❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❈❘❖❲❉ ❈❖❖❑❇❖❖❑❙✿ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❈❖◆❍❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊
▼❯▲❚■❉➹❖ ❆ P❆❘❚■❘ ❉❊ ❙❮❚■❖❙ ❉❊ P❊❘●❯◆❚❆❙ ❊
❘❊❙P❖❙❚❆❙ P❆❘❆ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆P■❙
▲❯❈❆❙ ❇❆❚■❙❚❆ ▲❊■❚❊ ❉❊ ❙❖❯❩❆
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
▲❯❈❆❙ ❇❆❚■❙❚❆ ▲❊■❚❊ ❉❊ ❙❖❯❩❆
❈❘❖❲❉ ❈❖❖❑❇❖❖❑❙✿ ❯❙❆◆❉❖ ❈❖◆❍❊❈■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊
▼❯▲❚■❉➹❖ ❆ P❆❘❚■❘ ❉❊ ❙❮❚■❖❙ ❉❊ P❊❘●❯◆❚❆❙ ❊
❘❊❙P❖❙❚❆❙ P❆❘❆ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❆➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❆P■❙
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ▼✐♥❛s ●❡r❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜✲ t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❖s ❛❜❛✐①♦ ❛ss✐♥❛❞♦s✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❡✱ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛♠ q✉❡ ❧❡r❛♠ ❡ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❋❛✲ ❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✐♥t✐t✉❧❛❞❛ ✏❈r♦✇❞ ❈♦✲ ♦❦❜♦♦❦s✿ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼✉❧t✐❞ã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❙ít✐♦s ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✑ ♣♦r ▲✉❝❛s ❇❛t✐st❛ ▲❡✐t❡ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡①✐❣✐❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✳
❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ✷✸ ❞❡ ❏✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ▼❛✐❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❇❛♥❝❛ ❊①❛♠✐♥❛❞♦r❛✿
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❆✉tr❛♥ ▼❛❝ê❞♦ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆ ❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
P❘❖●❘❆▼❆ ❉❊ PÓ❙✲●❘❆❉❯❆➬➹❖ ❊▼ ❈■✃◆❈■❆ ❉❆ ❈❖▼P❯❚❆➬➹❖
❉❛t❛✿ ❏✉❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹
❆✉t♦r✿ ▲✉❝❛s ❇❛t✐st❛ ▲❡✐t❡ ❞❡ ❙♦✉③❛
❚ít✉❧♦✿ ❈r♦✇❞ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s✿ ❯s❛♥❞♦ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ▼✉❧t✐❞ã♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❙ít✐♦s ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡✿ ❋❛❝✉❧❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❈✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
●r❛✉✿ ▼❡str❛❞♦
❋✐❝❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐❞♦ à ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛ ♦ ❞✐r❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❝✐r❝✉❧❛çã♦ ❡ ✐♠♣r❡ssã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó♣✐❛s ❞❡st❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❡①❝❧✉s✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛❝❛❞ê♠✐❝♦s✱ ❞❡s❞❡ q✉❡ ♦ ❛✉t♦r s❡❥❛ ❞❡✈✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛❞♦✳
❆✉t♦r
❖ ❆❯❚❖❘ ❘❊❙❊❘❱❆ P❆❘❆ ❙■ ◗❯❆▲◗❯❊❘ ❖❯❚❘❖ ❉■❘❊■❚❖ ❉❊ P❯❇▲■❈❆➬➹❖ ❉❊❙❚❊ ❉❖❈❯▼❊◆❚❖✱ ◆➹❖ P❖❉❊◆❉❖ ❖ ▼❊❙▼❖ ❙❊❘ ■▼P❘❊❙❙❖ ❖❯ ❘❊P❘❖✲ ❉❯❩■❉❖✱ ❙❊❏❆ ◆❆ ❚❖❚❆▲■❉❆❉❊ ❖❯ ❊▼ P❆❘❚❊❙✱ ❙❊▼ ❆ P❊❘▼■❙❙➹❖ ❊❙❈❘■❚❆ ❉❖ ❆❯❚❖❘✳
❝
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦ ✐♥t❡❧✐❣ê♥❝✐❛✱ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦r❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ❊♠ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❧✉❣❛r ❛♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s q✉❡ s❡♠♣r❡ ♠❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈❛r❛♠ ♥♦s ♠♦♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❞✐❢í❝❡✐s✳
❚❛♠❜é♠ ❛❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛♦ ♣r♦❢✳ ▼❛r❝❡❧♦ ▼❛✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✜❣✉r❛ ❞❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✳ ■♥❣r❡ss❛♠♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜♦s✱ ♠❛s ❣r❛ç❛s ❛ ❉❡✉s ❡ ❛♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ár❞✉♦ ❥á ❡st❛♠♦s ❝♦❧❤❡♥❞♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s✳ ❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡✉s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ♥❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✿ ❙❛♥❞r❛ ❞❡ ❆♠♦✱ ●✐♥❛ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ▼✐❝❤❡❧ ❙♦❛r❡s✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛❥✉❞❛ ❞❡❧❡s ❢♦✐ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ♥❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ❛ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❞✐s❝❡♥t❡s q✉❡ ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡✉s ❝♦❧❡❣❛s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳ ❊♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✿ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❈❛♠♣♦s✱ ❆❧❧❛♥ ❑❛r❞❡❝ ❙♦❛r❡s✱ ❏❛q✉❡❧✐♥❡ P❛♣♣✐♥✐✱ ❏✉❧✐❡t❡ ❘❛♠♦s✱ ❈❧❡✐✲ ❛♥❡ ❖❧✐✈❡✐r❛ ❡ ❊❧❞❛♥❡ ❱✐❡✐r❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡r✐s♠♦ ❡ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡ ❞❡❧❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❡✉ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐r ❝❤❡❣❛r ❛té ❛q✉✐✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s r❡✉sá✈❡✐s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ tê♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ♣❡r♠✐t✐r ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❖ r❡✉s♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡ ❞❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❆P■ ✭■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣❛r❛ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s✮✳ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❜❡♠ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s t✐♣✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ tê♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❡♠ ❏❛✈❛❞♦❝s✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❡ss❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐✜❝✉❧t❛r ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳
❙t❛❝❦♦✈❡r✢♦✇✳❝♦♠ ✭❙❖✮ é ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ✭◗✫❆✮ ❞✐r❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ❛ q✉❡stõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ◆♦ ❙❖✱ ✉♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ ♣♦st❛r ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ ✉♠ tó♣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ s✐t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞á✲❧♦ ❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ t❡♠ ❡♠ ♠ã♦s✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❙❖ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ✉♠ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❡stá ❡s♣❛❧❤❛❞❛ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ s✐t❡✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♦ ❙❖ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❝r♦✇❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♥❡❧❡ ❝♦♥t✐❞♦✳
