ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN1175-5334(online edition)
Copyright © 2007 · Magnolia Press Zootaxa 1395: 33–58 (2007) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/
Surveys for natural enemies of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi
(Acari: Tetranychidae) in northeastern and southeastern Brazil
KOMI K.M. FIABOE1,5, MANOEL G.C. GONDIM Jr.2, GILBERTO J. DE MORAES3, CALLISTUS K.P.O.
OGOL4 & MARKUS KNAPP1
1International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
mknapp@icipe.org and mokfiaboe@yahoo.fr
2Depart. Agronomia/Fitossanidade,UFRPE, Rua D. Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmaos, 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brazil.
mguedes@ufrpe.br
3
Depart. Entomologia, Fitopatologia e Zoologia Agricola, ESALQ/USP, CEP 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP., Brazil. gjmoraes@carpa.ciagri.usp.br
4Depart. of Biological Sciences, Kenyatta University (KU), P.O. Box 43844, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
calogol@yahoo.co.uk
5International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Uganda), P.O. Box 7878, Kampala, Uganda
Abstract
Surveys for predators of the tomato red spider mite Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard on solanaceous plants were carried out in north-eastern and south-eastern Brazil to determine prospective species for the control of the pest in Africa. Surveys were carried out in areas identified as climatically similar to regions in Africa where T. evansi has been reported as a pest and where prospective natural enemies may be introduced. A total of 56,445 mites and insects were found in 330 samples collected from 20 different species of solanaceous plants. Tetranychus evansi was found in only three sam-ples, on Solanum americanum Mill. and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.. A total of 5,023 specimens of predatory mites, of at least 44 species, and 494 specimens of acarophagous insects, of at least three species were collected. The predomi-nant predatory mites were (in decreasing order): Phytoseius guianensis DeLeon, Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor), Asca sp., Paraphytoseius orientalis (Narayanan, Kaur & Ghai), Phytoseius woodburyii DeLeon, Amblyseius compositus Denmark & Muma, Homeopronematus anconai (Baker), Neoparaphytoseius sooretamus (El-Banhawy), Cunaxoides sp., Typhlodromus paraevectus Moraes & McMurtry, Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) and Phytoseius cismontanus DeLeon. However, no predatory mites were found in association with T. evansi. Among the insects, although not the most abundant, Stethorus tridens Gordon seemed to be most promising, as it was found associated with T. evansi in all samples in which the latter was found. Feltiella sp. was the most abundant acarophagous insect found, but it was never found associated with the pest.
Key words: Tetranychus evansi, Stethorus tridens, predatory mites, exploration, classical biological control
Introduction
Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard is a serious pest of tomatoes and various other cultivated Solanaceae in
Africa (Knapp et al. 2003; Saunyama & Knapp 2003). Although most common on solanaceous plants, it has also been reported on plants of other families (Blair 1983; Moraes et al. 1987; Bolland et al. 1998).
Tetranychus evansi most probably originated in South America and was accidentally introduced into
suc-cessfully carried out against other pests. Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encrytidae) was introduced from Paraguay, South America, in 1981 against the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.-Ferr. (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). After the first release, it established in southwestern Nigeria (Her-ren & Lema 1982). It was later released in other countries and became established in 13 countries in west and central Africa; since then, it has successfully controlled the cassava mealybug in most parts of the continent (Neuenschwander et al. 1986; Hammond et al. 1987). The cassava green mite, Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) is of South American origin and was accidentally introduced to Africa in the early 1970s. After sev-eral unsuccessful attempts to establish natural enemies from Colombia to control the mite, explorations were expanded to include northeastern Brazil, a region with agroecological conditions similar to those parts of Africa where M. tanajoa is a severe pest. Amblydromalus manihoti (Moraes), Neoseiulus ideaus Denmark & Muma and Typhlodromalus aripo DeLeon were introduced to Africa in 1989, 1989 and 1993, respectively from Brazil. They have since become established in several countries and significantly reduced the damage caused by the green mite to cassava (Yaninek et al. 1993; Toko et al. 1996; Yaninek et al. 1998).
To assure efficient and effective explorations for natural enemies of T. evansi, the first step consisted in identifying areas in the Neotropics matching agrometeorological zones in Africa where T. evansi is a severe problem (Fiaboe et al. 2006).
The aim of this study was to identify the natural enemies associated with T. evansi in priority areas of north-eastern and south-eastern Brazil.
Materials and Methods
FIGURE 1. Survey points in north-eastern (thick-black boundaries) and south-eastern (grey boundaries) Brazil.
Results
A total of 56,445 mites and insects (43,789 in the northeast and 12,656 in the southeast) were collected in 330 samples (219 in the northeast and 111 in the southeast). Twenty species of solanaceous plants were sampled:
Capsicum annuum L., Cestrum intermedium Sendtn., Datura stramonium L., Lycopersicum esculentum Mill., Nicandra sp., Nicotiana glauca Graham, Physalis angulata L., Solanum americanum Mill., S. asperolanatum
R. & P., S. baturitensis Huber, S. capsicoides All., S. grandiflorum Kuiz & Pavoru, S. lycocarpum St. Hill., S.
mamosum L., S. palinacanthum Dun., S. paludosum Moric., S. paniculatum L., S. stipulaceum Roem. &
Schult., S. stramonifolium Jacq., and S. thomasiifolium Sendt. The mites and insects found are listed with the plant species and localities where they were collected. Details on collection sites are presented in Appendix 1.
Phytoseiidae
Subfamily Amblyseinae Muma, 1961
Amblydromalus Chant & McMurtry, 2005 Amblydromalus manihoti (Moraes, 1994)
Amblyseius Berlese, 1914 Amblyseius aerialis (Muma 1955)
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: BA: Uruçuca, 5-VIII-03; PE: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 2-X-04; Carpina, 27-VI-03; Passira, 27-VI-03; Riberão, 19-VI-03.
Amblyseius compositus Denmark & Muma, 1973
Specimens examined: S. americanum: ES: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 7-V-04; S. baturitensis: PE: Capoeira, 18-VI-03; S. capsicoides: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S. grandiflorum: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; S.
lyco-carpum: MG: Antônio Dias, 1-XI-03; Itutinga, 2-V-04; Juiz de Fora, 3-V-04; Fervedouro, 7-V-04 and Santa
Barbara do Tugúrio, 31-X-03; S. paniculatum: BA: Santo Antônio de Jesus, 5-VIII-03; MG: Carmo da Cach-oeira, 2-V-04; PE: Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Palmares, 19-VI-03; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03 and Umbaúba, 4-VIII-03. S. stipulaceum: BA: Ibitiba, 6-VIII-03; S. stramonifolium: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03.
Amblyseius neochiapensis Lofego, Moraes & McMurtry, 2000
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: PE: Bom Conselho, 4-XI-04.
Amblyseius operculatus DeLeon, 1967
Specimens examined: S. baturitensis: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S. lycocarpum: MG: Leopoldina, 4-V-04; S.
paniculatum: PB: Sumé, 3-XI-04; PE: Bom Conselho, 18-VI-03; S. stipulaceum: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04. Euseius Wainstein, 1962
Euseius citrifolius Denmark & Muma, 1970
Specimens examined: Nicotiana glauca: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; S. americanum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04.
Euseius concordis (Chant, 1959)
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; L. esculentum: MG: Ipatinga, 5-V-04.
Euseius ho (DeLeon, 1965)
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: MG: Carandaí, 30-X-03.
Euseius plaudus Denmark & Muma, 1973
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: BA: Vitória da Conquista, 6-VIII-03.
