Promover a linguagem : promover a saúde

Texto

(1). 81,9(56,'$'('20,1+2 ,167,7872'(('8&$d®2(36,&2/2*,$ 0HVWUDGRHP(GXFDomR ÉUHDGH(VSHFLDOL]DomR(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GH. 352029(5$/,1*8$*(0 352029(5$6$Ô'( 'LVVHUWDomR DR 0HVWUDGR GH (GXFDomR iUHD GD HVSHFLDOL]DomR VH (GXFDomR SDUDD6D~GH²8QLYHUVLGDGHGR0LQKR,QVWLWXWRGH(GXFDomRH3VLFRORJLD 2ULHQWDGRUD3URIHVVRUD'RXWRUD)HUQDQGD/HRSROGLQD3DUHQWH9LDQD . 0DULQD$OH[DQGUD*RQoDOYHV0DFKDGR. %UDJD-XQKR .

(2) . $JUDGHFLPHQWRV 3URIHVVRUD)HUQDQGD9LDQDLQLFLDOPHQWHSRUWHU DFHLWH H SHUPLWLGRD UHDOL]DomR GHVWD H[SHULrQFLD WmR HQULTXHFHGRUD H SHOD RULHQWDomR WHyULFR SUiWLFDTXHPHWUDQVPLWLXDRORQJRGHVWHWHPSR DVVLPFRPRSHORLQFDQViYHODSRLR 9HUyQLFDSHODIRUoDHLQFHQWLYRTXHPHLQFXWLX DRORQJRGHVWHVPHVHVHGHXPDIRUPDHVSHFLDO SHODLQFHVVDQWHDMXGDTXHVHPSUHPHSUHVWRX $WRGRVTXHGLUHFWDRXLQGLUHFWDPHQWHHVWLYHUDP VHPSUHSUHVHQWHVHSRUWRGRRDSRLRHIRUoDSDUD TXHHXQmRGHVLVWLVVH 2 PHX PXLWR REULJDGR jV FULDQoDV TXH FRODERUDUDPQHVWHHVWXGR 0DULD /XtV SRU WRGDV DV YH]HV TXH PH TXLV ´DMXGDUDHVWXGDUµ. ii.

(3) . . )RUDGD/LQJXDJHPQDGDH[LVWH. [«] ,VWR p XPD FRQGLomR FRJQLWLYD FRQVWLWXWLYD GR KXPDQR QmR. XPDOLPLWDomRFLUFXQVWDQFLDOVXD.

(4)

(5) ! #"$ ! ! $&%. . 2VOLPLWHVGDPLQKDOLQJXDJHPVLJQLILFDPRVOLPLWHVGRPXQGR. '(

(6)

(7) ) *

(8) ( + , %. . iii.

(9) 5(6802 . (VWH HVWXGR WHYH FRPR ILQDOLGDGH LQYHVWLJDU D OLQJXDJHP QDV FULDQoDV GRV DRV DQRV. DWUDYpV GR WHVWH 7,&/ 7HVWH GH ,GHQWLILFDomR GH &RPSHWrQFLDV /LQJXtVWLFDV

(10) H FRQWULEXLU SDUD XPD. LGHQWLILFDomRSUHFRFHGDVFULDQoDVHPULVFRGHDSUHVHQWDUHPGLILFXOGDGHVQRDFHVVRjOHLWXUDHHVFULWD $DPRVWUDGDQRVVDLQYHVWLJDomRUHVLGHQDUHJLmRGR9DOHGR6RXVDGRGLVWULWRGR3RUWR. . (VWH WUDEDOKR HQFRQWUDVH GLYLGLGR HP WUrV FDStWXORV QR SULPHLUR FDStWXOR GH VXSRUWH WHyULFR. IRUDPGLVFXWLGRVYiULRVSRQWRVTXHDFKDPRVLPSRUWDQWHVSDUDDQRVVDLQYHVWLJDomRQRPHDGDPHQWHD. (GXFDomRD6D~GHH(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GH . 1R VHJXQGR FDStWXOR IRL DERUGDGR R WHPD GD DTXLVLomR H GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD OLQJXDJHP. DOJXPDV WHRULDV UHOHYDQWHV GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD OLQJXDJHP 7DPEpP DERUGDPRV R DWUDVR GH. GHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDOLQJXDJHPHDVXDUHOHYkQFLDSDUDDDTXLVLomRGDOHLWXUD. . 2 WHUFHLUR FDStWXOR FRQVLVWLX QXP WUDEDOKR GH LQYHVWLJDomR HPStULFD WHQGR VLGR DSOLFDGR R. 7HVWH GH ,GHQWLILFDomR GH &RPSHWrQFLDV /LQJXtVWLFDV 7,&/

(11) D FULDQoDV GR 9DOH GH 6RXVD SDUD. DYDOLDUDVGLPHQV}HVGDOLQJXDJHPTXHHVWmRUHODFLRQDGDVFRPDDSUHQGL]DJHPGDOHLWXUDHXPUDVWHLR. SUHFRFHGDVHYHQWXDLVGLILFXOGDGHVQRSURFHVVRGDDSUHQGL]DJHPGHVWDFRPSHWrQFLD. . (VWDVFULDQoDVIRUDP SRVWHULRUPHQWHUHDYDOLDGDVSDUDDYHULJXDUVH WRGDVHODVWLQKDP RX. QmR

(12) FRQVHJXLGRDDTXLVLomRGDOHLWXUD'HUHIHULUTXHjVFULDQoDVTXHDSUHVHQWDUDPYDORUHVEDL[RVQR. 7,&/ IRLOKHV DSOLFDGD D (VFDOD GH ,QWHOLJrQFLD GH :HFKVOHU :,6&

(13) SDUD GHVSLVWH GH XPD SRVVtYHO. SHUWXUEDomRRXXPLQGLFDGRUGHXPDDOWHUDomR. . 'D DYDOLDomR GRV GDGRV FRQILUPRXVH R IDFWR GH WRGDV DV FULDQoDV TXH DSUHVHQWDYDP. 3HUWXUEDo}HVGD$UWLFXODomRRX$WUDVRVQR'HVHQYROYLPHQWRGD/LQJXDJHPUHYHODUDPH FRQWLQXDPD. UHYHODU GLILFXOGDGHV GH DSUHQGL]DJHP QRPHDGDPHQWH QR SURFHVVR GH DTXLVLomR GD OHLWXUD R TXH. SURYDYHOPHQWHFRQILUPDUiTXHDFRPSHWrQFLDOLQJXtVWLFDGHVWDVFULDQoDVpXPIDFWRUGHLQVXFHVVRH. IUDFDUHQWDELOLGDGHHVFRODU . iv.

(14) $%675$&7 . . 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHODQJXDJHRIDQG\HDUROGFKLOGUHQWKURXJK. WKH7,&/ ´7HVWHGH,GHQWLILFDomRGH&RPSHWrQFLDV/LQJXLVWLFDVµ²/LQJXLVWLF6NLOOV,GHQWLILFDWLRQ7HVW

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

(16) WR VHH LI WKH\ VXIIHUHG IURP DQ\. GLVWXUEDQFHVRURWKHUSUREOHPV . )URP WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH GDWD LW KDV EHHQ FRQILUPHG WKDW DOO WKH FKLOGUHQ ZLWK OLQNDJH. GLIILFXOWLHVRUGHOD\HGODQJXDJHGHYHORSPHQW VKRZHGDQGFRQWLQXHWRVKRZOHDUQLQJGLIILFXOWLHVLQWKH. UHDGLQJVNLOOVDFTXLVLWLRQSURFHVV,WZLOOSUREDEO\EHFRQILUPHGWKDWWKHORZHUODQJXDJHVNLOOVRIWKHVH. FKLOGUHQLVDIDFWRULQWKHLUODFNRIVXFFHVVDWVFKRRO . . v.

(17) . Ì1',&(. ,QWURGXomR &DSLWXOR,²$('8&$d®2($6$Ô'( ,QWURGXomR (GXFDomR 6D~GH (GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GH 6DEHU&RPXQLFDU6D~GH &DStWXOR,,²$48,6,d®2('(6(192/9,0(172'$/,1*8$*(0 ,QWURGXomR $VLPSOLFDo}HVGDOLQJXDJHPRUDOSDUDD/HLWXUD ²$TXLVLomRGD/LQJXDJHP $ERUGDJHP&RPSRUWDPHQWDO $ERUGDJHP,QDWLVWD $ERUGDJHP&RJQLWLYLVWD ²$TXLVLomRGD/LQJXDJHPH,QWHUDFomR6RFLDO 'LILFXOGDGHV&RPXQLFDWLYR/LQJXtVWLFDVHP=RQDVGH3ULYDomR&XOWXUDO ²'LILFXOGDGHVGH/LQJXDJHP &DSLWXOR,,,²$,19(67,*$d®2 ,QWURGXomR ²0pWRGRGH3HVTXLVD ²,QVWUXPHQWRV8WLOL]DGRV ²2SomRHP7HUPRV*HRJUiILFRV ²3URFHGLPHQWRV ²3RSXODomR$PRVWUD ²$QiOLVHGRV5HVXOWDGRV ²5HVXOWDGRGD$SOLFDomRGDV3URYDV &RQFOXVmR %LEOLRJUDILD $QH[RV $QH[R²7HVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV 4XHVWLRQiULRGHVXSRUWHDR7,&/

(18) $QH[R7HVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV ,1',&('(),*85$6 )LJXUD,²3DUDGLJPDGD&RPXQLFDomRGH6KDQRQH:HDYHU )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR vi.

