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Sónia Faria

Alexandra Gonçalves Revisão Científica e Linguística:

David A. Davis

4You

ENSINO SECUNDÁRIO

I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 8 9 - 7 6 7 - 4 2 9 - 7 1. Verbs 4 1.1. Present simple 4 1.2. Present continuous 8 1.3. Past simple 14 1.4. Past continuous 20 1.5. Present perfect 26

1.6. Present perfect continuous 32

1.7. Past perfect 38

1.8. Past perfect continuous 40

1.9. Future will 44 1.10. Future be going to 48

1.11. Future continuous 52

1.12. Future perfect 54

1.13. Other tenses used to express

future meaning 55

2. Modal verbs 60

3. The passive 66

3.1. Impersonal passive 72

4. Reported (Indirect) speech 74

4.1. Statements 74

4.2. Questions 77

4.3. Commands and requests 80

4.4. Offers, suggestions and proposals 83

5. Infinitive and -ing form 84

5.1. Infinitive with to 84 5.2. Infinitive without to 86

5.3. -ing form as non-finite verb 88

5.4. -ing form versus infinitive 89 5.5. Verb + object + (to-)infinitive 92 6. Used to vs be/get used to 94 6.1. Used to 94 6.2. Be/Get used to 95

7. Articles ₉₈

7.1. Definite article 98

7.2. Indefinite article 100

8. Pronouns and possessive determiners 104

8.1. Personal pronouns 105

8.2. Reflexive and emphatic pronouns 106

9. Nouns 110

9.1. Noun formation 110

9.2. Singular, plural and collective

nouns 112

9.3. Possessive case – the genitive 114

10. Adjectives 116

10.1. Adjective formation 116

10.2. Order of adjectives before nouns 118

10.3. Adjective + preposition 119

10.4. Degrees of adjectives and adverbs 120

10.5. Correlative comparatives 122

10.6. Double comparatives 124

11. Prepositions 126

11.1. Prepositions of time 126

11.2. Prepositions of place 128

11.3. Prepositions of spatial relationships 130

12. Quantifiers 132

13. Text and discourse ₁₃₄

13.1. Contrast and concession 136

13.2. Purpose 138

13.3. Cause and reason 140

14. Relative clauses 144

15. Conditional sentences 148

15.1. Conditional sentences type 0 148

15.2. Conditional sentences type 1 149

15.3. Conditional sentences type 2 150

15.4. Conditional sentences type 3 151

16. I wish/If only 156

17. Prepositional verbs 158

18. Phrasal verbs 161

19. Emphatic structure 165

20. Get/Have something done 167

21. Mixed rephrasing 169

Verb tenses 173

List of irregular verbs 174

Answer key 175

2

CONTENTS

3

I S B N 9 7 8 - 9 8 9 - 7 6 7 - 4 2 9 - 7

GRAMMAR 4 YOU – Ensino Secundário – destina-se a alunos

que estão a frequentar o Ensino Secundário, em particular aos alunos do 10.º, 11.º e 12.º anos de escolaridade. Foi idealizada para suporte à prática letiva, ao estudo individual do aluno e à preparação de testes.

Tendo como base os documentos curriculares de referência para este ciclo de ensino, designadamente o Programa de Inglês, as Metas Curriculares e as Aprendizagens Essenciais da disciplina, a gramática está dividida em unidades, identificadas pelo nome do item gramatical em estudo.

Cada unidade apresenta a seguinte estrutura: • Apresentação

Em cada item, parte-se de uma citação e recorre-se a vários exemplos, para maior clareza.

• Prática e Produção

Os diferentes exercícios apresentam um grau de dificuldade crescente: parte-se dos exercícios mais simples para os mais difíceis.

Depois de ter exercitado gradualmente o item gramatical, pretende-se que o aluno seja capaz de usar os conhecimentos adquiridos. Nesse sentido, propõe-se a descrição de imagens, escrita de frases ou parágrafos, completamento de diálogos ou outro tipo de exercícios.

As autoras

INTRODUÇÃO

INFINITIVE AND -ING FORM

5.

84

5.1. INFINITIVE WITH TO

How wonderful it is that nobody needs to wait a single moment before starting to improve the world.

Anne Frank, Jewish victim of the Holocaust, author of The Diary of a Young Girl

We use the to-infinitive after

• the following verbs (but we often omit to before the second and third (etc.) infinitives in a succession): – afford – agree – appear – arrange – ask – attempt – care – choose – claim – come – consent

– dare* – decide – demand – deserve – determine – expect – fail – get – have – hope – hurry – intend – learn – long – manage – mean – need* – offer – plan – prepare – pretend – promise – refuse – seem – tend – threaten – want – wish – (would) hate/like/love/prefer

Parents have to give teenagers some responsibilities, and offer them advice, but not interfere.

*dare and need are used without to, in the negative:

‘I daren’t contradict my grandfather.’ ‘But you needn’t fear him now – he’s dead!’

• verbs with the structure verb + object + to:

– advise – allow – ask – choose – convince – enable – forbid – force – hate – invite – like – love – persuade – prefer – remind – teach – tell – order – warn – want…

My English teacher told us to be on time for the test.

• some adjectives:

– anxious – glad – happy – mad – pleased – sad…

I am very pleased to meet you.

• the conjunctions how – what – where – when

She taught me how / what / where / when to sing.

Example dialogue

– What would Cynthia like to do in life? – She would love tofind a rich husband. – Well, I would prefer her not to find mine.

– If she goes on flirting with him, I shall forbid her to enter our house!

