ANÁLISE TEÓRICA E EXPERIMENTAL DO COMPORTAMENTO TÉRMICO DE UM FORNO ELÉTRICO

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❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❈❖❙❚❆ ▼❆▲❍❊■❘❖❙

❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ❊ ❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❆▲ ❉❖

❈❖▼P❖❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❚➱❘▼■❈❖ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❋❖❘◆❖ ❊▲➱❚❘■❈❖

❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆

❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆

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❋❊❘◆❆◆❉❖ ❈❖❙❚❆ ▼❆▲❍❊■❘❖❙

❆◆➪▲■❙❊ ❚❊Ó❘■❈❆ ❊ ❊❳P❊❘■▼❊◆❚❆▲ ❉❖

❈❖▼P❖❘❚❆▼❊◆❚❖ ❚➱❘▼■❈❖ ❉❊ ❯▼ ❋❖❘◆❖

❊▲➱❚❘■❈❖

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲

❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲

s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s

r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❊❙✲

❚❘❊ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆✳

➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛❧♦r

❡ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❋❧✉✐❞♦s

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐❧♠❛r ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s

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❉❛❞♦s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❈■P✮ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❛ ❯❋❯✱ ▼●✱ ❇r❛s✐❧

▼✷✹✾❛ ▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✱ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛✱ ✶✾✽✻✲

✷✵✶✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ✴ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❈♦st❛ ▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✳ ✲ ✷✵✶✸✳

✼✸ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳

❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ●✐❧♠❛r ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✳

❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ Pr♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳

■♥❝❧✉✐ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛✳

✶✳ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ❋♦r♥♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦s ✲ ❆q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱ ●✐❧♠❛r✳ ■■✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳ ■■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦

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❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s

❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛✳ ❆♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❞♦ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✳

❆♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ❞❛ ❋❊▼❊❈✱ ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s✱ té❝♥✐❝♦✲❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s✳

❊s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ●✐❧♠❛r✱ ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✲ ❞♦s à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

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▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✱ ❋✳ ❈✳ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞♦ ❈♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❚ér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❋♦r♥♦ ❊❧étr✐❝♦✳ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✼✸❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳

❘❡s✉♠♦

❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡❧é✲ tr✐❝♦✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✲s❡ à ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦ ❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❡ ❛❞q✉✐r✐r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❛q✉❡❝❡♥❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✳ ❊st❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ❡ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛r ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣❡ ❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛❝❡✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉✐❞❛✱ ♣r♦♣õ❡✲s❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ q✉❡ é ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛❞♦ ✭♦t✐♠✐③❛❞♦✮ ♣♦r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ❝✉❥♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ é ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳ ❏á ♦s ✢✉①♦s sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❡♠ s✉❛s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ✢✉①♦ t♦t❛❧ q✉❡ é s♦♠❛ ❞♦s ❞♦✐s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳ ❆ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❥✉♥t♦ ❛♦ ✢✉①♦ t♦t❛❧ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉✲ r❛s ❞♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❖ ❢♦r♥♦ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐✉ ✐♠♣r✐♠✐r ✉♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ ♣♦ré♠ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡③❛s ♠❡♥♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛s s❡t❛❞❛s✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✱ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✐❞❡❛❧ q✉❡ ✈✐s❛ ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s ♥❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✳

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▼❛❧❤❡✐r♦s✱ ❋✳ ❈✳ ❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛♥❛❧✐s②s ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♦✈❡♥✳ ✷✵✶✸✳ ✼✸❢✳ ▼❛st❡r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳

❆❜str❛❝t

❚❤✐s st✉❞② ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡s t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♦✈❡♥ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①✲ ♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✳ ■♥✐t✐❛❧❧②✱ ✐t ✐s ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t ✇❤✐❝❤ r❡✢❡❝ts t❤❡ ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤♦✉s❡❤♦❧❞ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ♦✈❡♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡s ✐t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❣❛t❤❡r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s ❢♦r ♦✈❡♥ ✇❛❧❧s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❤❡❛t❡❞✳ ❙✉❝❤ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ✐s ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ r❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐♦♥ ❤❡❛t ✢♦✇ r❛t❡s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡✬s ❢❛❝❡s✳ ❆❢t❡r✇❛r❞s✱ ❛♥ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❡❞ ✭♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞✮ ❜② ♠❡❛♥s ♦❢ ❛ ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✇❤♦s❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ✐s t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣❛tt❡r♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ r❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐♦♥ ✢♦✇ r❛t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦✈❡♥✬s ❛♥❞ s❛♠♣❧❡✬s ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✢♦✇ r❛t❡s✱ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❤❛♥❞✱ ❛r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❝♦♥✈❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ r❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts✱ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ✢♦✇ r❛t❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ♦❢ t❤❡♠✱ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡✬s s✉r❢❛❝❡✳ ❆♥ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛❧♦♥❣s✐❞❡ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ✢♦✇ r❛t❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t✳ ❚❤❡ ♦✈❡♥ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ t♦ ❛♣♣❧② ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡s✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ ❛t r❛t❡s ❧♦✇❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡s s❡t ✉♣✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ s❤♦✇❡❞ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② r❡s✉❧ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✈❡♥s✳ ❙✐♥❝❡ ✐t ♦♥❧② r❡q✉✐r❡s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠♣❧❡ t♦ ❜❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡❞✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ✢♦✇ r❛t❡s t✉r♥s ♦✉t t♦ ❜❡ s✐♠♣❧❡r ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✐t ❛✐♠s ❛t ❛❝❤✐❡✈✐♥❣ ❤❡❛t ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐t②✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝r✐t❡r✐❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s r❡q✉✐r❡❞✳

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▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s

✸✳✶ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✷ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✸ ❇❛❧❛♥ç♦ ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✹ ❚r♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✺ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞✉❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s q✉❛✐sq✉❡r✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✻ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s✳ ✭❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✭❊❍✲

▲❊❘❚❀ ❙▼■❚❍✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✼ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡♠ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s✳ ✭❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✭❊❍▲❊❘❚❀

❙▼■❚❍✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✽ ❈❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✾ ❈♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❢♦♥t❡ q✉❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝✐♠❛✳✭❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❡

✭❇❊❘●▼❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✶✵ ❈♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡♠ ♣❧❛❝❛ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❢♦♥t❡ q✉❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦✳✭❆❞❛♣t❛❞❛s ❞❡

✭❇❊❘●▼❆◆ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✶✶✮✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✶✶ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✶✷ ❇❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ✶❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✹✳✶ ❋♦r♥♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❇r❛st❡♠♣❘✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❇❖❇✻✶❆ ❝❛rr❡❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛

❡ ❝♦♠ t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡3h25min

❝♦♠ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ✈❛③✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✹✳✸ ❈♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♠♦♥t❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛ss❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛

❞❡ ❛❧✉♠í♥✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✹ ❇❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✹✳✺ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾

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✐✐

✹✳✻ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♥♦♠❡s ❞❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✼ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ 1200C✱2100C ❡ 3000C✳ ✸✶

✹✳✽ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ t♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ 1200C✱2100C ❡ 3000C✳ ✸✷

✹✳✾ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

1200C✱2100C ❡3000C✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸

✹✳✶✵ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠1200_C_✱₂₁₀0_C

❡ 3000C✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹

✹✳✶✶ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ 1200_C_✱ 2100C ❡ 3000C✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺

✹✳✶✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ t❛♠♣❛ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠1200_C_✱₂₁₀0_C _❡₃₀₀0_C_✳ _✸✻

✹✳✶✸ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠1200C✱2100C❡ 3000C✳ ✸✼

✹✳✶✹ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠1200C✱2100C

❡ 3000C✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽

✹✳✶✺ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ t♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠1200C✱2100C

❡ 3000C✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾

✹✳✶✻ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

1200_C_✱₂₁₀0_C _❡₃₀₀0_C_✳ _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✹✵

✹✳✶✼ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

1200_C_✱₂₁₀0_C _❡₃₀₀0_C_✳ _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✹✶

✹✳✶✽ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

1200_C_✱₂₁₀0_C _❡₃₀₀0_C_✳ _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✹✷

✹✳✶✾ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ 1200C✱ 2100_C _❡ ₃₀₀0_C_✳ _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✹✸

✹✳✷✵ ❊s❜♦ç♦ ❞❛ ❜❛♥❝❛❞❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✷✶ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦♣❛r ✶✳✭0.9963_{× −}0.8099❡ R= 99.474%✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹

✹✳✷✷ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦♣❛r ✷✳✭0.9963_{× −}0.8099❡ R= 99.1935%✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺

✹✳✷✸ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦♣❛r ✸✳✭0.9963_{× −}0.8099❡ R= 99.1095%✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻

✹✳✷✹ ❈✉r✈❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡r♠♦♣❛r ✹✳✭0.9963_{× −}0.8099❡ R= 99.4901%✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼

✺✳✶ ◆♦♠❡♥❝❧❛t✉r❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ♥❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✺✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧✱ ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s

❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ 1200C✱2100C ❡ 3000C✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵

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✐✐✐

✺✳✹ ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧✱ ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❞✐r❡✐t❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ 1200_C_✱₂₁₀0_C _❡ ₃₀₀0_C_✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷

✺✳✺ ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧✱ ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ 1200C✱2100C ❡ 3000C✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸

✺✳✻ ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧✱ ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛ ❢r❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ 1200C✱2100C ❡ 3000C✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹

✺✳✼ ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧✱ ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥♦ ❢✉♥❞♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ 1200C✱2100C ❡ 3000C✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺

✻✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✶❉ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ✢✉①♦✲✢✉①♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❩✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✻✳✷ ❋❧✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

1200_C_✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺

✻✳✸ ❋❧✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ t♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

1200_C_✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻

✻✳✹ ❋❧✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

2100_C_✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼

✻✳✺ ❋❧✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ t♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

2100_C_✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽

✻✳✻ ❋❧✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

3000C✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾

✻✳✼ ❋❧✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♥♦ t♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠

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▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s

✹✳✶ ❖r❞❡♠ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ❛❧❡❛t♦r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥♦ t♦♣♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ✶✺✵✵ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♥♦s

❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s s❡t❛❞♦s ❡♠ 2100_C_{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✷✽

✻✳✶ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❜❧♦❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼

(13)

❙✉♠ár✐♦

✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶

✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✸

✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷✳✷ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✷✳✸ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹ ✷✳✹ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✺ ❯♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠

❢♦r♥♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻

✸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛ ✶✵

✸✳✶ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❋ís✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸✳✶✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✶✳✸ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✶✳✹ ❈♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♥♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶ ✸✳✷ ❘❛❞✐❛çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✸✳✷✳✶ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❋♦r♠❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✸✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ♣❛r❛❧❡❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❋❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ r❡t❛♥❣✉❧❛r❡s ♣❡r♣❡♥❞✐❝✉❧❛r❡s

s❡♠ ♣❧❛♥♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✸ ❈♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✸✳✶ ❈♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✸✳✷ ❈♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡♠ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❤♦r✐③♦♥t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼

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✈✐

✸✳✹ ❈♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✹✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✸✳✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶

✹ ▼♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✷✹

✹✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✹✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✹✳✸ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✭❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦s ❊st❛tíst✐❝♦s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✹✳✺ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❛r ❡ ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ♥❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✹✳✻ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵

✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦s✲

tr❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ✹✽

✺✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾

✻ ❯s♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s

❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ❢♦r♥♦s ✺✻

✻✳✶ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✿ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧ ♥❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✻✳✷ P❛rt❡ ■ ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✻✳✸ P❛rt❡ ■■ ✲ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✻✳✸✳✶ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✻✳✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷

✻✳✹✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r t♦t❛❧ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♥✲ ✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✳ ❯s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r k ♣❛r❛ ❝♦rr❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s

❢ís✐❝♦s ✐♥❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✻✳✹✳✶✳✶ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ 1200_C _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✻✹

✻✳✹✳✶✳✷ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ 2100_C _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✻✹

✻✳✹✳✶✳✸ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡t❛❞♦ ❡♠ 3000_C _{✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳} _✻✺

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✈✐✐

✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ✼✶

✼✳✶ ❙✉❣❡stõ❡s ♣❛r❛ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷

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❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶

■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ s❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦ ❡stá ♥♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ✉s♦ ❢❛③❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❡q✉❡♥❛ ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çã♦ s❡ t♦r♥❡ s✐❣♥✐✜✲ ❝❛t✐✈❛✳ ◗✉❛❧ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ✶✪ ♥♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦❄ ◗✉❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❡ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛✐s t❛❧ r❡❞✉çã♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛r✐❛❄ ❊st❛ ❢♦✐ ✉♠❛ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✿ ♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s tr♦✉①❡ss❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❛s♣❡❝t♦✱ q✉❛♥t♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❛❥✉❞❛r✐❛ ♥❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳

❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ é ❛q✉❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ♠❛♥tê✲❧❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❜✉s❝♦✉✲s❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✱ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ♥♦ s❡✉ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r✱ ❞❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✱ ❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ♣♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✳

◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❞♦✐s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉✲ çã♦✱ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦s ❢♦r♥♦s ❡ s❡✉s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s✳

◆♦ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ três ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✲ ❝❡✐t♦s ❡ ❡q✉❛çõ❡s q✉❡ s❡r✈✐rã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❖ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ q✉❛tr♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡t❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✱ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❡ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❝✉r✈❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦

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✷

❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦✳

❖ ❝❛♣✐t✉❧♦ ❝✐♥❝♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ q✉❡ ❛t✐♥❣❡♠ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♦❜s❡r✈❛çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s✳

◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s❡✐s ❛♣❧✐❝❛✲s❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡r✲ ❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✳ ❆❜♦r❞❛✲s❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✱ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❛❝❡r❝❛ ❞❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s✱ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛✲ çõ❡s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠✲s❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ q✉❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✳

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❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷

❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛

✷✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦

❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦s ♣r♦✲ ❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛s✱ s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♥♦s✳

✷✳✷ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✲

❧♦r

❖ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ✈❛r✐❛❞❛s✳ ❆s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ss❡s ♣r♦❜❧❡✲ ♠❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♠ ❞❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s às q✉❛✐s ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡stã♦ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✳

❆r♣❛❝✐✭✶✾✻✻✮ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ❈♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❍❡❛t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ❡ ♦ ❚❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❉✉❤❛♠❡❧✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦✲♦s ♥❛s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❡ ❣❧♦❜❛❧✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞❡ ♠♦str❛r ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ♦ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❢♦rt❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ à ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✳

Ö③✐➩✐❦✭✶✾✾✸✮❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ❍❡❛t ❈♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦r❞❛✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❤♦♠♦❣ê✲ ♥❡♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝♦♦r❞❡♥❛❞❛s ❝❛rt❡s✐✲

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✹

❛♥❛s✱ ❝✐❧í♥❞r✐❝❛s ❡ ❡s❢ér✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❛✉t♦r ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ♣♦r s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ sér✐❡s ❞❡ ❋♦✉r✐❡r✳ Ö③✐➩✐❦✭✶✾✾✸✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ t❛♠❜é♠✱ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❡❧♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡✱ t❡♦r❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❉✉❤❛♠❡❧✱ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s s♦❜r❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s✳ ❊st❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ❍❡❛t ❈♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t♦r♥❛ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❞✐❢✉♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s❝♦❧❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳

❇❡❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✷✮❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ❍❡❛t ❈♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❯s✐♥❣ ●r❡❡♥✬s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r❛♠ ❛❜♦r✲ ❞❛r ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛s ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ✉s❛♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❜❛s❡ ♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❡ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❞❡ ▲❛♣❧❛❝❡ ♥❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣♦r ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥✳ ❇❡❝❦ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✶✾✾✷✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡♦s ❡ ♥ã♦✲❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡♦s✱ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦✱ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ s✐t✉❛çã♦✱ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐✲ ❝❛s✱ ❝♦♥✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ sér✐❡s ❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❢ís✐❝❛s✳ ❚✉❞♦ ✐ss♦✱ t♦r♥❛ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ r❡❧❡✈â♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳

✷✳✸ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛✲

❧♦r

❆ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ é ✱ t❛❧✈❡③✱ ♦ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦r♣♦s✳ ❱ê✲s❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❝❛❧❞❡✐r❛s✱ ✈❡♥t✐❧❛❞♦r❡s✱ r❡❢r✐❣❡r❛❞♦r❡s✱ ❛q✉❡❝❡❞♦r❡s✱ s♦❜r❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡♠ ❢♦r♥♦s✱ ❛r ❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦✱ ❡♥tr❡ t❛♥t♦s ♦✉tr♦s ❡q✉✐♣❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡st❡ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✳

❑❛②s✱ ❈r❛✇❢♦r❞ ❡ ❲❡✐❣❛♥❞✭✷✵✵✺✮ ❛❜♦r❞❛♠ ❡♠ s❡✉ ❧✐✈r♦ ❈♦♥✈❡❝t✐✈❡ ❍❡❛t ❛♥❞ ▼❛ss ❚r❛♥s✲ ❢❡r ❡q✉❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❜ás✐❝❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦✱ t❡♥sõ❡s ❡♠ ✢✉✐❞♦ ❡ ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ❝♦rr❡♥t❡✱ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❧✐♠✐t❡✱ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❧❛♠✐♥❛r ❡ t✉r✲ ❜✉❧❡♥t♦ ❡♠ t✉❜♦s ❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡s✱ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡♠ ❛❧t❛s ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s✳ ❚♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❞✐❞át✐❝❛✳

