▲❯❮❙ ❍❊◆❘■◗❯❊ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆ ■●◆❆❈■❖
❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❘❊❉❯➬➹❖ ❉❊
▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ ❚➱❘▼■❈❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❆ ❙❖▲❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆❙
■◆❱❊❘❙❖❙ ❊▼ ❈❖◆❉❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❆▲❖❘
❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❉❆❉❊ ❋❊❉❊❘❆▲ ❉❊ ❯❇❊❘▲➶◆❉■❆
❋❆❈❯▲❉❆❉❊ ❉❊ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆
▲❯❮❙ ❍❊◆❘■◗❯❊ ❉❆ ❙■▲❱❆ ■●◆❆❈■❖
❉❊❙❊◆❱❖▲❱■▼❊◆❚❖ ❉❊ ❚➱❈◆■❈❆❙ ❉❊ ❘❊❉❯➬➹❖ ❉❊
▼❖❉❊▲❖❙ ❚➱❘▼■❈❖❙ P❆❘❆ ❆ ❙❖▲❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ P❘❖❇▲❊▼❆❙
■◆❱❊❘❙❖❙ ❊▼ ❈❖◆❉❯➬➹❖ ❉❊ ❈❆▲❖❘
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛♦ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲
❣r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲
s✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s
r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ tít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❊❙✲
❚❘❊ ❊▼ ❊◆●❊◆❍❆❘■❆ ▼❊❈➶◆■❈❆✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ ❚r❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❈❛❧♦r
❡ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❋❧✉✐❞♦s
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ●✐❧♠❛r ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s
❉❛❞♦s ■♥t❡r♥❛❝✐♦♥❛✐s ❞❡ ❈❛t❛❧♦❣❛çã♦ ♥❛ P✉❜❧✐❝❛çã♦ ✭❈■P✮ ❙✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ❇✐❜❧✐♦t❡❝❛s ❞❛ ❯❋❯✱ ▼●✱ ❇r❛s✐❧
■✷✹❞ ■❣♥❛❝✐♦✱ ▲✉ís ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛✱ ✶✾✾✵✲
✷✵✶✻ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛
s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✴ ▲✉ís ❍❡♥r✐q✉❡ ❞❛ ❙✐❧✈❛ ■❣♥❛❝✐♦✳ ✲ ✷✵✶✻✳
✼✹ ❢✳ ✿ ✐❧✳
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ ●✐❧♠❛r ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✳
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭♠❡str❛❞♦✮ ✲ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳
■♥❝❧✉✐ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛✜❛✳
✶✳ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ♠❡❝â♥✐❝❛ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✷✳ ❈❛❧♦r ✲ ❈♦♥❞✉çã♦ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ✸✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ✭❊q✉❛çõ❡s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛✐s✮ ✲ ❚❡s❡s✳ ■✳ ●✉✐♠❛rã❡s✱ ●✐❧♠❛r✳ ■■✳ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✳ Pr♦❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ Pós✲ ●r❛❞✉❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ▼❡❝â♥✐❝❛✳ ■■■✳ ❚ít✉❧♦✳
❈❉❯✿ ✻✷✶
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦r ♠✐♥❤❛ s❛ú❞❡✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ❞❡ t♦❞♦s ♠❡✉s ❢❛♠✐❧✐❛r❡s ❡ ❛♠✐❣♦s✳ ❆♦ ♠❡✉ ♣❛✐✱ ❈é❧✐♦✱ ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♠ã❡✱ ▲❡s✐✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❞❡❞✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛♣♦✐♦ ✐♥❝♦♥❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ✐r♠ã♦s ❡ ♠✐♥❤❛ ♥❛♠♦r❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ♣❛❝✐ê♥❝✐❛✳ ❆♦ ●✐❧♠❛r ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❡ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞♦ ▲❚❈▼✱ ❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✱ ❆♥❛ P❛✉❧❛✱ ❆❧✐ss♦♥ ❡ ❋❡r♥❛♥❞♦✱ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳
❆♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❞❛ ❋❊▼❊❈ ❡ té❝♥✐❝♦s✲❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉ír❛♠ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥❤❛ ❢♦r♠❛çã♦✳
■❣♥❛❝✐♦✱ ▲✳ ❍✳ ❙✳ ❉❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ✷✵✶✻✳ ✼✹❢✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s tér♠✐❝♦s ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✱ r❡q✉❡r❡♥❞♦ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✉s♦✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡❞✐❝❛✲s❡ ❛♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❊♠ ❛❧❣✉♥s ❝❛s♦s✱ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s sã♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s ❛ ❜✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❝♦♠ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✜♥✐t❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r r❡❞✉③✐❞♦s ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ❝♦♠♦ ❛ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t❛✱ s❡♠ ♣❡r❞❛ ❞❡ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✳ ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦ ✈✐s❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❖❜t❡♠✲s❡ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ✶❉✱ ❛ s❡r❡♠ ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✱ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥✳ ❆s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ P♦❧✐❝❧♦r❡t♦ ❞❡ ❱✐♥✐❧❛ ✭P❱❈✮ ❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❢♦✐ ❛ ❚❋❇●❋ ✭❚r❛♥s❢❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ●r❡❡♥✬s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✮ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞✐❞♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❢♦r❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛♥❞♦✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ♥♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳
■❣♥❛❝✐♦✱ ▲✳ ❍✳ ❙✳ ❉❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ♦♥ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ s♦❧✈❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ❤❡❛t ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ✷✵✶✻✳ ✼✹❢✳ ▼❛st❡r✬s ❚❤❡s✐s✱ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✱ ❯❜❡r❧â♥❞✐❛✲▼●✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❯s✉❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ❝❛s❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s tr❛♥s✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ t❤r❡❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦✲ ❞❡❧s✳ ■♥ t❤❡s❡ ❝❛s❡s✱ t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ♥❡❡❞s ❝♦♠♣❧❡① ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s✱ r❡q✉✐r✐♥❣ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ s❦✐❧❧s t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✉s❡ ✐t✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s ❞❡❞✐❝❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡✈❡✲ ❧♦♣♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡r♠❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ s♦❧✈❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ❤❡❛t ❝♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ■♥ s♦♠❡ ❝❛s❡s✱ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ ❜✐ ♦r ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❧♦ss ♦❢ ♣r❡❝✐s✐♦♥✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡rs✱ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ✇✐t❤ ✜♥✐t❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛s t❤❡ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t❡✳ ❚❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐♥ t❤✐s st✉❞② ❛✐♠s t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ❤❡❛t ✢✉① ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ♦♥❡✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❘❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ♦❢ ❤❡❛t ♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡s✳ ❆♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ♦❢ ✶❉ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ t♦ ❜❡ st✉❞✐❡❞✱ ❛r❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ●r❡❡♥✬s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♠❡t❤♦❞✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ❛r❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ s❛♠♣❧❡s ♦❢ P♦❧②✈✐♥②❧ ❈❤❧♦r✐❞❡ ✭P❱❈✮ ❛♥❞ ❝❡♠❡♥t❡❞ ❝❛r❜✐❞❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✇❛s ❚❋❇●❋ ✭❚r❛♥s❢❡r ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ●r❡❡♥✬s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✮✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♠♣✉❧s❡ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❤❡❛t ♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ ❤❡❛t ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡✳ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✱ ✇✐t❤ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ♦r ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛t❛✱ ✇❡r❡ s❛t✐s❢❛❝t♦r② ✐♥ ❤❡❛t ✢✉① ❡st✐♠❛t❡✱ ✈❛❧✐❞❛t✐♥❣ t❤❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❤❡❛t ♣❡♥❡tr❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✈✐❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡s✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✸✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✷ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞✐s❝r❡t♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✸✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻
✸✳✹ ❉✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ①❂✵ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✸ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✿ ❛✮ ❙❡♥♦✐❞❛❧❀ ❜✮ ❘❛♠♣❛ ❡ ❝✮
❈♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✸✳✺ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s
❛♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✸✳ ❛✮ ❙❡♥♦✐❞❛❧❀ ❜✮ ❘❛♠♣❛ ❡ ❝✮ ❈♦♥st❛♥t❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾
✸✳✻ ❊✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ✭①❂✵✮ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❳✷✵✱ ❳✷✶✱ ❳✷✷ ❡
❳✷✸✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✸✳✼ ❆♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✸ ❛ ❞♦ ❳✷✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ s❛í❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✸✳✾ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ ✉♠❛ s❛í❞❛✱ ♣❛r❛ ♦
♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✹✳✶ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✵ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✹✳✷ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹✳✸ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✹ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✹✳✹ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✐✐
