2018
UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS
Magnetotelluric studies in detecting an old suture zone and major crustal scale shear zones (Iberia)
“Documento Definitivo”
Doutoramento em Ciências Geofísicas e da Geoinformação Especialidade de Geofísica
Joana Alves Ribeiro
Tese orientada por:
Fernando Acácio Monteiro dos Santos Manuel Francisco Colaço de Castro Pereira
Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor
2018
UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS
Magnetotelluric studies in detecting an old suture zone and major crustal scale shear zones (Iberia)
Doutoramento em Ciências Geofísicas e da Geoinformação Especialidade de Geofísica
Joana Alves Ribeiro Tese orientada por:
Fernando Acácio Monteiro dos Santos Manuel Francisco Colaço de Castro Pereira
Júri:
Presidente:
● Doutor João Manuel de Almeida Serra, Professor Catedrático e Presidente do Departamento de Engenharia Geográfica, Geofísica e Energia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa
Vogais:
●Doutor Jaume Pous Fàbregas, Catedrático de Universidad, Departament de GEodinàmica i Geofísica da Universitat de Barcelona (Espanha);
● Doutor Jesús Galindo Zaldívar, Catedrático de Universidad, Facultad de Ciencias da Universidad de Granada (Espanha).
● Doutor Manuel Francisco Colaço Pereira, Professor Associado com Agregação, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Évora;
● Doutor Eugénio Manuel Carvalho Pina de Almeida, Professor Adjunto, Unidade Departamental de Matemática e Física do Instituto Politécnico de Tomar;
● Doutor Jorge Miguel Alberto de Miranda, Professor Catedrático, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa
● Doutor José Brandão Silva, Professor Associado, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa;
Documento especialmente elaborado para a obtenção do grau de doutor Programa de Doutoramento FCT - PD/143/2012 - Lisbon Doctoral School on Earth
System Science, Instituto Dom Luíz (IDL), através da bolsa PD/BD/52557/2014
✑❨♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❛❝❝❡♣t ✇❤❛t❡✈❡r ❝♦♠❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ ✐s t❤❛t ②♦✉ ♠❡❡t ✐t ✇✐t❤
❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❜❡st t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❣✐✈❡✳✑
❊❧❡❛♥♦r ❘♦♦s❡✈❡❧t
❆❜str❛❝t
❚❤✐s P❤❉ t❤❡s✐s ♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧❧✉r✐❝ ✭▼❚✮ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ ✐♠✲
❛❣❡ t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈✐t② ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ✐♥ t✇♦ ❞✐st✐♥❝t ❛r❡❛s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❱❛r✐s❝❛♥ ❜❡❧t ✐♥
P♦rt✉❣❛❧✿ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ ✭❇❡✐r❛ ■♥t❡r✐♦r❀ ◆❊ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮ ❛♥❞ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛✲❙❡r♣❛ ✭❆❧❡♥t❡❥♦❀
❙❲ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮ ❛r❡❛s✳ ❚❤❡ ❛✐♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦ ❞❡t❡❝t ❛♥❞ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥
❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡ ❱❛r✐s❝❛♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s ✭❉✷ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡s ❛♥❞ ❉✸ ❢♦❧❞s ❛♥❞ str✐❦❡✲s❧✐♣
s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡s✮✱ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s t❤❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❛r❜♦♥✐❢❡r♦✉s ♣❧✉t♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♠❛❥♦r ❧❛t❡ ❢❛✉❧ts✳
■♥ t❤❡ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ ❛r❡❛✱ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧❧✉r✐❝ ✭▼❚✮ s✉r✈❡② ❝♦♠♣r✐s✐♥❣ ✶✼ ▼❚
s♦✉♥❞✐♥❣s t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ❛ ✸✵ ❦♠ ❧♦♥❣ ◆✸✵♦❲ tr❛♥s❡❝t ✐♥ t❤❡ ■❜❡r✐❛♥ ❛✉t♦❝❤t❤♦♥s ❞♦♠❛✐♥
♦❢ ◆❲ ■❜❡r✐❛ ✭❈❡♥tr❛❧ ■❜❡r✐❛♥ ❩♦♥❡✮ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s st✉❞② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ✐♥s✐❣❤t
♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈✐t② ✐♥ ❞❡♣t❤ ✐♥ t❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❱❛r✐s❝❛♥ ❖r♦❣❡♥✳ ❚❤❡ ✷✲❉
✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧ r❡✈❡❛❧s t❤❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥❡♥t❛❧ ❝r✉st ✉♣ t♦ ✶✵ ❦♠
❞❡♣t❤✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ s❤♦✇s ❛ ✇❛✈② str✉❝t✉r❡ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❧❛②❡r ✉♥❞❡r❧❛✐♥
❜② ❛ r❡s✐st✐✈❡ ❧❛②❡r✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞ ❛s t✇♦ ♠❛✐♥ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ❜❧♦❝❦s ♦❢
❛ ❱❛r✐s❝❛♥ ❉✷ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ P✐♥❤❡❧ s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❧❛②❡r r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts
❛ ❧♦✇❡r ❣r❛❞❡ ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐❝ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭▲●❉✮ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐s❡❞ ❜② ❧♦✇✲❣r❛❞❡ ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐❝ r♦❝❦s
✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❣r❛♣❤✐t❡✲r✐❝❤ r♦❝❦s✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦✇❡r ❧❛②❡r✱ ❛ ❤✐❣❤✲❣r❛❞❡ ❞♦♠❛✐♥ ✭❍●❉✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐sts
♦❢ ❤✐❣❤✲❣r❛❞❡ ♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐❝ r♦❝❦s t❤❛t ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡❞ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ♠❡❧t✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞
✇✐t❤ ❣r❛♥✐t❡s ✭♠♦r❡ r❡s✐st✐✈❡✮ ❡♠♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❝r✉st❛❧ t❤✐♥♥✐♥❣✳ ❆ s✉♣❡r✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ❝r✉st❛❧
s❤♦rt❡♥✐♥❣ r❡s✉❧ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ✇❛✈② str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✷❉ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡
❢♦r t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❧❛r❣❡✲s❝❛❧❡ ❉✸ ❢♦❧❞s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ▼❛r♦❢❛ s②♥❢♦r♠✮✳ ❚❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s
❧❛t❡r ❞❡✢❡❝t❡❞ ❜② ❛ ❉✹ str✐❦❡✲s❧✐♣ s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❏✉③❜❛❞♦✲P❡♥❛❧✈❛ ❞♦ ❈❛st❡❧♦ s❤❡❛r
③♦♥❡✮✳ ❙✉❜s❡q✉❡♥t ❡✈❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝r✉st str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛r❦❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥tr✉s✐♦♥ ♦❢ P❡r♠♦✲
❈❛r❜♦♥✐❢❡r♦✉s ♣❧✉t♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ st❡❡♣❧② ❞✐♣♣✐♥❣ ❜r✐tt❧❡ ❢❛✉❧t ③♦♥❡s✳
❆ ✸❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ ❛r❡❛✳ ■t
✐s ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ s♦♠❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐t② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✷❉ ❛♥❞ ✸❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧
❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ❡✈✐❞❡♥t ♠❛✐♥❧② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡✳
❚❤❡s❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛r❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ s✐t❡ ❝♦✈❡r❛❣❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡❞ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥
♠♦❞❡❧✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ ✸❉ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t❡ t♦ ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞✐♥❣
♦❢ t❤❡ s✉❜s✉r❢❛❝❡✳
❚❤❡ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛✲❙❡r♣❛ ❛r❡❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠✐s❡s ❛ t♦t❛❧ ♦❢ ✻✽ ▼❚ s✐t❡s ♦✈❡r ✜✈❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡s t❤❛t ✇❡r❡
❛❝q✉✐r❡❞ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ✶✾✾✼ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡s ❛r❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡❧② ✶✻ t♦ ✷✷ ❦♠ ❛♣❛rt✱
✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ s✐t❡ s♣❛❝✐♥❣ ✐s ≈✺ ❦♠✳ ■♥ t❤✐s r❡❣✐♦♥ ✐t ✇❛s ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ t❤❡ ✜rst ✸❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❙❲ ■❜❡r✐❛✳ ❚❤❡ ✸❉ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡s t❤❡ ❧✐♠✐ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ❖ss❛✲▼♦r❡♥❛ ❩♦♥❡ ✭❖▼❩✮✱
P✉❧♦ ❞♦ ▲♦❜♦ ❩♦♥❡ ✭P▲❩✮ ❛♥❞ ❙♦✉t❤ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ❩♦♥❡ ✭❙P❩✮✳ ■♥ t❤❡ ❖▼❩ ✐s r❡❝♦❣♥✐s❡❞
❛ ✇❛✈② str✉❝t✉r❡ s❡♣❛r❛t✐♥❣ ❛ ♠♦r❡ r❡s✐st✐✈❡ ✉♣♣❡r ❧❛②❡r ✭❛❧❧♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s ✉♥✐ts✮ ✉♥❞❡r❧❛✐♥
❜② ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❧❛②❡r ✭❛✉t♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❣r❛♣❤✐t❡✲r✐❝❤ r♦❝❦s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✇❛✈② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ♦❢ ❛ s✉♣❡r✐♠♣♦s❡❞ ❝r✉st❛❧ s❤♦rt❡♥✐♥❣ ❉✸✳ ❚♦ t❤❡ ✇❡st ♦❢ t❤❡
▼❡ss❡❥❛♥❛ ❢❛✉❧t✱ t❤✐s ✇❛✈② str✉❝t✉r❡ ❤❛s ❛ ❞❡❡♣❡r s✐❣♥❛t✉r❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❛ ❧❛r❣❡r
✈♦❧✉♠❡ ♦❢ ♣❧✉t♦♥✐❝ r♦❝❦s ✭❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ➱✈♦r❛ ▼❛ss✐❢ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❇❡❥❛ ■❣♥❡♦✉s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✮
✐♥tr✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛✉t♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s✳ ❚❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❖▼❩ ❛♥❞ P▲❩ ❛t t❤❡ ❡❛st ♦❢
▼❡ss❡❥❛♥❛ ❢❛✉❧t ✐s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❲◆❲✲❊❙❊✲tr❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✲❋✐❝❛❧❤♦ t❤r✉st ✇❤✐❝❤
❡①t❡♥❞s ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤❡ ❇❡❥❛✲❆❝❡❜✉❝❤❡s ❖♣❤✐♦❧✐t✐❝ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✳ ❆ ❤✐❣❤ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❛♥♦♠❛❧②
✐❢ ❢♦✉♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✈✐❝✐♥✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❙t♦✳ ❆❧❡✐①♦ ❞❛ ❘❡st❛✉r❛çã♦ t❤r✉st ♠❛②❜❡ ❥✉st✐❢② ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡
♠✐♥❡r❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛✉s❡❞ ❜② ✢✉✐❞ ♠✐❣r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ◆◆❲✲❙❙❊✲tr❡♥❞✐♥❣ ❙❛♥t❛ ❙✉s❛♥❛ s❤❡❛r
③♦♥❡ ❧♦❝❛t❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ✇❡st❡r♥♠♦st ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛✱ ❝✉ts t❤❡ ❛❧❧♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s ✉♥✐ts✱ t❤❡
❛✉t♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❇❡❥❛ ■❣♥❡♦✉s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❤✐❞❞❡♥ ♣❧✉t♦♥ ❛r❡ ❛❧s♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞
✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛s ✇❡❧❧ ❛s ❧❛t❡r ❢❛✉❧ts ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛ ❛♥❞ ❱✐❞✐❣✉❡✐r❛✲▼♦✉r❛ ❢❛✉❧ts✮ t❤❛t
❡①t❡♥❞ ✐♥ ❞❡♣t❤ ❛♥❞ ❛r❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝r✉st❛❧ ❜❧♦❝❦s✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧❧✉r✐❝ ✐♠❛❣✐♥❣✱ ❱❛r✐s❝❛♥ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✷❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✱ ✸❉ ✐♥✈❡r✲
s✐♦♥✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❖ ▼❛❝✐ç♦ ■❜ér✐❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❖ró❣❡♥♦ ❱❛r✐s❝♦✱ ♥❛ ❊✉r♦♣❛
❖❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧✲❈❡♥tr❛❧✳ ◆❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✱ ♦s ❣r❛♥✐t♦s sã♦ ✈♦❧✉♠❡tr✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❡ r❡♣r❡✲
s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠ ❧♦♥❣♦ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣♦ ❣❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✳ ◆❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡stá ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞♦ q✉❡
❛ ✐♥st❛❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦r♣♦s ❣r❛♥ít✐❝♦s ❡stã♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠
♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s à ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❝r✉st❛❧ ✭❡①✳✿ ❢❛❧❤❛s ❡ ③♦♥❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦✮✳
◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ ❛ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❡ ♦s ❣r❛♥✐t♦s ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥ã♦ ❡stá
❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❛♥t✐❣❛s ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❞❡ ♠♦♥t❛♥❤❛✳ ❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡
❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛❧ r❡❧❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡ ③♦♥❛s ❞❡
❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❣r❛♥✐t♦s ❡ q✉❡ ❤♦s♣❡❞❛♠ ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s ♠✐♥❡r❛✐s✳
❆ ♠❛❣♥❡t♦✲t❡❧úr✐❝❛ ✭▼❚✮ é ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ✐♥tr✉s✐✈♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ♦❜t❡r ✐♥❢♦r✲
♠❛çã♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ❞♦ s✉❜s♦❧♦✳ ❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❡❞❡✱
s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ✈❛r✐❛çõ❡s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s ❞♦s ❝❛♠♣♦s ❡❧é❝tr✐❝♦ ❡ ♠❛❣♥ét✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛✳ ❆♦
❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦s ❛♥♦s✱ ❡st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝♦ ❣❛♥❤♦✉ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❤♦❥❡ ❡♠ ❞✐❛
✉♠ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❛✐s ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛s t❛♥t♦ ❡♠ t❡rr❛ ❝♦♠♦
♥♦ ♠❛r✳ ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ✐♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❛
✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ✭✷❉ ❡ ✸❉✮ ❥✉♥t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ♣♦ss✐✲
❜✐❧✐t❛♠ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐s ✜á✈❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s ❣❡♦❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s
❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ♥❛t✉r❛✐s✳ ❆ ▼❚ é ✉s❛❞❛ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❡s✲
tr✉t✉r❛s ❞❛ ❧✐t♦s❢❡r❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❣❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳
❊st❡ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝♦ ❢♦✐ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❝❡ss♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r ❞♦
❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞♦ s♦❝♦ ❞♦ ❱❛r✐s❝♦ ❞♦ ❙❲ ❞❛ ■❜ér✐❛✳
❊st❛ t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♠❛❣♥❡✲
t♦t❡❧úr✐❝♦ r❡❝♦rr❡♥❞♦ ❛♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡rsõ❡s ✷❉ ❡ ✸❉✳ ◆♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛
❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❡❧étr✐❝❛ ♥❛ ❝r✉st❛ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡t❡t❛r ❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐✲
③❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❞♦ ♦ró❣❡♥♦ ❱❛r✐s❝♦ ✭③♦♥❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦
❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✷✱ ❞♦❜r❛♠❡♥t♦s ❉✸ ❡ ③♦♥❛s ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡s❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛ss✐♠
❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛s ❞♦s ♣❧✉tõ❡s ❝❛r❜ó♥✐❝♦s ❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❢❛❧❤❛s t❛r❞✐❛s✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦
é ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ár❡❛s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s ❞♦ ❖ró❣❡♥♦ ❱❛r✐s❝♦ ❡♠ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✿ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦
✭❇❡✐r❛ ■♥t❡r✐♦r❀ ◆❊ ❞❡ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮ ❡ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛✲❙❡r♣❛ ✭❆❧❡♥t❡❥♦❀ ❙✉❧ ❞❡ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮✳
P❛r❛ ❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦✱ ❢♦✐ ❡❢❡t✉❛❞♦ ♦ ❧❡✈❛♥t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❞❡ ▼❚ q✉❡ r❡♣✲
r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♦❢ís✐❝❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ♥❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ ❖ró❣❡♥♦ ❱❛r✐s❝♦✳ ❋♦r❛♠
❛❞q✉✐r✐❞❛s ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✶✼ s♦♥❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ▼❚ ✭❜r♦❛❞✲❜❛♥❞✮ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣❡r✜❧ ❝♦♠
❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ◆✸✵❲✱ ❡st❡♥❞❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❞❡ ❈❛st❡❧♦ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❡
❆❧♠❡✐❞❛✱ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✸✵ ❦♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❛✉tó❝t♦♥❡ ✐❜ér✐❝♦ ❞♦ ◆❲ ❞❛
■❜ér✐❛ ✭❩♦♥❛ ❈❡♥tr♦ ■❜ér✐❝❛✮✳ ❆ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❡ ♣❡r✜❧ t❡✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦
✐♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛r ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❱❛r✐s❝❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ◆✶✷✵✲✶✸✵❊ ❛ ◆✽✵✲✾✵❊✳ ❖
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦❜r❛❞❛ q✉❡ s❡♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛
❞❡ ✉♠❛ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡ r❡s✐st✐✈❛✳ ❊ss❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ❧❛r❣❛ ❡s❝❛❧❛ é ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦
✉♠❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❉✷ ✈❛r✐s❝❛ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ P✐♥❤❡❧✮
❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣♦r ❞♦✐s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❜❧♦❝♦s t❡❝tó♥✐❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❞✐st✐♥t♦s ❣r❛✉s ❞❡ ♠❡t❛♠♦r✜s♠♦✳ ❆
❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥♦r ❣r❛✉ ♠❡t❛♠ór✜❝♦ ✭▲●❉✮ ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞♦
♣♦r r♦❝❤❛s ♠❡t❛♠ór✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❣r❛✉ q✉❡ ✐♥❝❧✉✐ r♦❝❤❛s r✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛✜t❡✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛
✐♥❢❡r✐♦r✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ❞♦♠í♥✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ ♠❡t❛♠ór✜❝♦ ✭❍●❉✮✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r r♦❝❤❛s ♠❡t❛♠ór✜❝❛s ❞❡ ❛❧t♦ ❣r❛✉ q✉❡ s♦❢r❡r❛♠ ❢✉sã♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧ ❡ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛ ❣r❛♥✐✲
t♦s ✭♠❛✐s r❡s✐st✐✈♦s✮ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❛❞❡❧❣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝r✉st❛❧✳ ❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♦♥❞✉❧❛❞❛
♦❜s❡r✈á✈❡❧ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✷❉ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❜r❛s ❉✸ ❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡
❡s❝❛❧❛ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ❙✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❧ ❞❛ ▼❛r♦❢❛✮ r❡s✉❧t♦✉ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡♥❝✉rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝r✉st❛❧ ♣♦st❡✲
r✐♦r✳ ❆s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❉✷✲❉✸ sã♦ ♠❛✐s t❛r❞❡ ❝♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦
❞❡s❧✐❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❉✹ ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❛ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❏✉③❜❛❞♦✲P❡♥❛❧✈❛ ❞♦ ❈❛st❡❧♦✮✳ ❊✈❡♥t♦s
♣♦st❡r✐♦r❡s r❡✈❡❧❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝r✉st❛ é ♠❛r❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ✐♥tr✉sã♦ ❞❡ ♣❧✉tõ❡s ❞✉r❛♥t❡
♦ ❈❛r❜ó♥✐❝♦ ❡ ❛ ♣r♦♣❛❣❛çã♦ ❢❛❧❤❛s ♠✉✐t♦ ✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❢rá❣✐❧✳
❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞❡ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ r❡✈❡❧❛ ❛❧❣✉♠ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛
✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ✷❉✳ ◆♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ sã♦ ✈✐sí✈❡✐s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♥♦rt❡ ❞♦ ♣❡r✜❧✳
❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ❞❡✈❡♠✲s❡ ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ à ❡s❝❛ss❡③ ❞❡ s♦♥❞❛❣❡♥s ▼❚✱ ♦ q✉❡ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