Euseius sibelius (DeLeon, 1962)
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: BA: Riacho de Santana, 6-VIII-03; MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; PE: Bom Nome, 7-X-04; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03.
Neoparaphytoseius Chant & McMurtry, 2003 Neoparaphytoseius sooretamus (El-Banhawy, 1984)
Specimens examined: S. grandiflorum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves; 5-VIII-03, S. paniculatum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves; 4-X-04; Salvador, 3-X-04; Travessão, 4-X-04; PE: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 2-X-04; Ribeirão, 2-2-X-04; S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04.
Specimens examined: S. grandiflorum: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03.
Neoseiulus idaeus Denmark & Muma, 1973
Specimens examined: D. stramonium: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04.
Neoseiulus recifiensis Gondim Jr. & Moraes, 2001
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: AL: Maceió, 19-VI-03; PE: Passira, 27-VI-03.
Neoseiulus tunus (DeLeon, 1967)
Specimens examined: S. americanum: MG: Manhuaçu, 6-V-04; S. lycocarpum: MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; Itut-inga, 2-V-04; S. paniculatum: MG: Lavras, 2-V-04.
Paraphytoseius Swirski & Schechter, 1961 Paraphytoseius orientalis (Narayanan, Kaur & Ghai, 1960)
Specimens examined: S. lycocarpum: MG: Fervedouro, 7-V-04; Leopoldina, 4-V-04; Varginha, 29-X-03; S.
paludosum: AL: São Luiz do Quintunde, 19-VI-03; BA: Esplanada; 3-X-04; PB: Conde, 17-VI-03; PE:
Goi-ana, 17-VI-03; S. paniculatum: AL: Flexeiras, 19-VI-03 and 2-X-04; BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; Salvador, 3-X-04; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; PE: Carpina, 27-VI-03; Garanhuns, 18-VI-03; Goiana, 17-VI-03; Recife, 25-VI-03; SE: Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; Propriá, 2-X-04; S. stipulaceum: BA: Alagoinhas, 3-X-04; Caetité, 6-VIII-03; Capinau, 5-6-VIII-03; Feira de Santana, 5-VIII-03 and 3-X-04; Ibitiba, 6-6-VIII-03; Jacobina, 7-6-VIII-03; Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; PE: Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Caruaru, 27-VI-03; Garanhuns, 18-VI-03; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03; Cris-tinápolis, 4-VIII-03; Estância, 3-X-04; Propriá, 4-VIII-03 and 2-X-04; S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04.
Phytoseiulus Evans, 1952 Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks, 1904)
Specimens examined: D. stramonium: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; S. stipulaceum: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04.
Proprioseiopsis Muma, 1961 Proprioseiopsis neotropicus (Ehara, 1966)
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: PB: Campina Grande, 17-VI-03.
Tenuisternum Fiaboe, Moraes & Gondim Jr., 2004 Tenuisternum bahiense Fiaboe, Moraes & Gondim Jr., 2004
Specimens examined: S. paludosum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 7-XIII-03 and 6-X-04.
Transeius Chant & McMurtry, 2004 Transeius bellottii (Moraes & Mesa, 1988)
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: PB: Gurinhem, 17-VI-03.
Typhlodromalus Muma, 1961 Typhlodromalus aripo DeLeon, 1967
Specimens examined: S. americanum: MG: Governador Valadares, 6-V-04; Juiz de Fora, 3-V-04; S.
lycocar-pum: MG: Antônio Pereira, 5-V-04; Fervedouro, 7-V-04; Itutinga, 30-X-03 and 2-V-04; Varginha, 2-V-04; S. paniculatum: AL: Iguaci, 18-VI-03; Teotônio Vilela, 18-VI-03; BA: Caldeiras, 5-X-04; Vitória da Conquista,
Typhlodromalus marmoreus (El-Banhawy, 1978)
Specimens examined: S. baturitensis: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S. stramonifolium: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03.
Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma, 1955)
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; S. paludosum: AL: São Luiz do Quitunde, 2-X-04; BA: Esplanada, 3-2-X-04; PB: Conde, 17-VI-03; PE: Goiana, 3-XI-04; Xexéu, 2-2-X-04; S. paniculatum: AL: Flexeiras, 19-VI-03; Teotônio Vilela, 18-VI-03; BA: Boquira, 5-X-04; Itabuna, 4-X-04; PE: Caruaru, 27-VI-03 and 8-X-04; SE: Propriá, 4-VII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Santo Antônio de Jesus, 4-X-04; PE: Gara-nhuns, 3-XI-04; S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04.
Typhlodromips DeLeon, 1965 Typhlodromips mangleae DeLeon, 1967
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: MG: Carmo da Cachoeira, 2-V-04; PE: Ribeirão, 2-X-04.
Subfamily Phytoseiinae Berlese, 1914
Phytoseius Ribaga, 1904 Phytoseius cismontanus DeLeon, 1965
Specimens examined: S. baturitensis: PE: Capoeira, 18-VI-03; S. paludosum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; PE: Goiana, 17-VI-03; S. paniculatum: AL: Teotônio Vilela, 18-VI-03; BA: Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; PE: Capoeira, 18-VI-03; Sanharó, 8-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Jacobina, 6-X-04; Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03.
Phytoseius guianensis DeLeon, 1965
Specimens examined: S. asperolanatum: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S. baturitensis: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S.
grandiflorum: BA: Cafarnaum, 5-X-04; Ibotirama, 6-VIII-03; Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; Presidente
Tan-credo Neves, 4-X-04; Segredo, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; S.
lycocarpum: MG: Antônio Dias, 1-XI-03; Antônio Pereira, 5-V-04; Belo Oriente, 1-XI-03; Fervedouro,
Cris-tinápolis, 4-VIII-03; S. stramonifolium: ES: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 7-V-04, Iconha, 2-XI-03; São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; Viana, 2-XI-03; MG: Três Pontas, 2-V-04; PE: Lagoa Grande, 7-X-04; Recife, 25-VI-03; S.
thomasiifolium: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03.
Phytoseius leonmexicanus (Hirschmann, 1962)
Specimens examined: S. paludosum: SE: Propriá, 2-X-04; S. paniculatum: MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; PE: Ribeirão, 2-X-04; SE: Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03.
Phytoseius pernambucanus Moraes & McMurtry, 1983
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: BA: Filadelfia, 6-X-04.
Phytoseius woodburyii DeLeon, 1965
Specimens examined: L. esculentum: MG: Barbacena, 3-V-04; Mariana, 31-X-03; S. americanum: MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; S. asperolanatum: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S. lycocarpum: MG: Antônio Pereira, 5-V-04; Coimbra, 31-X-03; Itutinga, 2-V-04; Lavras, 2-V-04; S. paniculatum: MG: Belo Oriente, 1-XI-03; Carandaí, 30-X-03; Ervália, 4-V-04; João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Lavras, 2-V-04; PE: Carpina, 27-VI-03; S.
stramonifo-lium: ES: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 7-V-04; MG: Três Pontas, 2-V-04.
Subfamily Typhlodrominae Scheuten, 1857
Galendromus Muma, 1963 Galendromus (Galendromus) annectens (DeLeon, 1958)
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: BA: Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; MG: Ervália, 4-V-04; Lavras, 2-V-04; S.
stramonifolium: MG: Três Pontas, 2-V-04; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03. Metaseiulus Muma, 1961
Metaseiulus (Metaseiulus) eiko (El-Banhawy, 1984)
Specimens examined: S. americanum: MG: Manhuaçu, 6-V-04; S. paniculatum: MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; Ervália, 4-V-04.
