Description of a new Brazilian species of Mycodrosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) with emphasis on the morphology of phallic sclerites

RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia63(2019)250–253

REVISTA

BRASILEIRA

DE

Entomologia

w w w . r b e n t o m o l o g i a . c o m

Systematics,

Morphology

and

Biogeography

Description

of

a

new

Brazilian

species

of

Mycodrosophila

(Diptera,

Drosophilidae)

with

emphasis

on

the

morphology

of

phallic

sclerites

Mayara

Ferreira

Mendes

_,

_Marco

_Silva

_Gottschalk

a_{UniversidadeFederaldePelotas,ProgramadePós-Graduac¸ãoemBiologiaAnimal,Pelotas,RS,Brazil}

b_{UniversidadeFederaldePelotas,InstitutodeBiologia,DepartamentodeEcologia,ZoologiaeGenética,Pelotas,RS,Brazil}

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

Articlehistory:

Received24January2019 Accepted20May2019 Availableonline31May2019 AssociateEditor:DianaGrisales Keywords:

Insecta

AtlanticRainForest SoutheasternBrazil Maleterminalia

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

MycodrosophilaisacosmopolitangenusofDrosophilidaethatcomprisesapproximately130specieswith mycophagoushabitats.Inthisstudy,wedescribedanewspeciesofMycodrosophilabasedon morpho-logicaltraitsandincludeddetailsofthemaleterminalia.TheholotypeisfromEugênioLefévre,locality inCamposdoJordãomunicipality,SP,Brazil,locatedintheAtlanticrainforestbiomeandwassampled inthe1930s.

©2019PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.onbehalfofSociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.Thisisan openaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Introduction

ThegenusMycodrosophilaOldenberg,1914isdiagnosedbya deepthirdcostalbreak,withtheapexofthefirstsectionofthe costalveindarkandthickenedformingalappet;ithasonlyonepair ofdorsocentralbristles;andthebasalscutellarssetaeare short-enedandconvergent (Okada, 1968,1986;WheelerandTakada, 1963;Bock,1980).However,therearecertaincontradictionsinthe diagnosisofthegenus.Somespecieswithsmallanterior dorsocen-tralbristlesandtheabsenceofthecostallappetwereincludedin Mycodrosophila(Bock,1980;Grimaldi,2010;Okada,1986).

Currently,thereareapproximately130speciesdistributedin allofthebiogeographicregionsoftheworld(Bächli,2018).Until now,theMycodrosophilaspecieshavebeenobservedinassociation withmacroscopicfungi,mainlymushroomsofthePolyporusgenus (Polyporales:Polyporaceae)(Bock,1980;Okada,1986;Gottschalk etal.,2009;Robeetal.,2014;Valeretal.,2016).Inthe Neotropi-calregion,eightspeciesarerecorded:M.brunnescensWheelerand Takada,1963,M.elegansWheelerandTakada,1963,M.hofmanni Jungesetal.,2016,M.neoprojectansWheelerand Takada,1963, M.nigropleuraWheelerandTakada,1963,M.projectans (Sturte-vant,1916),M.pseudoprojectansWheelerandTakada,1963,and M.valentaeJungesetal.,2015(Gottschalketal.,2008;Robeetal., 2014;Jungesetal.,2016).

∗ Correspondingauthor.

E-mail:ferreiramendesmayara@gmail.com(M.F.Mendes).

Thegenuswasconsideredrarebythesmallnumberofcaptured specimensinDrosophilidaesamplings,whosesampletechnique favors the capture of frugivorous species (Döge et al., 2007; Gottschalketal.,2008).However,inrecentyears,theuseof appro-priatetechniquesforthecollectionofmycophagousDrosophilidae has improved, which has made the capture of Mycodrosophila speciesmorefrequent(Gottschalketal.,2009;Robeetal.,2014; Valeretal.,2016).

Inthisstudy,wedescribedanewspeciesofthegenus Myco-drosophila,includingthecharacterizationofthemaleterminalia.