(19) )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR )LJXUD,,,&DVR . . vii.

(20) ,1',&('(48$'526 4XDGUR,'HVHQYROYLPHQWRGD/LQJXDJHP 4XDGUR,,²'RPtQLRVOLQJXtVWLFRV 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR viii. .

(21) 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR . ix.

(22) 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR 4XDGUR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV² &DVR Ì1',&('(*5É),&26 *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRRVH[R *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDGDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRDQRWDJOREDO *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRDQDWXUDOLGDGHGRVSDLV *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRRFULWpULRGHIUHTXrQFLD QR-DUGLPGHLQIkQFLD *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRDLGDGHHPTXHLQLFLDUDP R-DUGLPGHLQIkQFLD *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRDVKDELOLWDo}HV OLWHUiULDVGRVSDLV *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRDVSURILVV}HVGDVPmHV *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRDVSURILVV}HVGRVSDLV *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRRFRQKHFLPHQWROH[LFDO *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRRFRQKHFLPHQWR PRUIRVVLQWiWLFR *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRRFRQKHFLPHQWR PHPyULDDXGLWLYD *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRRFRQKHFLPHQWR VREUHD/tQJXD *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRRQ~PHURGHSHVVRDV TXHOrHPKLVWyULDVjVFULDQoDV *UiILFR,,,²5HSUHVHQWDomRJUiILFDQDDPRVWUDVHJXQGRDVSHVVRDVTXHOrHP +LVWyULDVGHDFRUGRFRPDILQLGDGHUHODWLYDPHQWHjFULDQoD *UiILFR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV GRFDVR VH[RIHPLQLQR

(23) *UiILFR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV GRFDVR VH[RPDVFXOLQR



(26) *UiILFR,,,²5HVXOWDGRVGRWHVWHGHLGHQWLILFDomRGHFRPSHWrQFLDVOLQJXtVWLFDV GRFDVR VH[RIHPLQLQR


(28) . x.






















(50) . xi.
















(66) . . xii. .

(67) ,1752'8d®2 . $SyVDFRQFOXVmRGRPHXFXUVRGH7HUDSLDGD)DODHPLQLFLHLIXQo}HVQDUHJLmRGR9DOH. GR 6RXVDQD iUHD GH)LVLDWULD H 5HDELOLWDomR WHQGR GHVGH HQWmR YHULILFDGR KDYHU PXLWDV FULDQoDV D. UHFRUUHUHP DRV VHUYLoRV GH 7HUDSLD GD )DOD SRU DSUHVHQWDUHP GLVW~UELRV GD OLQJXDJHP TXH VH. UHSHUFXWLDP QDV DTXLVLo}HV DFDGpPLFDV $VVLP GHVGH ORJR HVWD SUREOHPiWLFD GHVSHUWRX R PHX. LQWHUHVVH . 2PHXWUDEDOKRWHPVLGRHVVHQFLDOPHQWHGLULJLGRjVFULDQoDVHMRYHQVTXHSRURULHQWDomRGRV. PpGLFRV GH IDPtOLD H HVSHFLDOLVWDV SURILVVLRQDLV GH HGXFDomR H IDPtOLD SURFXUDP DMXGD SDUD. XOWUDSDVVDURVGpILFHVH[LVWHQWHVDYiULRVQtYHLV SHUWXUEDomRIRQROyJLFDDWUDVRGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGD. OLQJXDJHP GHILFLrQFLD DXGLWLYD«

(68) R TXH PH WHP SHUPLWLGR WHU XPD SHUFHSomR PXLWR FODUD GDV. UHSHUFXVV}HVTXHHVWHVSUREOHPDVWrPQRGHVHPSHQKRDFDGpPLFRGDVFULDQoDV(VWDSHUFHSomRFODUD. GDV LPSOLFDo}HV HGXFDWLYDV GRV SUREOHPDV GH OLQJXDJHP HVWi QD EDVH GD PLQKD RSomR SRU HVWD. WHPiWLFDQRkPELWRGHVWDGLVVHUWDomRGHPHVWUDGR . 2 DFRPSDQKDPHQWR GR SHUFXUVR HVFRODU GH PXLWDV GDV FULDQoDV VXMHLWDV j LQWHUYHQomR GD. 7HUDSLDGD)DODGHXPHWDPEpPDSHUFHSomRFODUDGHTXHDV(VFRODVQmRHVWDYDPSUHSDUDGDVSDUD. DMXGDUHVWDVFULDQoDVQRVHQWLGRGHPRWLYiODVSDUDDVDSUHQGL]DJHQVRTXHVHWUDGX]LXHWUDGX]DLQGD. KRMHHPHOHYDGDVWD[DVGHDEDQGRQRHLQVXFHVVRHVFRODUHVGHVWDUHJLmRGRSDtV LQHGXFDUHSW

(69) . 7HQGRHPFRQWDDPLQKDIRUPDomRSURILVVLRQDODVLWXDomRUHODFLRQDGDFRPXVRVGHILFLHQWHVGD. OLQJXDJHPRUDOVXVFLWDPHFRPRpHYLGHQWHXPDUHIOH[mRPDLVDSURIXQGDGD3RUFRQVHJXLQWHQmRVHUi. RXVDGRDILUPDUTXHDOLQJXDJHPWHPXPSDSHOIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDRGHVHPSHQKRGHRXWUDVPDWpULDV. FXUULFXODUHVQRPHDGDPHQWHDDSUHQGL]DJHPGDOHLWXUD3RUFRQVHJXLQWHSHQVHLTXHVHULDLPSRUWDQWH. HODERUDUXPHVWXGRQHVWDiUHDRQGHIRVVHSRVVtYHODYDOLDUDOLQJXDJHPQXPJUXSRGHFULDQoDV FRP. LGDGHV FRPSUHHQGLGDV HQWUH RV H DQRV TXH SHUPLWLVVH LGHQWLILFDU SUHFRFHPHQWH R ULVFR GH. DSUHVHQWDUHPGLILFXOGDGHVQRDFHVVRjOHLWXUDHjHVFULWDHVHHVVDPHVPDOLQJXDJHPpRXQmRIDFWRU. GHLQVXFHVVRHRXIUDFDUHQWDELOLGDGHHVFRODU0XLWDVFULDQoDVVXSHUDGDVDVGLILFXOGDGHVDUWLFXODWyULDV. PDLV JUDYHV H LQLELGRUDV HRX SHUWXUEDGRUDV GD FRPXQLFDomR GHL[DUDP GH VHU DFRPSDQKDGDV SRU. PLPDRQtYHOGH7HUDSLDGD)DODWHQGRHPPXLWRVFDVRVSHUGLGRRUHVWRGRVHXSRVWHULRUSHUFXUVR. HVFRODU &RQWXGR FRQVHJXL VHJXLU GH SHUWR R SHUFXUVR HVFRODU GDV FULDQoDV REMHFWR GR PHX HVWXGR. WHQGRFRQFOXtGRTXHPXLWDVGHODVWLYHUDPHWrPPXLWDVGLILFXOGDGHVQDDSUHQGL]DJHPGDOHLWXUD'Dt. VHU QHFHVViULR VHQVLELOL]DU GHWHUPLQDGDV LQVWLWXLo}HV WDLV FRPR D HVFROD PpGLFRV GH IDPtOLD H. 13.

(70) HVSHFLDOLVWDV SDUD D UHIHUHQFLDomR H YDORUL]DomR GH GHWHUPLQDGRV LQGLFDGRUHV TXH SRGHUmR VHU. SUHGLWRUHVGHXPDPiDSUHQGL]DJHPHVFRODU2GHVFRQKHFLPHQWRHRXDQmRYDORUL]DomRSRUSDUWHGRV HGXFDGRUHVHPpGLFRVGRVDWUDVRVGHOLQJXDJHPFRQGX]DTXHQmRVHMDSUHVWDGDDGHYLGDDWHQomRD. HVWHV SUREOHPDV $VVLP R WHUDSHXWD GD IDOD HQTXDGUDQGRVH QR kPELWR GD 6D~GH WHP D. UHVSRQVDELOLGDGHGDSUHYHQomRGDDYDOLDomRHGRWUDWDPHQWRQRHVWXGRFLHQWtILFRGDVSHUWXUEDo}HVGD. FRPXQLFDomR KXPDQD &RPSUHHQGH WRGDV DV IXQo}HV H SURFHVVRV DVVRFLDGRV j FRPSUHHQVmR H j. SURGXomRGDOLQJXDJHPRUDODVVLPFRPRGDFRPXQLFDomRQmRYHUEDO. 0XLWRV WHUDSHXWDV GD IDOD HVWmR HP H[HUFtFLR HP LQVWLWXLo}HV OLJDGDV j UHDELOLWDomR H HQVLQR. HVSHFLDO QDiUHDGDSDWRORJLDGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDFULDQoD

(71) ,QVWLWXLo}HV3ULYDGDVGH6ROLGDULHGDGH. 6RFLDO ,366

(72) HHVWDEHOHFLPHQWRVGH(QVLQR3DUWLFXODUH&RRSHUDWLYR (3&

(73) . 2 H[HUFtFLR GD SURILVVmRHPLQVWLWXLo}HV GR HQVLQR UHJXODUID]VH QRV MDUGLQV GH LQIkQFLD H QDV. HVFRODVGRHQVLQREiVLFRHVHFXQGiULRDWUDYpVGHFRQWUDWRVHVWDEHOHFLGRVFRPDVHVFRODVRX0LQLVWpULR. GD(GXFDomRVHQGRRQ~PHURGH7HUDSHXWDVGD)DODQHVWHFRQWH[WRLQVXILFLHQWHIDFHjVQHFHVVLGDGHV. 8P Q~PHUR WDPEpP UHGX]LGR H LQVXILFLHQWH HQFRQWUDVH D H[HUFHU IXQo}HV HP VHUYLoRV GH. VD~GHQRPHDGDPHQWHQRVKRVSLWDLVLQWHJUDGRVHPVHUYLoRVGHSHGLDWULDVD~GHPHQWDOHSVLTXLDWULD. QHXURORJLD RWRUULQRODULQJRORJLD PHGLFLQD GHQWiULDHVWRPDWRORJLD H PHGLFLQD ItVLFD H UHDELOLWDomR H. GDQGRDSRLRDRXWURVVHUYLoRVXQLGDGHVKRVSLWDODUHV'RV7HUDSHXWDVIRUPDGRVHP3RUWXJDOVRPHQWH. FHUFD GH H[HUFHP D SURILVVmR HP KRVSLWDLV $37)

(74) 1RV FXLGDGRV GH VD~GH SULPiULRV H. FRQWLQXDGRVH&HQWURVGH6D~GHRV7HUDSHXWDVGH)DODVmRSUDWLFDPHQWHLQH[LVWHQWHV jH[FHSomRGD. UHJLmR$XWyQRPDGD0DGHLUD

(75) . (PERUD D IXQomR GR 7HUDSHXWD GD )DOD WHQKD XP SDSHO FDGD YH] PDLV LPSRUWDQWH QD QRVVD. VRFLHGDGHDLQGDKiTXHPQmRGrLPSRUWkQFLDDRGHVHPSHQKROLQJXtVWLFRGHXPDFULDQoDHPLGDGH. SUpHVFRODU$LGDGHSUpHVFRODUQmRpSURSULDPHQWHXPOXJDUGHDYDOLDomRGDVGLILFXOGDGHVGHOHLWXUDH. HVFULWDXPDYH]TXHHVWDVHSRUGHILQLomRHPHUJHPQRFRQWH[WRHVFRODURXVHMDIRUPDOPHQWHDSDUWLU. GR LQJUHVVR QR FLFOR GR (QVLQR %iVLFR &RQWXGR DV ~OWLPDV LQYHVWLJDo}HV WrP HYLGHQFLDGR XPD. tQWLPD OLJDomR HQWUH D OLQJXDJHP IDODGD H D OHLWXUD WHQGR HVWD ~OWLPD R REMHFWLYR GH FRQVWUXLU XP. VLVWHPD UHSUHVHQWDWLYR GD IDOD EDVHDGR HP VLJQRV )DOD H OHLWXUD FRQVWLWXHP DVVLP IRUPDV. GLIHUHQFLDGDVGDH[SUHVVmRGRPHVPRVLVWHPDGDFRPXQLFDomRKXPDQD. $ DYDOLDomR GD OLQJXDJHP QXPD FULDQoD HP LGDGH SUpHVFRODU p UHIHULGD SHOD OLWHUDWXUD. HVSHFLDOL]DGDFRPRSUHGLWRUGDDSUHQGL]DJHPLQLFLDOGDOHLWXUD&RQVWLWXLGDGDDVXDUHODomRFDXVDOMi 14.

(76) EHP HVWDEHOHFLGD HQWUH FRPSHWrQFLDV IRQROyJLFDV H DSUHQGL]DJHP LQLFLDO GD OHLWXUD XPD iUHD GH. GHFLVLYDLPSRUWkQFLDSDUDDSUHYHQomRGHHYHQWXDLVGLILFXOGDGHVIXWXUDV1HVWDIDVHDDYDOLDomRSRGH. GHVHPSHQKDU XP SDSHO LPSRUWDQWtVVLPR QD SUHYHQomR H SURPRomR GD OLQJXDJHP FRP HIHLWRV QmR. DSHQDVFRJQLWLYRVPDVWDPEpPHYLWDUVLWXDo}HVHPRFLRQDOPHQWHGLItFHLVGHOLGDU. 2 SDSHO GR SHGLDWUD GR PpGLFR GH IDPtOLD RX HGXFDGRU GH LQIkQFLD p GH H[WUHPD LPSRUWkQFLD. SDUDDDYDOLDomRGR'HVHQYROYLPHQWRGD/LQJXDJHP3RUYH]HVVmRRVSUySULRVSDLVTXHPDQLIHVWDP. SUHRFXSDomRHUHFRUUHPSRULQLFLDWLYDSUySULDDGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXLo}HVTXHSRGHUmRDMXGDUDFULDQoDD XOWUDSDVVDURGpILFHTXHDSUHVHQWDDQtYHOGDOLQJXDJHPIDOD3RUFRQVHJXLQWHQRV~OWLPRVDQRVWHP. VH YHULILFDGR XPD PXGDQoD VLJQLILFDWLYD QD SRVWXUD H QD SUHRFXSDomR GRV SDLV HP UHODomR DRV. SUREOHPDVGHOLQJXDJHPGRVILOKRVSURFXUDQGRXPDVROXomRRXDFRPSDQKDPHQWRSDUDRVPHVPRV. 1HVWH VHQWLGR H QR kPELWR GD SURPRomR GD OLQJXDJHP p HVVHQFLDO LQFOXLU D DYDOLDomR GD. OLQJXDJHPSDUDDSUHYHQomRHGHWHFomRGHDOJXPGpILFH$GHWHFomRGRSUREOHPDQRPRPHQWRFHUWR. SHUPLWLUiHVWDEHOHFHUXPDDMXGDHLQWHUYHQomRDGHTXDGDSHUPLWLQGRXPDPHOKRUHPDLRULQWHJUDomR. VRFLDOHHVFRODU. $HVFRODGHYHSRVVLELOLWDUDRVDOXQRVXPDDSUHQGL]DJHPFXPXODWLYDVHQGRDRSULQFtSLROHQWDH. FRQVWUXtGDVREUHDSUHQGL]DJHQVDQWHULRUHV3RULVVRPHVPRpQHFHVViULRWHUDGTXLULGRFRQKHFLPHQWRV. SDUDGHVHQYROYHUQRYRVFRQKHFLPHQWRVHHVWHVGHYHPVHUHVWLPXODGRVGHVGHPXLWRFHGR1RFDVRGH. VH YHULILFDUHP GpILFHV D QtYHO GR GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD OLQJXDJHP HVWHV GHYHUmR VHU GH LPHGLDWR. UHVROYLGRV 3HTXHQRV GpILFHV LQLFLDLV WHQGHP D WUDQVIRUPDUVH HP GpILFHV LPSRUWDQWHVH GH GLItFLO RX. LPSRVVtYHO UHVROXomR DWp SRUTXH FRPHoDP D VHU PHGLDGRV H DJUDYDGRV SRU IDFWRUHV PRWLYDFLRQDLV. TXHSURJUHVVLYDPHQWHGHVYLDPRVDOXQRVGHILFLWiULRVGDVDSUHQGL]DJHQVHVFRODUHV . $SyVUHYHODURVPRWLYRVTXHPHOHYDUDPjUHDOL]DomRGHVWHWUDEDOKRRSWHLSRUGLYLGLORHPWUrV. FDStWXORVTXHSDVVRDSRUPHQRUL]DU. 1RSULPHLURFDStWXORHGDGRTXHHVWDGLVVHUWDomRVHLQVHUHQRkPELWRGHXPDHVSHFLDOL]DomRHP. (GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHVHUiDERUGDGDDWHPiWLFDGD(GXFDomRHPJHUDOGD6D~GHHGD(GXFDomR. SDUD D 6D~GH HP SDUWLFXODU RVHXVLJQLILFDGR H D VXD LPSRUWkQFLD1HVWH kPELWR GDUHPRV HVSHFLDO. LPSRUWkQFLDj&RPXQLFDomRSDUDD6D~GH. 1RVHJXQGRFDStWXORIDUHPRVXPDEUHYHUHYLVmRGDVSULQFLSDLVSHUVSHFWLYDVVREUHDDTXLVLomRH. RGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDOLQJXDJHPTXHQRVDMXGDUiDXPDOHLWXUDPDLVIRFDGDVREUHRVSUREOHPDVGH. OLQJXDJHP GDQGR HVSHFLDO DWHQomR DRV DWUDVRV GD OLQJXDJHP )DUHPRV WDPEpP XPD EUHYH 15.

(77) DSUHVHQWDomRVREUHRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGD OLQJXDJHPHPIDPtOLDVGHDPELHQWHV GHSULYDomR FXOWXUDO. XPDYH]TXHHVWHWHPDVHUHYHODUiLPSRUWDQWHSDUDDQRVVDLQYHVWLJDomRHPStULFD3DUDHVWDVIDPtOLDV. DDTXLVLomRGRVVLJQLILFDGRVGHSHQGHGRFRQWH[WRGHXPXQLYHUVRUHVWULQJLGRHSRXFRHVWUXWXUDGR$. VXDSULQFLSDOSUHRFXSDomRpDVREUHYLYrQFLDDVDFo}HVGRGLDDGLDHHPFRPRVXSHUDUDVGLILFXOGDGHV. GLiULDV. 1RWHUFHLURFDStWXORSURFHGHPRVjH[SRVLomRGRVDVSHFWRVPHWRGROyJLFRVFRPDGHVFULomRGRV. UHVXOWDGRVVXDGLVFXVVmRHFRQFOXVmRWHFHQGRDOJXPDVFRQVLGHUDo}HVTXHSRVVDPGHVSROHWDUDOJXPD. UHIOH[mRDRVSURILVVLRQDLVGH(GXFDomRH6D~GH. 16.

(78) &$3Ì78/2, $(GXFDomRHD6D~GH ,QWURGXomR 'HILQLU FRQFHSWXDOPHQWH R TXH p (GXFDomR SDUD D 6D~GH H[LJH SUHYLDPHQWH DQDOLVDU RV GRLV. WHUPRVTXHLQWHJUDPHVWDH[SUHVVmR1XPDSULPHLUDSDUWHDQDOLVDUHPRVGHIRUPDSUHFLVDRFRQFHLWR. GH (GXFDomR XPD YH] TXH HVWH GHOLPLWD R REMHFWR FHQWUDO GHVWD GLVFLSOLQD H QXPD VHJXQGD SDUWH. GHILQLUHPRVRTXHpVD~GHFRPRpTXHRFRQFHLWRIRLHYROXLQGRFRPRWHPSRHFRPRpHQWHQGLGRQRV. WHPSRVDFWXDLV. $(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHWHPTXHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDSRUWRGRVRVFLGDGmRVXPDYH]TXHHVWDp. XPGLUHLWRTXHQRVDVVLVWHGLUHLWRHVVHSURPXOJDGRSHOD'HFODUDomR8QLYHUVDOGRV'LUHLWRV+XPDQRV. GH'H]HPEURGH

(79) $VQHFHVVLGDGHVGHFDGDLQGLYtGXRWrPVRIULGRDOWHUDo}HVDRORQJRGRV. WHPSRVHDFDGDGLDTXHSDVVDVXUJHPQRYRVHVSDoRVHGXFDWLYRVSDUDDVVDWLVID]HUHPeSRUpPQD. VD~GH TXH HVWDV QHFHVVLGDGHV WrP VRIULGR PDLV DOWHUDo}HV WRUQDQGRVH D (GXFDomR SDUD D 6D~GH. XPDiUHDGHUHOHYRQDVVRFLHGDGHVDFWXDLV. 8P VLQDO GH LGHQWLGDGH GDV VRFLHGDGHV DFWXDLV p D PXGDQoD DV WUDQVIRUPDo}HV VRFLDLV GR. PXQGR DFWXDO H[LJHP GD HGXFDomR XPD DGDSWDomR FRQWtQXD D IRUPDV GH YLGD GLIHUHQWHV VHQGR. QHFHVViULRGHOLQHDUHVWUDWpJLDVGHLQWHUYHQomRHGXFDWLYDTXHGrHPUHVSRVWDDRVSUREOHPDVTXHYmR. DVVRPDQGR $V QHFHVVLGDGHV YmRVH DOWHUDQGR H KRMH PDLV TXH QXQFD VDEHPRV TXH D PHGLFLQD. FXUDWLYD FRPR VLVWHPD GH VD~GH p LQVXILFLHQWH XPD YH] TXH QmR UHVSRQGH D FRQGLFLRQDQWHV. ELROyJLFDVHSVLFRVVRFLDLV 4XHVDGD

(80) . $ FDGD GLD TXH SDVVD RV LQGLYtGXRV HQFRQWUDPVH SHUDQWH QRYRV GHVDILRV $V PRGLILFDo}HV. HSLGHPLROyJLFDV VXEVWLWXtUDP QRV SDtVHV GHVHQYROYLGRVXPD VpULH GHGRHQoDV LQIHFFLRVDV FOiVVLFDV. FyOHUD SDOXGLVPR GLDUUHLDV LQIDQWLV HWF

(81) SRU RXWUDV SDWRORJLDV FRPR VmR DV GRHQoDV FUyQLFDV. FDUGLRYDVFXODUHV FDQFURV HWF

(82) H DV FKDPDGDV ´GRHQoDV PRGHUQDVµ FRPR 6,'$ GHSUHVV}HV. WR[LFRGHSHQGrQFLDVWUHVVRXWDEDJLVPR. $VVLPDSURPRomRGDVD~GHpXPSURFHVVRDPSORSRUPHLRGRTXDORVLQGLYtGXRVRVJUXSRVH. DV FRPXQLGDGHV PHOKRUDP R VHX FRQWUROR VREUH RV GHWHUPLQDQWHV SHVVRDLV H DPELHQWDLV GD VD~GH. &RVWD /RSHVS

(83) 1HVWHkPELWRQDFRQIHUrQFLDGH2WWDZD

(84) IRLHODERUDGDXPDFDUWD. TXH DSUHVHQWDYD DOJXPDV HVWUDWpJLDV D LPSOHPHQWDU FLW &DUYDOKR S

(85) HVWUDWpJLDV. FRQVLGHUDGDV FRPR R IXQGDPHQWR GRV FRQFHLWRV H SULQFtSLRV GD PRGHUQD 3URPRomR GD 6D~GH 17.

(86) QRPHDGDPHQWH FRQVWUXomR GH SROtWLFDV GH VD~GH S~EOLFD UHRULHQWDomR GRV VHUYLoRV GH VD~GH. GHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVFRPSHWrQFLDVSHVVRDLVFULDomRGHDPELHQWHVGHVXSRUWHUHIRUoRGDDFomRGDV. FRPXQLGDGHV $ SURPRomR GD 6D~GH WHP HYROXtGR VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWH GHVGH Dt (P FRP D. DGRSomR GD &DUWD GH %DQJNRN 206

(87) SDUD D SURPRomR GD 6D~GH QR 0XQGR *OREDOL]DGR. DSDUHFHUDPQRYDVWHQGrQFLDV. 3RUpP SDUD TXH RV LQGLYtGXRV SRVVDP FRQWURODU D VXD VD~GH WrP GH WHU DFHVVRi HGXFDomR. 1HVWDSHUVSHFWLYDD(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHpFRQVLGHUDGDFRPRXPDHVWUDWpJLDEiVLFD(VWDFDSDFLWD. RLQGLYLGXRSDUDDGHILQLomRGRVVHXVSUySULRVSUREOHPDVHQHFHVVLGDGHVHDWRPDUGHFLV}HVGHIRUPD. DXWyQRPD H UHVSRQViYHO FRPSUHHQGHU FRPR SRGH UHVROYHU HVWHV SUREOHPDV FRP RV VHXV SUySULRV. UHFXUVRV RX FRP DSRLRV H[WHUQRV H D SURPRYHU DFo}HV PDLV DSURSULDGDV SDUD IRPHQWDU XPD YLGD. VDXGiYHOHGHEHPHVWDU &RVWD /ySH]S

(88) 1HVWDSHUVSHFWLYDDHGXFDomRSDUDDVD~GH. VXUJH FRPR XPD DFWLYLGDGH LQWHQFLRQDO TXH SHUPLWH D FDGD LQGLYtGXR DGTXLULU FRQKHFLPHQWR GH VL. PHVPRHGDTXLORTXHRURGHLDSRGHQGRH[HUFHUPXGDQoDVQHVVHDPELHQWHHQDVXDSUySULDFRQGXWD. &RVWD /RSH]

(89) . $(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHWHPFRPRREMHFWLYRDPHOKRULDTXDOLWDWLYDGDYLGDKXPDQDUD]mRSHOD. TXDOPDQLIHVWDXPVHQWLGRSRVLWLYRGHDMXGDHSRWHQFLDOLGDGHGRLQGLYtGXRSDUDDJHVWmRGDVXDSUySULD. VD~GH SURPRYHQGR DV PXGDQoDV DPELHQWDLV DGHTXDGDV H R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GH FRPSRUWDPHQWRV. TXHOHYDPDIRUPDVGHYLGDPDLVVDXGiYHLV ²('8&$d®2. 7HPD TXH VHPSUH SUHRFXSRX R +RPHP WHP PHUHFLGR DV PDLV GLYHUVDV GHILQLo}HV 5HERXO.

(90) DSUHVHQWDQRV YiULDV GHILQLo}HV GH (GXFDomRGH HQWUHDVTXDLVVDOLHQWDPRV DV GH 3ODWmR ´$. HGXFDomR FRQVLVWH HP GDU DR FRUSR H j DOPD WRGD D SHUIHLomR GH TXH VmR FDSD]HVµ S

(91) .DQW ´R. GHVHQYROYLPHQWRQRLQGLYtGXRGHWRGDDSHUIHLomRGHTXHVHpFDSD]µ S

(92) H+HUEDWK´pDFLrQFLD. TXH WHP SRU ILP D IRUPDomR GR LQGLYtGXR SRU VL PHVPR GHVSHUWDQGR QHOH D PXOWLSOLFLGDGH GH. LQWHUHVVHVµ S

(93) 3DUD-DPHV0LOODHGXFDomRWHPSRUILQDOLGDGH´ID]HUGRLQGLYtGXRXPLQVWUXPHQWR. GD IHOLFLGDGH SDUD VL PHVPR H VHXV VHPHOKDQWHVµ S

(94) 3DUD R SVLFyORJR +HQUL -RO\ D HGXFDomR. FRQVLVWHQRFRQMXQWRGHHVIRUoRVTXHWHPSRUILPGDUDXPVHUDSRVVHFRPSOHWDHRERPXVRGDV. VXDVGLYHUVDVIDFXOGDGHV S

(95) . 18.

(96) 3DUD 'HEHVVH

(97) ©D SDODYUD HGXFDomR p UHODWLYDPHQWH UHFHQWH 7LUDGD GR ODWLP WHP XPD. GXSODRULJHP´HGXFDUHµTXHUGL]HUDOLPHQWDUH´HGXFHUHµWLUDUSDUDIRUDGHFRQGX]LUSDUDQXPD. SDODYUD HGXFDUµ ( FRQWLQXD ´$OLPHQWDU H HGXFDU 1mR VHUmR HVWDV DV GXDV WHQGrQFLDV VHFXODUHV H. IUHTXHQWHPHQWHHPFRQIOLWRGHXPDHGXFDomRRUDSUHRFXSDGDDQWHVGHWXGRHPDOLPHQWDUDFULDQoDGH. FRQKHFLPHQWRVRUDHPHGXFiODSDUDGHODWLUDUWRGDVDVSRVVLELOLGDGHV"ª S

(98) $OtQJXDDFWXDOXWLOL]D. DFRPVLJQLILFDo}HVGLIHUHQWHVDSHVDUGHFRUUHVSRQGHUHPWRGDYLDDRPHVPRGRPtQLRVHPkQWLFR1R. 'LFLRQiULRGD/tQJXD3RUWXJXHVD (GLomR

(99) DHGXFDomRpGHILQLGDFRPR´SURFHVVRTXHYLVDR. GHVHQYROYLPHQWRKDUPyQLFRGR+RPHPQRVVHXVDVSHFWRVLQWHOHFWXDOPRUDOHItVLFRHDVXDLQVHUomR. QDVRFLHGDGHµ. &RPRYHPRVHVWDVGHILQLo}HVGHL[DPDQWHYHUTXHRLGHDOGDHGXFDomRpDSHUIHLWDUHDOL]DomRGD. QDWXUH]DKXPDQD3RUGHILQLomRDHGXFDomRVySRGHVHUYHUGDGHLUDPHQWHFRPSUHHQGLGDHDQDOLVDGD. VHLQWHJUDUDVGLPHQV}HVELROyJLFDVSVLFROyJLFDVHVRFLROyJLFDVGRVHUKXPDQR$HGXFDomRWHPSRU. REMHFWLYROHYDURLQGLYtGXRjIRUPDomRHDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVXDSHUVRQDOLGDGH6RFLRORJLFDPHQWHD. HGXFDomRpXPSURFHVVRTXHWHPSRUILPFRQVHUYDUHWUDQVPLWLUFXOWXUDDFWXDQGRFRPRLQVWUXPHQWRH. WpFQLFD VRFLDO 1R SODQR GDV QHFHVVLGDGHV VRFLDLV RV REMHFWLYRV GD HGXFDomR VmR FRQVHUYDomR H. WUDQVPLVVmRFXOWXUDOGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGRVHQVRHGDUHVSRQVDELOLGDGHVRFLDOGRHGXFDQGRSUHSDUDomR. GRHGXFDQGRSDUDTXHSDUWLFLSHFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHQDVWUDQVIRUPDo}HVHQRSURJUHVVRVRFLDOIRUPDomR. SDUDRSOHQRH[HUFtFLRGDFLGDGDQLDIRUPDomRHFRQyPLFDHLQWHJUDomRVRFLDO. $HGXFDomRSRGHHQWmRVHUGHVFULWDFRPRVHQGRDDFomRLQWHQFLRQDOGHXPHGXFDGRUVREUHXP. HGXFDQGR $R HGXFDGRU FRPSHWLUi XVDU GHWHUPLQDGRV PpWRGRV H HVWUDWpJLDV GH IRUPD D DMXGDU D. GHVHQYROYHU WRGDV DV FRPSHWrQFLDV GR HGXFDQGR SDUD TXH HVWH ~OWLPR DWLQMD XP FHUWR QtYHO GH. PDWXULGDGHHVHVLQWDDXWRUHDOL]DGR 2OLYHLUD 2OLYHLUD

(100) (GXFDUpIRUQHFHUWRGRVRVFXLGDGRV. QHFHVViULRVDRSOHQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDSHUVRQDOLGDGHHWUDQVPLWLUVDEHUDpGDUHQVLQRDpLQVWUXLU. QXPSURFHVVRTXHYLVDRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRJOREDO. 3DUD%URQFNDUW0DOULHX6LJXDQ6ROHU6LQFODLUGH=ZDUW6ODPD&D]DFXH7DERXUHW.HOOHU

(101) . DIXQomRGDHGXFDomR´MiQmRFRQVLVWHVyHPRUJDQL]DUHRULHQWDUDVDSWLG}HVQDWXUDLVGDFULDQoDHP. IXQomRGDVQRUPDVVRFLDLVUHFRQKHFLGDVFRPRYiOLGDVSHODVRFLHGDGHVHPG~YLGDTXHHODQmRSRGH. GHL[DU GH WHU HVWD IXQomR GH PRGHODJHP PDV D LVVR YHP MXQWDUVH XPD IXQomR GH GHVFREHUWD GH. SRVVLELOLGDGHVKXPDQDVLQVXVSHLWDVQDFULDQoDSULPHLURPDVQHFHVVDULDPHQWHWDPEpPQRHGXFDGRU. «

(102) 2FRQKHFLPHQWRHODERUDVHQXPGLiORJRLQVHULGRQXPVDEHUFROHFWLYRHPIDFHGRTXDODFULDQoD. QmR GHYH VLWXDUVH FRPR UHFHSWRU PDV FRPR FULDGRUµ S

(103) $ HGXFDomR p HQWHQGLGD FRPR XP 19.

(104) SURFHVVRKXPDQRTXHVXS}HGHDOJXPPRGRUDFLRQDOLGDGHHOLEHUWDomR2REMHFWLYRILQDOGDHGXFDomR. GHYHLPSOLFDUDPHOKRULDDGLJQLILFDomRHRDSHUIHLoRDPHQWRGRLQGLYLGXR. $ HGXFDomR GHYHUi UHVSHLWDU DV H[LJrQFLDV EiVLFDV GD OLEHUGDGH GLJQLGDGH H GLUHLWRV. IXQGDPHQWDLV GD SHVVRD $ 'HFODUDomR 8QLYHUVDO GRV 'LUHLWRV +XPDQRV

(105) RXWRUJD TXH WRGD D. SHVVRDWHPGLUHLWRjHGXFDomR$HGXFDomRGHYHVHUJUDWXLWDSHORPHQRVDFRUUHVSRQGHQWHDRHQVLQR. HOHPHQWDUIXQGDPHQWDOTXHpREULJDWyULR$HGXFDomRGHYHYLVDUjSOHQDH[SDQVmRGDSHUVRQDOLGDGH. KXPDQD H DR UHIRUoR GRV GLUHLWRV GR +RPHP H GDV OLEHUGDGHV IXQGDPHQWDLV H GHYH IDYRUHFHU D. FRPSUHHQVmRDWROHUkQFLDHDDPL]DGHHQWUHWRGDVDVQDo}HVHWRGRVRVJUXSRVUDFLDLVRXUHOLJLRVRV. EHPFRPRRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDVDFWLYLGDGHVGDV1Do}HV8QLGDVSDUDDPDQXWHQomRGDSD]. 2 KRPHP p XP VHU GHWHUPLQDGR SHOD VXD FDUJD JHQpWLFD DPELHQWH H H[SHULrQFLD 1DVFHPRV. FRP GLVSRVLo}HV H QmR FRP FRPSRUWDPHQWRV Mi IHLWRV H p HVWD LQGHWHUPLQDomR TXH H[LJH HGXFDomR. SDUD TXH SRVVDPRV GHVHQYROYHUQRV DR ORQJR GR QRVVR SHUFXUVR GH YLGD $ DFomR HGXFDWLYD HVWi. YLQFXODGDDLQ~PHURVDJHQWHVP~OWLSODVH[SHULrQFLDVHLQFRQWiYHLVIRQWHVGHDSUHQGL]DJHPDPDLRULD. GRVTXDLVGHGLItFLOFRQWUROR$YLGDpHVVHQFLDOPHQWHHGXFDWLYDPDVRVUXPRVHRVSURGXWRVGD´VXD. SHGDJRJLDµSDUWLFXODUL]DGRVQDVKLVWyULDVGHFDGDXPGHQyVVmRDEVROXWDPHQWHLPSUHYLVtYHLV3DUWH. LQWHJUDQWHGRSURFHVVRHGXFDWLYRPDVFRQILJXUDQGRVHFRPRLQLFLDWLYDGLIHUHQFLDGDDHVFRODUL]DomRp. XPDDOWHUQDWLYDLQVXEVWLWXtYHOSDUD FRQGX]LUDIRUPDomRKXPDQDjOX]GHSULQFtSLRVpWLFRV FXOWXUDLV. FRJQLWLYRVVRFLDLVHSROtWLFRV. 7RGDDHGXFDomRpWDPEpPXPDDXWRHGXFDomRWRUQDQGRVHHYLGHQWHTXHDVRFLHGDGH´FULDR. FOLPD SURSRUFLRQD RV PHLRV H GHWHUPLQD D VLWXDomR SRU PHLR GH XQV WDQWRV UHFXUVRV WpFQLFRV. PDWHULDLVHKXPDQRVTXHDVRFLHGDGHOKHSUHSDUDµ 5LEHLURS

(106) . eLPSRUWDQWHFRORFDUDHGXFDomRDRVHUYLoRGHKRPHQVHPXOKHUHVSULQFLSDOPHQWHQDLQIkQFLD. SDUDTXHDOFDQFHPXPGHVHQYROYLPHQWRHXPDGLJQLGDGHSOHQRVTXHUSDUDDVVXDVJHUDo}HV TXHU. SDUD DV IXWXUDV R TXH LPSOLFD XQLU HVIRUoRV FROHFWLYRV SDUD TXH R FRQMXQWR GD VRFLHGDGH VH. FRQVFLHQFLDOL]HGDVSRVVLELOLGDGHVTXHDHGXFDomRWHPFRPRMXVWLoDHFRPRGLUHLWRKXPDQR 6$Ô'(. $ 2UJDQL]DomR 0XQGLDO GD 6D~GH 206

(107) RUJDQLVPR VDQLWiULR LQWHUQDFLRQDO LQWHJUDQWH GD. 2UJDQL]DomR GDV 1Do}HV 8QLGDV IXQGDGR HP GHILQH 6D~GH FRPR ´HVWDGR GH FRPSOHWR EHP 20.

(108) HVWDU ItVLFR PHQWDO H VRFLDO H QmR VRPHQWH D DXVrQFLD GH HQIHUPLGDGH RX LQYDOLGH]µ. KWWSZZZZKRLQWKRPHSDJHLQGH[HVVKWP

(109) (WLPRORJLFDPHQWH VD~GH SURFHGH GR ODWLP VDQLWDV. UHIHULQGRVH j LQWHJULGDGH DQDWRPRIXQFLRQDO GRV RUJDQLVPRV YLYRV VDQLGDGH ² DXVrQFLD GH. HQIHUPLGDGHQXPVHUYLYR

(110) . $RLQWHUURJDUPRVRFLGDGmRFRPXPVREUHDGHILQLomRGHVD~GHHVWDpJHUDOPHQWHGHILQLGDFRPR. DXVrQFLDGHGRHQoDeWDPEpPFRQVLGHUDGDXPEHPHVVHQFLDOeFRPXPGL]HUVHTXHVyVHYDORUL]DD. VD~GHTXDQGRVHQWLPRVDVXDDXVrQFLDHVWDQGRGRHQWH([LVWHXPDLPHQVDYDULDomRLQWHUSHVVRDOQR. TXHGL]UHVSHLWRjVD~GH6HUVDXGiYHOWHPGLIHUHQWHVVLJQLILFDGRVSDUDGLIHUHQWHVSHVVRDV. 1DUHDOLGDGHDVD~GHpXPEHPGXSORpXPIDFWRHVVHQFLDOGDYLGDKXPDQDHXPYDORUTXH. VXSHUDWRGRVRVRXWURVDRORQJRGDH[LVWrQFLDGHFDGDLQGLYtGXRQDFULDomRGREHPHVWDUFDSDFLGDGH. GH WUDEDOKR H GH IHOLFLGDGH SHVVRDO VHQGR D GRHQoD LVWR p D IDOWD GH VD~GH

(111) DFRPSDQKDGD GH. VRIULPHQWR. 6D~GHVLJQLILFDHVWDGRGHHTXLOtEULRGLQkPLFRHQWUHRRUJDQLVPRHRVHXDPELHQWHDVVHJXUDQGR. DV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV HVWUXWXUDLV H IXQFLRQDLV GR RUJDQLVPR GHQWUR GH OLPLWHV QRUPDLV SDUD D IRUPD. SDUWLFXODU GD YLGD UDoD JpQHUR HVSpFLH

(112) H SDUD D IDVH SDUWLFXODU GR VHX FLFOR YLWDO HVWDGR GH ERD. GLVSRVLomRItVLFDHSVtTXLFDEHPHVWDUWXGRLVWRDSHVDUGDLGDGH 4XHVDGD

(113) . 1DV VRFLHGDGHV DQWHULRUHV j ,GDGH 0pGLD HQFRQWUDVH XPD FRQFHSomR PtVWLFD GH VD~GH H. GRHQoD $ SUHVHQoD RX D DXVrQFLD GH VD~GH GHSHQGLD PDLV GRV GHVHMRV GD GLYLQGDGH GR TXH D. FRPSHWrQFLDGRVFXUDGRUHVGHGRHQoDV 5H]HQGHFLWDGRSRU4XHVDGD

(114) . 1DV VRFLHGDGHV PRGHUQDV H FRQWHPSRUkQHDV D GLFRWRPLDVD~GHGRHQoD p HQFDUDGD VRE XPD. ySWLFDPDLVREMHFWLYDHFLHQWtILFD1D,GDGH0RGHUQDDVGRHQoDVVmRH[SOLFDGDVSULQFLSDOPHQWHSHODV. FRQGLo}HVDPELHQWDLV1HVWDpSRFDDQHFHVVLGDGHGHPmRGHREUDQDVLQG~VWULDVIH]FRPTXHDVD~GH. SDVVDVVHDVHUYLVWDFRPRXPIDFWRUEiVLFRSDUDDSURGXWLYLGDGHHSRULVVRDGRHQoDHUDYLVWDFRPR. XP WUDQVWRUQR HFRQyPLFR 5H]HQGH FLWDGR SRU 4XHVDGD

(115) 1D ,GDGH &RQWHPSRUkQHD. SDUWLFXODUPHQWHQRVpFXOR;;RVIHQyPHQRVGHVD~GHHGRHQoDVmRWUDWDGRVFRPRSURFHVVRVVRFLDLVH. ELROyJLFRV$VD~GHMiQmRpFRQFHELGDDSHQDVFRPRXPIDFWRUGHSURGXWLYLGDGHPDVFRPRXPGLUHLWR. GRFLGDGmR 5H]HQGHFLWDGRSRU4XHVDGD

(116) . &RPRYHPRV R WHUPR VD~GH IRL HYROXLQGR HP IXQomR GR PRPHQWR KLVWyULFR GDV FXOWXUDV GR. VLVWHPDVRFLDOHGRQtYHOGHFRQKHFLPHQWR1RVSULPHLURVDQRVGDKLVWyULDPXQGLDOPDQWHYHVHSRUXP. ORQJRSHUtRGRGHWHPSRFRPRXPSHQVDPHQWRSULPLWLYRFHQWUDGRQDLGHRORJLDGHTXHDGRHQoDHUD 21.

(117) XPFDVWLJRGLYLQR HVWDDWLWXGHDLQGDVHPDQWrPHPDOJXQVSRYRVGHÉIULFDÉVLD$XVWUiOLDH$PpULFD

(118) . 6HJXQGR 4XHVDGD

(119) IRUDP DV FLYLOL]Do}HV HJtSFLDV H GD 0HVRSRWkPLD TXH GHUDP LQtFLR j. DOWHUDomRGHVWHFRQFHLWRSDVVDQGRGRVHQWLGRPiJLFRHUHOLJLRVRSDUDXPGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGDKLJLHQH. SHVVRDO H S~EOLFD 1D DQWLJD FLYLOL]DomR KHEUDLFD D /HL 0RVDLFD FRQWpP XP GRV SULPHLURV FyGLJRV. VDQLWiULRV GD KXPDQLGDGH GLVVHUWD GH IRUPD PLQXFLRVD VREUH D KLJLHQH SHVVRDO DOLPHQWDomR. FRPSRUWDPHQWRVH[XDOHSURILOD[LDGDVGRHQoDVWUDQVPLVVtYHLV DOJXPDGHODVDLQGDDFWXDLV

(120) 'HDFRUGR. FRP HVWH PHVPR DXWRU IRL QD &LYLOL]DomR 5RPDQD TXH DSDUHFHUDP DV SUHRFXSDo}HV FRP D VD~GH. S~EOLFD UHIOHFWLGDV QD FRQVWUXomRGH JUDQGHV DTXHGXWRVSDUDD FDQDOL]DomR GDV iJXDV H HVERoR GR. TXHSRGHULDVHUFRQVLGHUDGRRLQtFLRGRVDQHDPHQWR. 23HUtRGR0HGLHYDOpFRQVLGHUDGRFRPRRGDVJUDQGHVHSLGHPLDVSRWHQFLDGDVSHORLQFUHPHQWR. GDVFRPXQLFDo}HVHSHODJHQHUDOL]DomRGHFRQIOLWRVEpOLFRV)RUDPWDQWDVDVFDODPLGDGHVQHVWDpSRFD. TXHWRGRVRVHVIRUoRVVHFHQWUDUDPIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHQDVPHGLGDVSUHYHQWLYDVFRPRDVGHLQVWDXUDU. EDUUHLUDVVDQLWiULDVQDVIURQWHLUDVSUHVFUHYHULVRODPHQWRRX LQWURGX]LU DSUiWLFD GD TXDUHQWHQD PDV. VHPTXDOTXHULQWHUHVVHSDUWLFXODUSHODHWLRORJLDGDVGRHQoDV(QWUHDVLQIHFo}HVHSLGpPLFDVGHVWDFDP. VHRIRJRGH6DQWR$QWyQLRRVXRULQJOrVHDSHVWHEXEyQLFD 4XHVDGD

(121) (VWD~OWLPDGRHQoD. SRUH[HPSORDIHFWRXPLOK}HVGHSHVVRDVQD0RQJyOLDH&KLQDSDVVDQGRSHODÌQGLD&RQVWDQWLQRSODH. *UpFLDHVWHQGHQGRVHSRVWHULRUPHQWHj,WiOLDHj(VSDQKD. 2V DYDQoRV QD iUHD GD EDFWHULRORJLD GXUDQWH R VpFXOR ;,; H D GHVFREHUWD GD SHQLFLOLQD SRU. $OH[DQGHU)OHPLQJHPDEULUDPSHUVSHFWLYDVQRYDVHP WHUPRVGH VD~GH$FRPHUFLDOL]DomRGH DQWLELyWLFRVDFULDomRGHFHQWURVGHVD~GHDVFDPSDQKDVGHYDFLQDomRIRUDPSDVVRVLPSRUWDQWHVQR. FRPEDWH D LPHQVDV GRHQoDV 1mR REVWDQWH UDSLGDPHQWH VH FRPSURYRX R FDUiFWHU PXOWLIDFWRULDO GD. GRHQoD XPD YH] TXH DV FRQGLo}HV VDQLWiULDV GHILFLHQWHV H DV FDUrQFLDV QXWULFLRQDLV WLQKDP JUDQGH. LQIOXrQFLDQRDSDUHFLPHQWRHJUDYLGDGHGDVGRHQoDVDVVLPFRPRXPDVpULHGHIDFWRUHVSVLFRVVRFLDLV. (VWHVDFRQWHFLPHQWRVPRWLYDUDPHPJUDQGHSDUWHDPXGDQoDFRQFHSWXDOPDLVLPSRUWDQWHSDVVDQGR. GHXPDIRUPXODomRGHVD~GHHPWHUPRVQHJDWLYRVSDUDXPDFRQVLGHUDomRSRVLWLYD 4XHVDGD

(122) . $VVRFLHGDGHVGHVHQYROYLGDVSHUFHEHPTXHDDXVrQFLDGHVLQWRPDVQmRpHTXLYDOHQWHjVD~GH. $OLiV DV FDPSDQKDV GH VHQVLELOL]DomR FDGD YH] PDLV DOHUWDP RV FLGDGmRV SDUD DV ´GRHQoDV. VLOHQFLRVDVµ RX VHMD DTXHODV TXH QmR SURGX]HP VLQWRPDV 2V DYDQoRV GD FLrQFLD SHUPLWLUDP XP. PHOKRU FRQKHFLPHQWR GR FRUSR H GD PHQWH GD ILVLRORJLD GD SVLFRORJLD H GRV FRPSRUWDPHQWRV. KXPDQRVHGHPRQVWUDUDPTXHFHUWDVGRHQoDVVmRSDVVtYHLVGHVHUDQWHFLSDGDVFRQWURODGDVHYLWDGDV. &RPR FRQVHTXrQFLDDVD~GHSDVVRXDVHUXPYDORUHPVLPHVPDGHVHMiYHOHDOFDQoiYHO$VD~GH 22.

(123) VHPSUHIRLXPDDVSLUDomRHXPDQHFHVVLGDGH7RGDYLDQmRSRGHPRVHVTXHFHUTXHXPDQHFHVVLGDGH. SRGH WUDQVIRUPDUVH HP GLUHLWR DSHQDV TXDQGR H[LVWHP FRQGLo}HV KLVWyULFDV H WpFQLFDV SDUD OKH GDU. UHVSRVWD $ PHGLFLQD RFLGHQWDO WRUQRX FRQFUHWD H UHDO HVVD SRVVLELOLGDGH LPSRQGRVH FRPR PRGHOR. 4XHVDGD

(124) . $VVRFLHGDGHVFDSLWDOLVWDVMiGHVFREULUDPTXHpPXLWRPDLVHFRQyPLFRHYLWDUSUHYHQLUDGRHQoD. GRTXHWUDWiODSHORTXHFDGDYH]PDLVVHIDODHLQYHVWHHP(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHH[SUHVVmRTXH. LUHPRVDERUGDUQRSUy[LPRSRQWR . ('8&$d®23$5$$6$Ô'( $SURFXUDGHXPDGHILQLomRGH(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHpXPDWDUHIDiUGXDTXHUSRUTXHH[LVWHP. PXLWDVGHILQLo}HVTXHUSRUTXHFDGDYH]VmRPDLVRVGRPtQLRVGHDSOLFDomRGHVWHFRQVWUXFWR4XHVDGD.

(125) UHIHUHTXHD(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHp´FRPRXPSURFHVVRGHHGXFDomRSHUPDQHQWHTXHVH. LQLFLD QRV SULPHLURV DQRV GH YLGD RULHQWDGR SDUD R FRQKHFLPHQWR GH VL SUySULR HP WRGD D VXD. GLPHQVmR WDQWRLQGLYLGXDOFRPRVRFLDO

(126) DVVLPFRPRGRPHLRTXHRURGHLD HFROyJLFDHVRFLDO

(127) FRPR. REMHFWLYRGHWHUXPDYLGDVmHSDUWLFLSDUQDVD~GHFROHFWLYDµ S

(128) . $ (GXFDomR SDUD D 6D~GH p XPD DSUHQGL]DJHP SDUD FDSDFLWDU H UHIRUoDU R FRPSRUWDPHQWR. YROXQWiULRTXHSURPRYHDVD~GHGRVLQGLYtGXRVJUXSRVHFRPXQLGDGHV,VWRpHGXFDUSDUDDVD~GH. QmRpDSHQDVLQIRUPDUVREUHPDVpWDPEpPPRWLYDUSDUDDPXGDQoD$rQIDVHQDQHFHVVLGDGHGH. PXGDQoDpWDPEpPDGDSWDGDQDGHILQLomRGH7RQHVH7LOIRUG

(129) ´HGXFDomRSDUDDVD~GHpWRGDD. DFWLYLGDGHLQWHQFLRQDOFRQGXFHQWHDDSUHQGL]DJHQVUHODFLRQDGDVFRPVD~GHHGRHQoD «

(130) SURGX]LQGR. PXGDQoDV QR FRQKHFLPHQWR H FRPSUHHQVmR H QDV IRUPDV GH SHQVDU 3RGH LQIOXHQFLDU RX FODULILFDU. YDORUHV SRGH SURSRUFLRQDU PXGDQoDV GH FRQYLFo}HV H DWLWXGHV SRGH IDFLOLWDU D DTXLVLomR GH. FRPSHWrQFLDVSRGHDLQGDFRQGX]LUDPXGDQoDVGHFRPSRUWDPHQWRVHGHHVWLORVGHYLGDµ FLWDGRSRU. &DUYDOKRS

(131) . )D]HUGDHGXFDomRXPLQVWUXPHQWRGHFRPXQLFDomRYLYDGHDSUHQGL]DJHPVROLGiULDFRPFUtWLFD. FRQVWUXWLYD H SHQVDPHQWR DEHUWR FDSD] GH VXVFLWDU WUDQVIRUPDo}HV VRFLDLV DWUDYpV GD SDUWLFLSDomR. UHVSRQViYHOGDFLGDGDQLDpXPDGDVILQDOLGDGHVGDHGXFDomRSDUDDVD~GH. $(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHGHYHUiHQWmRSURPRYHUQRFLGDGmRDFDSDFLGDGHGHID]HUHVFROKDV. 3DUDTXHHVWDVVHMDPUHDOPHQWHHVFROKDVWrPGHVHEDVHDUQRFRQKHFLPHQWRHQmRDSHQDVQDDQiOLVH. GDVVLWXDo}HVDFWXDLVPDVWDPEpPQDYLVmRGHXPIXWXURDRTXDODVSLUD. 23.

(132) 4XDQWRPDLVQyVFRPSUHHQGHPRVTXHPXLWRVGRVQRVVRVSUREOHPDVPDLVVpULRVGHVD~GHHGH. GRHQoDHVWmROLJDGRVDRHVWLORGHYLGDHDRFRPSRUWDPHQWRPDLVpHYLGHQWHDQHFHVVLGDGHGHXPD. HGXFDomRSDUDDVD~GH7RGDYLDQmRQRVSRGHPRVHVTXHFHUTXHQmRSRGHKDYHUYHUGDGHLUD(GXFDomR. SDUDD6D~GHVHQmRKRXYHUQRVLQGLYtGXRVDSRVVLELOLGDGHGHID]HUHVFROKDV'LWRGHRXWURPRGRGH. TXHVHUYLUiXPPpGLFRLQIRUPDUXPGRHQWHVREUHRVFRQWULEXWRVGHXPDFDVDK~PLGDHLQVDOXEUHSDUD. RGHVHQFDGHDURXRDJUDYDPHQWRGHXPDGRHQoDRXGRHVWDGRGHVD~GHGHXPGRHQWHVHHOHQmR. WHPSRVVLELOLGDGHGHHVFROKHUXPRXWUROXJDUSDUDYLYHU". $ (GXFDomR SDUD D 6D~GH WHP HYROXtGR OHQWDPHQWH SRUTXH VH GHEDWHX FRP XPD KLVWyULD GH. SDWHUQDOLVPR TXH GHIHQGLD D QmR SDUWLOKD GH LQIRUPDomR GRV XWHQWHV $LQGD VH HVWmR D GHVHQYROYHU. SDGU}HV GH SUiWLFDV QHVWH FDPSR $ PXGDQoD GH FXLGDGRV GH VD~GH GH XP VLVWHPD EDVHDGR QRV. SURFHGLPHQWRVSDUDJHVWmRGHFXLGDGRHGLIHUHQWHVPpWRGRVWHPLQFHQWLYDGRDLQWURGXomRGD(GXFDomR. SDUD D 6D~GH DR XWHQWH QRV FXLGDGRV SUHVWDGRV 1HVWH QRYR VLVWHPD HVSHUDVH TXH RV LQGLYtGXRV. FXLGHPPDLVGHVLSUySULRVFRQWXGRRVUHFXUVRVGHHQVLQRSDUDDVVHJXUDUTXHHOHVHDVXDIDPtOLD. VHMDPFRPSHWHQWHVHWHQKDPFRQILDQoDSDUDRID]HUQmRWHPVLGRDVVHJXUDGD. &RPRMiIRLUHIHULGRQRSRQWRDQWHULRUDHVSpFLHKXPDQDWHPPRVWUDGRGHVGHKiPXLWRWHPSR. XPD JUDQGH SUHRFXSDomR SHOD VD~GH H D VXD WUDQVPLVVmR QmR REVWDQWH D DYDOLDomR VLVWHPiWLFD H. FLHQWLILFD VHUHP UHODWLYDPHQWH UHFHQWHV (P p HGLWDGR SHOD SULPHLUD YH] XP GRFXPHQWR TXH. UHJXOD DV IXQo}HV GRV HGXFDGRUHV GD VD~GH $ IRUPDomR GHVWHV HGXFDGRUHV HUD IHLWD HP YiULDV. LQVWLWXLo}HV H D YiULRV QtYHLV GR EDFKDUHODWR DR GRXWRUDPHQWR

(133) 2V HGXFDGRUHV GD VD~GH HUDP. FRQVLGHUDGRV RV SULPHLURV QD FRQWULEXLomR QD SURPRomR GD VD~GH H QD UHGXomR GH SUREOHPDV GH. VD~GHHFRQVHTXHQWHPHQWHRPHOKRUDPHQWRGRQtYHOGHEHPHVWDUQDVRFLHGDGH 5RWKPDQH%\UQH.

(134) . 8PD YH] TXH D DSUHQGL]DJHP HVWi QR FHQWUR GD FDSDFLGDGH GRV VHUHV KXPDQRV SDUD VH. DGDSWDUHPWRGDVDVLQVWLWXLo}HVVRFLDLVLQFOXLQGRRVFXLGDGRVGHVD~GHID]HPHVIRUoRVSDUDHQVLQDUH. DSUHQGHU$PDLRUSDUWHGDDSUHQGL]DJHP XPDPXGDQoDSHUVLVWHQWHQRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRKXPDQRUHDO. RXSRWHQFLDO

(135) pDFLGHQWDODWUDYpVGDH[SHULrQFLD2HQVLQRpRDUUDQMRGHOLEHUDGRGHFRQGLo}HVSDUD. SURPRYHURDOFDQFHGHDOJXPDPHWDLQWHQFLRQDO. $SHVDUGD(GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHWHUXPDIXQomRSUHYHQWLYDHFRUUHFWLYDTXHH[LJHDRLQGLYLGXR. jIDPtOLDHRXWURVJUXSRVVRFLDLVRVFRQKHFLPHQWRVQHFHVViULRVSDUDDSUHYHQomRGHFHUWDVGRHQoDVD. VXDSULQFLSDOILQDOLGDGHQmRHVWiHPHYLWDUDGRHQoDPDVHPSURPRYHUHVWLORVGHYLGDVDXGiYHLV$. 24.

(136) (GXFDomRSDUDD6D~GHpRHVWXGRHDSUiWLFDGRHQVLQRHGDDSUHQGL]DJHPTXHTXDQGRUHDOL]DGRQD. HVFRODRIHUHFHDRSRUWXQLGDGH~QLFDGHHQVLQDURVFRQFHLWRVHRVFRQKHFLPHQWRVDSURSULDGRVGDVD~GH. HPIDFHGRGHVHQYROYLPHQWRGR D

(137) DOXQR D

(138) HDFRQGXomRLQORFXVHMXVWLQWLPHGRVHXHVWLORGHYLGDQR. VHQWLGRGDVD~GH2VSURJUDPDVGHSURPRomRGDVD~GHRXGHSUHYHQomRGDVGRHQoDVDSRLDPVHQD. HGXFDomRSDUDYHLFXODURVVHXVHQVLQDPHQWRVHSUiWLFDV. $ 206

(139) UHIHUH TXH D ´SURPRomR GD VD~GH p R SURFHVVR TXH SHUPLWH DRV LQGLYtGXRV. DXPHQWDURFRQWURORVREUHDVXDSUySULDVD~GHHPHOKRUiOD3DUDDWLQJLURHVWDGRGHFRPSOHWREHP. HVWDUItVLFRPHQWDOHVRFLDORLQGLYtGXRRXJUXSRGHYHVHUFDSD]GHLGHQWLILFDUHUHDOL]DUDVDVSLUDo}HV. SDUD. VDWLVID]HU. QHFHVVLGDGHV. H. PXGDU. KWWSZZZZKRLQWKRPHSDJHLQGH[HVVKWP

(140) . RX. FRQYLYHU. FRP. R. PHLR. DPELHQWHµ. $3URPRomRGH6D~GHpGHILQLGDQD&DUWDGH2WWDZD

(141) FRPRXPSURFHVVRTXHYLVDFULDUDV. FRQGLo}HV TXH SHUPLWDP DRV LQGLYtGXRV H DRV JUXSRV FRQWURODU D VXD VD~GH D GRV JUXSRV RQGH VH. LQVHUHPHDRPHVPRWHPSRDJLUVREUHRVIDFWRUHVTXHDLQIOXHQFLDP3DUDDWLQJLUHVWHVREMHFWLYRVp. QHFHVViULR HP SULPHLUR OXJDU FRPXQLFDU VD~GH HQWHQGHQGRVH FRPR WDO GDU D FRQKHFHU DRV. LQGLYtGXRVRPRGRFRPRSRGHPGHYHPDFWXDUQRVHQWLGRGHXPDPHOKRUSUHYHQomR7RGDYLDFRPR. VDEHPRV QmR EDVWD KDYHU LQIRUPDomR 3RU H[HPSOR DV FDPSDQKDV GH LQIRUPDomR VREUH D 6LGD RX. VREUH RV HIHLWRV GDV GLIHUHQWHV GURJDV QmR p VXILFLHQWH SDUD TXH RV LQGLYtGXRV PRGLILTXHP RV VHXV. FRPSRUWDPHQWRV. (GXFDU SDUD D VD~GH H[LJH DVVLP DPSODV FRPSHWrQFLDV FRPXQLFDWLYDV DR QtYHO KRUL]RQWDO H. YHUWLFDO H[LJH VDEHU FRPXQLFDU VD~GH SHOR TXH RV SURILVVLRQDLV WrP GH VHU FODURV SUHFLVRV. FRQYLQFHQWHV H DFLPD GH WXGR FRQKHFHU R FRQWH[WR HP TXH DFWXDP SDUD FRQKHFHUHP RV. FRQVWUDQJLPHQWRVHDVFDSDFLGDGHVGHHVFROKDGRVLQGLYtGXRVRXSRSXODo}HVDOYR$MXGDURVFLGDGmRV. D GHVHQYROYHUHVWLORVGH YLGD VDXGiYHLV YHP SURJUHVVLYDPHQWH RFXSDQGR XP OXJDU GH GHVWDTXH QD. DJHQGDSROtWLFD$VVLPRSRGHUSROtWLFRFDQDOL]DFDGDYH]PDLVDVXDDWHQomRSDUDDQHFHVVLGDGHGH. HQFRUDMDUXPHVWLORGHYLGDVDXGiYHORPDLVFHGRSRVVtYHO LQWHUYHQomRSUHFRFH