Efeito da cinza de biomassa na fertilidade de um solo florestal

André Lopes

Fernandes

Efeito da cinza de biomassa na fertilidade de um

solo florestal

André Lopes

Fernandes

Efeito da cinza de biomassa na fertilidade de um

solo florestal

Dissertação apresentada à Universidade de Aveiro para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, realizada sob a orientação científica do Doutor

José de Jesus Figueiredo da Silva, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento da Universidade de Aveiro e da Doutora Etelvina Maria de Almeida Paula Figueira, Professora Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro.

Este trabalho foi realizado no âmbito do projeto PTDC/AAC-AMB/098112/2008, “(Bias-to-soil) Cinzas de biomassa: Características em relação à sua origem, tratamento e aplicação no solo”, financiado por Fundos FEDER através do Programa Operacional Fatores de Competitividade – COMPETE e por Fundos Nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia.

Dedico este trabalho aos meus pais pelo incansável apoio e pela força que me têm dado. A maior lição de vida e de amor é me dada todos os dias em casa por vocês, Amo-vos.

o júri

Presidente Professor Doutor Luís António da Cruz Tarelho

Professor auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro

Vogais Artur Jorge da Costa Peixoto Alves

Equiparado a investigador Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro

Professor Doutor José de Jesus Figueiredo da Silva

Professor Auxiliar da Universidade de Aveiro

Professora Doutora Etelvina Maria de Almeida Paula Figueira

agradecimentos Apresento os meus sinceros agradecimentos:

Ao orientador Prof. Doutor José de Jesus Figueiredo da Silva e coorientadora Prof.ª Doutora Etelvina Maria de Almeida Paula Figueira por toda a dedicação e apoio prestado ao longo do trabalho laboratorial, pela partilha de conhecimento, pelas críticas e sugestões levantadas ao longo da redação da dissertação, pelos bons momentos de convívio vividos.

Agradeço a preciosa colaboração da Prof.ª Rosa Freitas, que foi incansável na ajuda de tratamentos de dados, e não podia esquecer o incansável Paulo Cardoso e Eng. David Silva que tanto me ajudarem e me aturaram nos laboratórios respetivos.

Às duas fantásticas técnicas de laboratório do Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento pela ajuda no decorrer do trabalho laboratorial.

Aos meus professores, em especial ao Prof. Doutor Jorge Ventura Ferreira Cardoso, da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro pelas palavras amigas e pela motivação e encorajamento que sempre transmitiu para o prosseguimento com os estudos de mestrado.

Aos meus pais José Fernandes e Maria Fernandes, e à minha irmã Annabelle Fernandes pela paciência e pelos diversos apoios prestados durante todo o meu percurso académico.

Às minhas colegas de laboratório Joana Pires e Isabel Alves que foram uma muito boa companhia no trabalho árdua de laboratório.

Agradeço do fundo do coração a preciosa ajuda e a simples presença ao meu lado nestes momentos angustia, à Andreia Pereira. Sem o seu apoio moral e sentimental este trabalho seria impossível.

Aos meus amigos do primeiro direito que sempre estiveram do meu lado nas horas mais complicadas, demonstrando o carinho e consideração que têm pela minha pessoa.

Não podia deixar de agradecer a todos os AMIGOS que comigo conviveram na linda aventura de Vila Real, onde fizeram crescer muito a minha pessoa.

palavras-chave central bioelétrica, enzimas do solo, microbiota do solo, catalase, fosfatase, FDA, bactérias, fungos

resumo A biomassa florestal é um recurso natural com grande potencial calorífico sendo atualmente aproveitado, à escala mundial, para a produção de energia elétrica. O crescimento da população mundial e o impacto ambiental causado obrigou à pesquisa de novas tecnologias mais amigas do ambiente.

Em Portugal, estão atualmente ativas dezanove termoelétricas exclusivas a biomassa. Assim, a cinza de biomassa tornou-se mais um problema para o qual é necessário encontrar uma solução. A cinza de biomassa florestal é um resíduo industrial, sólido, proveniente da incineração e combustão incompleta de madeira e cascas.

Neste trabalho foi usada cinza resultante da combustão de resíduos do abate florestal, principalmente casca, ramos e bicadas de eucalipto, que são recolhidos e vendidos para serem usados numa caldeira de leito fluidizado anexa a uma fábrica de pasta de papel. Com o intuito de dar uso e aproveitar os benefícios da cinza de biomassa, o presente trabalho de investigação tem como objetivo clarificar as vantagens da utilização destas cinzas em solo florestal, avaliando a sua capacidade para aumentar a fertilidade do solo. Foram estudadas as alterações em parâmetros biológicos de fertilidade do solo. O trabalho de investigação foi realizado entre os meses de fevereiro e julho na beira litoral.

Os parâmetros relacionados com a fertilidade do solo utilizados na avaliação do estudo foram a catalase, a fosfatase ácida e alcalina, a hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína (HFDA) e o número de bactérias e fungos do solo. Os resultados obtidos no geral elucidaram um efeito positivo na fertilidade do solo. Aumentou a atividade bacteriana e o pH do solo, diminuíram os fungos e as enzimas do solo. Mesmo diminuindo a atividade enzimática foram observados aumentos na microbiota do solo. A quantidade de 5 ton/ha em campo foi diminuta e com 10 ton/ha nos ensaios de laboratório o efeito foi mais notório. O trabalho evidencia a necessidade de avaliar melhor a influência da aplicação de cinzas de biomassa quer em ensaios de laboratório quer em ensaios de campo, de modo a desenvolver práticas agrícolas e silvícolas que aproveitem da melhor forma as potencialidades de um recurso disponível e económico.

keywords bioelectric central, soil enzymes, soil microbiota, catalase, phosphatase, FDA, bacteria, fungi

abstract Forest biomass is considered a natural resource with great calorific potential, used globally to produce electricity. The increasing of world population and consequent impact suggest the search of new technologies environmental friendly.

Currently, in Portugal there are nineteen biomass exclusive thermoelectrics. Therefore, the ashes from biomass became a problem and a solution is required. The ashes from forest biomass are an industrial waste, arising from incineration and incomplete combustion of wood and bark.

In this work were used ashes from combustion of forest waste slaughter, like bark and eucalypt branches, which are collected and sold to be used in a bubbling fluidized bed attached to a paper pulp factory.

The purposes of this work is clarify the advantages of using biomass ashes in forest soil and assess their ability to increase soil fertility. Were studied the visible changes in biological parameters soil fertility. The work was conducted between February and June in the coastal border region.

The relating parameters with fertility of the soil used in the evaluation of the study were catalase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate hidrolysis (HFDA) and the number of bacteria and soil fungi.

The results obtained in general have elucidated a positive effect on fertility. It increased the bacterial activity and the pH of the soil but reduced the fungi and the enzymes. Even decreasing the enzyme activity increases were observed in the soil microdiota. A quantity of 5 ton / ha in the field was tiny, with 10 ton / ha in laboratory tests the effects were more marked. This work highlights the need to better assess the influence of the application of ash from biomass either in laboratory tests or in field trials in order to develop agricultural and forestry practices that leverage the best capabilities of an available resource and economic.

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