✹✳✺ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✵ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❝✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜✲ s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s❀ ❞✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❡✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡s✲ t✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❢✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✹✳✻ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❝✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜✲ s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s❀ ❞✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❡✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡s✲ t✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❢✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✹✳✼ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✹ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❝✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜✲ s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s❀ ❞✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❡✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡s✲ t✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❢✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧
s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸
✹✳✽ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❝✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s❀ ❞✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉✲ ❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❡✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ t♦❞♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦❀ ❢✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡✲
r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❞❡s❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✹✳✾ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✵ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✹✳✶✵ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
✐✐✐
✹✳✶✶ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ P❱❈ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✹ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✹✳✶✷ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦ ✉s❛♥❞♦ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✺✳✶ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✷ ♠♠ s❡♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳
❛✮ ❆té ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❀ ❜✮ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦s ✹✵ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✺✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✷ ❝♦♠ s❡♥s♦r ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✷ ♠♠ ❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡♠ ✹ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♥❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛✳ ❛✮ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❀ ❜✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛❀ ❝✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✸ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✷ ❝♦♠ s❡♥s♦r ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✷ ♠♠✱ ❝♦rt❡ ❡♠ ✹ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♥❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ❡ ◆ ❂✶✵ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✜❧tr♦✳ ❛✮ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❀ ❜✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦
❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺✳✹ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✷ ❝♦♠ s❡♥s♦r ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✷ ♠♠✱ ❝♦rt❡ ❡♠ ✹ s❡❣✉♥❞♦s ♥❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ❡ ❛❧❣✉♥s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ♥ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✜❧tr♦✳ ❛✮ ❡ ❜✮ ◆ ❂✷✵❀ ❝✮ ❡ ❞✮ ◆ ❂✸✵❀ ❡✮
❡ ❢✮ ◆ ❂✺✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✺✳✺ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✷ ♠♠✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡♠ t❂✹s ❡ ✷✸ ♣♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✜❧tr♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ♠ó✈❡❧✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛
❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺✳✻ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✵ ♠♠ ❝♦♠ ✷✹ ♣♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞t❂✶ s✳ ❛✮ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❀ ❜✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡
❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✼ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✵ ♠♠ ❡ ✽✵ ♣♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ♠ó✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❞t❂✵✱✷✺ s✳ ❛✮ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❀ ❜✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛
t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✺✳✽ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ①❂✷ ♠♠✱ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡♠ t❂✹s ❡ ✷✸ ♣♦♥t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠é❞✐❛ ♠ó✈❡❧ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✷✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛✲ t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛
✐✈
✺✳✾ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❍❳✷✷ ❡ ❍❳✷✵✱ r❡❛❧✐✲ ③❛♥❞♦ ❡♠ ❛♠❜❛s ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛✲ ❞♦s ❡ ♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❡ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛
❡ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✻✳✶ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡sq✉❡♠át✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❛♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✻✳✷ ❆♣❛r❛t♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧✿ ❛✮ ❇❛♥❝❛❞❛❀ ❜✮ ❱✐st❛ ❢r♦♥t❛❧✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✻✳✸ ❉❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✳ ❛✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❀ ❜✮ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