Typhlodromina Muma, 1961 Typhlodromina subtropica Muma & Denmark, 1969
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; S. asperolanatum: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03;
S. paniculatum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04.
Typhlodromus Scheuten, 1857 Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) paraevectus Moraes & McMurtry, 1983
Ascidae
Asca Von Heyden, 1826 Asca sp.
Specimens examined: S. grandiflorum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; S. lycocarpum: MG: Antônio Pereira, 5-V-04; Belo Oriente, 1-XI-03; Itutinga, 2-V-04; Juiz de Fora, 3-V-04; Ponte Nova, 31-X-03; Varginha, 29-X-03; S. paludosum: AL: São Luiz de Quintunde, 19-VI-03; PE: Goiana, 17-VI-03; SE: Pro-priá, 2-X-04; S. palinacanthum: MG: Ponte Nova, 31-X-03; RJ: Campos, 3-XI-03; S. paniculatum: AL: Flexeiras, 19-VI-03; Teotônio Vilela, 18-VI-03; BA: Alagoinhas, 3-X-04; Cruz das Almas, 3-X-04; Esplan-ada, 4-VIII-03; Feira de Santana, 5-VIII-03; Firmino Alves, 5-VIII-03; Itabuna, 4-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Salvador, 3-X-04; Travessão, 4-X-04; Vitória da Conquista, 4-X-04; Wencenslau Guimarães, 5-VIII-03; MG: Barroso, 3-V-04; Carmo da Cachoeira, 2-V-04; Cocais, 1-XI-03; João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Lavras, 2-V-04; Ponte Nova, 31-X-03; Santa Barbara, 5-V-04; PB: Conde, 17-VI-03; PE: Cabo de Santo Ago-stinho, 2-X-04; Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Carpina, 27-VI-03; Caruaru, 27-VI-03; Palmares, 19-VI-03; Passira, 27-VI-19-VI-03; Pesqueira, 8-X-04; Recife, 25-VI-19-VI-03; Ribeirão, 2-X-04; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-19-VI-03; Cris-tinápolis, 4-VIII-03; Estância, 3-X-04; Propriá, 2-X-04; Umbaúba, 4-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: PE: Gara-nhuns, 3-XI-04; SE: Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; ES: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 7-V-04.
Lasioseius Berlese, 1916 Lasioseius sp.
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; SE: Estância, 3-X-04.
Tetranychidae
Atrichoproctus Flechtmann, 1967 Atrichoproctus uncinatus Flechtmann, 1967
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: BA: Ibotirama, 6-VIII-03; S. stramonifolium: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03.
Neotetranychus Tragardh, 1915 Neotetranychus sp.
Specimens examined: S. grandiflorum: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Vitória da Conquista, 6-VIII-03.
Tetranychus Dufour, 1832 Tetranychus escolasticae Paschoal, 1970
Specimens examined: N. glauca: PB: São João do Cariri, 3-XI-04; S. grandiflorum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; S. paniculatum: BA: Firmino Alves, 4-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; PB: Mon-teiro, 3-XI-04.
Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard, 1960
Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, 1913
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; D. stramonium: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; N. glauca: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; S. asperolanatum: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S.
baturitensis: PE: Capoeira, 18-VI-03; S. capsicoides: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S. grandiflorum: BA: Presidente
Tancredo Neves, 5-VIII-03; S. lycocarpum: MG: Barroso; 30-X-03; Coimbra, 31-X-03; S. mamosum: BA: Salvador, 3-X-04; S. palinacanthum: MG: Belo Oriente, 1-XI-03; Nepomuceno, 29-X-03; RJ: Campos, 3-XI-03; S. paludosum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; S. paniculatum: AL: Flexeiras, 2-X-04; BA: Boquira, 5-X-04; Itabuna, 4-5-X-04; Itambé, 4-5-X-04; Lagoa de Onísio, 5-5-X-04; Salvador, 3-5-X-04; MG: Carandaí; 30-X-03, Cocais, 1-XI-03; PB: Monteiro, 03; Gurinhem, 3-XI-04; PE: Arcoverde, 8-X-04; Garanhuns, 18-VI-03; Passira, 8-X-04; S. stipulaceum: BA: Capinau, 5-VIII-18-VI-03; Ibitiba, 18-VI-03; Riacho de Santana, 6-VIII-03; PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; Lagoa Grande, 8-VIII-6-VIII-03; Pesqueira, 8-X-04; Vitória de Santo Antão, 27-VI-6-VIII-03;
S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; ES: Viana, 2-XI-03; PE: Lagoa Grande, 7-X-04; S. thomasiifolium:
ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03.
Tetranychus neocaledonicus Andre, 1933
Specimens examined: S. americanum: MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; S. grandiflorum: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; S. lycocarpum: MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; S. paniculatum: MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; S.
stra-monifolium: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03. Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: MG: Carmo da Cachoeira, 2-V-04.
Tenuipalpidae
Brevipalpus Donnadieu, 1875 Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes, 1939)
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; S.
americanum: MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Ubaporanga, 6-V-04; PE: Recife, 11-XI-04; SE: Estância,
3-X-04; S. asperolanatum: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S. grandiflorum: BA: Cafarnaum; 5-X-3-X-04; Mulungu do Morro, 5-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; S. lycocarpum: MG: Barroso, 30-X-03; Cocais, 1-XI-03; Coimbra, 31-X-03; Itutinga, 2-V-04; Juiz de Fora, 3-V-04; Varginha, 29-X-03; S.
palinacanthum: MG: Barroso, 30-X-03; Belo Oriente, 1-XI-03; Lavras, 29-X-03; Ponte Nova, 31-X-03;
11-XI-04; Riberão, 19-VI-03; Sanharó, 8-VIII-03; Sítio dos Nunes, 7-X-11-XI-04; Vitória de Santo Antão, 27-VI-03; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03; Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; Estância, 3-X-04; Umbaúba, 4-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Caldeiras, 5-X-04; Capim Grosso, 6-X-04; Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; Riacho de Santana, 6-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; Vitória da Conquista, 6-VIII-03; PE: Garanhuns, 18-VI-03; Pesqueira, 8-X-04; SE: Ara-caju, 4-VIII-03; Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; S. stramonifolium: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03; Viana, 2-XI-03; BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; MG: Três Pontas, 2-V-04; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03.
Cunaxidae
Cunaxoides Baker & Hoffmann (1948) Cunaxoides sp.
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; S. baturitensis: PE: Capoeira, 18-VI-03; Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S. grandiflorum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; S. lycocarpum: MG: Ferve-douro, 7-V-04; Santa Barbara do Tugúrio, 31-X-03; S. paniculatum: AL: Flexeiras, 19-VI-03; BA: Esplan-ada, 4-VIII-03; Firmino Alves, 03; Itororó, 4-X-04; Salvador, 3-X-04; Santo Antônio de Jesus, 5-VIII-03; Travessão, 4-X-04; Wencenslau Guimarães, 5-VIII-5-VIII-03; MG: Carmo da Cachoeira, 2-V-04; João Monle-vade, 5-V-04; Mariana, 31-X-03; PB: Campina Grande, 3-XI-04; PE: Recife, 25-VI-03; Riberão, 19-VI-03; SE: Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; Umbaúba, 4-VIII-03; S. palinacanthum: MG: Belo Oriente, 1-XI-03.
Pulaeus Den Heyer, 1979 Pulaeus sp.
Specimens examined: S. paniculatum: PE: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 19-VI-03.
Stigmaeidae
Agistemus Summers, 1960 Agistemus sp.