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✺

❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♠ ♠❡✐♦s ♣♦r♦s♦s✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❝❧áss✐❝❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇❧❛s✐✉s ❡✱ ♣♦r ✜♠✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ s♦❜r❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s✉♣❡r✜❝✐❛❧✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ❡ ❝✐t❛çõ❡s✳

✷✳✹ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❧áss✐❝❛ ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r

❆ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ é ✉♠ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ♣♦r s❡ ♠❛♥✐❢❡st❛r ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ q✉❡ t❡♠ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ❛ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ s❡♠ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❡✐♦ ♦✉ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦r♣♦s✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ♦❝♦rr❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ q✉❡ ❡①✐st❛ ✉♠ ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ♦✉ ♠❛✐s ❝♦r♣♦s✳ ❆s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ tér♠✐❝❛ sã♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ❜❡♠ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳

❖ ❧✐✈r♦ ❚❤❡r♠❛❧ ❘❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ❍❡❛t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ❞❡ ❙✐❡❣❡❧ ❡ ❍♦✇❡❧❧✭✶✾✼✷✮✱ é ✉♠❛ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦✳ ❖ ❧✐✈r♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛ ❞❡s❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❢ís✐❝❛ ❞❛s ♦♥❞❛s ❡❧❡tr♦♠❛❣♥ét✐❝❛s✱ s❡✉ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦✱ ♣❛ss❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦r♣♦ ♥❡❣r♦✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ♥ã♦✲♥❡❣r❛s✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❣❡r❛✐s ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s✱ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❝✐♥③❡♥t♦✱ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ❛té ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ r❛❞✐♦❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s ❣❛s❡s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♥s s♦❜r❡ ❡st❡ t❡♠❛✳

❆ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ❛ ❞✐s♣♦s✐çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ tr♦❝❛♥❞♦ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❞♦s ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s q✉❡ ❛s ❝♦♠♣õ❡✱ é ✉♠ ❢❛t♦r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✱ ❝❛✲ r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛✳ ❉❛❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ tít✉❧♦s ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ s❡✉ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✱ ❛♣❡♥❛s✱ s♦❧✉çõ❡s s✐♠♣❧✐✜✲ ❝❛❞❛s✳ ❚♦❞❛✈✐❛✱ ❍♦✇❡❧❧✭✶✾✽✷✮ ❡♠ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣ ♦❢ ❘❛❞✐❛t✐♦♥ ❍❡❛t ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛t✐♦♥ ❋❛❝t♦r r❡✉♥✐✉ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ s✐t✉❛çõ❡s ♠✉✐t♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳

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✻

✷✳✺ ❯♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠✲

♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❢♦r♥♦s✳

❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ♦t✐♠③❛✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥♦s ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ s✉❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛çõ❡s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❝♦♠ ❛s ♣r♦♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳

❆ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦ é ❡❧❡✈❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛té ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ♠❛♥tê✲❧❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ●❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ✈❛③✐♦✱ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r✐❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❣❛r❛♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦✳ ❆ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r ❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦✈♦❝❛ ❝♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳ ❊♥tã♦✱ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠✐③❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♦ ❛t✐♥❣❡✱ ♣♦r q✉❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡ss❡ ❝❛❧♦r s❡ tr❛♥s❢❡r✐✉ ❡ ❛t✉❛r r❡❞✐str✐❜✉✐♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛❧♦r ❡♠ s✉❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳

◗✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✱ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦❄

◗✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦❄

❖ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦❄

❆ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s r❡❧❛t✐✈♦s à ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❝❛✈✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❢♦r♥♦s✳ ◆❛✈❛♥❡❡t❤❛❦r✐s❤♥❛♥✱ ❙r✐♥✐✈❛s❛♥ ❡ ❉❤❛♥❞❛♣❛♥✐✭✷✵✵✽✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ✭❈❋❉✮✳ ❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ três ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞❛s ❢♦♥t❡s q✉❡♥t❡s✱ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✱ ♥❛ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ❡ ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s✳ ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❈❋❉ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦✱ ♥❡❣❧✐❣❡♥❝✐❛♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♦ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❧❛♠✐♥❛r ❡ ❡①❝❡t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ♣❛râ♠❡✲ tr♦s ♥ã♦ s❡ ❛❧t❡r❛♠✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s três ❞✐s♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞❛s ❢♦♥t❡s q✉❡♥t❡s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦③❡ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ✳ ❆s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ✈❛r✐❛✲ r❛♠ ❞❡520_C _❛ ₇₅0_C _{♥♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ à s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡} ₅0_C _❛

100_C_{✳ ❖❜t❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❢♦♥t❡s q✉❡♥t❡s ❡st❛✈❛♠ ♥❛s}

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✼

❞♦s ❝♦r♣♦s q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛q✉❡❝❡♥❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✳

❇✐♥✱ ❏✐❛♥❣q✐ ❡ ❘✉✐❜✐♥✭✷✵✵✾✮ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❞❡ ✢❡①ã♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❞r♦✱ ❡♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦s ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦s ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ✈♦❧✉♠❡s ✜♥✐t♦s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❋❧✉❡♥t❘✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛♠ ❡♠ s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦

tér♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❛♦ ✜♥❛❧ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ✈✐❞r♦ ✭❝♦r♣♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❢♦r♥♦✮✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡rr♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ ✺✱✺✪✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉❡♠ q✉❡ ❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ é ♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♠♦❞♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ♥ã♦ é ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❛✜r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛❝♦♥t❡❝❡ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ♥♦ ❝❡♥tr♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐❞♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❡st❡ é ✉♠ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ tr❛♥s♣❛r❡♥t❡ ❡ ❡st❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛❜s♦rçã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ♦✉ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳

❆❧❣✉♥s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ♦✉ ♣❛rt❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❞♦s ❢♦r♥♦s✳ ■✉st✐♥✐❛♥ ❡ ▼❛✲ r✐❛✭✷✵✵✾✮ r❡❛❧✐③❛♠ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ r❡s✐stê♥❝✐❛ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❡ s❡✉s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✳ ❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞❡ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝❛❧♦r tr♦❝❛❞♦ ♣♦r r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ q✉❡♥t❡✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❡♠ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣õ❡ ✭❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s s✐♠✉❧❛çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❝♦♠♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❡ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛s ❞❡ ♣❛r❡❞❡✮✳ ❊st❡s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✸ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐s♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞♦s r❡s✐st♦r❡s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✳ ❈♦♥❝❧✉✐✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ r❡s✐st♦r ❧✐❣❛❞♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❜❛✐①❛ ♣♦tê♥❝✐❛✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ✜❝❛r✐❛ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧✳ ◆❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♦ ❢❛t♦r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♥ã♦ é ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦ ❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ t♦❞❛ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡stá ✈❛③✐♦✱ ♠♦str❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ é ❛❧❝❛♥ç❛r ♦ r❡❣✐♠❡ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♣❡♥❛s ♥♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✱ ♥ã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛♥❞♦ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❛♥❛❧✐s❡ ❞♦ ♦❜❥❡t♦ q✉❡ s❡rá ❛q✉❡❝✐❞♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✳

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✽

❈❤♦♣❛❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ✸❉ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ r❛❞✐❛♥t❡✭✸❉✮✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ três ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❡ ✷✷ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡♠♣r❡ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ♥❛s ❢❛❝❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛t♦ é ♥✉❧♦✳ ❆ ❛♥❛❧✐s❡ é ❢❡✐t❛ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❡ ❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ r❛❞✐♦❛t✐✈♦ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦ ❛té ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ❛s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦✱ ♦❜s❡r✈♦✉✲s❡ q✉❡ ✈ár✐❛s ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s sã♦ ✈✐á✈❡✐s ❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠✲s❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❊st❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ ❢❛t♦ q✉❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝✐❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s r❡❛✐s✳ ❊✱ t❛♠❜é♠✱ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❞❡s❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❢♦r♥♦s ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦s ❝✉❥❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ ❜❛s❡✳

❋❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦ ❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❤❛♠❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡♠ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞❡ ❧❛❜♦r❛tór✐♦ ❝♦♠ q✉❡✐♠❛❞♦r❡s ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❧❛✲ t❡r❛✐s✳ ▼♦str❛♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❛s ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❆♣r❡✲ s❡♥t❛♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦✱ ❡♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ♥ã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛♠ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s q✉❡ ♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ❝❛✉s❛r✐❛♠ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐❞♦ ♥❡st❡ ❢♦r♥♦✳

