉❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❨✮✳

❆ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❢❡✐t❛ ♣❡❧❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❳ s❡ ❞á ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❞✐r❡t❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡t♦r♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ f(oi) ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦✲♦s ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦

✉s✉ár✐♦ ❨✱ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡❣r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐r q✉❡ ♦s ♦❜❥❡t♦s o2 ❡ o3 sã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s q✉❡ ♦s

♦❜❥❡t♦s o1 ❡ o4 ❡ ❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ r❡❣r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐r q✉❡ o3 é ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ o2 ❡ q✉❡ o1 é

♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡o4✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✽

❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ ♣♦r s❡r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❛tr✐❜✉✐r ✉♠❛ ♥♦t❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛♥t✐t❛t✐✈❛ é ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ✐♥❝♦♥✲ ✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡♠ ❝❡rt♦s ❝❛s♦s ✐♠♣r❛t✐❝á✈❡❧✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♥ã♦ ❡stã♦ ❛♣t♦s ♦✉ ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡r ♠❛✐s ❞♦ q✉❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❬❇✉r❦❡ ✷✵✵✵❪✳ P♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ❢♦❝❛❞♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛✳

❖✉tr❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ♦✉ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛s ❡stá ♥❛ ✐♥t✉✐çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳

❆ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♥❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❝❡t❡r✐s ♣❛r✐❜✉s✳ ❚❛❧ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❬❉♦②❧❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✶✾✾✶✱ ❲❡❧❧♠❛♥ ❡ ❉♦②❧❡ ✶✾✾✶✱❉♦②❧❡ ❡ ❲❡❧❧♠❛♥ ✶✾✾✹❪ ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❛r ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ✐❣✉❛✐s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ s❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❞✐③ q✉❡ ✏♣r❡❢❡r❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s s❡rt❛♥❡❥❛s ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ r♦❝❦✑✱ s❡♠♣r❡ q✉❡ ❤♦✉✈❡r ❞✉❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✭s❡rt❛♥❡❥♦ ♦✉ r♦❝❦✮ ❡ ❝♦♠ ♠❡s♠❛ é♣♦❝❛✱ r✐t♠♦ ❡t❝✳ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ s❡rt❛♥❡❥❛ s❡rá ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦✳ ➱ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ♥♦t❛r q✉❡ ❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❝❡t❡r✐s ♣❛r✐❜✉s ♥ã♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞♦✐s ♦❜❥❡t♦s q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♠ ❡♠ ♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦✳ P❛r❛ t❛♥t♦ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s t♦❞❛s ❛s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✐♠♣♦st❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ tr❛♥s✐t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ é ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✶✳✷✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✶✳✷✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❞♦ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ✐♥str✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦✿

✶✳ ▼ús✐❝❛s s❡rt❛♥❡❥❛s sã♦ ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ r♦❝❦❀

✷✳ ▼ús✐❝❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s sã♦ ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞❛s ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛s✳

❊ ❛✐♥❞❛ três ♠ús✐❝❛s ✐❞ê♥t✐❝❛s ❡①❝❡t♦ ♣❡❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❡ é♣♦❝❛✿ ✶✳ s❡rt❛♥❡❥♦✱ ❛♥t✐❣❛❀

✷✳ s❡rt❛♥❡❥♦✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛❀ ✸✳ r♦❝❦✱ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛❀

❆ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✶ ♥ã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞❛ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✸✳ ▼❛s ♣❡❧❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✷ é ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✸ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ✐♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✶ é ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✷✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ✶ é ♣r❡❢❡r✐❞❛ à ♠ús✐❝❛ ✸✳

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖ ✶✾

❖✉tr♦ ❢❛t♦r r❡❧❡✈❛♥t❡ ❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s é ❛ ✉t✐✲ ❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ❛♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡①♣r✐♠✐r ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❡①❡r❝❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦✉tr♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦✳ ❯♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦X é ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡

✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ Y s❡ ❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ s❡ ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✈❛❧♦r ❛ss✉♠✐❞♦ ♣♦r Y ❛s

♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦X ♣❡r♠❛♥❡❝❡♠ ❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♦ ✉s✉á✲

r✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ s✉❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ é♣♦❝❛ ♦✉ r✐t♠♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ♣❛r❛ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r é♣♦❝❛ ♦✉ r✐t♠♦ ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ♥ã♦ ✈ã♦ ♠✉❞❛r✳ ❆♥❛❧♦❣❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ X é ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✲

♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ Y s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✈❛❧♦r ❛ss✉♠✐❞♦ ♣♦r Y ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s

s♦❜r❡ X sã♦ ❛❧t❡r❛❞❛s✳ ◆♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡ é♣♦❝❛

❛♥t✐❣❛ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠♣♦râ♥❡❛ s❡ ♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❢♦r s❡rt❛♥❡❥♦ ❡ ♣r❡❢❡r❡ é♣♦❝❛ ❝♦♥t❡♠✲ ♣♦râ♥❡❛ ❛ é♣♦❝❛ ❛♥t✐❣❛ s❡ ♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❞❛ ♠ús✐❝❛ ❢♦r r♦❝❦✳ ❆ss✐♠ ♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ é♣♦❝❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ é♣♦❝❛ é ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦✳

❊♠ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s✱ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ♥❛ ✐♥❝♦r♣♦r❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡✲ ❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❝♦♥✲ s✉❧t❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❬❑✐❡ÿ❧✐♥❣ ❡ ❑öst❧❡r ✷✵✵✷✱❑✐❡ÿ❧✐♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✹✱❈❤❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✺✱ ❑♦✉tr✐❦❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻✱ Pr❡✐s✐♥❣❡r ❡t ❛❧✳ ✷✵✵✻✱ Pr❡✐s✐♥❣❡r ❡ ❑✐❡ÿ❧✐♥❣ ✷✵✵✼✱ ❊♥❞r❡s ❡ ❑✐❡ÿ❧✐♥❣ ✷✵✵✽✱❙t❡❢❛♥✐❞✐s ❡ P✐t♦✉r❛ ✷✵✵✽❪✳ ❆ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❝♦♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ❛ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ♦ ❛♣r✐♠♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♦ ♠áq✉✐♥❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ér❝✐♦ ❡❧❡trô♥✐❝♦ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ♣❡r✲ s♦♥❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❬■♦❛♥♥✐❞✐s ❡ ❑♦✉tr✐❦❛ ✷✵✵✺❪✳ ❖ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✶✳✸ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛✳

❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✶✳✸✳ ❙✉♣♦♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ▼❯❙■❈❆❙ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❡sq✉❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ◆ ✭♣❛r❛ ◆♦♠❡✮✱ ● ✭♣❛r❛ ●ê♥❡r♦✮✱ ❉ ✭♣❛r❛ ❉✉r❛çã♦✮ ❡ ❊ ✭♣❛r❛ ➱♣♦❝❛✮✳ ❊ q✉❡ ✉♠ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡①♣r❡ss❡ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✿

✶✳ ▼ús✐❝❛s s❡rt❛♥❡❥❛s ✭s✮ sã♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r❡s ❞♦ q✉❡ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ r♦❝❦ ✭r✮❀

✷✳ P❛r❛ ♠ús✐❝❛s s❡rt❛♥❡❥❛s ♣r❡✜r♦ ❞✉r❛çõ❡s ❧♦♥❣❛s ✭❧✮ ❛ ❞✉r❛çõ❡s ❜r❡✈❡s ✭❜✮✱ ♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡ r♦❝❦ ♣r❡✜r♦ ♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦✳

❖ ✉s✉ár✐♦ q✉❡r s❛❜❡r ♦ ♥♦♠❡ ❞❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❛t❡♥❞❛♠ s✉❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s✱ ♠❛s ✏✐♠♣õ❡✑ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ✭❛✮ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡t♦r♥❛❞❛s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛✿

❙❊▲❊❈❚ ◆ ❋❘❖▼ ▼❯❙■❈❆❙ ❲❍❊❘❊ ❊ ❂ ❛

❆❈❈❖❘❉■◆● ❚❖ P❘❊❋❊❘❊◆❈❊❙ ✭● ❂ s✮ > ✭● ❂ r✮ ❆◆❉

■❋ ● ❂ s ❚❍❊◆ ✭❉ ❂ ❧✮ > ✭❉ ❂ ❜✮ ❆◆❉

❈❆P❮❚❯▲❖ ✶✳ ■◆❚❘❖❉❯➬➹❖

✶✳✶✳ ❈❖◆❚❘■❇❯■➬Õ❊❙ ✷✵

◆❛ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❞♦ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ✶✳✸ ❛s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ sã♦ ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❆❈❈❖❘❉■◆● ❚❖ P❘❊❋❊❘❊◆❈❊❙ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s ♠ús✐❝❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❛♥t✐❣❛s é ❢❡✐t❛ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❲❍❊❘❊✳

❆ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♥❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❙◗▲ ✭❙tr✉❝t✉r❡❞ ◗✉❡r② ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡✮ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s ❞❛ ❝❧á✉s✉❧❛ ❲❍❊❘❊ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ♦❜r✐❣❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛t❡♥❞✐❞❛s ❡ ♣♦r ❡st❡ ♠♦t✐✈♦ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çõ❡s ❤❛r❞✳ ❆s ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦r s✉❛ ✈❡③ sã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s r❡str✐çõ❡s s♦❢t ♣♦rq✉❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❛♠ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡❥♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛t❡♥❞✐❞♦ ✭♣❛r❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✮ ♦✉ ♥ã♦✳

❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡st❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❙◗▲ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ r❡❣r❛s ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❞❡❝❧❛r❛❞❛s ❡ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s✳ ❉❡st❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ s❡rá ❝♦♥str✉í❞❛ ✉♠❛ ♣♦♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡r❧✐❣❛r ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡♠ ❇❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ r❛❝✐♦❝í♥✐♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❡♠ ■♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛❧✳

✶✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s

❆s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✿

• P❛rt❡ ■

✶✳ ❊①t❡♥sã♦ ❞❛ á❧❣❡❜r❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦♥✈❡♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❇❡st✲❊✱ ❇❡st✲◆ ❡ ❇❡st✲❉ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r t✉♣❧❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ✭❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ s❡♠â♥t✐❝❛ ❞✐❢❡✲ r❡♥t❡✮❀

✷✳ ◆♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r ❇❡st✲❉ é ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦s ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❞♦♠✐♥â♥❝✐❛ ✭❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦✮ ❡♥tr❡ t✉♣❧❛s❀

✸✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❛s ❧✐st❛s ❞❡ ❡s❝♦♣♦s✱ ♣r♦♣♦♠♦s ✉♠❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦❜tê✲❧❛s❀

✹✳ Pr♦♣♦st❛ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡t❇❡st✲❊✱ ●❡t❇❡st✲◆ ❡ ●❡t❇❡st✲❉ ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✲ ✈❡r ♦s ♦♣❡r❛❞♦r❡s ❞❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ t✉♣❧❛s ót✐♠❛s ❇❡st✲❊✱ ❇❡st✲◆ ❡ ❇❡st✲❉✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡❀

✺✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛ ❈Pr❡❢✲❙◗▲ ❝❛♣❛③ ❞❡ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♣r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s❀

✻✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ●❡t❇❡st✲❊ ❡ ●❡t❇❡st✲ ◆✳

• P❛rt❡ ■■