Specimens examined: S. lycocarpum: MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; S. paniculatum: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; PB: Sumé, 3-XI-04; PE: Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 19-VI-03; Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Recife, 11-XI-04; S. stramonifolium: MG: Três Pontas, 2-V-04.
Cheyletidae
Cheletomimus Oudemans, 1904 Cheletomimus sp.
Specimens examined: S. lycocarpum: MG: Antônio Dias, 1-XI-03; S. stramonifolium: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03.
Hemicheyletia Volgin, 1969 Hemicheyletia sp.
Mexecheles DeLeon, 1962 Mexecheles sp.
Specimens examined: S. grandiflorum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; S. paniculatum: SE: Cris-tinápolis, 4-VIII-03.
Oudemansicheyla Volgin, 1969 Oudemansicheyla sp.
Specimens examined: S. lycocarpum: MG: Antônio Dias, 1-XI-03.
Tarsonemidae
Polyphagotarsonemus Beer & Nucifora, 1965 Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks, 1904)
Specimens examined: D. stramonium: BA: Seabra, 5-X-04; S. stramonium: PE: Lagoa Grande, 7-X-04.
Tarsonemus Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876 Tarsonemus sp.
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; L. esculentum: AL: Ponto Real do Cole-gio, 2-X-04; BA: Itororó, 4-X-04; MG: Governador Valadares, 6-V-04; PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S.
ameri-canum: MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Ubaporanga, 6-V-04; S. grandiflorum: BA: Segredo, 7-VIII-03; S. lycocarpum: MG: Lavras, 2-V-04; S. palinacanthum: MG: Visconda do Rio Branco, 31-X-03; S. paludosum:
BA: Esplanada, 3-X-04; S. paniculatum: AL: Flexeiras, 19-VI-03; Iguaci, 18-VI-03; BA: Brumado, 4-X-04; Caetité, 5-X-04; Cruz das Almas, 3-X-04; Feira de Santana, 3-X-04; Firmino Alves, 4-X-04; Itabuna, 4-X-04; Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Salvador, 3-X-04; Wencenslau Guimarães, 5-VIII-03; MG: Carmo da Cachoeira, 2-V-04; João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Santa Barbara, 5-V-04; PB: São José da Mata, 17-VI-03; Sumé, 17-VI-03; PE: Arcoverde, 8-X-04; Bom Conselho, 4-XI-04; Cabo de Santo Ago-stinho, 2-X-04; Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; Passira, 8-X-04; Sanharó, 8-VIII-03; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03; Estância, 3-X-04; S. stipulaceum: AL: Flexeiras, 2-X-04; BA: Alagoinhas, 3-X-04; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; PE: Garanhuns, 18-VI-03; Pesqueira, 8-X-04; S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; ES: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 7-V-04; MG: Muriaé, 4-V-04; Três Pontas, 2-V-04; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03.
Tydeidae
Homeopronematus Andre, 1980 Homeopronematus anconai (Baker, 1943)
Specimens examined: L. esculentum: AL: Ponto Real do Colegio, 2-X-04; BA: Itororó, 4-X-04; MG: Gover-nador Valadares, 6-V-04; Santa Rita de Minas, 6-V-04; PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; Recife, 11-XI-04; S.
ameri-canum: MG: Ubaporanga, 6-V-04.
Lorryia Oudemans, 1925 Lorryia sp.
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S.
paniculatum: BA: Vitória da Conquista, 4-X-04; PB: Gurinhem, 3-XI-04; São José da Mata, 17-VI-03; PE:
Pronematus Canestrini, 1886 Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932)
Specimens examined: S. baturitensis: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S. grandiflorum: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; S. lycocarpum: MG: Antônio Pereira, 5-V-04; Barroso, 30-X-03; Ervália, 4-V-04; Ferve-douro, 7-V-04; Itutinga, 2-V-04; João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Juiz de Fora, 3-V-04; Lavras, 2-V-04; Leopoldina, 4-V-04; Ponte Nova, 31-X-03; Santa Barbara do Tugúrio, 31-X-03; S. palinacanthum: MG: Visconda do Rio Branco, 31-X-03; PB: Bayeux, 3-XI-04; S. paludosum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; S. paniculatum: BA: Alagoinhas, 3-X-04; Brumado, X-04; Caetité, 5-X-04; Firmino Alves, X-04; Itabuna, X-04; Itambé, 4-X-04; Itororó, 4-4-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-4-X-04; Salvador, 3-4-X-04; Seabra, 5-4-X-04; Senhor do Bonfim, 6-X-04; Travessão, 4-X-04; Vitória da Conquista, 4-X-04; MG: Carmo da Cachoeira, 2-V-04; Ervália, 4-V-04; João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Lavras, 2-V-04; PB: Bayeux, 3-XI-04; Campina Grande, 3-XI-04; Monteiro, 18-VI-03; Sumé, 3-XI-04; PE: Bom Conselho, 4-XI-04; Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 2-X-04; Passira, 27-VI-03; Recife, 11-XI-04; Ribeirão, 2-X-04; SE: Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Seabra, 5-X-04; Vitória da Conquista, 4-5-X-04; PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; Pesqueira, 8-5-X-04; S. stramonifolium: ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; MG: Três Pontas, 2-V-04; PE: Arcoverde, 8-X-04; Lagoa Grande, 7-X-04; Recife, 11-XI-04.
Tydeus Koch, 1835 Tydeus sp.
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; D.
stramonium: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; N. glauca: PE: Pesqueira, 8-X-04; S. americanum: MG: João
Monle-vade, 5-V-04; Manhuaçu, 6-V-04; S. asperolanatum: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03; S. grandiflorum: BA: Ibotirama, 6-VIII-03; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Seabra, 6-VIII-03; Segredo, 7-VIII-03; S. lycocarpum: MG: Itutinga, 2-V-04; S. palinacanthum: MG: Santa Barbara do Tugúrio, 31-X-03; S. paludosum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; S. paniculatum: AL: Maceió, 19-VI-03; BA: Alagoinhas, 3-X-04; Brumado, 6-VIII-03; Firmino Alves, 4-X-04; Ibotirama, 6-VIII-03; Itambé, 4-X-04; Itororó, 4-X-04; Lagoa de Onísio, 5-X-04; Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Riacho de Santana, 6-VIII-03; Santo Antônio de Jesus, 4-X-04; Segredo, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; Vitória da Conquista, 6-VIII-03; Wen-censlau Guimarães, 5-VIII-03; MG: Ervália, 4-V-04; PB: Campina Grande, 3-XI-04; Gurinhem, 3-XI-04; Sumé, 17-VI-03; PE: Bom Conselho, 18-VI-03; Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 2-X-04; Caruaru, 8-X-04; Goiana, 17-VI-03; Lagoa Grande, 8-VIII-03; Recife, 11-XI-04; Riberão, 19-VI-03; Sanharó, 8-VIII-03; SE: Cristináp-olis, 4-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Senhor do Bonfim, 6-X-04; Vitória da Conquista, 6-VIII-03; S.
stramon-ifolium: ES: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 7-V-04; PE: Recife, 11-XI-04.
Eriophyidae
Aceria Keifer, 1944 Aceria sp.
Três Pontas, 2-V-04; S. thomsiaefolium: ES: Iconha, 2-XI-03.
Aculops Keifer, 1966 Aculops lycopersici (Massee 1937)
Specimens examined: L. esculentum: MG: Governador Valadares, 6-V-04.
Diptilomioptidae
Rhynachus Keifer, 1951 Rhynachus sp.
Specimens examined: L. esculentum: BA: Itororó, 4-X-04; S. palinacanthum: PB: Bayeux, 3-XI-04; S.
pan-iculatum: BA: Boquira, 5-X-04; Brumado, 6-VIII-03; Itororó, 4-X-04; Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; Lagoa de Onísio,
5-X-04; Seabra, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; PB: Bayeux, 3-XI-04; Sumé, 3-XI-04; PE: Bom Conselho, 4-XI-04; Pesqueira, 8-X-04; SE: Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Seabra, 5-X-04; SE: Estância, 3-X-04; S. stramonifolium: ES: Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03; S. thomsiaefolium: ES: Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03.
Acaridae
Tyrophagus Oudemans, 1924
Tyrophagus sp.
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; S. grandiflorum: BA: Lagoa de Onísio, 5-X-04; S. palinacanthum: PB: Bayeux, 3-XI-04; S. paniculatum: BA: Firmino Alves, 04; Itabuna, 04; PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S. stipulaceum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; Santo Antônio de Jesus, 4-X-04.
Winterschmidtiidae
Czenspinskia Oudemans, 1927 Czenspinskia sp.
Specimens examined: C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; L. esculentum: MG: Manhuaçu, 6-V-04; PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S. americanum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Manhuaçu, 6-V-04; Ubaporanga, 6-V-04; PE: Recife, 11-XI-04; S. baturitensis: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S.
grandiflorum: BA: Mulungu do Morro, 5-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 5-VIII-03; Seabra, 6-VIII-03;
Gurin-hem, 3-XI-04; Monteiro, 18-VI-03; São José da Mata, 17-VI-03; PE: Arcoverde, 18-VI-03; Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 2-X-04; Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Caruaru, 27-VI-03; Garanhuns, 18-VI-03; Goiana, 17-VI-03; Palmares, 19-17-VI-03; Passira, 8-X-04; Pesqueira, 8-X-04; Ribeirão, 2-X-04; Sanharó, 8-VIII-03; Sítio dos Nunes, 7-X-04; Vitória de Santo Antão, 27-VI-03; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03; Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; Estância, 3-X-04; Propriá, 4-VII-03; Umbaúba, 4-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Alagoinhas, 3-X-04; Caetité, 6-VIII-03; Capim Grosso, 6-X-04; Capinau, 5-VIII-03; Feira de Santana, 3-X-04; Ibitiba, 6-VIII-03; Jaco-bina, 7-VIII-03; Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Salvador, 3-X-04; Seabra, 6-VIII-03; Segredo, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; Vitória da Conquista, 6-VIII-03; PE: Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Caruaru, 27-VI-03; Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; Pesqueira, 8-X-04; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03;
S. stramonifolium: ES: Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, 7-V-04; Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03; Viana, 2-XI-03; MG: Três
Pontas, 2-V-04; PE: Recife, 11-XI-04; S. thomasiifolium: ES: Joia Neiva, 2-XI-03.
Oulenzia Radford, 1950 Oulenzia sp.
Specimens examined: S. grandiflorum: BA: Lagoa de Onísio, 5-X-04; Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; Mulungu do Morro, 5-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Seabra, 6-VIII-03; Segredo, 7-VIII-03; Sen-hor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; S. lycocarpum: BA: Jacobina, 6-X-04; MG: Antônio Dias, 1-XI-03; Antônio Pereira, 5-V-04; Itutinga, 2-V-04; João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Lavras, 2-V-04; Leopoldina, 4-V-04; Ponte Nova, 4-V-04; Varginha, 29-X-03; Santa Barbara do Tugúrio, 31-X-03.
Oribatida
Specimens examined: D. stramonium: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; C. intermedium: BA: Aurelino Leal, 4-X-04; S. americanum: ES: Venda Nova do Imigrante, 6-V-04; S. baturitensis: PE: Capoeira, 18-VI-03; Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; S. grandiflorum: BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04;
S. lycocarpum: BA: Jacobina, 6-X-04; MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; S. paludosum: AL: São Luiz de
Quin-tunde, 19-VI-03; BA: Esplanada, 3-X-04; Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; SE: Propriá, 2-X-04; S. paniculatum: AL: Flexeiras, 2-X-04; Iguaci, 18-VI-03; Teotônio Vilela, 18-VI-03; BA: Anagé, 4-X-04; Brumado, 4-X-04; Esplanada, 3-X-04; Feira de Santana, 5-VIII-03; Firmino Alves, 5-VIII-03; Ibotirama, 6-VIII-03; Itabuna, 4-X-04; Jacobina, 6-4-X-04; Salvador, 3-4-X-04; Santo Antônio de Jesus, 5-VIII-03; Seabra, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-VIII-03; Travessão, 4-X-04; Uruçuca, 5-VIII-03; Wencenslau Guimarães, 5-VIII-03; MG: João Monlevade, 5-V-04; Ponte Nova, 31-X-03; PB: Campina Grande, 17-VI-03; Monteiro, 18-VI-03; São José da Mata, 17-VI-03; PE: Bom Conselho, 4-XI-04; Cabo de Santo Agostinho, 2-X-04; Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Caruaru, 27-27-VI-03; Garanhuns, 18-27-VI-03; Palmares, 19-27-VI-03; Passira, 27-27-VI-03; Recife, 11-XI-04; Riberão, 19-VI-03; RJ: Campos, 3-XI-03; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03; Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; Propriá, 4-VII-03; Umbaúba, 4-VIII-03; S. stipulaceum: BA: Alagoinhas, 3-X-04; Capinau, 5-VIII-03; Morro do Chapéu, 7-VIII-03; Santo Antônio de Jesus, X-04; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-7-VIII-03; S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; PE: Recife, 25-VI-03.
Coccinellidae
Stethorus Weise, 1885 Stethorus tridens Gordon, 1982
esculen-tum: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04, S. americanum: PE: Recife, 11-XI-04; SE: Estância, 3-X-04; S. paniculaesculen-tum:
BA: Senhor do Bonfim, 6-X-04; S. stipulaceum: PE: Garanhuns, 3-XI-04; Pesqueira, 8-X-04.
Cecidomyiidae
Feltiella Rubsaamen, 1910 Feltiella sp.