◆❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s❡♠✐✲❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ q✉❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛ ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡❧ ♥♦ ❙❖ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❆P■s✱ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✭❧✐✈r♦s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛s✮✳ ❖s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❝r♦✇❞ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s✳
P❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♣❛r❛ três ❆P■s ❛♠♣❧❛✲ ♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✿ ❙❲❚✱ ▲■◆◗ ❡ ◗❚✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❡♠ q✉❡ ❣r❛✉ ♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ❛t❡♥❞❡♠ ❛ ❡st❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s✳ P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❡st✉❞♦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r ♦s ♣❡r✜s ❞❡ ✉s♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♠❛✐s ❛♣r♦♣r✐❛❞♦s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛✱ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ❛t❡♥❞❡♠ às ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r♦✉ q✉❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♥ã♦ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❉❡✈❡❧♦♣❡rs ♦❢ r❡✉s❛❜❧❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✱ s✉❝❤ ❛s ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s✱ ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ r❡s♣♦♥s✐✲ ❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ ❤✐❣❤ q✉❛❧✐t② ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤♦s❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❚❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ✉♣♦♥ t❤❡ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆P■ ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡✮ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡❧❧ ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❤❡♥s✐✈❡ ❆P■ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥✱ ❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐♥ ❏❛✈❛❞♦❝s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡② ❛❧s♦ t②♣✐❝❛❧❧② ❧❛❝❦ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛② ❞✐✣❝✉❧t t❤❡ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡ r❡✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐❜r❛r②✳
❙t❛❝❦❖✈❡r✢♦✇✳❝♦♠ ✭❙❖✮ ✐s ❛ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥s✇❡r s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ✐ss✉❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✳ ■♥ ❙❖✱ ❛ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡r ❝❛♥ ♣♦st q✉❡st✐♦♥s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ t♦♣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ♠❡♠❜❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s✐t❡ ❝❛♥ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡ ❛♥s✇❡rs t♦ ❤❡❧♣ ❤✐♠✴❤❡r s♦❧✈❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❤❡✴s❤❡ ❤❛s ❛t ❤❛♥❞✳ ❉❡s♣✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❙❖ ❜② t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✱ t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ❧✐❜r❛r② ✐s s♣r❡❛❞ ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❡❜s✐t❡✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ❙❖ st✐❧❧ ❧❛❝❦s ❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐ts ❝r♦✇❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✳
■♥ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ s❡♠✐✲❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤❛t ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡s t❤❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛✲ t✐♦♥ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ ❙❖ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛ ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❆P■s✱ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✭r❡❝✐♣❡✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❜♦♦❦s✮✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❛r❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❝r♦✇❞ ❝♦✲ ♦❦❜♦♦❦s✳
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✱ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✇❡r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❢♦r t❤r❡❡ ❆P■s ✇✐❞❡❧② ✉s❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ❝♦♠♠✉♥✐t②✿ ❙❲❚✱▲■◆◗ ❛♥❞ ◗❚✳ ❉❡s✐r❡❞ ❢❡✲ ❛t✉r❡s t❤❛t ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♠✉st ♠❡❡t ✇❡r❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❛ st✉❞② ✇✐t❤ ❤✉♠❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✇❛s ❝♦♥❞✉❝t❡❞ t♦ ❛ss❡ss t♦ ✇❤❛t ❡①t❡♥t t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ ♠❡❡t t❤♦s❡ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ❚❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ st✉❞② ✐t ✇❛s ❛❧s♦ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ♣❡r❝❡✐✈❡❞ ✉s❡❢✉❧♥❡ss ❜② t❤❡ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ✐♥ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✐♥ ❆P■s ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts s❤♦✇❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❜✉✐❧t ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ str❛t❡❣②✱ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ♠❡❡t t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❡❞ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ♠♦st ❤✉♠❛♥ s✉❜❥❡❝ts ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ t❤❛t ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❞♦ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦♣r✐❛t❡ ❢♦r♠❛t t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❛r♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❆P■s✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ①①✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ■♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s ✺
✷✳✶ ▼í❞✐❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✸ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♥♦ ❙❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✹ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✸ ❆❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❙❡♠✐✲❆✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ P❛r❛ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈r♦✇❞ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✶✶ ✸✳✶ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❍♦✇✲❚♦✲❉♦✲■t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✷ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✸ ❯s♦ ❞♦ ▲❉❆ ♣❛r❛ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❞♦s P♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✸✳✹ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❡ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❈r♦✇❞ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✸✳✺ ❉❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✸✳✻ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❲❡❜ ♣❛r❛ ✈✐s✉❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈r♦✇❞ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹ ▼❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❈r♦✇❞ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✸✸
✹✳✶ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✹✳✷ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✹✳✸ ❆P■s ❈♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❡ ❈r♦✇❞ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❈♦♥str✉í❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽ ✹✳✹ ❙✉❥❡✐t♦s ❍✉♠❛♥♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✹✳✺ Pr♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✺✳✶ ❈♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✺✳✷ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ❯t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✺✳✸ ◗✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❆✈❛❧✐❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✺✺
✺✳✶ ❉❡s❝❛rt❡ ❞♦ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❘❡♣r♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺ ✺✳✷ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❛♦s ■t❡♥s ❈♦♥tr♦❧❧❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✺✳✸ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❛♦ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❙♠t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽
①✈✐✐✐ ❙✉♠ár✐♦
✺✳✸✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✹ ❙♦❜r❡♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡♠❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✺ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❛♦ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❘❡❧❛❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✻ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❛♦ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❆❞❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✻✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✼ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❛♦ ❈r✐tér✐♦ ❆✉t♦❈♦♥t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✼✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ❈♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✽ ❈♦♥❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷ ✺✳✾ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❈♦♥❥✉♥t❛ ❞♦s ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✱ ❆✉t♦❈♦♥t ❡ ❆❞❡q ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✶✵ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ●❡r❛✐s ❞♦s ❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✺ ✺✳✶✶ ❖♣✐♥✐õ❡s ❞♦s ❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❡s s♦❜r❡ ❯s♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♣❛r❛ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✽✶ ✺✳✶✷ ❆♠❡❛ç❛s à ❱❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✺
✻ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❘❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ✽✾
✻✳✶ ▼í❞✐❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧ ♥❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✻✳✶✳✶ ❙t♦r❡②✱ ❚r❡✉❞❡✱ ✈❛♥ ❉❡✉rs❡♥ ✫ ❈❤❡♥❣ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✾ ✻✳✶✳✷ ❚r❡✉❞❡✱ ❋✐❣✉❡✐r❛ ❋✐❧❤♦✱ ❈❧❡❛r② ✫ ❙t♦r❡② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✷ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✶ ✻✳✷✳✶ P❛r♥✐♥ ✫ ❚r❡✉❞❡ ✴ P❛r♥✐♥✱ ❚r❡✉❞❡✱ ●r❛♠♠❡❧ ✫ ❙t♦r❡② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✷ ✻✳✷✳✷ ❘♦❜✐❧❧❛r❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✸ ✻✳✷✳✸ ❉❛❣❡♥❛✐s ✫ ❘♦❜✐❧❧❛r❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✹ ✻✳✸ ❋❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❞❡ ❆✉①í❧✐♦ à ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✸✳✶ ▲♦♥❣✱ ❲❛♥❣ ✫ ❈❛✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✻ ✻✳✸✳✷ ❑✐♠✱ ▲❡❡✱ ❍✇❛♥❣ ✫ ❑✐♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✼ ✻✳✸✳✸ ❉❡❦❡❧ ✫ ❍❡r❜s❧❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✽ ✻✳✸✳✹ ❍❡♥❜✱ ▼♦♥♣❡rr✉s ✫ ▼❡③✐♥✐ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾✾ ✻✳✸✳✺ ❙✉❜r❛♠❛♥✐❛♥✱ ■♥♦③❡♠ts❡✈❛ ✫ ❍♦❧♠❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶ ✻✳✸✳✻ ▼♦♥t❛♥❞♦♥✱ ❇♦r❣❡s✱ ❋❡❧✐① ✫ ❱❛❧❡♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✶
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❡ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✶✵✸
✼✳✶ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵✺
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✶✵✾
❆ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙t♦♣ ❲♦r❞s ✶✶✺
❆✳✶ ❙t♦♣ ❲♦r❞s ❯s❛❞❛s ♥♦ Pré✲Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶✺
❇ ❉♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ❯s❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❚r❡✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ✶✶✼
❙✉♠ár✐♦ ①✐①
❈ ❉❛❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ✶✷✾
❈✳✶ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❡ ❘❡❝❡✐t❛s ❙❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❆♠♦str❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷✾ ❉ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ❞♦s ❆✈❛❧✐❛❞♦r❡s ◗✉❛♥t♦ ❛♦ ❯s♦ ❞♦s ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐✲
③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s ✶✸✸
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❤r❡❛❞ ♥♦ ❙❖ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✸✳✶ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣❛ss♦s ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✸✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❍♦✇✲❚♦✲❉♦✲■t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ q✉❡ ♥ã♦ é ❍♦✇✲❚♦✲❉♦✲■t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✸✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛♥t❡s ❡ ❛♣ós ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✸✳✺ ❙❲❚ ✲ ❆❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✐✲és✐♠♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❝❛❞❛
tó♣✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✻ ▲■◆◗ ✲ ❆❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✐✲és✐♠♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❝❛❞❛
tó♣✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹ ✸✳✼ ◗❚ ✲ ❆❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ❞♦s ✐✲és✐♠♦s ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛✐s ❛❞❡r❛♥t❡s ❛ ❝❛❞❛ tó♣✐❝♦ ✷✺ ✸✳✽ P❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♣♦r ❢❛✐①❛ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻ ✸✳✾ ❘❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❛ ❆P■ ❙❲❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✶✵ ❘❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❛ ❆P■ ▲■◆◗ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✸✳✶✶ ❘❛♥q✉❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ♣❛r❡s ❞❛ ❆P■ ◗❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✶✷ ❆❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❝❡✐t❛s ❛s tó♣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❙❲❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽ ✸✳✶✸ ❆❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❝❡✐t❛s ❛s tó♣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ▲■◆◗ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶✹ ❆❞❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s r❡❝❡✐t❛s ❛s tó♣✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ◗❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✶✺ ❚❡❧❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❲❡❜ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✶✻ ❚❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❞♦ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ s♦❜r❡ ❙❲❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✼ ❚❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❡①♣❛♥❞✐❞♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ s♦❜r❡ ❙❲❚ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✶✽ ❚❡❧❛ q✉❡ ♠♦str❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✹✳✶ ❙❲❚ ✲ P❛r ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✴r❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥ã♦ ❛✉t♦✲❝♦♥t✐❞❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✷ P❛r ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✴r❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧✐st❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✸ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶ ✹✳✺ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✻ ❚❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✺✳✶ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦t❛s ❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❙♠t ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✷ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ♥♦t❛s ❞♦s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♥t❡s ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝r✐tér✐♦ ❘❡❧❛❝ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
①①✐✐ ▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
◆❛s ❞✉❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❝♦♥❝♦♠✐t❛♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♠❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵✱ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡ ✜❧♦s♦✜❛ ❡♠❡r❣✐r❛♠ ❡ ❡stã♦ ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❊st❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ é ♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❛❝❡ssí✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛s s♦❝✐❛✐s ✭✇✐❦✐s✱ ❜❧♦❣s✱ ❢ór✉♥s✱ s✐t❡s ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s✳ ❡t❝✮ ❬✹✾❪✳ ❉❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❧✐✈r❡ t❡♠ ♠✉❞❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❬✹✸❪✱ ❡ss❛s ♥♦✈❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❡ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ tê♠ ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ r❡❞❡✜♥✐r ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❛♣r❡♥❞❡♠✱ ♣r❡s❡r✈❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❯♠ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ é ♦ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇✶ ✭❙❖✮ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ✭◗✉❡st✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❆♥s✇❡rs ✲ ◗✫❆✮ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s✱ ♠✐t✐❣❛♥❞♦ ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡ ❞❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t✳ ❖ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞♦ ❙❖ ♥✉tr❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛✲ ❞❡s ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡ ❝r♦✇❞s♦✉r❝❡❞✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛té ❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ út❡✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❬✺❪✳ ❖ t❡r♠♦ ❈r♦✇❞s♦✉r❝✐♥❣✷ é ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s❡ r❡❢❡r✐r ❛♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ♦❜t❡r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s✱ ✐❞❡✐❛s ♦✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦✱ s♦❧✐❝✐t❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♥✲ tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♦♥❧✐♥❡✱ ❛♦ ✐♥✈és ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇❛r③✐❧❛② ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✺❪✱ ♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥❡ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✏❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✑ ✭❝r♦✇❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡✮ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡ t♦r♥❛ ✉♠ s✉❜st✐t✉t♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦✜❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
❈♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r ♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ♣♦r trás ❞♦ s✉❝❡ss♦ ❞♦ ❙❖✱ ▼❛♠②❦✐♥❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✹✵❪✱ ❝♦♥❞✉③✐r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❡st❛tíst✐❝♦ ❡♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s✐t❡✳ ❖s ❛❝❤❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s r❡❝❡❜❡ ✉♠❛ ♦✉ ♠❛✐s r❡s♣♦st❛s ✭♠❛✐s ❞❡ ✾✵✪ ♠✉✐t♦ r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✲ ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛ ✶✶ ♠✐♥✉t♦s✮✳ ❚r❡✉❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✻✹❪ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❛♠ q✉❡ ♦ ❙❖ é ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ❡❢❡t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡✱ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t✉❛✐s ❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❞❡ ♥♦✈❛t♦s✳
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳st❛❝❦♦✈❡r✢♦✇✳❝♦♠
✷ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶✳ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
P❛r♥✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✹✾❪ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧ q✉❡ ♦ ❝r♦✇❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❡♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✮✳ ❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r❛♠ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❙❖ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ♣❡r❝❡♥t✉❛❧ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❆P■s ❡st✉❞❛❞❛s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ✽✼✪ ❞❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❞❛ ❆P■ ❆♥❞r♦✐❞ sã♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥✲ ❝✐❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♥♦ ❙❖✮✳ ❖✉tr♦ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦ ♣♦r P❛r♥✐♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ é q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r ♣❛rt❡ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ♥♦ ❙❖ sã♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣♦r ❡①♣❡rts ❡♠ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❙❛❜❡✲s❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ é ❛❧❣♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ P❛r♥❛s ✭❝✐t❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❬✽❪ ♣✳ ✷✷✹✮ ✏❘❡✉s♦ é ❛❧❣♦ q✉❡ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐s ❢á❝✐❧ ❞✐③❡r ❞♦ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡r✳ ❋❛③ê✲❧♦ r❡q✉❡r ❜♦♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ▼❡s♠♦ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♥ós ✈❡♠♦s ❜♦♠ ❞❡s✐❣♥✱ ♦ q✉❡ é ♥ã♦ é ❢r❡q✉❡♥t❡✱ ♥ós ♥ã♦ ✈❡♠♦s ♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s s❡♥❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦s s❡♠ ❜♦❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦✑✳
❚r❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ♠✉✐t♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✱ sã♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦s ♣♦r ♣♦✉❝❛s ♣❡ss♦❛s ❡ tê♠ ✉♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ❛❧✈♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❛✐♦r✳ ❆ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥✲ t❛çã♦ r❡s✉❧t❛♥t❡✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ t❡♠ ❜❛✐①❛ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❬✹✾❪✳ ❯♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❘♦❜✐❧❧❛r❞ ❬✺✸❪✱ ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s r❡❝✉rs♦s ❛♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ❷✉❜r❛♥✐❶ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✻✼❪✱ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡ ❛❜str❛í✲❧♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♥♦✈♦ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ é ✉♠❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ❝♦♠✉♠ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ t❛♥t♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛❞♦r❡s ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥t❡s q✉❛♥t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥t❡s✳
❖ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ ♦ ❝r♦✇❞ ❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣❡ ❞♦ ❙❖ ♣♦ss✉✐r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✈♦❧✉♠❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s♦✲ ❜r❡ ❆P■s✱ ❝♦♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❡♠ s✉❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ♣♦r ❡①♣❡rts✱ s♦♠❛❞♦ ❛♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❡①✐st❡✱ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝❛r❡❝❡ ❞❡ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦s ❡ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛✲ çõ❡s✱ s❡r✈❡♠ ❞❡ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ à t❡♥t❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❆P■s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ♥♦ ❙❖✳
◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ s❡♠✐✲❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞❛ q✉❡ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❙❖ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❆P■s ❝♦♥❤❡✲ ❝✐❞♦ ♣♦r ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s✳ ❊ss❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ é ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝❡✐t❛s q✉❡ tr❛t❛♠ ❞♦ ♠❡s♠♦ ❛ss✉♥t♦✳ ❈❛❞❛ r❡❝❡✐t❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ❡st❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❝♦♠ ❡①♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❡ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡✳ ❖s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡str❛té✲ ❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ sã♦ ❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❝r♦✇❞ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s✳ ❈♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦ à ❡①♣❧♦r❛çã♦ ✭❜r♦✇s✐♥❣✮✱ ❛♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s tr❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✭s❡❛r❝❤✐♥❣✮✳ ▼❛✐s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ❡①♣❧♦r❛tór✐❛ ❞♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s sã♦ ❞✐s❝✉t✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸✳
✸
✭❞❛❞♦ r❡❢❡r❡♥t❡ à ♠❛✐♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✹✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❙❖ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ♣♦❞❡ ♥❛✈❡❣❛r ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s t❤r❡❛❞s q✉❡ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r t❛❣✱ ♥ã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♦ ♣❡r♠✐t❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s t❡♠❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛q✉❡❧❛ t❛❣✳
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛r✴❡str✉t✉r❛r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ ❙❖ s♦❜r❡ ❆P■s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ s✉♠❛r✐③❛♠ ♦s ❛ss✉♥t♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❆P■ ❛❧✈♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦✳
❆s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ sã♦✿
• ❆ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝r♦✇❞ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s s♦❜r❡ ❆P■s ❡①✐s✲
t❡♥t❡s ♥♦ ❙❖❀
• ❆ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♣❛r❛ três ❆P■s
❝♦♠✉♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛✲ ❞❛s ❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✿ ❙❲❚ ✭❏❛✈❛✮✱ ▲■◆◗ ✭❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ✳◆❊❚✮ ❡ ◗❚ ✭❈✰✰✮✳
• ❆ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❞❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❡ ❞❡ ❝r✐tér✐♦s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠
♠❡♥s✉rá✲❧❛s❀
• ❖ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❡st✉❞♦ ❝♦♠ s✉❥❡✐t♦s ❤✉♠❛♥♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s
❣❡r❛❞♦s ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦s ❝r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ♦ ♣❛♣❡❧ q✉❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛r ♥♦ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ■♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s
◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠♦s ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✶ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✷ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r❧✢♦✇✱ q✉❡ é ❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝r♦✇❞ ❝♦♦♦❦❜♦❦s✳ ❆ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✸ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❢❡✐t❛s ♥♦ ❙❖✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s t✐♣♦s ✐♥t❡r❡ss❛ ❛♦s ❝r♦✇❞ ❝♦♦♦❦❜♦❦s✳ P♦r ✜♠✱ ❛ ❙❡çã♦ ✷✳✹ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s✱ ♣♦✐s ♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s ❝♦♥str✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ ✈✐s❛♠ ❛ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆P■s✳
✷✳✶ ▼í❞✐❛ ❙♦❝✐❛❧
❖ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❢❛③ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ❙❖ ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦s✳ ❙❖ é ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ q✉❡ é ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✳
