Segmentação do tracto vocal a partir de estudos imagiológicos de ressonância magnética
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(2) Universidade de Aveiro Departamento de Electrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática 2008. INÊS CAMPOS MONTEIRO SABINO DOMINGUES CARBONE. Segmentação do Tracto Vocal a partir de Estudos Imagiológicos de Ressonância Magnética.. Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrónica e Telecomunicações, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor António Joaquim da Silva Teixeira e do Doutor Augusto Marques Ferreira da Silva, Professores Auxiliares do Departamento de Electrónica, Telecomunicações e Informática da Universidade de Aveiro.. Dissertação realizada com o apoio financeiro da FCT no âmbito do III Quadro Comunitário de Apoio..
(3) O júri Presidente. Professora Doutora Maria Beatriz Alves de Sousa Santos Professora Associada com Agregação da Universidade de Aveiro. Vogais. Professor Doutor Jorge Alves da Silva Professor Auxiliar da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto. Professor Doutor António Joaquim da Silva Teixeira Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro (Orientador). Professor Doutor Augusto Marques Ferreira da Silva Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro (Co-Orientador).
(4) Agradecimentos Durante os dois anos do desenvolvimento desta tese experimentei um grande desenvolvimento não só a nível profissional, mas também a nível pessoal. Este crescimento não teria sido possível sem o apoio e envolvimento de inúmeras pessoas e instituições. Na impossibilidade de as nomear todas, irei apenas mencionar os nomes mais significativos. Começo por referir as pessoas ligadas ao progresso científico da tese. Aos meus orientadores, Professor Doutor António Joaquim da Silva Teixeira e Professor Doutor Augusto Marques Ferreira da Silva, que pelas suas personalidades e conhecimentos complementares, fizeram com que este trabalho se desenvolvesse de forma fluida e sem grandes sobressaltos. O primeiro com o seu espírito sempre positivo e incentivador e o segundo mais reservado e até desconfiado, e que me fez ter que provar as minhas capacidades. À Paula Martins, colega e amiga, pelos vários momentos de desabafo e troca de experiências semelhantes. Também pelo companheirismo e mútua ajuda. Aos colegas e professores de mestrado, em especial aos do primeiro semestre do ano curricular. Talvez por termos sido poucos, desenvolveu-se uma relação bastante próxima. Listando os nomes, Professora Beatriz, Professor Joaquim, Professor Paulo, Sérgio, Nuno, Luís e Samuel. Um especial agradecimento aos dois últimos porque, além de colegas de mestrado, foram também colegas de trabalho e uma grande ajuda nos momentos de necessidade. Ao apoio financeiro fornecido pela FCT, permitindo-me usufruir de uma bolsa de iniciação à investigação cientifica durante dois anos através do projecto "HERON – Um ambiente computacional para investigação em síntese articulatória do Português" com o número POSI/PLP/57680/2004. Agradeço também ao IEETA, que me aliviou o pagamento do segundo ano de propinas. Uma pessoa que tenho dificuldade em enquadrar no âmbito científico ou pessoal é o primo Pedro Serrano. Foi uma ajuda indirecta mas essencial, especialmente por me ter oferecido o seu livro, que me ajudou a esclarecer bastantes dúvidas sobre este mundo, ainda um pouco estranho para mim, da investigação científica. Passando ao plano pessoal, começo por falar nos meus queridos pais. Não só por me terem financiado todos os meus estudos, incluindo a parte curricular do mestrado, mas também pelo seu apoio incondicional e incentivo nos momentos mais desesperados. Não posso deixar de mencionar também as correcções, essencialmente ortográficas, por eles efectuadas em todos os meus trabalhos. À minha mana, simplesmente por ser como é! A toda a minha família e amigos porque sei que, embora nem sempre fisicamente presentes, estão sempre lá. Sem essa certeza não teria conseguido a paz interior para me dedicar a este trabalho tão absorvente. Um beijinho especial ao Ricardo, tio Manuel, tio Quim, avô Rui, pai e Fabio pelos comentários e opiniões às primeiras versões desta tese. Ao meu maridinho Fabio, pelo amor, carinho, companheirismo e paciência demonstrados ao longo deste percurso. A tua presença deu-me a força necessária para levar este projecto ate ao fim. As suas ‘ideias, descobertas, críticas, sugestões e inspiração (…) são parte inseparável deste livro. É impossível agradecer-lhe a sua contribuição.‘ (Citando António Damásio, em O Erro de Descartes)..