Specimens examined: L. esculentum: MG: Juiz de Fora, 3-V-04; PE: Recife, 11-XI-04; S. americanum: PE: Recife, 11-XI-04; S. baturitensis: PE: Capoeira, 18-VI-03; S. grandiflorum: BA: Seabra, 5-X-04; Segredo, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 7-7-VIII-03; ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 5-VIII-03; S. lycocarpum: MG: Cocais, 1-XI-5-VIII-03; Santa Barbara do Tugúrio, 31-X-5-VIII-03; S. palinacanthum: ES: Colatina, 2-XI-03; MG: Santa Barbara do Tugúrio, 31-X-03; S. paludosum: AL: São Luiz de Quintunde, 19-VI-03; BA: Morro do Chapéu, 6-X-04; PE: Goiana, 17-19-VI-03; S. paniculatum: AL: Iguaci, 18-19-VI-03; Maceió, 19-VI-03; São Sebastião, 18-VI-03; Teotônio Vilela, 18-VI-03; BA: Bom Jesus da Lapa, 6-VIII-03; Brumado, 4-X-04; Caetité, 6-VIII-03; Feira de Santana, 5-VIII-03; Firmino Alves, 5-VIII-03; Ibitiba, 5-X-04; Itambé, 4-X-04; Itororó, 4-X-04; Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; Santo Antônio de Jesus, 4-X-04; Senhor do Bonfim, 6-X-04; Travessão, 4-6-X-04; Uruçuca, VIII-03; Vitória da Conquista, 6-VIII-03; Wencenslau Guimarães, 5-VIII-03; MG: Cocais, 1-XI-03; Lavras, 2-V-04; Ponte Nova, 31-X-03; Santa Barbara, 5-V-04; Três Pontas, 29-X-03; PB: Bayeux, 3-XI-04; Conde, 17-VI-03; Gurinhem, 3-XI-04; Monteiro, 18-VI-03; São José da Mata, 17-VI-03; Sumé, 17-VI-03; PE: Arcoverde, 18-VI-03; Bom Conselho, 18-VI-03; Cabo de Santo Ago-stinho, X-04; Camocim de São Félix, 27-VI-03; Caruaru, 27-VI-03; Lagoa Grande, 8-VIII-03; Palmares, 2-X-04; Passira, 8-2-X-04; Recife, 25-VI-03; Riberão, 19-VI-03; SE: Aracaju, 4-VIII-03; Estância, 3-2-X-04; Pro-priá, 2-X-04; S. stipulaceum: BA: Caetité, 6-VIII-03; Capim Grosso, 6-X-04; Jacobina, 7-VIII-03; Presidente Tancredo Neves, 4-X-04; Santo Antônio de Jesus, 4-X-04; Seabra, 5-X-04; Segredo, 7-VIII-03; Senhor do Bonfim, 6-X-04; SE: Cristinápolis, 4-VIII-03; S. stramonifolium: BA: Itabuna, 4-X-04; ES: São José das Torres, 3-XI-03; MG: Três Pontas, 2-V-04.
Staphylinidae
Oligota Mannerheim, 1830 Oligota sp.
Specimens examined: S. americanum: PE: Recife, 11-XI-04.
Discussion
Considering all collection sites in northeastern and southeastern Brazil, S. paniculatum was the predominant solanaceous species collected (117 samples); other frequent Solanaceae were S. stipulaceum (45), S.
ameri-canum (36), L. esculentum (24) and S. palinacanthum (22). Considering only the northeast, six species of
TABLE 1: Association between the most common solanaceous plants sampled (>8 samples) and Phytoseiidae in
north-eastern Brazil.
TABLE 2: Association between the most common solanaceous plants sampled (>8 samples) and Phytoseiidae in
south-eastern Brazil.
A total of 5,023 specimens of predatory mites were collected (Figs. 2 & 3) belonging to at least 44 spe-cies, but the 12 most abundant species represented 93.4% of the total number of predatory mites collected. These are (in decreasing order): P. guianensis (1,682), P. ubiquitus (1,170), Asca sp. (708), P. orientalis (213),
P. woodburyii (161), A. compositus (143), H. anconai (141), N. sooretamus (121), Cunaxoides sp. (117), T. paraevectus (86), T. peregrinus (85) and P. cismontanus (63). In terms of frequency, thirteen species of
preda-tory mites were found at eight or more collection sites. These are (in decreasing order): P. guianensis (110 sites), Asca sp. (56), P. ubiquitus (55), P. orientalis (37), A. compositus (29), Cunaxoides sp. (23), P.
wood-buryii (17), T. paraevectus (16), T. peregrinus (16), T. aripo (14), P. cismontanus (10), Agistemus sp. (8) and N. sooretamus (8).
Phytoseiid mites were by far the most diverse and abundant predatory mites collected, followed by tydeids and ascids. Within the Phytoseiidae, the highest diversity was found in the subfamily Amblyseinae, with 24 species, followed by Phytoseiinae, with 5 species, and Typhlodrominae, with 4 species. However, the most widely distributed and abundant phytoseiid mite in both regions, P. guianensis, belongs to the subfamily Phytoseiinae. Furtado (2006) reported this species as the most widely distributed and abundant in northeast-ern, southern and southeastern Brazil. Paraphytoseius orientalis was the second most abundant phytoseiid mite in the northeastern region but it was scarce in the southeastern region. Similar results were reported by
Plant species
Number of samples
Percentage
Recorded With Phytoseiidae
High level of association (>80%)
Solanum paludosum 11 10 90.9
Intermediate level of association (40 – 80%)
Solanum paniculatum 102 80 78.4
Solanum grandiflorum 12 8 66.7
Solanum stipulaceum 45 27 60.0
Low level of association (<40%)
Solanum americanum 11 0 0.0
Lycopersicum esculentum 9 0 0.0
Plant species
Number of samples
Percentage Recorded With Phytoseiidae
High level of association (>80%)
-- --
--Intermediate level of association (40 – 80%)
Solanum lycocarpum 23 15 65.2
Solanum stramonifolium 8 5 62.5
Solanum paniculatum 15 9 60.0
Low level of association (<40%)
Lycopersicum esculentum 15 4 26.7
Solanum americanum 25 5 20.0
Furtado (2006). In both regions, the mite was found in higher numbers in the rainy season. Phytoseius
wood-buryi was found in higher numbers in the southeastern region where it was only slightly more abundant in the
rainy season compared to the dry season. In the northeastern region, although the species was found in rela-tively high numbers in the rainy season, no individual was found in the dry season and several attempts to col-lect the mite during that period for biological studies were unsuccessful. Amblyseius compositus was more abundant in the southeastern region than in the northeastern region. Neoparaphytoseius sooretamus and T.
paraevectus were not found in the southeastern region although they were frequently collected in the
north-eastern region (Figs. 2 & 3).
FIGURE 2: Number and species of predatory mites found on solanaceous plants in northeastern Brazil, A. during the
FIGURE 3: Number and species of predatory mites found on solanaceous plants in southeastern Brazil A. during the
rainy season; B. during the dry season.
No predatory mites were found directly associated with T. evansi. Furtado (2006) however, reported sev-eral predators associated with it in different regions of Brazil: P. macropilis in the northeast, G. annectens in the southeast, E. citrifolius and T. aripo in the midwest and E. ho, Euseius inouei (Ehara & Moraes),
Neoseiu-lus californicus (McGregor), N. idaeus, PhytoseiuNeoseiu-lus fragariae Denmark & Schiba and PhytoseiuNeoseiu-lus longipes
A new genus and a new species, T. bahiense, was found during this study (Fiaboe et al. 2004). The mite was found at a single site (Morro do Chapéu, BA) and on a single plant species (S. paludosum) during the rainy and the dry season. However the number was far higher in the rainy season (Fig. 2).
The association of phytoseiid mites with S. americanum and L. esculentum was low in both regions (Tables 1 & 2). The fact that T. evansi was found only on these two plant species, and on a few occasions, explains why no predatory mite was found associated with the pest.
The predatory mites found belong to the families Ascidae, Cheyletidae, Cunaxidae, Phytoseiidae, Stig-maeidae and Tydeidae (Figs. 2 & 3). Many Ascidae are predators of nematodes and small arthropods, espe-cially in the soil. A large group feeds on pollen while others may feed on fungi or are omnivorous (Egan & Moss 1969; Ibrahim et al. 1989; Colwell & Naeem 1994; Gerson et al. 2003). The majority of cheyletid mites are predators of other mites and small arthropods but some few species are parasites. The predatory species occur on plants, in the soil as well as in vertebrate nests and stored products. The parasitic taxa occur on mam-mals, birds or insects (Flechtmann 1975; Gerson et al. 2003). Mites of the family Cunaxidae are generalist predators that attack other mites and small arthropods on diverse crops, in stored products and in litter. Some may feed on nematodes in the soil (Flechtmann 1975; Gerson et al. 2003). Phytoseiid mites live on plants and in the upper soil layers and are predators of mites, small insects, nematodes, but may also feed on fungi, pol-len and plant exudates. They are the best-known and most studied group of predatory mites, owing to their success in controlling spider mites and thrips (Gerson et al. 2003). Stigmaeid mites are in their majority preda-ceous, living on plants and in the soil, often feeding on the eggs and sessile forms of tetranychids, tenuipalpids and other small arthropods in many parts of the world (Flechtmann 1975; Gerson et al. 2003). Various feeding habits have been reported in Tydeidae. There are species known as predators, phytophagous, fungivores or scavengers. Species of the genera Tydeus and Lorryia (subfamily Tydeinae) may be found on plant leaves, feeding mainly on fungi and causing no economical damage to plants while species in the genera
Homeopronematus and Pronematus (subfamily Pronematinae) are predators mainly of Eriophyidae mites
(Hessein & Perring 1986; Flechtmann 1985).