✻✳✹ ❉❛❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ❛♣ós ♦ ✐♥í❝✐♦ ❞♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐✲
♦♥❛❧✳ ❛✮ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r❀ ❜✮ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✻✳✺ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ à ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s✲ ♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ❞♦ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦✳ ❛✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡❞✐❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❡❞✐❞♦ ❡ ♦ ❡st✐♠❛❞♦❀ ❝✮ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛❀ ❞✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦
❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✻✳✻ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉ ❡ ✶❉✳ ❛✮ ❋❧✉①♦s ❡st✐✲
♠❛❞♦s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞♦❀ ❜✮ ❊rr♦ ❛❜s♦❧✉t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ✢✉①♦s ❡st✐♠❛❞♦s ❡ ♠❡❞✐❞♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸
❆✳✶ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦
❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ P❱❈ ❡♠ ①❂✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
❆✳✷ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦
❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦ ❡♠ ①❂✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵
❆✳✸ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ P❱❈ ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
❆✳✹ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦ ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
❆✳✺ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ P❱❈ ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
❆✳✻ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦ ❡♠ ①❂✷ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
❆✳✼ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥♦ P❱❈ ❡♠ ①❂✹ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❆✳✽ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡st✐♠❛❞♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ❡①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❚ér♠✐❝♦s ❯♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✷ Pr♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ❞♦ P❱❈ ❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦ ■❙❖ ❑✶✵✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✸✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✭tpen✮ ❬s❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷
✸✳✹ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✭t+
pen✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✸✳✺ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✭tdesv✮ ❬s❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✸✳✻ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✭t+desv✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✹✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❚ér♠✐❝♦s ❯♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✷ ❋♦r♠❛ ❡ ✐♥t❡♥s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✐♠♣♦st♦s ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✹✳✸ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✶ ❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ P❱❈
❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸
✹✳✹ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✷ ❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ P❱❈
❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✹✳✺ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✸ ❡ ❛♠♦str❛s ❞❡ P❱❈
❡ ♠❡t❛❧ ❞✉r♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✺✳✶ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ❳✷✷ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ❡♠ ①❂ ✵ ❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝❛❧✲
❝✉❧❛❞❛ ❡♠ ①❂ ✷ ♠♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
T ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ [oC]✳
x ✲ P♦s✐çã♦ ♥♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦✱[m]✳
t ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦✱ [s]✳
θ ✲ ❱❛r✐á✈❡❧ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r✳
XIJ ✲ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❳✱ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡
❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ■ ❡♠ ①❂✵ ❡ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❏ ❡♠ ①❂▲✳
n ✲ ❊①♣♦❡♥t❡ ❞♦ ❧✐♠✐t❡ ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡❝✐♠❛❧ ❛❝❡✐tá✈❡❧✳
T∞ ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡✱ [oC]✳
L ✲ ❈♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♥❛ ❞✐r❡çã♦ ❳✱ [m]✳
q′′
(t) ✲ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✈❛r✐❛♥❞♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦✱ [mW2]✳
h ✲ ❈♦❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣♦r ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ [mW2K]✳
α ✲ ❉✐❢✉s✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ [m2
s ]✳
k ✲ ❈♦♥❞✉t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ tér♠✐❝❛ ❞♦ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧✱ [mW2K]✳
GXIJ ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳■❏✳
βm ✲ ❆✉t♦✈❛❧♦r❡s ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s à ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥✳
Bi ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❇✐♦t✳
q′′
0 ✲ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡✱ [mW2]✳
✈✐✐
T0 ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧✱ [oC]✳
tpen ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ❬s❪✳
t+
pen ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳
x∗ ✲ P♦s✐çã♦ ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳
tdesv ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ❬s❪✳
t+desv ✲ ❚❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✳
h(x, t) ✲ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛✳
H(x, s) ✲ ❋✉♥çã♦ tr❛♥s❢❡rê♥❝✐❛✳
Y ✲ ❚❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ✭❝♦♠ r✉í❞♦✮✱ [oC]✳
ǫ ✲ ❊rr♦ ❛❧❡❛tór✐♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦ ♥❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✱ [oC]✳
hXIJ ✲ ❘❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❳■❏✳
N ✲ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ ✜❧tr♦ ♠é❞✐❛ ♠ó✈❡❧✳
dt ✲ ❉✐s❝r❡t✐③❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦r❛❧✱ ❬s❪✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ ✸
✸ ❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t♦s ❚❡ór✐❝♦s ✶✶
✸✳✶ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✶
✸✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ♥♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡
♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✸✳✸ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♣❛r❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t✐♣♦s ❞❡
❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ✐♥❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵
✸✳✹ ▼ét♦❞♦ ❚❋❇●❋ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼
✹ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ■♥✈❡rs♦✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ❚❡st❡s ❙✐♠✉❧❛❞♦s ✸✵
✹✳✶ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵
✹✳✷ ❚❡st❡s✿ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞❡ ❈❛❧♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✹✳✷✳✶ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✶ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✹✳✷✳✷ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✷ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✹✳✷✳✸ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✸ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹
✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡♥s✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❚é❝♥✐❝❛ ■♥✈❡rs❛ ❚❋❇●❋ ✹✾
✻ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ■♥✈❡rs♦✿ ❆♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❚❡st❡ ❊①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ✺✽
✼ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✻✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛s ✻✻
❆ ❊①tr❛♣♦❧❛♥❞♦ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✻✾
❆✳✵✳✶ ❚❡st❡ ✶✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✶ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥❝✐❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
❆✳✵✳✷ ❚❡st❡ ✷✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✷ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❝♦♥st❛♥t❡ ♦✉ s❡♥♦✐❞❛❧ ✼✶
❆✳✵✳✸ ❚❡st❡ ✸✿ ▼♦❞❡❧♦ ❳✷✸ ❝♦♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞♦ t✐♣♦ tr✐❛♥❣✉❧❛r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✸
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
●❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s t❡ór✐❝♦s tér♠✐❝♦s q✉❡ s✐♠✉❧❛♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❛♣❧✐✲ ❝❛çõ❡s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♠ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✱ s❡ ♠♦str❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❆ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ t♦r♥❛ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♠❛✐s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s ❛ ✉♠ ♣ú❜❧✐❝♦ ♥ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧✐st❛✳
❆ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s✳ ◆❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s✱ ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❝❡rt❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ♦ q✉❡ r❡q✉❡r ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ✉s♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❡①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡st❡s ❝❛s♦s ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❝✐t❛r✿ ♦ ❛q✉❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❤❛♣❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ tér♠✐❝♦ ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛ ❛ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣❡ç❛✲❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✉s✐♥❛❣❡♠ ♦✉ ❞❡ s♦❧❞❛❣❡♠✳
❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s✱ ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ t♦r♥❛♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♠❛✐s s✐♠♣❧❡s✳ ❚❛✐s té❝♥✐❝❛s s❡ ❜❛s❡✐❛♠ ♥♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ✈❡r✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✐♥trí♥s❡❝❛ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s✳