♠♦❞♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ❛s ✐♥✈❡rsõ❡s ✷❉ ❡ ✸❉✳ ■♥❢❡❧✐③♠❡♥t❡✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r✱ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉
♥ã♦ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐✉ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦✳
◆❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛✲❙❡r♣❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦✉✲s❡ ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✻✽ s♦♥❞❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ▼❚ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡
❝✐♥❝♦ ♣❡r✜s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ❡♠ ✶✾✾✼ ❡ ✷✵✵✷✳ ❊st❡s ♣❡r✜s ❡stã♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ s✐
❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ✶✻ ❛ ✷✷ ❦♠✳ ❖ ❡s♣❛ç❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡st❛çõ❡s é ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡
❞❡ ✺ ❦♠✳ ◆❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡①✐st❡♠ ❡st✉❞♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ❞❡ ▼❚✱ ♥♦♠❡❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ✷❉ ❡
♠♦❞❡❧❛çã♦ ✸❉✳ ❖ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦ é ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐r ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡❧❤♦✲
r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❣❡♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡str✉t✉r❛s t❡❝tó♥✐❝❛s✳ ❖ ❡st✉❞♦ ✐♥❝❧✉✐✉
❞♦✐s ♣❡r✜s✱ ✉♠ t♦t❛❧ ❞❡ ✷✷ ❡st❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❚✱ ❛❞q✉✐r✐❞♦s ♥❡st❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ t✐♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦
♣r♦❝❡ss❛❞♦s ❛té à ❞❛t❛✳ ❋♦✐ ❡❢❡❝t✉❛❞♦ ❛ ✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ✷❉ ❞♦s ♠❡s♠♦s✳ ❊st❡s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡stã♦
❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣ré✈✐♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ s❡ r❡✈❡❧❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❧❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛çã♦ ♥❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦
❞❛ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ ❊st❡ ❡ ❖❡st❡ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ▼❡ss❡❥❛♥❛✳ ◆❛ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ t❡s❡ ❞❡ ❞♦✉t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦
é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ✐♥✈❡rsã♦ ✸❉ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙❲ ❞❛ ■❜ér✐❛✱ ❡♥❣❧♦❜❛♥❞♦ ❛s ✻✽ s♦♥❞❛❣❡♥s
❞❡ ▼❚✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ♦s ❧✐♠✐t❡s ❞❛ ❩♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❖ss❛✲▼♦r❡♥❛ ✭❩❖▼✮✱ ❩♦♥❛ ❞♦ P✉❧♦
❞♦ ▲♦❜♦ ✭❩P▲✮ ❡ ❩♦♥❛ ❙✉❧ ❞♦ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❛ ✭❩❙P✮✳ ◆❛ ❩❖▼✱ é ♦❜s❡r✈á✈❡❧ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛
❞♦❜r❛❞❛ à ❡s❝❛❧❛ ❝r✉st❛❧ q✉❡ s❡♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✉♣❡r✐♦r ♠❛✐s r❡s✐st❡♥t❡ ✭✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧ó❝✲
t♦♥❡s✮ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ s✉❜❥❛❝❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛ ✭❛✉tó❝t♦♥❡s ♣r♦✈❛✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛
♣♦r r♦❝❤❛s ♠❡t❛s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s r✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛✜t❡✮✳ ❊st❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦❜r❛❞❛ é ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡
✉♠ ❡♥❝✉rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝r✉st❛❧ q✉❡ ❛❢❡❝t❛ ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❉✶✲❉✷ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s✳ ❆ ❖❡st❡ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡
▼❡ss❡❥❛♥❛✱ ❡st❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞♦❜r❛❞❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❛ss✐♥❛t✉r❛ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ q✉❡
♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ r♦❝❤❛s ♣❧✉tó♥✐❝❛s ❝❛r❜ó♥✐❝❛s
✭▼❛❝✐ç♦ ❞❡ ➱✈♦r❛ ❡ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❮❣♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❥❛✮ ✐♥st❛❧❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❛✉tó❝t♦♥❡✳ ❖ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉
✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥♦♠❛❧✐❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛ ♥❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♥♦rt❡ ❞❛ ❩❖▼✱ ❛ ❖❡st❡ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ▼❡ss❡✲
❥❛♥❛✱ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞❡♣ós✐t♦s ❡str❛t✐❢♦r♠❡s ❝♦♠
❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❧❡♥t✐❝✉❧❛r r✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❢❡rr♦ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐t❡ ❡ ❞❡ s✉❧❢✉r❡t♦s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❛ ♠ár♠♦r❡s ❞♦
❈â♠❜r✐❝♦✳ ❖✉tr❛ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st❛ ❛♥♦♠❛❧✐❛ ❝♦♥❞✉t♦r❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛
❞❡ r♦❝❤❛s ♠❡t❛ss❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s r✐❝❛s ❡♠ ❣r❛✜t❡ ❞♦ ❊❞✐❝❛r✐❛♥♦ ❞♦ ●r✉♣♦ ❙❡r✐❡ ◆❡❣r❛✳ ❖
❧✐♠✐t❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ ❩❖▼ ❡ ❛ ❩P▲✱ ❛ ❊st❡ ❞❛ ❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ▼❡ss❡❥❛♥❛✱ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛st❡
❞❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ✈✐sí✈❡❧ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❛té ❛♦s ✶✷ ❦♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ q✉❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛
♦ ❝❛✈❛❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❋❡rr❡✐r❛✲❋✐❝❛❧❤♦ ❝♦♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❲◆❲✲❊❙❙❊ q✉❡ s❡ ❡st❡♥❞❡ ♣❛r❛❧❡✲
❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❖✜♦❧ít✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❥❛✲❆❝❡❜✉❝❤❡s✳ ▼❛✐s ❛ ♥♦rt❡✱ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛
❛♥♦♠❛❧✐❛ ❝♦♠ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ❥✉♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝❛✈❛❧❣❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❙t♦✳ ❆❧❡✐①♦
❞❛ ❘❡st❛✉r❛çã♦✳ ❊st❛ ❛♥♦♠❛❧✐❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❡✈❡♥t♦ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ♠✐♥❡r❛❧✐③❛✲
çã♦✳ ❆ ③♦♥❛ ❞❡ ❝✐s❛❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❛♥t❛ ❙✉s❛♥❛✱ ❝♦♠ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ◆◆❲✲❙❙❊✱ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛
♣❛rt❡ ♠❛✐s ♦❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ár❡❛ ❞❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣r♦❢✉♥❞❛ ❡ ♠✉✐t♦
✐♥❝❧✐♥❛❞❛ ❝♦rt❛ ❛s ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❛❧ó❝t♦♥❡s✱ ♦ ❛✉tó❝t♦♥❡ ❡ ♦ ❈♦♠♣❧❡①♦ ❮❣♥❡♦ ❞❡ ❇❡❥❛✳ ◆♦
♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉✱ sã♦ ❡✈✐❞❡♥❝✐❛❞♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❝♦r♣♦s r❡s✐st✐✈♦s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐✈❡❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠
❛ ✐♠♣❧❛♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✈ár✐♦s ♣❧✉tõ❡s ❝❛r❜ó♥✐❝♦s ♦❝✉❧t♦s✳ ❆ ❛♥♦♠❛❧✐❛ r❡s✐st✐✈❛ q✉❡ s✉r❣❡ ❡♠
♣r♦❢✉♥❞✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❩P▲✱ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ♣❧✉tã♦ ●✐❧ ▼❛rq✉❡③
❡①♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ❊s♣❛♥❤❛✳ ❆ ❝♦rt❛r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❛♥t❡r✐♦r❡s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛✲s❡ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡
❢❛❧❤❛s t❛r❞✐❛s ✭❢❛❧❤❛ ❞❡ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛ ❡ ❱✐❞✐❣✉❡✐r❛✲▼♦✉r❛✮✱ sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡✐s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦
❞♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s ❝r✉st❛✐s✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s ❈❤❛✈❡✿ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧úr✐❝❛✱ ❉❡❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❱❛r✐s❝❛✱ ■♥✈❡rsã♦ ✷❉✱ ■♥✈❡rsã♦ ✸❉
❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts
❲❤❡♥ ■ ❤❛✈❡ st❛rt❡❞ ♠② P❤❉ s♦♠❡♦♥❡ t♦❧❞ ♠❡ t❤❛t ✐t ✇❛s ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ r✐❞❡ ♦♥
❛ ❤✉❣❡ r♦❧❧❡r✲❝♦❛st❡r ♦❢ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❤❛t ■ ❞✐❞ ♥♦t ❡①♣❡❝t ✇❛s t❤❛t t❤✐s r✐❞❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s♦
❜✉♠♣②✳ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ♠❛❞❡ ✐t ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ r✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ■ ♦✇❡ ✐t t♦ ❡✈❡r②♦♥❡ t❤❛t ❧❡❢t t❤❡✐r
✐♠♣r✐♥t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♣❡r✐♦❞✳
■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ♠② ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ t♦ ♠② s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦rs✱ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦ ❙❛♥t♦s ❛♥❞
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡✐r s✉♣♣♦rt✳ ❲✐t❤♦✉t t❤❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥✱ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡♠❡♥t
❛♥❞ ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❢r♦♠ Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❙❛♥t♦s ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❣♦tt❡♥ t❤✐s ❢❛r✳ ❍❡ ❣❛✈❡ ♠❡ t❤❡
♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② t♦ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛t❡ ♦♥ ✜❡❧❞ ✇♦r❦s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② st❛❣❡ ♦❢ ♠② ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ st✉❞✐❡s✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❞❡ ♠❡ r❡❛❧✐③❡ t❤❛t ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ●❡♦♣❤②s✐❝s ✐s t❤❡ s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❛r❡❛ ■ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✳
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ♠② s❝✐❡♥t✐✜❝ ❢❛t❤❡r✳
Pr♦❢❡ss♦r ❋r❛♥❝✐s❝♦ P❡r❡✐r❛ ✇❤♦s❡ ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❡♥❞✉r❛♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❞❡♠②st✐❢②✐♥❣
t❤❡ ❣❡♦❧♦❣② ♠❛❞❡ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♠♦r❡ ✈❛❧✉❛❜❧❡✳ ❉♦ ♥♦t ❦♥♦✇ ❤♦✇ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ♠② ❡t❡r♥❛❧
❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ②♦✉r s✉♣♣♦rt✱ ❛♥❞ s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣❛t✐❡♥❝❡✱ t♦ t❤✐s ✐❧❧✐t❡r❛t❡ ❣❡♦♣❤②s✐❝✐st
✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❧♦❣② t❡r♠✐♥♦❧♦❣②✳
■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❣♦tt❡♥ t❤✐s ❢❛r ✐❢ ✐t ✇❛s♥✬t ❢♦r ♠② s✉♣❡r ♠✉♠✳ ❆❧❧ ❤❡r t❡♥❛❝✐t② ❛♥❞
st✉❜❜♦r♥♥❡ss ❛r❡ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❤❡rs ♠♦tt♦ ♦❢ ❧✐❢❡ t❤❛t ■ ❥✉st tr② t♦ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✳ ❚♦ ♠② ❣r❛♥❞♣❛r❡♥ts✱
✇❤♦ ❛r❡ ♠② r♦❝❦ ❛♥❞ r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ ❜✐❣ ♣❛rt ❢♦r ✇❤♦ ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡✳ ❆❧❧ t❤r❡❡ ♦❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡
❧✐❦❡ ♠② ♣❡rs♦♥❛❧ ✐❞♦❧s✳
❆ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❤❛♥❦s ❣♦❡s ♦✉t t♦ ♠② ❜♦t❤❡r ❛♥❞ ▲❡s❧❡②✱ ❛✉♥t ❙ó♥✐❛✱ ✉♥❝❧❡ ❩é ❛♥❞ ❛✉♥t ❨✈❡✱
❙♦✜❛ ❘✳✱ ❛❧❧ ♠② ❢♦✉r ❧✐tt❧❡ ♥❡♣❤❡✇s✱ ❆♥❞ré ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❋✐❧✐♣❛ ❙❛♥t♦s✱ ❆♥❞r❡✐❛ ▼❛❞✉r♦✱ ■♥ês
▲✐♠❛✱ ❉❛✈✐❞ ❇❛t✐st❛✱ ❘✉✐ ❇♦r❞❛ ❞✬➪❣✉❛ ❢♦r s✉♣♣♦rt✐♥❣ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❥✉st ❜❡✐♥❣ t❤❡r❡ ✇❤❡♥
■ ♥❡❡❞❡❞ t❤❡ ♠♦st✳
❆❧♦♥❣ t❤✐s ♣❛st ❢❡✇ ②❡❛rs ■ ❤❛✈❡ ❡①t❡♥❞❡❞ ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧②❀ ❈❧❛r✐ss❡✱ ❋r❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❈❛t❛r✐♥❛ ✇❤♦ ■
❤❛✈❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❤❛r❡❞ ❧❛✉❣❤s✱ ❞❡s♣❛✐r✱ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♥❞ ❜❛❞ ♠♦♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛❧❧ ❛ s❛❢❡t② ♥❡t✳ ■ ❜❡❧✐❡✈❡ t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ ♠❡❡t ❈❧❛r✐ss❡✱ ✐t ✇❛s ❢r✐❡♥❞s❤✐♣ ❛t ✜rst s✐❣❤t✦ ❋r❛♥✱
②♦✉ t♦❧❞ ♠❡ t❤❛t ❛♣❛rt ❢r♦♠ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❣r♦✇t❤ ✇❡ ❡♥❞✉r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❢♦✉r ②❡❛rs ♦❢ P❤❉ r❡s❡❛r❝❤✱
t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ t❤❛t ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ②♦✉r ❧✐✈❡s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤✐s t✐♠❡ ❛r❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣s✳ ❨♦✉ ❛r❡ r✐❣❤t✱ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❛♥② ❞♦✉❜t ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧② ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ♣❡rs♦♥s✦
❈❛t❛r✐♥❛✱ t❤❛♥❦ ②♦✉ s♦ ♠✉❝❤ ❢♦r ②♦✉r ❧✐tt❧❡ ♣❛♠♣❡r✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❛st ❞❛②s ♦❢ ✇r✐t✐♥❣✱ ②♦✉
❦♥♦✇ ✇❡❧❧ t❤❛t ■ ✇✐❧❧ r❡t✉r♥ t❤❡ ❢❛✈♦✉r ✇❤❡♥ ②♦✉r t✐♠❡ ❝♦♠❡s✦
❆ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ t❤❛♥❦s ❣♦❡s t♦ ❈❛t❛r✐♥❛ ◆❛s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❮❝❛r♦ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r ❇r❛♥❞ã♦ ✇❤♦
✇❡r❡ ♠② s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛✐r ♦❢ ❤❛♥❞s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜❡❧❞ ✇♦r❦❀ ❇♦♠❜❡✐r♦s ❱♦❧✉♥tár✐♦s ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❞❡
❈❛st❡❧♦ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❢♦r ❛❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✉s t♦ st❛② ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❤❡❛❞q✉❛rt❡rs ❞✉r✐♥❣ ❞❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥✳
✈✐✐
■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ♠② ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ t♦ ◆✳ ▼❡q❜❡❧ ✇❤♦ ❦✐♥❞❧② ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡
t❤❛t ❤❡ ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ✲ ✸❉●r✐❞✱ t❤❛t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❜❧② s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐s❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ✸❉ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳
■ ❛♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❣r❛t❡❢✉❧ t♦ ❈é❧✐❛ ▲❡❡✱ t❤❡ ❣❤♦st ❜❡❤✐♥❞ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❜✉r❡❛✉❝r❛❝②✱ ❢♦r ❤❡r ❢r✐❡♥❞❧② s❤♦✉❧❞❡r ✇❤❡♥ ■ ♥❡❡❞❡❞✳
▲✉ís✱ ✐t ✐s ✐♥❡✈✐t❛❜❧② t♦ s❛② t❤❛t ♠♦st ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❣♦tt❡♥ t❤✐s ❢❛r ✐❢ ✐t ✇❛s
♥♦t ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ②♦✉r ✉♥❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ s✉♣♣♦rt✳ ❨♦✉ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ❝❧♦s❡❧② ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❧✐✈❡❞
t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤✐s str❛♥❣❡ r♦❧❧❡r✲❝♦❛st❡r r✐❞❡ ♦❢ ❡♠♦t✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ ♠❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❛t ✐s st✐❧❧ t❤❡r❡ ❛t t❤❡
❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❛② ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❜✐❣ s✐❧❧② s♠✐❧❡ ❛t ♠❡✳
▲❛st❧②✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❛❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❢✉♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❛t ■ ❤❛✈❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡
❉♦✉t♦r❛♠❡♥t♦ ❋❈❚ ✲ P❉✴✶✹✸✴✷✵✶✷ ✲ ▲✐s❜♦♥ ❉♦❝t♦r❛❧ ❙❝❤♦♦❧ ♦♥ ❊❛rt❤ ❙②st❡♠ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡✱
■♥st✐t✉t♦ ❉♦♠ ▲✉í③ ✭■❉▲✮ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ s❝❤♦❧❛rs❤✐♣ P❉✴❇❉✴✺✷✺✺✼✴✷✵✶✹ ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ❋✉♥✲
❞❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮ t❤r♦✉❣❤ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ♣r♦❥❡❝t ●❖▲❉ ✭P❚❉❈✴●❊❖✲
●❊❖✴✷✹✹✻✴✷✵✶✷✿ ❈❖▼P❊❚❊✿ ❋❈❖▼P✲✵✶✲✵✶✷✹✲❋❊❉❊❘✲✵✷✾✶✾✷✮✳
❈♦♥t❡♥ts
❆❜str❛❝t ✐✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✐✈
❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡♠❡♥ts ✈✐✐
❈♦♥t❡♥ts ✐①
▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ①✐✐
▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s ①✈✐✐✐
❆❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s ①✐①
❙②♠❜♦❧s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✶
✶✳✶ ●❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✷ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❙❡tt✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷
✶✳✷✳✶ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✭◆❊ ♦❢ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✶✳✷✳✷ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛✲❙❡r♣❛ r❡❣✐♦♥ ✭❙♦✉t❤ ♦❢ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾
✶✳✸ ▼♦t✐✈❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✶✳✹ ▲✐st ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷ ❚❤❡ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧❧✉r✐❝ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✶✺
✷✳✶ ❙♦✉r❝❡s ♦❢ s✐❣♥❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✷✳✷ ●♦✈❡r♥✐♥❣ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✷✳✸ ❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ▼❚ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✷✳✹ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧❧✉r✐❝ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✹✳✶ ■♠♣❡❞❛♥❝❡ ❚❡♥s♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✹✳✶✳✶ ✶❉ ❊❛rt❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✷✳✹✳✶✳✷ ✷❉ ❊❛rt❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✷✳✹✳✶✳✸ ✸❉ ❊❛rt❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✹✳✷ ●❡♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ tr❛♥s❢❡r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✺ ❉✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✐①
❈♦♥t❡♥ts ①
✷✳✺✳✶ ❙✇✐❢t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✷✳✺✳✷ ❇❛❤r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷✳✺✳✸ P❤❛s❡ ❚❡♥s♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✷✳✻ ❉✐st♦rt✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✻✳✶ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❙❤✐❢t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✼ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ■♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✷✳✽ ❉❛t❛ ❛❝q✉✐s✐t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✸ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧❧✉r✐❝ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ✭◆❊ ♦❢ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮ ✸✺
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✸✳✷ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ❙❡tt✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✸✳✸ ❉❛t❛ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✸✳✹ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❉✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✸✳✹✳✶ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✸✳✹✳✷ ❉✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✸✳✹✳✸ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✺ ❙t❛t✐❝ ❙❤✐❢t ❈♦rr❡❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✸✳✻ ✷❉ ■♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✸✳✻✳✶ ▼❡s❤ ❣r✐❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✸✳✻✳✷ ■♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✸✳✻✳✸ ❋✐♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✸✳✻✳✹ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② t❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✸✳✻✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻
✸✳✼ ✸❉ ■♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✸✳✼✳✶ ▼❡s❤ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✸✳✼✳✷ ❉❛t❛ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✸✳✼✳✸ ■♥✐t✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✸✳✼✳✹ ❋✐♥❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
✸✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✷❉ ❛♥❞ ✸❉ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✸✳✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
✹ ✸❉ ▼❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧❧✉r✐❝ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛ ✲ ❙❡r♣❛ Pr♦✜❧❡s ✭❙♦✉t❤ ♦❢ P♦r✲
t✉❣❛❧✮ ✼✶
✹✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✹✳✷ Pr❡✈✐♦✉s ❣❡♦♣❤②s✐❝❛❧ st✉❞✐❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✹✳✸ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ s❡tt✐♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
✹✳✹ ❉❛t❛ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✹✳✺ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❉✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✹✳✺✳✶ ❉✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✹✳✺✳✷ ❉✐r❡❝t✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✹✳✺✳✸ ❚✐♣♣❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✶
✹✳✺✳✹ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✷
✹✳✻ ✷❉ ■♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✹✳✻✳✶ ▼❡s❤ ❣r✐❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✹✳✻✳✷ ■♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ P❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✸
✹✳✻✳✸ ❋✐♥❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✹
✹✳✻✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✽
❈♦♥t❡♥ts ①✐
✹✳✼ ✸❉ ■♥✈❡rs✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✹✳✼✳✶ ▼❡s❤ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶
✹✳✼✳✷ ❉❛t❛ s❡❧❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✹✳✼✳✸ ■♥✐t✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸
✹✳✼✳✹ ❋✐♥❛❧ ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✺
✹✳✼✳✺ ▼♦❞❡❧ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾
✹✳✽ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✷❉ ❛♥❞ ✸❉ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✹✳✾ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✻
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❘❡♠❛r❦s ✶✵✾
✻ ❋✉t✉r❡ ❲♦r❦ ✶✶✶
❆ P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ ✲ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✶✶✸
❆✳✶ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼t s✐t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✸
❆✳✷ ✷❉ ❙❡♥s✐t✐✈✐t② ❚❡sts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✹
❇ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛✲❙❡r♣❛ ✲ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✶✶✾
❇✳✶ ▲♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼t s✐t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✾
❇✳✷ ✸❉ ❉❛t❛ ❋✐t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✹
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤② ✶✸✷
▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s
✶✳✶ ●❡♦❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛s✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶
✶✳✷ ❙❤♦rt ❈❛♣t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸
✶✳✷ ❛✮ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ s✉❝❡ss✐✈❡ st❛❣❡s ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛❧ ③♦♥❡s ♦❢ ◆❲ ❛♥❞ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ■❜❡r✐❛✳ ❋r♦♠ ▼❛rtí♥❡③✲
❈❛t❛❧á♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✹❪❀ ❜✮ ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♥♦rt❤❡r♥ ❛♥❞ s♦✉t❤❡r♥ s❡❝t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❜❡r✐❛♥ ▼❛ss✐❢✳ ❋r♦♠ ❉✐❛s ✫
❘✐❜❡✐r♦ ❬✶✾✾✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✶✳✸ ●❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣ s❤♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ③♦♥❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ■❜❡r✐❛♥ ▼❛ss✐❢ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥
t❤❡ ❝❧❛ss✐❝❛❧ ❞✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❜② ❏✉❧✐✈❡rt ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✶✾✼✹❪ ❛♥❞ r❡✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❡❞
❜② ▼❛rtí♥❡③✲❈❛t❛❧á♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✾❪ ❛♥❞ ❉í❡③ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③ ✫ ❆r❡♥❛s ❬✷✵✶✺❪
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❱❛r✐s❝❛♥ ❛✉t❤♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ✉♥✐ts✳ ❚❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r❡❞ r❡❝t❛♥❣❧❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t t❤❡ st✉❞② ❛r❡❛s✿ ✶✲
P✐♥❤❡❧✲❚r❛♥❝♦s♦ Pr♦✜❧❡ ✭◆❲ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮❀ ✷✲ ●râ♥❞♦❧❛✲❙❡r♣❛ Pr♦✜❧❡s ✭❙❲
♦❢ P♦rt✉❣❛❧✮✳ ❆❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❈■❩ ✲ ❈❡♥tr❛❧ ■❜❡r✐❛♥ ❩♦♥❡❀ ❈❩ ✲ ❈❛♥t❛❜r✐❛♥
❩♦♥❡❀ ●❚▼❩ ✲ ●❛❧✐❝✐❛ ✲ ❚rás✲♦s✲▼♦♥t❡s ❩♦♥❡❀ ❖▼❩ ✲ ❖ss❛✲▼♦r❡♥❛ ❩♦♥❡❀
P▲❩ ✲ P✉❧♦ ❞♦ ▲♦❜♦ ❩♦♥❡❀ ❙P❩ ✲ ❙♦✉t❤ P♦rt✉❣✉❡s❡ ❩♦♥❡❀ ❲❆▲❩ ✲ ❲❡st
❆st✉r✐❛♥✲▲❡♦♥❡s❡ ❩♦♥❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻
✶✳✹ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ r❡✈❡❛❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡❝t♦♥♦♠❡t❛♠♦r♣❤✐❝ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ st✉❞②
❛r❡❛ ❢r♦♠ ◆❲ ■❜❡r✐❛✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ✇❛s ❞✐s❝♦✈❡r❡❞ t❤❡ ❉✷ ❡①t❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ P✐♥❤❡❧
s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡ r❡✇♦r❦❡❞ ❜② ❧❛t❡r ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ♠❛❣✲
♥✐t✉❞❡ ♦❢ t❡❝t♦♥✐❝ ✭❛ss✉♠❡❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✮ ❛♥❞ ❣r❛✈✐t② ❢♦r❝❡s ❛❝t✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡
♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝ ❝r✉st t❤r♦✉❣❤ t✐♠❡ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❣r❡② ❜♦①❡s✳ P❛rt ✭❛✮ s❤♦✇s
❛♥ ❛♣♣❛r❡♥t ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❡♠♣❧❛❝❡♠❡♥t ❢♦r t❤❡ ❆❧❧♦❝❤t❤♦♥♦✉s ❈♦♠♣❧❡①❡s
❛♥❞ P❛r❛✉t♦❝❤t❤♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t♦♣✲t♦✲t❤❡ ❊✲❙❊✳ ❚❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♦❢
❉✶ ❢♦❧❞s ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♠❛✐♥t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ✜❣✉r❡s ✭❜✮ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t♦ ✭❡✮ ✭♥♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ✜❣✉r❡s ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② s❤♦✇ s❡❝t✐♦♥s ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ t♦ t❤❡✐r ❢♦❧❞ ❛①❡s✮✳ ❆s②♠♠❡t✲
r✐❝ ❛rr♦✇s ✐♥ ❝r♦ss✲s❡❝t✐♦♥s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❦✐♥❡♠❛t✐❝s ♦❢ ❉✷ ❛♥❞ ❉✹ s❤❡❛r✐♥❣✳
▲♦❝❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ P✐♥❤❡❧ s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡ ✐♥ ❛ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ ♦r♦❣❡♥✐❝ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✉♣♣❡r r✐❣❤t ❝♦r♥❡r✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❉í❡③ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③ ✫ P❡r❡✐r❛
❬✷✵✶✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✶✳✺ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡❞ str❛t✐❣r❛♣❤✐❝ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❛♠❜r✐❛♥✲❖r❞♦✈✐❝✐❛♥ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❖ss❛✲
▼♦r❡♥❛ ③♦♥❡✳ ❆❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❘❘ ✲ ▼❛✐♥ r✐❢t✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❡✈❡♥t❀ ❊❘ ✲ ❊❛r❧② r✐❢t✲r❡❧❛t❡❞ ❡✈❡♥t❀ ❱❙❈ ✲ ❱♦❧❝❛♥✐❝ s❡❞✐♠❡♥t❛② ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❀ ▼❘❱ ✲ ▼❛✐♥ r✐❢t
✈♦❧❝❛♥✐s♠❀ ❯❉❋ ✲ ❯♣♣❡r ❞❡tr✐t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❀ ❉❈❋ ✲ ❉❡tr✐t❛❧ ❝❛r❜♦♥❛t❡
❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥❀ ▲❉❋ ✲ ▲♦✇❡r ❞❡tr✐t❛❧ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋r♦♠ ❙❛♥❝❤❡③✲●❛r❝✐❛ ❡t ❛❧✳
❬✷✵✶✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵
✶✳✻ ❙✉❜❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❘❤❡✐❝ s✉t✉r❡ ✐♥
❲❡st❡r♥✲❈❡♥tr❛❧ ❊✉r♦♣❡✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✶✼❪ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✷✳✶ ❊❛rt❤✬s ♠❛❣♥❡t♦s♣❤❡r❡✭♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ◆❆❙❆✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
①✐✐
▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s ①✐✐✐
✷✳✷ P♦✇❡r s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ♦❢ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥s❡t s❤♦✇s t❤❡ ♠✐♥✲
✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣♦✇❡r s♣❡❝tr✉♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❛❞✲❜❛♥❞ ✭❢r♦♠ ❙✐♠♣s♦♥ ✫ ❇❛❤r
❬✷✵✵✺❪✮✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✷✳✸ ❋❛r❛❞❛②✬s ▲❛✇✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷✳✹ ❆♠♣èr❡✬s ▲❛✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽
✷✳✺ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❦✐♥ ❡✛❡❝t✳ ▲♦♥❣ ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ✇❛✈❡s ✭r✐❣❤t✮
♣❡♥❡tr❛t❡ ❞❡❡♣❡r ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❊❛rt❤ t❤❛♥ s❤♦rt ♣❡r✐♦❞ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♠❛❣♥❡t✐❝ ✇❛✈❡s
✭❧❡❢t✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡✢❡❝t❡❞ ✇❛✈❡ ✐s ♥♦t s❤♦✇♥✳✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✻ ❙❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ s✐♠♣❧❡ ✷❉ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❧❛t❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝t str✐❦✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ①✲❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ✭♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢❛✉❧t ♦r ❞②❦❡✮✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✐st✐✈✐t② ❜♦✉♥❞✲
❛r② s❡♣❛r❛t❡s t✇♦ r❡❣✐♦♥s ♦❢ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈✐t②σ1 6=σ2✳ ❚❤❡ ❊✲✜❡❧❞ ✐s
❞✐s❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ✈❡rt✐❝❛❧ ❝♦♥t❛❝t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝✉rr❡♥t ♣r❡s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥✳
❋♦r t❤❡ ✷❉ ❝❛s❡✱ t❤❡ ❊▼ ✜❡❧❞s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡❝♦✉♣❧❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ t✇♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t
♠♦❞❡s✱ ✐✳❡✳ t❤❡ ❚❊ ❛♥❞ ❚▼ ♠♦❞❡s✳ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❙✐♠♣s♦♥ ✫ ❇❛❤r ❬✷✵✵✺❪ ✷✸
✷✳✼ ❘♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❢r❛♠❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✷✳✽ ❛✮ ✷❉ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✺ Ω.m ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ r♦❞ ♦❢ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡ ❧❡♥❣t❤ ✐♥ ✶✵✵ Ω.m
❤❛❧❢✲s♣❛❝❡✳ ❜✮ ■♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❛rr♦✇s ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦✜❧❡ ❝r♦ss✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈✐t②
❛♥♦♠❛❧② s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛✮ ✲ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ P❛r❦✐♥s♦♥ ❝♦♥✈❡♥t✐♦♥✳ ✭▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠
❙✐♠♣s♦♥ ✫ ❇❛❤r ❬✷✵✵✺❪✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✷✳✾ ●r❛♣❤✐❝❛❧ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❚ ♣❤❛s❡ t❡♥s♦r ❛s ❛♥ ❡❧❧✐♣s❡✳ ❈♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡
✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥ts Φmax ❛♥❞Φmin ❞❡✜♥❡ t❤❡ ♠❛❣♥✐t✉❞❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛❥♦r ❛♥❞ ♠✐♥♦r
❛①❡s✳ α ❞❡✜♥❡s t❤❡ t❡♥s♦r✬s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡ s②st❡♠ ✭①✱
②✮✳ ❚❤❡ s❦❡✇ ❛♥❣❧❡ β ♠❡❛s✉r❡s t❤❡ t❡♥s♦r✬s ❛s②♠♠❡tr② ✭♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠
❈❛❧❞✇❡❧❧ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✷✵✵✹❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷✳✶✵ ●❛❧✈❛♥✐❝ ❡✛❡❝t✳ ❇♦✉♥❞❛r② ❝❤❛r❣❡ ❛❝❝✉♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❛✮ ❛ r❡✲
s✐st✐✈❡ ❜♦❞② ❡♠❜❡❞❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤✐♥ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞ ❜✮ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐✈❡ ❜♦❞②
✇✐t❤✐♥ r❡s✐st✐✈❡ ❜❛❝❦❣r♦✉♥❞✳ ■♥ ❜♦t❤ ❝❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ ❝❤❛r❣❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r②
❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ✜❡❧❞ ❊s✳ Pr✐♠❛r② ✜❡❧❞s ✭❊p✮ ❛♥❞ s❡❝♦♥❞❛r② ✜❡❧❞ ✭❊s✮ ❛r❡ s✉♣❡r✐♠✲
♣♦s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛♠♣❧✐❢② ❛✮ ♦r r❡❞✉❝❡ ❜✮ t❤❡ t♦t❛❧ ❡❧❡❝tr✐❝ ✜❡❧❞ ✭❊total✮ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❡❞
❢r♦♠ ❏✐r❛❝❡❦ ❬✶✾✾✵❪✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✷✳✶✶ ❙❝❤❡♠❛t✐❝ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❧✐♥❣✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✷✳✶✷ ❙✐♠♣❧✐✜❡❞ t✐♠❡t❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s ❝♦❞❡s ❢♦r ♠❛❣♥❡t♦t❡❧✲
❧✉r✐❝✳ ❇❧✉❡✿ ✶❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s❀ ❖r❛♥❣❡✿ ✷❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s❀ ●r❡❡♥✿ ✸❉ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥s✳
✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✷✳✶✸ ▼❚ ❧❛②♦✉t ✭▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳♠♦♦♠❜❛rr✐❣❛✳❝♦♠✳❛✉✴✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✶ ❘❡❣✐♦♥❛❧ ♠❛♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ♣❛rt ♦❢ ◆❲ ■❜❡r✐❛ ✭❛❢t❡r ❉í❡③ ❋❡r♥á♥❞❡③ ✫ P❡r❡✐r❛ ❬✷✵✶✻❪✮✳ ❚❤❡ tr❛❝❡ ♦❢ ♠❛❥♦r ❢❛✉❧ts✱ ❧❛t❡ ✉♣r✐❣❤t ❢♦❧❞s✱ ❛♥❞ str✐❦❡✲
s❧✐♣ s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡s ✐s s❤♦✇♥✳ ❆❜❜r❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥s✿ ❉❇❙❩✱ ❉♦✉r♦✲❇❡✐r❛ ❙❤❡❛r ❩♦♥❡❀
❍❙❩✱ ❍✉❡❜r❛ s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡❀ ❏P❙❩✱ ❏✉③❜❛❞♦✲P❡♥❛❧✈❛ ❙❤❡❛r ❩♦♥❡❀ ▼▲❙❩✱
▼❛❧♣✐❝❛✲▲❛♠❡❣♦ ❙❤❡❛r ❩♦♥❡❀ P❚❙❩✱ P♦rt♦✲❚♦♠❛r ❙❤❡❛r ❩♦♥❡❀ ❚▼❙❙✱
❚❛♠❛♠❡s✲▼❛r♦❢❛✲❙át❛♦ ❙②♥❢♦r♠❀ ❚❙❩✱ ❚❛♠❛♠❡s s❤❡❛r ③♦♥❡❀ ❱❙❩✱ ❱✐❧✲
❧❛❧❝❛♠♣♦ ❙❤❡❛r ❩♦♥❡✳ ❙❡❝t✐♦♥s ❆ ❛♥❞ ❇ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ t❤❡ tr❛❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼❚
♣r♦✜❧❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❧♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❧♦❣✐❝❛❧ ♠❛♣ ♦❢ ❋✐❣✳ ✸✳✷ ✐s ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡❞✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