A total of 497 specimens of acarophagous insects belonging to three families were found: Coccinellidae, Cecidomyiidae and Staphylinidae (Table 3). Adults and larvae of most coccinellid species (ladybird beetles) are predaceous on various homopterans or other small insects and mites. Some are specific in their choice for food while many are polyphagous. However, coccinellids of the subfamily Epilachinae are phytophagous and some species are pests of cultivated crops. Stethorus spp. are primary predators of spider mites (McMurtry et
al. 1970; Fürsch 1985). Larvae of some Cecidomyiidae (gall midges) are mycophagous, but most are
(Brethes) and Stethorus sp. were recorded from Brazil (Silva 1954; Paschoal 1970; Moraes et al. 1986). Mou-tia (1958) found Stethorus vinsoni Kapur together with T. evansi on various solanaceous plants in Mauritius.
Oligota sp. was found in very low numbers; in one of the samples, it was associated with T. evansi. Moutia
(1958) reported Oligota pallidicornis Cam. associated with the pest in Mauritius.
TABLE 3: Acarophagous insects found on solanaceous plants in south-eastern and north-eastern Brazil in the rainy and
dry season.
Tetranychus ludeni and T. neocaledonicus were the tetranychid mites most frequently found, the former
mostly in the northeast while the latter was collected only in the southeast (Table 4).
TABLE 4: Number and species of non-predatory mites found on solanaceous plants in northeastern and southeastern
Brazil.
Tetranychus evansi was found in high abundance (Table 4) but it was not frequent. It was found in only
three out of 330 samples, on S. americanum and L. esculentum. Moraes & Flechtmann (1981) reported T.
evansi in northeastern Brazil on L. esculentum, Physalis neesiana Sendtn., S. americanum, S. gilo Raddi, S. nigrum L. and S. tuberosum L. Furtado et al. (2005) also reported the scarcity of T. evansi in northeastern
Bra-zil, but reported a larger variety of host plants: L. esculentum, Lantana sp., S. paniculatum, S. grandiflorum
Species Northeast Southeast
Rainy season Dry season Rainy season Dry season Total
Stethorus tridens 0 165 0 0 165
Feltiella sp. 222 82 16 10 330
Oligota sp. 0 2 0 0 2
Species Northeast Southeast Total
Dry Rainy Dry Rainy
and Solanum sp. Tetranychus evansi seems to have a strong preference for solanaceous plants (Denmark 1973; Gutierrez 1974; Moraes & Flechtmann 1981; Blair 1983, Moraes et al. 1987). However, it has been reported on plants of other families, such as Convolvulaceae, Leguminosae, Acanthaceae, Hydropyllaceae, Rosaceae and Compositae (Denmark 1973; Gutierrez 1974; Moraes & Flechtmann 1981; Blair 1983).
Tetranychus evansi was collected only in the dry season in northeastern Brazil (Table 4). Rosa et al.
(2005) found T. evansi around Recife until May but it disappeared between June and August when the present survey was carried out. Studies on population dynamics of T. evansi from February 2004 to June 2005 (Fia-boe, in preparation) showed that the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites floridana Weiser & Muma caused epizootics between the end May and the beginning of June (depending on environmental conditions), with drastic population drops and sometimes eliminating T. evansi populations for up to three months. The absence of the pest in the field in June and August 2003 could be due to fungal epizootics, at least in part of the region where the survey was conducted.
The non-predatory mites in the present study belong to the families Acaridae, Diptilomioptidae, Eriophy-idae, TarsonemEriophy-idae, TenuipalpEriophy-idae, TetranychEriophy-idae, TydeEriophy-idae, Winterschmidtiidae and the suborder Oribatida (Table 4). Acaridae are most abundant on decaying fruits, in nests and stored food. The family comprises saprophagous, fungivorous and phytophagous species (Evans 1992; Gerson et al. 2003). Mites of the family Diptilomioptidae are phytophagous, living on the underside of leaves as leaf vagrants (Jeppson et al. 1975). Eriophyid mites are phytophagous. Their feeding causes general stunting, brooming, leaf rolling, gall forma-tion as well as fruit and foliage russeting. Aculops lycopersici is a serious tomato pest (Jeppson et al. 1975). Tarsonemids show the greatest diversity in feeding habit in all acarine families (Lindquist 1986); some feed on green plants, many on fungi and others are associated with arthropods, whether as phoretics, predators, parasites or parasitoids (Gerson et al. 2003). All tenuipalpids are phytophagous, feeding usually on leaves. Some species feed on the bark of plants, some in the floral heads or under leaf sheaths of grasses; a few form plant galls within which they feed. Some species have been incriminated as vectors of plant viruses (Jeppson
et al. 1975; Childers et al. 2001; Childers et al. 2003). All tetranychid mites are phytophagous. Many species
of this family are of great economic importance around the world (Flechtmann 1975; Bolland et al. 1998; Ger-son et al. 2003). Species belonging to the Winterschmidtiidae exhibit a wide variety of ecological associations but most of them are fungivores or saprophytics, on decaying materials or on leaf surfaces. A minority may prey on eggs of bark beetles or be obligate associates of insects (Flechtmann 1975; OConnor & Eickwort 1988). The suborder Oribatida is one of the most important groups of soil arthropods. Mites of this group feed on fungi, algae or are saprophagous. Few are predators. They are occasionally found in food stocks and on plants (Flechtmann 1975).
The high level of association between S. tridens and T. evansi suggests a predator-prey relation between both arthropods. Rosa et al. (2005) studied Asca sp., P. guianensis and P. orientalis, some of the most frequent and abundant predatory mites found in this study in the laboratory but none of them was an efficient predator of T. evansi.
The scarcity of T. evansi and the fact that no predatory mites were found associated with the pest in north-eastern and southnorth-eastern Brazil compared to the high abundance of the pest and the diversity of associated predatory mites recorded by Furtado (2006) in southern Brazil suggests that more extensive surveys should be carried out in southern Brazil and Argentina as well as in the priority areas identified by the climate matching in Paraguay, Uruguay and Bolivia.
Acknowledgements
Pronematinae species, respectively. This study is part of a collaborative project between ICIPE (Kenya), ESALQ/USP (Piracicaba, SP – Brazil) and UFRPE (Recife, PE – Brazil) funded by a grant of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) to ICIPE. The first author received a scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) through the Capacity Building Program of ICIPE.
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APPENDIX 1: Coordinates and altitudes of survey points.
