of computer based techniques, as well as laser-optics methods, nanotechnologies and nanomaterials, among many other technological advances, added new dimension and perspectives to minim ize or prevent catastrophic failures of engineering systems, structures and components.
This volume contains the extendedAbstracts of the 380 papers accepted for presentation in the IRF2013-41h International Conference on In tegrity, Relia bility and fa ilure held in Funchal/Portugal, 23-27 June 2013. The book is complemented by an accompanying CD-ROM containing the full length papers.
799 RO I R03 R05 807 809 RI I SI3 815 RI7 819 821 823 R25 827 829 13
EDlTORS PREFACE
As the engineering community continues lo cross the boundaries Df known practices, materiais and manufacturing techniques into lhe frontiers af new functional materiais, environrnents and applications. the opportunities for catastrophic failures w ill inevitably
incrcase.
Ir
our knowledge af how to engineer systems, slTUctures and components tominimize or prevent catastrophic failure is to keep pile e with modem manufacturing technologies, the demanding applications, and the intolerance af a safety conscious society, we musl continue aur efforls to develop and use superior materiais, apply reliable analytical techniques and validate lhese with sound experimental tools. lt is with this in mind that lhis series of conferences was organised.
The objectives of this gathering are to provi de a forum for the discussion and dissemination of recent advances in assessing the integrity, reliabilily and failure of engineering structurcs, components, and assemblies, foster research in these arcas, and promote international co-operation arnong scientists and engineers in the field . The goal is to enable concerncd researchers and scientists from ali over the world to exchange ideas on mechanics, materiais and design as Ihey relate lo system integrily and reliabilily.
This fourth intemational conference, which is sponsored by the Univcrsity Df Porto, lhe University ofToronto and the University of Madeira, is part ofa prestigious series of Integrity Reliability and Failure conferences coordinated by the Intemational Scientific Committee on Mechanics and Materiais in Design. The conference atlractcd over 300 participants with 380 accepted submi ssions [rom 45 different countries around lhe world. These papers were presenled in June 23-27, 2013 in lhe magnificenl cily of Funchal, Madeira. The confcrence themcs which address integrity, reliability and failurc focu sed on Analytical and Numerical tools, Testing and Diagnostics, Surfacc and Interface Engineering, Sensors and Instrumentation, Tribology, Mechanical Design and Prototyping, Modes of Failure, Composite Materiais, Nanotcchnologies and Nanornaterials, Biomechan ícs, Energy and Thenno-Fluid Systems, Impact and Crashworthiness and Case Studies.
We are particularly indebted lo the authors and speeial gucsls for their plcnary lectures and presentations. Each of lhe more than 380 contributions offered opportunities for thorough discussions with the authors. We acknowledge ali of the participants, who contributed with innovations, new research approaches, novel modeling and simulation efforts, and invaluable criticai commems. We are also indebled to lhe outstanding plcnary lecturers who highlighled the conference thcrnes with their contributions: Professor Xiong Zhang (Tsinghua University, P. R. China), Professor E.A. Elsayed (Rutgers University, USA) and Professor Norilsugu Umehra (Nagoya University, Japan). We also take this opportunity to thank lhe members of lhe Intemational Scientific Committee and reviewers for thcir time and effort.
Last but by no means least, we offer our sincere gratitudc to the symposia organisers [ar th cir contribution to the success of the cvent and lhe local organising commíttec for attending to many aspeels oflhe conference dcmands. For ali ofthem, wc are truly very grateful.
Shaker A. Meguid alld J.F. Silva Gomes Fundlal ! Madeira, June 2013
International Scientific Committee
Abcn, H. (Estonia) Dourado, N. (Portugal) Masato, Y. (Jap'lIl) Sainov, V. (Bulgaria)
Abreu, M.J. (portugal) Ebcrhardsteincr, J. (Austria) Mcda, A. (tlnly) Santos, J.M. (Portugal)
Adali, S. (5. Africa) Estcvcs, l.L. (Portugal) Mcguid, S.A. (e:mada) Santos, Telmo (Portugal)
Afonso, C.F. (Portugal) Fanguciro. R. (Portugal) Melo, F.Q. (Portugal) Serncnski, D. (Croatia)
Alcxopoulos, N. (Grecec) Fernandes, A.A. (Portugal) Milciko, S.T. (Russia) Silva, AJ. (Portugal)
Alves, A. (Portugal) Ferreira, D. (Portugal) Millcr. R.E. (Canada) Silva. Lucas (Portugal)
António,
c.c.