❇❛r③✐❧❛② ❡t ❛❧✳ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ❡♠ ❬✺❪✱ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧✳ ❆s ❞❡✜♥✐✲ çõ❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥❡st❛ s❡çã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡t✐r❛❞❛s ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ✏▼í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ é ✉♠ t❡r♠♦ ❛❜r❛♥❣❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛s ✈ár✐❛s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s q✉❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛♠ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡r❛çã♦ s♦❝✐❛❧✱ ❤❛✲ ❜✐❧✐t❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ♥❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❛ ❲❡❜ ✷✳✵ ✑ ❬✺❪✳ ❆ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❲✸❈ ❞❡✜♥❡ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❝♦♠♦ ✏❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❡ ♣rát✐❝❛s ♦♥❧✐♥❡ q✉❡ ♣❡ss♦❛s ✉s❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛r ♦♣✐✲ ♥✐õ❡s✱ ✐♥s✐❣❤ts✱ ❡①♣❡r✐ê♥❝✐❛s ❡ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛s✑ ✶✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇❛r③✐❧❛② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✏▼í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ♣r♦✈ê r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s út❡✐s ♣❛r❛ ♠✉✐t❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ♥♦ss❛ ✈✐❞❛✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❡stá ❡♠ ❞ú✈✐❞❛ s♦❜r❡ q✉❛✐s ✜❧♠❡s ❛ss✐st✐r✱ ❛❧❣✉é♠ ♣♦❞❡ ✉s❛r r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡✉ ❝ír❝✉❧♦ s♦❝✐❛❧ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❛♠✐❣♦ ❞♦ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✮✱ ♦✉ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❛ s❛❜❡❞♦r✐❛ ❞❛ ♠✉❧t✐❞ã♦✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛s ♥♦t❛s ♥♦ ✐♠❞❜✳❝♦♠✳ ■ss♦ é ♣❛rt❡ ❞❡ t❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ♠❛✐s ❣❡r❛❧ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ r❡❝♦♠❡♥❞❛çõ❡s ✈✐❛ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝❛✐s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❋❛❝❡❜♦♦❦✮ ❝♦♠❡ç♦✉ ❛ s✉❜st✐t✉✐r ❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ●♦♦❣❧❡ ❙❡❛r❝❤✮✳✑✳
✶❤tt♣✿✴✴✇✇✇✳✇✸✳♦r❣✴❡❣♦✈✴✇✐❦✐✴●❧♦ss❛r②
✻ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ■♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s
❆✐♥❞❛ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❇❛r③✐❧❛② ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ❛ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ s❡ ♠♦str♦✉ ❜❡♥é✜❝❛ ❡♠ ✈ár✐❛s ár❡❛s ❞❛ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙♦❢t✇❛r❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r✐♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❬✸❪✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ r✐s❝♦s ❬✻✶❪✱ ✜❧tr❛❣❡♠ ❝♦❧❛❜♦r❛t✐✈❛ ❬✷✺❪✱ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❬✷✻❪ ❡ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❬✼❪✳ ❆ ♠í❞✐❛ s♦❝✐❛❧ ❡stá ♠✉❞❛♥❞♦ ❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ ♣❡❧❛ q✉❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♦r❞❡✲ ♥❛♠ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡s ♣r♦❞✉③❡♠ ❡ ❝♦♥s♦♠❡♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❬✻✺❪✳
✷✳✷ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇
❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇ é ✉♠ ✇❡❜s✐t❡ ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ ❘❡s♣♦st❛s ✭◗✫❆✮ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✲ ❞♦r❡s ♣♦st❛♠ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ r❡s♣♦st❛s✳ ❖ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ❛ ♣❡ss♦❛ q✉❡ ♣♦st❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✮ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛r ❛té ❝✐♥❝♦ rót✉❧♦s ✭t❛❣s✮ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉✲ ❞❛r ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✮ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ tr❛t❛✳ ❖ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ♣♦❞❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ♠❛✐s út✐❧ ✭❛ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛✮✳ ❖s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ s✐t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✈♦t❛r ❡♠ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s✳ ❖s ✈♦t♦s ♥❡❣❛t✐✈♦s ❡ ♣♦s✐t✐✈♦s ✭❝❤❛♠❛❞♦s ❞❡ ✉♣✈♦t❡s ❡ ❞♦✇♥✈♦t❡s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✮ ♠♦str❛♠ ♦ q✉ã♦ út✐❧ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✴r❡s♣♦st❛ ❢♦✐ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦✳ ❆ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ✉♣✈♦t❡s ❡ ❞♦✇♥✈♦t❡s ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ♥♦t❛ ✭s❝♦r❡✮ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✴r❡s♣♦st❛✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞♦ s✐t❡ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✳ ➚ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♣❛♠ ❡♠ ❞✐✲ ❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡s ❞♦ ❙❖✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦st❛♥❞♦ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♦✉ r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ✈♦t❛♥❞♦ ♥❛s ♠❡s♠❛s✱ ♣♦st❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s✱ ❡t❝✳✱ ♦ s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛ ❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♠❛✐♦r❡s ❞❡ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦ ❛❝✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡❞✐t❛r ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✴r❡s♣♦st❛s ♦✉ ❢❡❝❤❛r ✉♠❛ t❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ◗✫❆✳ ❆ ♥❛t✉r❡③❛ ✐♥t❡r❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ❙❖ t♦r♥❛ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜♦s✱ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r❡s ❡ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s✱ ❝❧❛r❡❛r ❛ ✐♠✲ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✴r❡s♣♦st❛✳ ❆té ♠❡s♠♦ ♦✉tr♦s ♠❡♠❜r♦s ❞♦ s✐t❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡❞✐t❛r ♣❡❣✉♥t❛s✴r❡s♣♦st❛s✱ ❝❛s♦ ❛❝❤❡♠ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳ ❇❛❞❣❡s ✭✐✳❡✳✱ ✐♥sí❣♥✐❛s✮ sã♦ ❞❛❞❛s ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❡❧❛s s✉❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❡s ❛t✐♥❣❡♠ ✉♠ ❝❡rt♦ t❤r❡s❤♦❧❞✳
✷✳✷✳ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇ ✼
❞❡ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ r❡♣✉t❛çã♦✮ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡s❡❥á✈❡✐s ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ ♠♦str❛ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❤r❡❛❞ ❞❡ ❞✐s❝✉ssã♦ ♥♦ ❙❖✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♦ t❡r♠♦ t❤r❡❛❞ s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r ❛♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❡ t♦❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛ ❡st❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✳ ❖ t❡r♠♦ ♣♦st s❡rá ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❢❡r✐r ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ♦✉ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♥♦ ❙❖✳ ❖❜s❡r✈❡ q✉❡ ♥♦ ❝♦r♣♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣♦st ♣♦❞❡ ❤❛✈❡r t❛♥t♦ t❡①t♦ ❡♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ✭✐♥❣❧ês✮ ❝♦♠♦ tr❡❝❤♦s ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❤r❡❛❞ ♥♦ ❙❖