❉❛♥♦♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✭✷✵✶✶✮ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣♦r s✐♠✉❧❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❞♦ ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝❤❛♠❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❛ ❣ás ❞❡ ♠ú❧t✐♣❧♦s q✉❡✐♠❛❞♦r❡s✳ ❆✈❛❧✐❛♠ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♦❜t✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ ❡♠✐ssã♦ ❞❡ ❣❛s❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♠❜✉stã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❡s❝♦❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❣ás ✭❧❛♠✐♥❛r ♦✉ t✉r❜✉❧❡♥t♦✮✳ ❖❜t❡✈❡✲s❡ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦r r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦s q✉❡✐♠❛❞♦r❡s ❡st❛✈❛♠ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♥❢❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ♣❛r❡❞❡ ❧❛t❡r❛❧✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ♥ã♦ ❛✈❛❧✐❛ ♦s ❡❢❡✐t♦s ❞❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡ ♥ã♦ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛ ✉♠ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡✳

❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♥♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ ♥ã♦ s❡ ♦❜té♠ ❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♥♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦✳ ◗✉❛❧ ❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦✱ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♦✉ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦❄ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❝❛❞❛ ❢❡♥ô♠❡♥♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ✉♠❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠❡ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦❄ ❖ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦❄

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✾

(25)

❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸

❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❚❡ór✐❝❛

✸✳✶ Pr♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛

❆ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❛q✉❡❝❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦✱ ❛s ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛s ❞❛ ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♥❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ♣♦ssí✈❡✐s ✐♥t❡r✈❡♥çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✳

q_radi

q_i(t) x

h_i T_∞

y

❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✶✿ ■♠❛❣❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦

✸✳✶✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❋ís✐❝❛

❖ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞❛ ❝❛✈✐❞❛❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♠❡✐♦ ❡ ❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ é r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❜❛❧❛♥ç♦ ❞❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ ❛❜s♦r✈✐❞❛ ❡ ❧✐❜❡r❛❞❛ ❡♠ s✉❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡✳

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✶✶

✸✳✶✳✷ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠

❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ é t❡ór✐❝❛ ❡ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr♦✉✲s❡ ♥❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❝ú❜✐❝♦✱ ♥❛ ❝♦♥❢❡❝çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❡ ♥❛ ♠♦♥t❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ss❡ ♦ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❞♦♠ést✐❝♦✳ ❖ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ s❡❣✉❡ ❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♣ré✲❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉❣❡r✐❞❛s ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛♥t❡ ❡ t❡♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ r❡❣✐str❛r ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❛s ♣❛r❡❞❡s ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✱ ❞♦ ❛r ❡ ❞❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✳ ❊♠ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛✱ ❜✉s❝♦✉✲s❡ ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛s ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❞❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s ❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛✐s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③♦✉✲s❡ ♦s ❝á❧❝✉❧♦s ❞❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦ ❡ r❛❞✐❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✳

❊♠ ✉♠❛ ♦✉tr❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ✉s♦✉✲s❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s✳ ❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❡♥✲ ❝♦♥tr❛r q✉❛❧ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✐♥❝✐❞✐✉ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛✱ ❝r✐♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ♣♦r ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✭❱❆◆❉❊❘P▲❆❆❚❙✱ ✶✾✽✹✮✳

❯♠❛ ✈❡③ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✱ ❞♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦✈❛ ❡ ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r q✉❡ ♦ ❛t✐♥❣❡♠✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s s✉❣❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦✳

✸✳✶✳✸ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡

❆ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ é ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ tér♠✐❝♦ ❞❡t❡r✲ ♠✐♥❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛❣❡♠ ❡ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦✳ ❆ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❢♦r♥♦ é ❡❧❡✈❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❛ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ ♥í✈❡❧ ❡ ♠❛♥tê✲❧❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐♠❡✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❢♦r♥♦s ❞♦♠és✲ t✐❝♦s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ s❡t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ❛r ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✐♦r ❞♦ ❢♦r♥♦✱ ❡st❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉♠❛ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❡rr♦✱ ❞❛❞♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ é ♦ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ❡stá s❡ ❛q✉❡❝❡♥❞♦✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❞❛❞❛ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❡ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠♦str❛❞♦ ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ✸✳✷✳