(Portugal) Ferreira, J.G. (Portugal) Mines, R. (UK) Silva Gomes, l.F. (Portugnl) Banks-Sil1s, L (Israel ) FiúZll, A. (Portugal) Miranda, R. (Portugal) Sjõdahl, M. (Sweden)Baptista, J.S. (Portugal) Fonseca E. (Portugal) Morcim, F. (Portugal) Soares, C.M. (Portugal)
Barros, R.C. (Portugal) Gdoutos, E. (Grecce) Moreira, P. (Portugal) Sousa, LC. (Portugal)
Bathe, K.1. (USA) Gcraldes, M. (Portugal Morimoto, Y. (Japan) Sousa, R. (Portugal)
Botsis, J. (Switzcrli,lnd) Guedes, R.M. (Portugal) Moura, M.F. (Portugal) Suleman, Afzal (Portugal)
Brcrnand, F. (Franee) Hejum, Ou (Singapore) Muc, Aleksander (Poland) Takagi, T. (Japan)
Caetano, E. (Portugal) 19artua, A. (Spain) Navarro, C. (Spain) Talllia, M. (Portugal)
ClImllnho, P. (Portugal) Ignaszak, Z. (Poland) Navas, H. (Portugal) Tamalsky, E. (Bmzil)
Campos, lR. (Portugal) Iliescu, N. (Romania) Pappalettere, C. ([taly) Tamuzs, V. (Latvia)
Castro, C.F. (Ponugal) Jones, N. (UK) Pieczyska, E. (Poland) Tavares, 1M. (Portugal)
Castro, P.T. (Portugal) Jorge, R.N. (Ponugal) Piloto, P. (Portugal) Tavares, P. (Portugal)
Catarino, A. (Portugal) Kahlen, F-J. (S. Africa) Pindera, M,J. (USA) Thomscn, O.T. (Denmark)
Cavalcante, M. (Brazil) Klein, W. (Genmllly) Prime, M. (USA) Tooren, M,J. (Netherlands)
Chen, T. (Taiwan) Kourkoulis, S. (Greece) Quc!has, O. (Brazil) TrumtlO, C.E. (UK)
Chenot, J-L (France) Laermann, K. (Germany) Ramesh, K. (Jndia) VanHemc!rijck, D. (Belgium)
Cime, J. (Portugal) Langseth, M. (Norway) Reddy, J.N. (USA) Varom, H. (Portugal)
Correia, A. (Ponugal) Lima, G. (Brazi]) Restivo, M.T. (Ponugal) Vasques, C. (Ponugal)
Croccolo, D. (ltaly) Lino, J. (Ponugal) Ribeiro, J.E. (Portugal) Vaz, Mnrio P. (Ponugal)
Cunha, A. (Ponugal) Lopes, H. (Ponugal) Robinson, J. (Ircland) Vilas-Boas, l (Portugal)
Daua, S. (USA) Lu, Jian (I~ong Kong) Rocha, A.B. (Portugal) Wang, Wci-Chung (Taiwan) Degrieck, J. (Belgium) Madureira, L (Portugal) Rodrigues, H. (Portugal) Weng, G. (USA)
Dias, G. (Ponugal) Maia, Lino (Portugal) Rodrigues, lO. (Portuglll) Yoneyama, Satoro (Japan)
Dietrich, L. (Poland) Mal, A. (USA) Ruiz, G. (Spain) Yoon, Y.C. (Singapore) Diago, M.T. (Portugal) Marques, A.T. (Portugal) Ruzieka, M. (Czech R.l Zhang, Z. (China)
J)
Institutional Sponsors
FEUP
MADL
CCEE
Ul1iversily Df Porto Portugal
Ulliversity ofToronto Callada
University of Madeira Portugal
Co-Chairs
J.F. Silva Gomes
CU.
PorIa)
Shaker A. Meguid
C U.Toronto)
Organizing Committee
Carlos C. Antánio, CHto F. Afonso, José M. Cime
Lino Maia, Mário A.P. Vaz, Paulo G. Piloto, Pedro M.G.P. Moreira
Conference Secretariat
Nuno Pinto, Lurdcs Calalino, Carla Gonçalves M.F. Silva Gomes,
lVi/h lhe mppor/ of
ABREU-pea, Profcssional Congress Organizcr (http://pco.abrcu.pt) Mcrcatura Confcrcncc Systcrn (http://www.mcrcatura.pt)
~.
J
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xxx
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IRF2013 confercnce is sponsored by the following institutions, whose contributions are gratefully acknowledged:
FEUP-Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porlo MADL-Mechanics Gnd Aerospace Design Lab, Universily ofToronto CCEE-Cenlro de Ciências Exae/as e de Engenharia, Universidade da A1adeira
Governo Regional da Madeira
IVBAM-lllstitllto do Vinho, do Bordado e do Artesanato da Madeira, !.P. APAET-Porlugucse Associatioll for Experimental Mechanics
EURASEM-El/ropean Sacie'y for Experimental Mechanics SEM-American Saciely for Experimental Mechanics
BSSM-British Saciely for Stl'ain A1easuremenl JSME-Japallcse Society of Mechanical Engilleering
IMEKO-Inlernational Measuremenl Conjederation AFM-Associatioll Française de MécGnique DY.MAT-EuropeaJl Associationjor Dynamics of Materiais INEG1-lnstitulo de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial
LABIOMEP-Laboralório de Biomecânica do Porto FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia ABREU-PCO, Professional Congress Organize/'
(grORTO
••••••••
••••••••
MEDiANlCS ANO AEROSPACE DE5IGN lAB
TRACKS I MAIN TOPICS:
Topic_ A: Analytical and Numerical 1001s
Topic_B: Testing and Diagnostics
Topic_ C: Surface and lnterlàce Engincering
Topic_D: Civil Engineering Applications
Topic_ E: Sensors and Instrumentation
Topic_ F: Tribology, Geurs and Transmissions
Topic _ G: Mechanical Design and Protolyping
Topic _H: Modes af Failurc
Topic_I: Composite Materiais
Topic_J: Nanotechnologics and Nanomaterials
Topic _ K: Biomechanical Applications
Topic_L: Encrgy and Thenno-Fluid Systems
Topic_M: Impact and Crashworthiness
Topic_N: Case Studies
SPECIAL SYMPOSIA:
Symp_OI: Smarl Materiais and Structures
Coordinafor: MJ. Gera/des (UBI)
Symp_03: lmaging and Vizualization
Coordinator: João Tavares (U.Porto)
Symp_04: OpticaI Techniques ofExperimental Mechanics in Dcsign
Coordinators: Hernani Lopes (lPB), João Ribeiro (IPB)
Symp_05: Blood Flow Mcchanical Behaviour
Coordinalors: Catarina Castro (U.Porto), Luisa Sousa (U.Porto)
Symp _ 06: Integrity, Reliability and Failure in Dental Materiais
Coordinalors: J.c. Reis Campos (U.Porlo), André Correia (U.Porto)
Symp_ 07: Mechanical Characterization ofBone Behaviour
Coordinators: Marcelo Moura (U.Porto), Nl11l0 Dourado (UTAD)
Symp _ 1o: Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimization
Coordinalor: Carlos C. António (U.Porto) Symp _ 11: Innovative Joining Processes
Coordillalors: Pedro Moreira (lNEGl/ U.Porto), LlIcas Silva (U.Porto)
Symp _12: Vibration and Structural Acoustic Analysis
COOl'dinalor: César Vasqlles (INEGI)
Symp_ 13: Dynamics, Stability and Control in Engineering Structures
Coordinator: Rui C. Barros (U. Porto)
Symp 14: Assessment, Monitoring and Control ofCivil Engineering Structurcs
- Coordillalors: Álvaro Cunha (U.Porto), Eisa Caetano (U.Porto)
Symp_ 15: Behaviour Characterization ofConstructions for Earthquake Demands
Coordinators: Humberto Vantm (U.Aveiro), Hugo Rodrigues (U.Aveiro)
Symp_ 17: Concrete Material Perfonnance
Coordinators: Nuno Dourado (UTAD), Marcelo Moura (U.Porto)
Symp_J 8: Safety ofWooden Structures
Coordinalors: Elza Fonseca (IPB), Débora Ferreira (IPB)
Symp_ 19: Occupational Safety and Health
Coordinators: J. Santos Baptista (U.Porlo), M Tato Diogo (U.Porto), Gilson Lima (LATEC), Osvaldo Quelhas (LATEC)
Symp_20: Thclll10dynamics and Thenno-Fluid Systems
Coordiflators: Clilo F. Afonso (U.Porto), Carlos C. Anlól/io (U.Porlo)
Symp_21: Lean and Green Manufacturing
Coordinators: AI/abeta Alves (U.Minho), Rui SOl/sa (U. Minho), Franz-Josef Kallen (U. Cape Town)
Symp_26: Advanccs in Fibrous and Composite MateriaIs for Civil Engineering
Coordillators: Raul Fanglleiro (U. Minha), Sohel Rana (U.Minho)
Symp_27: Structural Health Monitoring of Advanced Structures
Coordinators: Júlio C. Viana (CriticaI MateriaIs, SA), Gustavo Dias (CriticaI Malerials, SA)
Symp_28: Fire and StructuraI Engineering
Coordinators: Paulo G. Piloto (IPB), Alberto Medo (U. Roma)
Symp_29: Metrology, Quality Contrai and Reliability
Coordinator: Helena v.G. Novas (FCT/ UNL)
Symp_30: MedicaI Devices and Healthcare Materiais
Coordinators: Maria José Abreu (U.Minho), André Calarino (U.Minha)
Symp_31: Micromechanics and Homogenization af Hctcrogeneous Media
Coordinalors: Marek-Jerzy Pindem (U. Virginia), Marcio Cavalcante (U.Alagoas)
Symp_32: Failure and Fatigue ofStructural Elements
Coordinator: Aleksander Muc (Cracow U.T.)
INTEGRlTY. RELlABILlTY AND FAILURE
Pt\PER REP: 4102
A CONTRIBUTION TO ASSESS THE STRUCTURAL
VULNERABILITY OF TRADITIONAL TIMBER
PAVEMENTS
I\'lnrcos Tcixcintl, Débora Ferreiral!'), Vitor CunhalJ, Artur Fcio-l, José Lousudus, Humberto V~runt6, João Miranda Guedes', Jorge Pinlol•8
'Enginccring Dcpartmcnt, ECT, Trás-as-Montes c Alto Douro Univcrsity, Vila Real, Portugal 2Polytcc hnic Institulc ofBragunça (lPB), Bragança, Portugal
JISISE, Minha Univcrsity, Guimarães, Portugal
4Lusíada UnivcrsilY, V.N. Famaliciío, Portugal
lForcst Dcpartmcnt, Trãs-os-Monlcs c Alto Douro Uni vcrsity, Vila Real, Portugal 6Civil Enginccring Dcpartment, Avciro Univcrsily, Avciro, Portugal
lCiviJ Enginccring Dcpartment, FEUP, Porto Univcrsity, Porto, Portugal ' Associatcd Laboratory 13N, Aveiro, Portugal
(" E/l/ai/: dcbora@ipb.pt
ABSTRACT
In general, timber pavements are the main horizontal structural elements of the Portuguese traditianal buildings. Since thcse types af buildings required to be preserved, the rnaintenance of t'imber pavements is crucial. Howcver and unfortunately, the demolition of lhe interior Df troditional buildings sti l! is a current building option in rehabilitation processes. This building scenario is more expressive in private estate, in particular, in privatc dwellings. This aptian moy be due to the lack of technical knowledge conceming timber pavements. Therefore, thi s papcr intends to give a contribution in this matter by proposing ao expedite methodology able to ossess the stl1lctural vulnerability of these types of horizontal structural elements. Mapping the different structural vulnerability degrees of a traditional timber pavement may give guidance for maintenance, inspection andJor reinforcement design processes.
Keywol'ds: traditional timber paverncnts, structural timber elements, structural vulnerability, pathology, mitigatio n, sustoinability
INTRODUCTION
Granite, schist and tab ique building are traditional Portuguese buildings, The differentiation of these types of buildings is basical!y related to the type of the respective ma in externai vertical structural elements. In ali lhe cases, the maio externai vertical stru ctural element is a wall and instead of a column. Granite masonry, schist masonry and tabique wall are the maio externai vertical structural elements of the granite, the schist and lhe tabique traditional buildings, respectively. Thcre is also the case of mi xed type in which, an integrated combination of the abave identified vertical structural elernents is possible. For instance, this building scenario is highly expec ted in tabique buildings because stone masonry (e.g. granite or sc hist) placed at lhe ground fioor levei usually support the upper externai tabique wall s. In general, these types of traditional buildings have interesting building pallems such as, local and natural building materiais, and an interior tirnber component lendency. In fac t, the pavements, the stairs. the roof s structure and lhe partition walls are preferentially timber structural componenls. In the context af traditional tirnber pavements, they are essentially a braced beamed load distribution structural systems.
4,1• Interna/iollal Conference OI/ Jnwgrity. Reliabili/y and Failllre
Apart of supporting dead and live loads, the limber pavemenls also support the self-weight of lhe partition walls . Meanwhile, they are essentially directly supported on lhe externai wa Us and, therefore, they also may have an important bracing contTibution of the overaIl building. These technical aspects lead us lo the conclusion that the traditional timber pavements may have an important role in lhe overall struetural integrity of traditional buildings. Pathology phenomenon, material and structural damages, and structural failure scenarios are some aspects that have to be considered concerning maintenance, inspection, structural reinforcing design and rehabilitation processes of traditional timber pavemenls. Additionally, the aging effect, lhe fact that wood is an organic building material (resulting in a heterogen ic and anisotropic material), the building may be in service and no original design is likely to happen, are also aspects that have to be considered in these processes. Therefore, these processes may end up bei ng complex. On the other hand. in lhe perspectives of cultural , social identity, sustainability and economical, to preserve lhe traditiona l buildings is a w ise oplioo. Unfortunately, tbis option is still frequently neglectcd and mainly conceming the rehabilitation of privale traditional estate (e.g. dwellings), in whieh the demoliti on of the
cxisting tirnbcr structural elements is a common deci sion . in other to invert lhi s situutioo
technical knowl edge dissemination among the community is required . In this respect, thi ~
paper inteods tu contribute by giveo a slep forward 00 the structural vulnerability assessment
of traditional building pavements and by integrating the typical pathology damages of structural timber elemeots with the criticai structural point coocept.
The most strueturally vulnerable parts of a traditional timber pavement may be identified
which may be extremely use fui in the processes ideotified above. A similar approach has been
done for the traditional timber roof struetures (Murta, 2011) This paper is structured as folIows: firstly, the traditional buildiog topic is put ioto conlext. lo particular, the maio types of the traditional buildings of the Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro region are briefly identified and described; secondly, some structural timber systems of traditional pavements are presented and deseribed; thirdly, the most eommon timber palhologi es are identified and exemplified; fourthly, a proposal of an expedi te methodology for the assessment of the structural vuloerability of traditiooal timber pavements is done; finally, the maio conclusions are drawn.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The main tTaditional buildings of the north-east part of Portugal are identifi ed and bricny described. Some typical timber pavements are presented and also their mos! frcqucllt pathologies. An expedite methodology for the structural vulnerability asscssmen! of these types of horizontal struetural elements is explained and proposed.
REFERENCES
[I]-Murta, A., Pinto, l. , Humberto Varum , H. (2011) - Struetural vulnerability of two traditional Portuguese timber struetural systems. Engineering Failure Analysis (20 11 ), doi: I 0.1 O 16/j .engfailanal.20 I 0.12.0 17.