USE

A _{Complete the following sentences with the verbs below.}

1. I was in such a hurry that I forgot the door.

2. The doctor advised Mrs Spencer two bottles of water a day. 3. The police forced the demonstrators .

4. We aren’t allowed inside the school. 5. The teacher agreed the test.

6. This question is easy .

7. My mother taught me how that dish.

EXERCISES postpone make disperse answer close drink smoke • Vídeo Verb + infinitive or verb + -ing form GR4YSEC_20182968_TXT_P056_101_2P.indd 84 10/01/2019 10:59

85

B _{Answer the questions, using the words in brackets. Follow the example.}

1. What are you planning? (get a part-time job)

I’m planning to get a part-time job.

2. What did he decide? (go to university)

3. What did they promise? (not / tell her secret)

4. What does she want? (meet her friends)

5. What do you hope? (have good marks)

6. What has he learnt? (respect the elders of his tribe)

C _{The following sentences all have a verb + object + to-infinitive. Complete them by following}

the example.

1. My parents warned (I / not chat) with unknown people on the Net.

My parents warned me not to chat with unknown people on the Net.

2. I convinced (they / read) my own blog.

3. My friend reminded (I / post) some old photos.

4. My parents want (my sister and me / be) careful about social networks.

5. They forbade (their children / use) the subway at night.

6. My sister persuaded (I / not complain) about her.

7. She has taught (her friends / play) an online game.

8. She told (I / introduce) myself.

9. A friend invited (we / go) to a gig.

10. She advised (I / take) warm clothes.

Oxford University

108

PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS

8.

B _{Complete these proverbs with the indefinite pronouns in the box.}

1. that glitters is not gold.

2. Hard work never did any harm. 3. There’s a time and a place for . 4. is certain but death and taxes.

5. Give an inch and they will take a mile. 6. He who is is . 7. is perfect.

C _{Complete this dialogue. The guest is checking in at a hotel. Use personal, possessive,}

interrogative and demonstrative pronouns and possessive determiners.

Guest: Hello. Good evening.

Receptionist: Good evening, sir. How can 1. help 2. ? Guest: 3. ’m here with 4. wife.

5. have a booking for a double room for three nights. Receptionist: Could 6. tell me 7. name, sir? Guest: 8. is Mark Smith.

Receptionist: Could I have 9. identity documents, please?

Guest: Here’s 10. passport and 11. identity card. This 12. is my wife’s.

Here are 13. other documents too. Here, in the passports, are

14. visas, if 15. need to check 16. . Receptionist: Thank 17. very much. Here’s the key. 18. room is

on the 7th floor. The lifts are over there on the right. Can you see 19. ? Guest: Yes, 20. can. Is 21. all?

Receptionist: Yes. Well, if 22. need anything, just give 23. a call. Guest: Thank 24. .

Receptionist: 25. ’re welcome. Have a good stay.

nowhere everything / all (2_𝗑) nothing someone nobody anyone everywhere GR4YSEC_20182968_TXT_P102_149_2P.indd 108 10/01/2019 10:59

109

D _{Read the following text about travelling and insert the pronouns below.}

yourself one (2x) us oneself I it who

doesn’t like travelling? Travelling can be care free or action filled, it can be budget

friendly or lavish but either way believe that can be the best investment you can make in . Immersing in a new place can be a culture shock at first, but it forces out of one’s comfort zone opening the doors for growth. Through travel, can learn about an unfamiliar culture, including language, food, practices, and beliefs, which compel to see past our tunnel vision, or narrow perception, of a ‘normal life’.

we (2x) each other this anybody

In today’s world, knows that multicultural awareness, language skills and cultural knowledge as well as an appreciation of difference are necessary competences for any democratic and developing society. Without , are unable to learn from . With the skill to understand and see through the eyes of different cultures, are able to interact with people more reasonably and unselfishly.

what them somewhere you (3x) they that everything

But travelling can be much more than . Some people get so tied up in the day-to-day scheme of things that lose sight of what really makes happy. Happiness is, in my opinion, the most important building block of life and without true happiness

seems dull. By going else, are able to escape stress and reboot, as well as discover something you didn’t even know liked. So, are

waiting for? Pack your bags and don’t look back.

https://essayshark.com/blog/travelling-essay/ (abridged and adapted)

PREPOSITIONS

11.

11.2. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE

at the bus stop/airport/station

at the top/bottom of the page

at the front/back of the room

at home/work at school/university in a limited or enclosed space in a building/square/street in London/Portugal/the world in the water/sea/sky in the garden/park/wood in the pocket/wallet/purse/bag/case in the car/taxi/van in the text/newspaper/book

in the middle of the page

on top of sth;_{a surface}

on the floor/carpet

on the grass/beach

on the wall/ceiling

on TV/the radio/the screen/the Internet

on an island/the road/the river

on the bus/train/plane

on a horse/bicycle/motorbike

on the page/menu

on the left/the right

Other prepositions of place (those marked with an asterisk often function as adverbs; others may do so occasionally):

out, outside*, inside*, off, by, beside, opposite, near, next to, away from, behind, between, among, over, above under, below, beneath*, underneath*.

USE

• Vídeo

Prepositions of place

129

A _{Complete the diagrams with the expressions below:}

B _{Complete the sentences with the correct preposition.}

1. She grew up the countryside.

2. I have some extra money my pocket. 3. I read about the accident the newspaper. 4. I’ll be waiting for you the bus stop. 5. They saw something strange the sky. 6. There’s a good show TV tonight. 7. He’s sitting the chair next to the door. 8. They have many beautiful pictures the wall. 9. Why is he middle of the street?

10. We waited for hours that room. 11. Who is this girl the photograph? 12. They live a small house in the suburbs. 13. The children are school right now. 14. Wait for me the car.

15. Let’s meet the west door of the cathedral.

the office the beach the kitchen a box a horse the street the door New York page 23 the party the second floor

home

at

on

in