❖s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s ♥❡ss❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ sã♦ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ✜♥✐t❛✳ ❆ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡st❡s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s r❡s✐❞❡ ♥❛ ✐♠♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s ❝✉❥❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s r❡q✉❡r❡♠ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦s ❡ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦s✳ ❊st❡s sã♦ r❡❞✉③✐✲ ❞♦s ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦✳ ❆ ♠♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ t❛❧ s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❥✉st✐✜❝❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r ✉♠❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ s✐♠♣❧❡s✱ ✉♠❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❧✐✈r❡ ❞❡ s♦♠❛tór✐♦s✱ s❡r ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❡ ♥ã♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❛r ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ✉s❛♠ ✉♠ ❛❧t♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ✭♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❣r❛♥❞❡s ❞✐♠❡♥sõ❡s ❞❛ ❧❛r❣✉r❛ ❡♠
✷
r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❛♠♦str❛✮ ♣❛r❛ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛r ❛s ♣❡r❞❛s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥❛s ❜♦r❞❛s ❧❛t❡r❛✐s ❡ ❛ss❡❣✉r❛r ❛ ✉♥✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✳ ❖✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✐♥t❡r❢❡r❡♠ ♥❛ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛s ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ r❡s✐❞❡♠ ♥❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦ ❞♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❞♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❛♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s✳
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❡str✉t✉r❛❞♦ ❞❛ s❡❣✉✐♥t❡ ❢♦r♠❛✿
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♥♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❜✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛ s✉❝✐♥t❛ s♦❜r❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡♠ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ r❛③ã♦ ❞❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ♦✉ ♥❛ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❞♦ r❡❞✉③✐❞♦✳
❖ t❡r❝❡✐r♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛çã♦ t❡ór✐❝❛ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦s t❡♠✲ ♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❙ã♦ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛s s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❞♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞♦s ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❛ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ ❞♦ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❝♦♥❞✐✲ çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ✐♥❛t✐✈♦ ♥♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❈❛❧❝✉❧❛♠✲s❡ ❡♥tã♦ ♦s t❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ♣❡♥❡tr❛çã♦ ❡ ❞❡s✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❛✐♥❞❛ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❢❛③✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❚❋❇●❋✳
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥♦ q✉❛rt♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✉s❛♥❞♦ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✈❛ ❞♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ s❡♠✐✲✐♥✜♥✐t♦ ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦✳
❖ q✉✐♥t♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❚❋❇●❋✱ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ♥♦ s❡①t♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❇✐❜❧✐♦❣rá✜❝❛
❆♣r❡s❡♥t❛✲s❡ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♠ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ♣rát✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛✳ ❆ ❛t❡♥çã♦✱ ♥❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦✱ é ✈♦❧t❛❞❛ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tér♠✐❝♦s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♦♠❡tr✐❛s ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❖ ✉s♦ ❝♦♠ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s s✐♠♣❧❡s ✐♠♣❧✐❝❛✱ ✉s✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❞❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ ♠❛✐♦r ❡♥t❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦ ❢ís✐❝♦ ❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❢❛❝✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛✳
❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♦ ♣ró♣r✐♦ ♥♦♠❡ s✉❣❡r❡✱ ♣❛rt❡♠ ❞❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ✭❡❢❡✐t♦✮ ♣❛r❛ s❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❝❛✉s❛✮ ❡ sã♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ♠❛❧ ♣♦st♦s ♠❛t❡♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❚❛❧ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛ ❢♦✐ ❛tr✐❜✉í❞❛ ❛♣ós ♦ ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝♦ ❢r❛♥❝ês ❏❛❝q✉❡s ❍❛✲ ❞❛♠❛r❞ ❞❡✜♥✐r✱ ❡♠ ✶✾✵✷✱ ✉♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❜❡♠ ♣♦st♦ ❝♦♠♦ s❡♥❞♦ ❛q✉❡❧❡ q✉❡ s❛t✐s❢❛③ ❛s três s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s✿
• ❊①✐st❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✭❡①✐stê♥❝✐❛✮❀
• ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ é ú♥✐❝❛ ✭✉♥✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✮❀