❈♦♠♦ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞❡ ▼❛♠②❦✐♥❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❢♦✐ ❢❡✐t♦ ❡♠ ❛❣♦st♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✵ ❡ ♦ ❙❖ t❡♠ ✉♠❛ rá♣✐❞❛ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❛s ❡st❛tíst✐❝❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞❛s ✭❡♠ ♠❛rç♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸✮ ❡ sã♦ ♠♦str❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r✿
✽ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ■♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♣♦st❛❞❛s✿ ✹✳✺✾✷✳✾✻✶❀ • ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣♦st❛❞❛s✿ ✽✳✻✸✾✳✽✻✵❀
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠❡♥tár✐♦s ♣♦st❛❞♦s ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♦✉ r❡s♣♦st❛s✿ ✽✳✻✸✾✳✽✻✵❀ • ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦ s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✿ ✶✱✺✹✻✹❀
• ❉❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✿ ✶✱✺✹✻✹❀ • ▼é❞✐❛ ❞♦ s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s✿ ✶✱✾✼✻✾❀
• ❉❡s✈✐♦ ♣❛❞rã♦ ❞♦ s❝♦r❡ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s✿ ✽✱✼✵✻✽❀
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡✿ ✷✳✺✽✷✳✻✺✸ ✭✺✻✱✷✸✪✮❀ • ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ❝♦♠ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡✿ ✸✳✾✾✽✳✸✼✺ ✭✹✻✱✷✼✪✮❀ • ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❝♦♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛✿ ✹✳✶✺✸✳✶✺✾ ✭✾✵✱✹✷✪✮❀ • ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❝♦♠ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛✿ ✷✳✽✵✽✳✺✹✸ ✭✻✶✱✶✹✪✮❀
• ▼❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡s♣♦st❛✿ ✶✻✱✶✽
♠✐♥✉t♦s❀
• ▼❡❞✐❛♥❛ ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡❝♦rr✐❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ q✉❡ s❡rá ❡s❝♦✲
❧❤✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛✿ ✷✹✱✹✺ ♠✐♥✉t♦s❀
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✶ ❤♦r❛✿
✷✽✷✾✵✹✼ ✭✻✶✱✺✾✪✮❀
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❡♠ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✶ ❞✐❛✿
✸✻✼✹✹✽✽ ✭✽✵✪✮❀
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ q✉❡ ✈✐r✐❛ ❛ s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡✐t❛✱
❡♠ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✶ ❤♦r❛✿ ✶✼✻✸✾✽✶ ✭✻✷✱✽✵✪✮❀
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❛♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ q✉❡ ✈✐r✐❛ ❛ s❡r ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡✐t❛✱
❡♠ ♥♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ✶ ❞✐❛ ✭✷✹ ❤♦r❛s✮✿ ✷✹✸✺✻✶✷ ✭✽✻✱✼✷✪✮❀
• ◆ú♠❡r♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r❡♠ ♣❡❧♦ ♠❡♥♦s ✶ r❡s♣♦st❛✿
✷✱✵✽❀
• ❙❝♦r❡ ♠é❞✐♦ ❞❛s r❡s♣♦st❛s q✉❡ sã♦ ❡s❝♦❧❤✐❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ❛❝❡✐t❛s✿ ✸✱✶✹✳
❖s ❞❛❞♦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ♦s ❝♦♦❦♦♦❦s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛ sã♦ ♣r♦✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❞✉♠♣ q✉❡ ♦ t✐♠❡ ❞♦ ❙❖ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ❛ ❝❛❞❛ três ♠❡s❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ❞✉♠♣ ❝♦♥té♠ t♦❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞♦ ❙❖✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ♣♦sts✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✱ ✈♦t♦s✱ ❡t❝✳✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❛ ❞❛t❛ ❞❡ ❝r✐❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❙❖ ✭❡♠ ✷✵✵✽✮ ❛té ♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❞✉♠♣✳ ❆ ✈❡rsã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❞❡ s❡t❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✷✵✶✸✷✳ ❖s ❞✉♠♣s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❞♦ ▼②sq❧ ❙❡r✈❡r✳ ❖♣t♦✉✲s❡ ❡♠ ❝♦♥str✉✐r ✉♠ ❜❛♥❝♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♦ ✷❤tt♣✿✴✴♠❡t❛✳st❛❝❦❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡✳❝♦♠✴q✉❡st✐♦♥s✴✶✾✽✾✶✺✴✐s✲t❤❡r❡✲❛✲❞✐r❡❝t✲❞♦✇♥❧♦❛❞✲❧✐♥❦✲✇✐t❤✲❛✲r❛✇✲❞❛t❛✲
✷✳✸✳ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♥♦ ❙❖ ✾
✐♥✈és ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤❛r ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ❞✉♠♣ ✭q✉❡ ✐♥t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛r♠❛③❡♥❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♥♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❳▼▲✮✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡r ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❇❉ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ é ♠❛✐s rá♣✐❞♦ ❞♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✉❧t❛r ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❳▼▲✳ ❖ t✐♠❡ ❞♦ ❙t❛❝❦ ❖✈❡r✢♦✇ t❛♠❜é♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛ ✉♠❛ ❆P■ ❘❊❙❚✸ ♣❛r❛ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❛♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❙❖ ♣♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡r❝❡✐r♦s✳ ❊♥tr❡t❛♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡st❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ❧✐♠✐t❛çõ❡s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ♠á①✐♠♦ ❞❡ r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❞✐❛✮✱ ♦♣t♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ♦ ❞✉♠♣✳
✷✳✸ ❚✐♣♦s ❞❡ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♥♦ ❙❖
◆♦ ❙❖✱ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛♠ ♠✉✐t♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s✳ ❉❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ◆❛s❡❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✹✻❪✱ ✏P❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♥♦ ❙❖ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ ❞✉❛s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✳ ❆ ♣r✐✲ ♠❡✐r❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛♦ tó♣✐❝♦ ❞❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✿ ❛ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦✉ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ❣✐r❛ ❡♠ t♦r♥♦ ❡ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s t❛❣s q✉❡ ♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛ à ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♦s ♦✉tr♦s ✭❡✳❣✳✱ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡♥t❡s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s✮ ❛ ❞❡s❝♦❜r✐r❡♠ s♦❜r❡ ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ tr❛t❛✳✑✳ P♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛ ♠♦str❛❞❛ ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶ é s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❙❲❚✱ ♣♦✐s ✏s✇t✑ é ✉♠❛ ❞❛s t❛❣s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥❛ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✳ ❆✐♥❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ◆❛s❡❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✏♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ♥♦ ❙❖ ♣♦❞❡♠ t❛♠❜é♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ q✉❡ é s♦❜r❡ ❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s ❞♦ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ q✉❡r r❡s♦❧✈❡r✑✳ ◆❡st❛ ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦✱ ◆❛s❡❤✐ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❞❡✜♥✐r❛♠ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿
• ❉❡❜✉❣✴❈♦rr❡❝t✐✈❡✿ ▲✐❞❛ ❝♦♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♥♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❡♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❡r✲
r♦s ❡♠ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♣♦rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ✐♥❡s♣❡r❛❞♦✱ ❡rr♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✐❧❛çã♦✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ t❛♠❜é♠ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r s♦❜r❡ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦ ♠❛s ♥ã♦ ❡stá s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛ s❡✉ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ♦✉ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❡ ♣♦r ✐ss♦ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡stá ♣r♦❝✉r❛♥❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r❀
• ◆❡❡❞✲❚♦✲❑♥♦✇✿ P❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ ❞✐③❡♠ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♦✉ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡
❞❡ ❢❛③❡r ❛❧❣♦✳ ❊ss❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❛ ❢❛❧t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ✐♥❝❡rt❡③❛ s♦❜r❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ✭❡✳❣✳✱ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❆P■ ♦✉ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✮❀
• ❍♦✇✲❚♦✲❉♦✲■t✿ ❉✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡ ♣❡❞❡♠ ♣♦r ✐♥str✉çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦
✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✲❧♦ ✭❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✈❡③❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦✉ ❆P■✮❀
• ❙❡❡❦✐♥❣✲❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✲❙♦❧✉t✐♦♥✿ ❖ q✉❡st✐♦♥❛❞♦r t❡♠ ✉♠ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ q✉❡ ❡stá ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♥❞♦
♠❛s ♣r♦❝✉r❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❢❛③❡r ❛ t❛r❡❢❛✳
❚r❡✉❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ❬✻✹❪ ❞❡✜♥✐r❛♠ ✉♠❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡✱ ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r ❞❡③ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛s✿ ❤♦✇✲t♦✱ ❞✐s❝r❡♣❛♥❝②✱ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥t✱ ❡rr♦r✱ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ❤❡❧♣✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t✉❛❧✱ r❡✈✐❡✇✱ ♥♦♥✲❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♥♦✈✐❝❡ ❡ ♥♦✐s❡✳ ❆ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ❤♦✇✲t♦ é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ à ❍♦✇✲❚♦✲❉♦✲■t✿ ✏P❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ ♣❡❞❡♠ ♣♦r ✐♥str✉çõ❡s✱ ❡✳❣✳✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❝♦rt❛r ✉♠❛ ✐♠❛❣❡♠✑✳ ❊st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛
✶✵ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷✳ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ■♥tr♦❞✉tór✐♦s
s❡ ♠♦str♦✉ ❛ ♠❛✐s ❝♦♠✉♠ ♥❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛ ♣♦r ❚r❡✉❞❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ❝♦♥st✐t✉✐♥❞♦ ✸✾✱✷✷✪ ❞❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛ ✭❍♦✇✲❚♦✲❉♦✲■t ♦✉ ❤♦✇✲t♦✮ é ♠✉✐t♦ ♣ró①✐♠❛ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ r❡❝❡✐t❛s ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦✱ ♣♦✐s ❛ss✐♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s ❍♦✇✲❚♦✲❉♦✲■t✱ ❛s r❡❝❡✐t❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♦❦❜♦♦❦ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥té♠ ✉♠ ❝❡♥ár✐♦ ❡ ✐♥str✉çõ❡s s♦❜r❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✲❧♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♦✉ ❆P■✳ P♦r ❡ss❛ r❛③ã♦✱ ♥❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✱ s❡rã♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s q✉❡ s❡ ❡♥q✉❛❞r❛♠ ♥❡st❛ ❝❛t❡❣♦r✐❛✳ ◆♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ s❡rá ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡str❛té❣✐❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ r❡❣r❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛✳
✷✳✹ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s
❯♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r r❡✉s❛❞❛ ♣♦r t❡r❝❡✐r♦s✳ ◆♦s ❝❛s♦s ❞❛s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ♦❜❥❡t♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❏❛✈❛ ❡ ❈✰✰✱ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❝♦❡r❡♥t❡ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❊♠ ❣❡r❛❧✱ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ t❡♠ ❞✉❛s ♣❛rt❡s✿ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣ú❜❧✐❝❛ ❡ ❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♣r✐✈❛❞❛✳ ❆ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s✮ q✉❡ ♦✉tr♦s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✉s❛r ❡♠ s❡✉ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦✲❢♦♥t❡✳ ❊st❛ ♣❛rt❡ é ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❞❡ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❆♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ✭❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ Pr♦❣r❛♠♠✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♦✉ ❆P■✮ ❬✹✹❪✳ ❆ s❡❣✉♥❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✱ ♠❛s ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ é ❡①♣♦st❛ ❛♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❞❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛✳ ❖s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡❞♦r❡s ❞❡st❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ ✉s❛r ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❆P■ ❛tr❛✈és✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❞❛ ✐♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛s ❛ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♥❛q✉❡❧❛ ❆P■ ❡♠ s❡✉s ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦s✳
❆P■s sã♦ ✉♠ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ❛❜str❛çã♦ q✉❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛ ♦ r❡✉s♦ ❝❛✐①❛✲♣r❡t❛ ✭❜❧❛❝❦✲❜♦① r❡✉s❡✮✱ ♣♦✐s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❜✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛ s❡❥❛ ✉s❛❞❛ s❡♠ s❡r ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♦s s❡✉s ❞❡t❛❧❤❡s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✳