Materialsandmethods

The male holotype of Mycodrosophila cornuta sp. nov. was depositedintheColec¸ãoEntomológicadoInstitutoOswaldoCruz (CEIOC),RiodeJaneiro,RJ,Brazil.Itwasprovidedfromsamples real-izedinthestateofSãoPauloandwasdriedanddoublemounted. Identificationwasachievedonthebasisofgeneralbody character-isticsandmaleterminaliamorphologies.

WechosetoadapttheproceedingsdescribedbyBächlietal. (2004)forthemorphologicalanalysisoftheterminalia,inwhichthe apexoftheabdomenwasremovedwiththehelpofminutepinsand microsurgicalscissors.Theextractedportionoftheabdomenwas clarifiedwithpotassiumhydroxide(KOH)ina10%aqueous solu-tionforapproximately24hatroomtemperature.Thesamplewas thenwashedwithwaterandcoloredwithGAGE(aqueoussolution ofacidfuchsin0.17%andacidclorhidric0.83%)alsofor approx-imately24hat roomtemperature.Theportionof theabdomen

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2019.05.003

0085-5626/©2019PublishedbyElsevierEditoraLtda.onbehalfofSociedadeBrasileiradeEntomologia.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBY-NC-NDlicense(http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

M.F.Mendes,M.S.Gottschalk/RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia63(2019)250–253 251

1 2 3

4 5 6

7

Figs.1–7.HolotypeofMycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.1:lateralview;2:thorax,dorsalview;3:abdomen,dorsalview;4:head,frontalview.Scalebars=0.5mm.5–6:male

terminalia;5:epandrium,cerci,surstylus,decasternum,hypandriumandprogonites,inposteriorview;6:phallusandphallapodeme,ventralview.Scalebar=0.1mm.7: Wing.Scalebars=0.5mm.

wasdehydratedin70%ethanolanddissectedinglycerolusingan OlympusCL6000stereomicroscope.For thedrawings and pho-tomicrographs,thephallicscleritesweremountedonatemporary slidewithglyceringelatin(no-flavorgelatin10%insolutionin1:1 water:glycerin).

The wing was gently removed with the microsurgical scis-sorsandmountedonapermanentslidewithCanadabalsam.The specimenwasphotographedwitha ZeissDiscovery V.20 stere-omicroscopeinlateral,dorsalandfrontalviews,andthewingand terminaliawerealsophotographed.Thedisarticulatedterminalia weredrawnwithanOlympusBX40opticalmicroscopecoupled withacameralucida.Allillustrationsweremadewith1.8× ampli-ficationofthecameralucida,20×amplificationoftheobjective lensand10×amplificationoftheocularlens.

Thedenominationofthebodystructuresandregionsfollowed

CummingandWood(2010).Thebodycolordescriptionfollowed

VilelaandBächli(2000).Themeasurementswereperformedon

thedriedspecimenwithanOlympusV.20stereomicroscopeanda reticlecoupledwiththeocularlens.

Taxonomy

Mycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.

Figs.1–11

Typeseries:Holotype:♂labelswiththeinformation “Myco-drosophila cornuta sp. nov. Mendes e Gottschalk. HOLÓTIPO ♂/Eug.[ênio]Lefevre(S.[ão]Paulo)[Brazil],Trav.LopesetOiticica, 1.XI.[19]37”. Theinformation between thesquare brackets was addedbyus.Theabdominalscleritesandtheterminaliawerestored inamicrovialinglycerinandattachedtothespecimen.Theright wingwasmountedonaslide,aspreviouslydescribed,andstored withtheholotype.

Typelocality:Thelabelwithcollectioninformationwaspointed out“Eug.Lefevre(S.Paulo)”.Inasearch,wefoundthatEugênio

252 M.F.Mendes,M.S.Gottschalk/RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia63(2019)250–253 epan vl epand dec hypan sur cerc post preg phallus phallapodeme 10 ₁₁ 9 8

Figs.8–11.Illustrationofmaleterminalia.HolotypeofMycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.8:epandrium,cerci,surstylusanddecasternuminposteriorview;9:hypandrium,

leftpregoniteandpostgonite,ventralview;10:phallusandphallapodeme,lateralview;11:phallusandphallapodeme,ventralview.Scalebars=0.1mm.Abbreviations:cerc, cercus;dec,decasternum;epan,epandrium;par,paraphysis;post,postgonite;preg,pregonite;sur,surstylus;vlepand,ventrallobeofepandrium.

LefévreisalocalityinCamposdoJordãomunicipality,stateofSão Paulo,Brazil.

Diagnosis.Bodycolormainlydarkbrown;darkbrownthorax; pleura mainly dark brown, with an irregular yellow area that extendedobliquelyfromthebaseofthewinguntiltheinsertion ofthe firstpairof legs; abdomenbrown, withtergites Iand II shinning;arista with4 dorsal and 1ventral branch; flagellom-ere brown, length 2× the length of the pedicel; facial carina brown,prominent;legsmainlydarkbrown,coxaandthebaseof otherarticleslightbrown;wingslightbrown;R2+3straight;two

transversaldarkbandsattheproximalregionofthewing,oneat theheightofthehvein,andtheotherattheheightofthescbreak ofCandextendingtoCuA.

Description.♂Head.Darkbrown;width=1.02mm.Eyespilose, brown.Facialcarina brown.Flagellomerebrown. Aristaebrown with4dorsaland 1ventralbranchplusaterminalfork.Orbital

platesdarkbrown.Orbitalbristlesdarkbrown.Distancebetween or1 and or2=0.06mm, between or1 and or3=0.10mm, and betweenor2 and or3=0.04mm. Frontvelvet gray, lateral mar-gin slightly lighter. Ocelartriangle black, lengthapproximately 1/3 of front length; anterior frontal width equal to frontal length, posterior frontalwidth slightly straighter than anterior width. Face dark brown. Gena brown, slightly whitish. Pro-boscide yellow, palps and labellum brown. Postocellar setae lost.

Thorax.Brown;scutumslightlyglowing,with10irregularrows ofacrostichalsetae;pleuradarkbrown,withanirregularyellow areathatextendedobliquelyfromthebaseofthewinguntilthe insertionof thefirstpairoflegs;scutellumwithbasalscutellar setae convergent, apical scutellar setae lost. Legs mainly dark brown,coxa andthebaseofotherarticleslightbrown. Length: 1.25mm,width:0.9mm.

M.F.Mendes,M.S.Gottschalk/RevistaBrasileiradeEntomologia63(2019)250–253 253 Wings.Slightlybrown.Lappetpresentinscbreak,preeminent.

R2+3straightinthedirectionofC.R4+5andMsomewhat

conver-gent,bothslightlyposteriorlycurved.Twotransversedarkbands attheproximalregionofthewing,oneattheheightofthehvein, andtheotherattheheightofthescbreakofCandextendingto CuA.bM-Cupresent.Halteresyellow.Indices:C=1.14;ac=4.45; hb=0.68; 4c=1.59; 4v=1.92; 5x=1.28; M=0.47; prox. x=0.65. Length:2.81mm.

Abdomen.Alltergitesblackishbrown,tergitesIandIIshining. Terminalia. Epandrium horseshoe-shaped, equal height and width. Ventral lobes projected forward with approximately 15 prominent bristles. Surstylus with 5–6 prensisetae. Cerci free, pilose.Postgonites(gonopodssensuBächlietal.,2004)prominent, fused with hypandrium, with a long seta and five small setu-laeneartheconnectionwithpregonites(paraphysissensuBächli etal.,2004).Pregonitesfusedwithpostgonitesandtwosetulaein theinnermargin.Hypandriumlarge,roundedandU-shaped,with almostthesamesizeastheepandrium.Phallus(aedeagussensu

Bächlietal.,2004)long,apicallytaperedandbifurcated;dorsal sur-faceofaedeagusmembranous,with2–3spursinclinedventrally. Phallapodeme(aedeagalapodemesensuBächlietal.,2004)slender, lengthaboutahalfoftheaedeaguslength,withaventralprojection (ventralrodsensuVilela,1983)andapextouchingandfusedwith theposteromedialmarginofhypandrium.

♀.Unknown.

Distribution.Knownonlybytypelocality.

Etymology.ThespecificepithetderivesfromtheLatin “cornu-tum”,whichmeanshorned,anditwasproposedinallusiontothe formatoftheaedeagus,withprojectionsresemblinghorns.

Discussion

Mycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.describedherehas particulari-tiesthatallowforthedistinctionoftheotherspeciesdescribedfor thegenusbytheexternalmorphology,inadditiontodifferences inthemasculineterminalia.ThespeciesrecordedinBrazildiffered fromMycodrosophila cornutasp.nov.bythesmallernumber of linesoftheacrosticalsetulae(6–8)thatwereirregularlyarranged inM.neoprojectans,M.projectans,M.elegansandM.nigropleura; by the coloration of the pleura, which was mainly pale in M. nigropleura,M.elegans,M.hofmanni,M.valentaeandM.projectans but with an oblique brownstripe in M. nigropleura; yellowor lightbrownlegsinM.neoprojectans,M.projectans,M.hofmanni,M. valentaeandM.elegans;andabdomenwithyellowareasinsome tergitesinM.nigropleura,M.elegans,M.hofmanni,M.valentae,M. neoprojectans,M.pseudoprojectansandM.projectans.Furthermore, therearesomedifferencesinthepatternofdarkspotsinthewings ofM.hofmanni,M.neoprojectansandM.pseudoprojectansthatdo nothavedarkareasintheregionofthehveinindirectiontoalula andhaveasmallerdarkareaintheCmarginthanMycodrosophila cornuta sp. nov., extending from theR1 and CuA veins.

Myco-drosophilanigropleurahasadarkareaintheapexoftheR2+3vein

thatisdarkerthanMycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.Mycodrosophila eleganshasadarkareainthedM-CuveinandintheapexofR4+5

and hasdarker cloudedareas,mainly intheapex ofR2+3,than

Mycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.

Mycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.resemblesM.brunnescensbut canbedistinguishedbythewingmorphologyandcoloration. Myco-drosophilacornutasp.nov.hasabrowngenawithawhitisharea,not yellowishasinM.brunnescens;ithas10irregularlinesofacrostical setulae,whileM.brunnescenshasonly8linesofacrostical setu-lae;ithasayellowhalter,whileM.brunnescenshasayellowhalter withdarkbase;andMycodrosophilacornutasp.nov.haslegsthat aremostlybrown,withlightbrowncoxaandthebaseoftheother articules,whileM.brunnescenshasentirelylightbrownlegs.

ThedistalhalfofR2+3islightercoloredthanM.brunnescens,

R2+3isnotcurvedinthedirectionofC,andthelappetinthesc

breakislessdeveloped.Additionally,theacrostichalsetaearemore numerous,andthegenaeisbrown.Additionally,theabdomenis darkerandshinelessthaninM.brunnescens.Unfortunately,the malegenitaliaofM.brunnescensremainunknown,butthe differ-encesobservedweresufficienttocircumscribethespecies.Other Mycodrosophilaspecieshavemoredifferencesinmorphologythan M.brunnescenswhencomparedtoM.cornutasp.nov.,including inthemaleterminalia(WheelerandTakada,1963;Jungesetal., 2016).

Conflictsofinterest

Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictsofinterest.

Acknowledgments

WethankDr.MonicaLanerBlauthfortheintellectual contri-butionsandthelogisticalhelp.WealsothankDr.JaneCosta,Dr. MárcioFelixandMSc.DanielleCerrifromColec¸ãoEntomológica do InstitutoOswaldoCruz(CEIOC)forallowingaccessto speci-mensdepositedinthemuseum.Thisresearchwasconductedwith theConselhoNacionaldeDesenvolvimentoCientíficoeTecnológico (CNPq)support(processnumber472973/2013-4).

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