• ❆ s♦❧✉çã♦ t❡♠ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♥tí♥✉❛ ✭s✉❛✈❡✮ ❝♦♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ✭❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✮✳
P❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ é s❛t✐s❢❡✐t❛✱ ♣♦✐s s❡ ❤á ✉♠ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❡♥tã♦ ❡①✐st❡ ✉♠❛ ❝❛✉s❛✳ ❏á ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❛ ✉♥✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛ ❡st❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♠❛t❡♠át✐❝❛s ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳
❖s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❞❛s ❝✐ê♥✲ ❝✐❛s ❡ ❞❛ ❡♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ✭Ö❩■❙■❑✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ✭■❍❈P ✲ ■♥✈❡rs❡ ❍❡❛t ❈♦♥❞✉❝t✐♦♥ Pr♦❜❧❡♠✮ ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦s ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ♦✉ ❣❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ ❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s✳ ❖ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡ ❡st✉❞♦ s❡ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛ ♥❛
✹
❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦s ❛ ✈ár✐♦s ♠♦❞❡❧♦s✱ ♣❛rt✐♥❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ❛❝❡ssí✈❡✐s✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛s ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡st❡ t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❢♦r❛♠ ❢❡✐t❛s ♣♦r ❙t♦❧③ ✭✶✾✻✵✮✳
❖❜s❡r✈❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♣❛r❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ■❍❈P é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛✳ ❚❛❧ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✈✐s❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ✭❡❢❡✐t♦✮ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❛ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rt✉❜❛çã♦ ✭❝❛✉s❛✮✳ ◆❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r sã♦ ❣❡r❛❧♠❡♥t❡ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s✱ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠ ❝♦♥❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♥ã♦ ❤♦♠♦❣ê♥❡❛s✳ ❚❛✐s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s r❡s✉❧t❛♠ ❡♠ s♦❧✉çõ❡s ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛s ❡✴♦✉ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①❛s✳ ❆s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞✐r❡t❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞✐✈✐❞✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞♦✐s t✐♣♦s✿ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ♦✉ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛✳
❍✉❛♥❣ ✫ ❲❛♥❣ ✭✶✾✾✾✮ r❡s♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞♦s ❣r❛❞✐❡♥t❡s ❝♦♥❥✉❣❛❞♦s ✭❈●▼✮ ❡ ♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❈❋❳✹✳✷✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❡r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s ✐rr❡❣✉❧❛r❡s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ♦❜t✐❞❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ s❝❛♥♥❡rs ✐♥❢r❛✈❡r♠❡❧❤♦s✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ♦ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛✈❛ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❡♥q✉❛♥t♦ ❛s ♦✉tr❛s ❡r❛♠ ♠❛♥t✐❞❛s ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✳
❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✸✮ t✐♥❤❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛r ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉✲ ♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ t♦r♥❡❛♠❡♥t♦✳ ◆❡ss❡ ❝❛s♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡✉✲s❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tér♠✐❝♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡✳ ❆s ❢❛❝❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❡①♣♦st❛s à ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ♥❛ ❢❛❝❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ♣❛rt❡ ❢♦✐ s✉❜♠❡t✐❞❛ ❛ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❆♣❧✐❝♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ♥✉♠ér✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✜♥✐t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❡ ❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✐♥✈❡rs❛ ❞❡ r❡❝♦③✐♠❡♥t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛❞♦ ✭❙✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❆♥♥❡❛❧✐♥❣✮ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r q✉❡ ✢✉✐ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✳ ❈♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥♦✉✲s❡✱ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ s♦❧✉✲ çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦✱ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ s✉❛ ❡✈♦❧✉çã♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛✳
❊♠ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ❈❛r✈❛❧❤♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ q✉❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛ ♥ã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♦ ♣♦rt❛✲❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✳ ❖ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❢♦✐ r❡s♦❧✈✐❞♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✜♥✐t❛s ❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❙❡çã♦ ➪✉r❡❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥t❡♠❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r✳