(5) Palavras-chave. Segmentação, Ressonância Magnética, Produção de Fala, Português Europeu, Síntese Articulatória. Resumo. Na área da imagiologia é frequentemente necessário decompor as imagens ou volumes nos seus diversos componentes estruturais, isto é, há necessidade de "segmentar" as imagens. Existe hoje um amplo leque de técnicas de segmentação de imagens, proporcionando níveis de desempenho e eficácia contextualmente variáveis. O objectivo geral deste trabalho é a exploração das potencialidades das técnicas de segmentação aplicada ao estudo da produção da fala no Português Europeu. Através da segmentação de imagens e volumes de Ressonância Magnética duma das principais estruturas anatómicas relacionadas com a produção da fala, o tracto vocal, pretendeu-se alcançar o objectivo especifico de proporcionar novas informações de teor morfo-funcional no conhecimento dos mecanismos de produção do Português Europeu. A investigação encontra-se inserida num projecto mais amplo e pluridisciplinar denominado HERON, cujo objectivo é a criação dum programa de síntese articulatória para o Português Europeu. Após a aquisição de imagens 2D e 3D do tracto vocal de dois falantes, foram seleccionadas uma série de técnicas de segmentação a aplicar, nomeadamente Region Growing, Live Wire, Level Sets, e Reaction Diffusion Active Contours, tendo-se avaliado as vantagens e desvantagens de cada método consoante a natureza dos dados imagiológicos e o objectivo específico da segmentação. O método Region Growing provou ser eficaz no caso mais simples da segmentação 2D mas em contextos 3D foi necessário recorrer a métodos mais elaborados como os Level Sets. Foi ainda proposta uma estratégia inovadora de segmentação semi-automática "2.5D" baseada em reformatação multi-planar ao longo do eixo longitudinal do tracto vocal seguida da aplicação de algoritmos Live Wire ou Level Sets. Esta metodologia provou viabilizar as aquisições de Ressonância Magnética puramente 3D para os estudos imagiológicos de produção do Português Europeu..
(6) keywords. Segmentation, MRI, Speech production, European Portuguese, Articulatory synthesis. abstract. The main objective of the segmentation techniques is the partition of images or volumes in its structural components. Although its use is of basic importance in the image processing field, the effectiveness and homogeneity of the segmentation techniques still represent a problem in the area of applied engineering whose mathematical solution is yet to be found. This work focuses on the segmentation of Magnetic Resonance images and volumes of some anatomical structures related with speech production, namely, the vocal tract. Through the segmentation we were able to gather new morph-functional information on the European Portuguese production. This investigation is part of a broad project, named HERON, whose objective is the development of a speech synthesizer for European Portuguese. After the comparative analysis of an extensive set of segmentation methods, the ones that were more adequate for our application were chosen. The implemented techniques were: Region Growing; Live Wire; Level Sets; and Reaction Diffusion Active contours. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were also evaluated. Region Growing proved capable of segmenting the 2D images. For 3D information, the use of more complex methodologies, such as Level Sets, was necessary. A new "2.5D" segmentation strategy was also proposed, based on multi-planar reformatting through the longitudinal axes of the vocal tract, followed by the application of 2D segmentation algorithms as Live Wire and Level Sets. This methodology enabled the 3D Magnetic Resonance acquisitions for imaging studies in the European Portuguese production..
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