Localities State Elevation
(m.a.s.l.)) Latitude (South) Longitude (West) Agua Branca ES 147 19°00´ 040°43´ Alagoinhas BA 141 12°10´ 038°25´ Anagé BA 412 14°35´ 041°11´ Angelo Frechiani ES 70 19°23´ 040°41´ Antônio Dias MG 607 19°38´ 042°54´ Antônio Pereira MG 782 20°18´ 043°28´ Aracaju SE 18 10°54´ 037°09´ Arcoverde PE 652 08°25´ 037°04´ Aurelino Leal BA 72 14°22´ 039°19´ Barbacena MG 1120 21°12´ 043°45´ Barão de Cocais MG 771 19°55´ 043°28´ Barroso MG 1062 21°10´ 043°55´ Bayeux PB 62 07°07´ 034°57´ Belo Oriente MG 214 19°15´ 042°20´ Bezerros PE 564 08°17´ 035°49´ Bom Conselho PE 710 09°12´ 036°42´
Bom Jesus da Lapa BA 447 13°16´ 043°23´
Bom Nome PE 442 07°59´ 038°37´
Boquira BA 558 12°47´ 042°42´
Brumado BA 494 14°14´ 041°37´
Cabo de Santo Agostinho PE 60 08°15´ 035°01´
Cachoeiro de Itapemirim ES 307 20°53´ 040°58´
Caetité BA 715 14°08´ 042°22´
Cafarnaum BA 780 11°37´ 041°25´
Caldeiras BA 864 13°37´ 042°34´
Camocim de São Félix PE 695 08°22´ 035°45´
Campina Grande PB 417 07°15´ 035°49´ Campos RJ 26 21°18´ 041°19´ Capim Grosso BA 456 11°15´ 040°18´ Capinau BA 843 15°00´ 040°47´ Capoeira PE 912 08°44´ 036°43´ Carandaí MG 1083 20°54´ 043°49´ Carmo da Cachoeira MG 971 21°32´ 045°14´ Carpina PE 157 07°49´ 035°14´ Caruaru PE 674 08°12´ 035°55´ Caturama BA 574 13°14´ 042°24´ Cocais MG 722 19°50´ 043°26´ Coimbra MG 617 20°53´ 042°47´ Colatina ES 131 19°28´ 040°40´ Conde PB 78 07°16´ 034°56´ Conselheiro Lafaiete MG 968 20°42´ 043°47´ Cristinápolis SE 120 11°30´ 037°47´
Cruz Das Almas BA 202 12°41´ 039°08´
Ervália MG 898 20°57´ 042°35´
APPENDIX (continued)
Localities State Elevation
(m.a.s.l.)) Latitude (South) Longitude (West) Espera Feliz ES 749 20°38´ 041°54´ Esplanada BA 86 12°19´ 038°51´ Estância SE 46 11°16´ 037°26´ Feira de Santana BA 180 12°19´ 038°51´½ Fervedouro MG 699 20°43´ 042°09´ Filadelfia BA 385 10°51´ 040°06´ Firmino Alves BA 238 14°55´ 039°46´ Flexeiras AL 109 09°09´ 035°46´ Garanhuns PE 834 08°54´ 036°29´ Goiana PE 27 07°36´ 034°58´ Governador Valadares MG 161 18°51´ 041°50´ Gurinhem PB 148 07°10´ 035°26´ Ibatiba ES 779 20°14´½ 041°30´ Ibitiba BA 722 14°12´ 042°03´ Ibotirama BA 427 12°25´ 043°12´ Iconha ES 52 20°43´ 040°44´ Iguaci AL 242 09°33´ 036°39´ Ipatinga MG 241 19°31´ 042°39´ Itabuna BA 76 14°46´ 039°17´ Itambé BA 365 15°16´ 040°25´ Itororó BA 251 15°07´ 040°03´ Itutinga MG 973 21°15´ 045°31´ Jacobina BA 471 11°12´ 040°26´ João Monlevade MG 915 19°50´ 043°12´ Joia Neiva ES 76 19°43´ 040°22´ Juazeiro BA 416 09°35´ 040°25´ Juiz de Fora MG 1087 21°43´ 043°23´ Lagoa De Onísio BA 875 12°25´ 042°20´ Lagoa Grande PE 375 09°00´ 040°16´ Lavras MG 913 21°13´ 045°03´ Leopoldina MG 240 21°31´ 042°37´ Maceió AL 18 09°29´ 035°35´ Manhuaçu MG 597 20°106´ 042°03´ Mantena MG 364 18°45´ 041°05´ Mariana MG 773 20°23´ 043°25´ Monteiro PB 641 07°53´ 037°07´ Morro do Chapéu BA 905 11°26´ 041°03´ Mulungu do Morro BA 847 12°00´ 041°39´ Muriaé MG 179 21°08´ 042°23´ Nepomuceno MG 830 21°13´ 045°14´
Oliveira dos Brejinhos BA 539 12°19´ 042°52´
Palmares PE 130 08°45´ 035°36´
Passira PE 213 07°58´ 035°34´
Pesqueira PE 660 08°22´ 036°41´
AL= Alagoas, BA= Bahia, ES= Espirito Santo, MG= Minas Gerais, PB= Paraiba, PE= Pernambuco, SE= Sergipe, RJ= Rio de Janeiro
APPENDIX (continued)
Localities State Elevation
(m.a.s.l.)) Latitude (South) Longitude (West) Ponte nova MG 443 20°25´ 042°55´
Ponto Real do Colegio AL 160 10°05´ 036°42´
Praia do Frances AL 9 09°45´ 035°50´
Presidente Tancredo Neves BA 221 13°30´ 039°26´
Propriá SE 21 10°14´ 036°51´ Recife PE 23 08°01´ 034°56´ Riacho de Santana BA 642 13°37´ 042°55´ Ribeirão PE 104 08°29´ 035°22´ Rio Pomba MG 442 21°15´ 043°11´ Salgueiro PE 448 08°04´ 039°07´ Salvador BA 55 12°38´ 038°28´ Sanharó PE 680 08°21´ 036°33´ Santa Barbara MG 740 20°00´ 043°24´
Santa Barbara do Tugúrio MG 564 21°14´ 043°24´
Santo Antônio de Jesus BA 170 12°57´ 039°15´
São Fidelis RJ 20 21°39´ 041°41´
São João del Rei MG 1083 21°08´ 044°14´
São João do Cariri PB 463 07°23´ 036°31´
São José da Mata PB 580 07°09´ 036°03´
São José das Torres ES 43 21°09´ 041°16´
São Luiz do Quitunde AL 18 09°21´ 035°33´
São Sebastiao AL 262 09°55´ 036°32´
Seabra BA 1089 12°25´ 042°00´
Segredo BA 836 11°51´ 041°36´
Senhor do Bonfim BA 550 10°31´ 040°14´
Sitio dos Nunes PE 566 08°03´ 037°50´
Santa Rita de Minas MG 644 19°52´ 042°08´
Sumé PB 533 07°40´ 036°52´ Teotonio Vilela AL 133 09°54´ 036°14´ Travessão BA 233 13°58´ 039°28´ Três Pontas MG 889 21°25´ 045°30´ Ubaporanga MG 576 19°307´ 042°006 Umbaúba SE 96 11°25´ 037°43´ Uruçuca BA 34 14°25´ 039°19´ Varginha MG 837 21°39´ 045°21´
Venda Nova do Imigrante ES 727 20°20´ 041°10´
Viana ES 9 20°26´ 040°27´
Viçosa MG 722 20°44´ 042°51´
Visconda do Rio Branco MG 375 20°59´ 042°49´
Vitória da Conquista BA 931 14°50´ 040°54´
Vitória de Santo Antão PE 173 08°08´ 035°18´
Wencenslau Guimarães BA 251 13°38´ 039°29´