✺
♥✐tr❡t♦ ❞❡ ❝r♦♠♦ ✭❈r◆✮✳ P❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ✢✉①♦✱ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ♠❡❞✐❞❛s ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ❝✐♥❝♦ t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ♣♦s✐❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✳ ❱❛r✐❛r❛♠✲s❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❡ ✈❡❧♦❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❡ ❡s♣❡ss✉r❛ ❞❛ ❢♦❧❤❛ ❞❡ ♠❛❞❡✐r❛ ❝♦rt❛❞❛✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s r❡❛❧ç❛r❛♠ ♦ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛♣❡❧ ❞♦ r❡✈❡st✐♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥✲ t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦ ❡ ❛ ❡♥❡r❣✐❛ t♦t❛❧ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ❝♦rt❡✳
❖s ❛✉t♦r❡s ❍✉❛♥❣ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✼✮ ✉s❛r❛♠ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❛ ❢✉r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♣❡ç❛ ❞❡ t✐tâ♥✐♦✳ ❙♦❧✉❝✐♦♥♦✉✲s❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ✐♥✈❡rs♦ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❛ ♠á①✐♠❛ ❞❡s❝✐❞❛ ❡ ❞♦ ❝ó❞✐❣♦ ❝♦♠❡r❝✐❛❧ ❈❋❳✹✳✹✱ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♠❡❞✐çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❢✉r❛çã♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ❝♦♥❞✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t♦r♥♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♠✲s❡ t♦❞❛s ❛s s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡s s✉❥❡✐t❛s à ❝♦♥✈❡❝çã♦✱ ❡①❝❡t♦ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ s✉♣❡r✐♦r✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛❞❛ ❛❞✐❛❜át✐❝❛✱ ❡ ❛ s✉♣❡r❢í❝✐❡ ❞❡ ❢✉r❛çã♦✱ ♥❛ q✉❛❧ ❢♦✐ ✐♠♣♦st♦ ✉♠ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❞❡s❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦✳ ❖s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❝♦ ❡ ❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ❞♦s ✢✉①♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛s s❡ ♠♦str❛r❛♠ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐❛s✳
❊♠ ✉♠ ♦✉tr♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❢✉r❛çã♦✱ ❙♦✉s❛ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✷✮ ❡st✐♠❛r❛♠ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ♣❡ç❛✲❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✉s✐♥❛❣❡♠✳ ❆ té❝♥✐❝❛ ✉s❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦r❡s ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦s✳ ❆♦ ❝♦♥trár✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢♦❝❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✱ ♥❡st❡ ❡st✉❞♦✱ ♦♣t♦✉✲s❡ ♣♦r ♠♦❞❡❧❛r t❡r♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ♣❡ç❛✳ ❖❜t❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ♣♦r t❡r♠♦♣❛r❡s ♥ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❡ ❛ s✐♠✉❧❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧♠❡♥t❡✳
❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✶✵✮ ❞❡♠♦♥str❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❝❡rt❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❛♥❞♦ sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥✉♠ér✐❝❛s ❡♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛✐s tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡s ♣❛r❛ r❡s♦❧✈❡r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ✐♥✈❡rs♦s ♦✉ ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ♦ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞✐r❡t♦ é ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛❞♦ ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ✈❡③❡s✳ Pr♦♣✉s❡r❛♠✱ ❛ss✐♠✱ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ s♦❧✉çã♦ ❛♥❛❧ít✐❝❛ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ●r❡❡♥ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ♣r♦♣r✐❡❞❛❞❡s tér♠✐❝❛s ✉s❛♥❞♦ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ s❛t✐s❢❛tór✐♦s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❞r❛st✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❝✐♦♥❛❧ ❣❛st♦ ❝♦♠ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♥❛s ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s✳
P❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ ❡❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ t✉❜♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ♥❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❝❛✈❛❝♦✲❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ✉s✐♥❛❣❡♠✱ ▲✐❛♥❣✱ ◗✉❛♥ ✫ ❑❡ ✭✷✵✶✶✮ ♣r♦❥❡t❛r❛♠ ❡ ❢❛❜r✐❝❛r❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ t✉❜♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❖❜t❡✈❡✲s❡ ❛ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ✸❉ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ✜♥✐t❛s✳
❋❡r♥❛♥❞❡s✱ ❙❛♥t♦s ✫ ●✉✐♠❛r❛❡s ✭✷✵✶✺✮ ♠♦❞❡❧❛r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛ ❞❡ ❝♦rt❡ ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ tr✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ tr❛♥s✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✐♠❛t✐✈❛ ❞♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ s❡ ❡st✐♠❛r ♦ ✢✉①♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❧♦r ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❜♦❛ ♣r❡❝✐sã♦ ♦❜t❡♥❞♦✲s❡ ♦ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❞❡ t❡♠♣❡r❛t✉r❛ ♥❛ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛✳
