TROPICAL LOWLAND
M
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S DISJUNCT BETWEEN AFRICA AND THE AMERICAS, INCLUDING
CALYPTOTHECIUM PLANIFRONS
(REN. & PAR.) ARGENT,
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W TO THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE.
William D. Reese (*)
SUMMARY
Cal ypt ot hi cMm pi ani no nó
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( Ren .zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
& Vox.) Af t gen* i& lepahtzd nw to the. WeA-t eAnWerniMpheXi f agged on two fto.ce.vU. coZZe.ct i avi i . (Jftcm HftaziZian Amazonia, i n Vaiw, and Ro n -
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c i o y u A; C. p i a n í i ^ wn i o/ viginatiy dzt>cjUbe.d jj/iom Madagaiccui. Fo u /iieef t o t h eA i p e c x e i
0)5 /πο ϋ ω w ^ if i appcuimtty áü>jimcX
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ai&tAibuXÁ.om b et w een th.opic.at h^fUca and tAopicaZkmsjvita ant ali,a &UcuA& t d. It i & likuZq that m o i t oh all ο& the. i p e c X e i diocuiied KSHI pfiovz to have. itiideA dtotyUbiiticni, i n the. friopicA u)he.n wofildwiáe. r wji&ionà ΟΛΖ coAxied oat.
(*) D e p a r t m e n t of B i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h w e s t e r n L o u i s i a n a , L a f a y e t t e , L a 7 0 5 0 4 ,
U S A .
ACTA AHAZON1 CA, S UP L . , 1 5 ( 1
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- 2) : 1 1 5- 12 1 - 19 8 5 . 11 5I N T R O D U C T I O N
Ac c o r d i n g t o Ri c h a r d s { 1 9 8 * 0 " T h e l i n k s b e t we e n t h e mo s s f l o r a s o f t r o p i c a l Af r i c a a n d t r o p i c a l Ame r i c a , e s p e c i a l l y t h e Ca r i b b e a n a r e a , a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y s t r o n g a n d a n i n c r e a s i n g n u mb e r o f We s t Af r i c a n t a x a a r e b e i n g s h o wn t o h e s y n o n y mo u s wi t h n e o t r o p i c a l t a x a . " Ri c h a r d s r e f e r s t o t h e r e c e n t s t u d i e s o f E d wa r d s ( 1 9 8 0 ) o n Af r i c a n
Calymperes a n d T o u w ( 1 9 7 6 ) o n Af r i c a n T h u i d i u m a s e x a mp l e s o f r e v i s i o n a r y s t u d i e s t h a t g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h e n u mb e r o f t a x a a c t u a l l y k n o wn t o o c c u r i n t r o p i c a l Af r i c a b y p l a c i n g ma n y p r e v i o u s l y a c c e p t e d n a me s i n t o s y n o n y my . S i mi l a r l y , my o wn s t u d i e s o n Ca 1y mp e r a c e a e ( I 9 6 I , 1 9 7 7 , ' 9 7 8 ) a c c o mp l i s h e d t h e s a me t h i n g f o r t h e Ame r i c a n t r o p i c s , a s d i d t h e s t u d i e s o f Cr o s b y ( 19 & 9 ) f o r P i l o t r i c h u m (- C a l l i c o s t a ) a n d Za n d e r ( 1 9 7 2 ) f o r L e p t o d o n t i u m . T h e c o n s p e c t u s o f Af r i c a n s p e c i e s o f S y r r h o p o d o n b y u r b a n ( I 3 8 I )
of mo s s e s t r e a t e d i n r e c e nt r e v i s i o n s .
The s t udy r e p o r t e d h e r e wa s p r o mp t e d by t he d i s c o v e r y t ha t t wo s p e c i me n s of a mo s s c o l l e c t e d r e c e nt l y a t wi d e l y s e p a r a t e s i t e s i n Br a z i l i a n Ama z o n i a we r e c o n s p e c i f i c wi t h Ca l y p t o t h e c i u m p l a n i f r o n s ( Re n. & Pa r . ) Ar g e n t , o r i g i n a l l y d e s c r i b e d f r o m t r opi c a l
Af r i c a . I t s e e me d a p p r o p r i a t e , i n r e p o r t i n g o n
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
C. p l a n i f r o n s f r o m Br a z i l , t ha t a br i e f r e vi e w be gi ve n of t he l i t e r a t ur e on s i mi l a r d i s j u n c t i o n s i n mo s s e s . Fol l owi ngt he r e por t
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
of C. p l a n i f r o n s , i r e vi e w b e l o w o t h e r r e p o r t s of t r opi c a l Ame r i c a n - t r o p t e a J Af r i c a n d i s j u n c t i o n s i n mo s s e s . Ma ny of t he mo s s e s I d i s c u s s b e i o w we r e i nc l ude d byBuc k & Gr i f f i n ( 1984) i n t he i r r e vi e w of Af r i c a n - So u t h Ame r i c a n b r y o g e o g r a p h y . The y a l s o i nc l ude , a s t r opi c a l l owl a nd d i s j u n c t s b e t we e n Af r i c a a nd Sout h Ame r i c a , e i ght s p e c i e s of mo s s e s a d d i t i o n a l t o t hos e i l i s t h e r e .
CALYP TOTHECI UM P LANI F RONS ( REN. & PAR. ) ARGENT, PTERDBRYACEAE, NEW TO THE WESTERN HE MÍ -SPHERE.
I n I 9 7 8 , a n d a g a i n i n I 9 8 3 , I c o l l e c t e d , a s i ngl e s pe c i me n i n e a c h c a s e , a mos s t ha t I wa s u n a b l e t o i de nt i f y wi t h a ny o t h e r known f r o m Sout h Ame r i c a . Fol l owi ng a l ong a n d f u t i l e e f f or t on my pa r t I a s k e d Dr . W. C. St e e r e f or a s s i s t a n c e , a n d he u l t i ma t e l y c a me u p wi t h t he na me C. p l a n i f r o n s , a mo s s d e s c r i b e d o r i g i n a l l y f r om Ma d a g a s c a r . Th e Br a z i l i a n a n d Af r i c a n s p e c i me n s , a l t h o u g h p e r h a p s d i f f e r i n g I n mi n u t e wa y s , c l e a r l y b e l o n g t o t he s a me s p e c i e s a nd t hus f ur ni s h a n o t h e r c o n n e c t i o n be t we e n t he t r opi c a l Ame r i c a n - t r o p i c a l Af r i c a n b r y o f l o r a s . [ Br a s i l : Ro n d ô n i a , 2 m on s ma l l t r e e i n ma t u r e f o r e s t , 2- 4 km a b o v e t he f i r s t r a pi ds on t he Ri o Pa c a a s f J ovos , f oot hi l l s of t he Se r r a dos Pa c a a s No v o s , c a ; l l ° S, 6 4 ° W, e l e v . c a . 2 0 0 m, I 7 Ma r I 9 7 8 , Re e s e
1338 2 { I NPA, NY) ; Pa r á , on vi ne s a n d s h r u b s a t Se r r a Ma z e , ma t u r e , t a l l , h u mi d f or e s t on s t e e p s l o p e s , km Τ 208 a l o n g Cu i a b â - Sa n t a r e m hi ghwa y ( BR-1 6 3 ) , c a . 5 ° 5 5 ' S, 55° 40 1
W,
e l e v . c a . 200 m, l 8 Ma y I 9 8 3 , Re e s e
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I 6 7 5 I ( I NPA, LAF, MO, NY, SP) . ] Th e s i t e s of t he s e t wo c o l l e c t i o n s a r e a p p r o x i ma t e l y 1100 km a p a r t . Bo t h s p e c i me n s a r e s t e r i l e ,Ca l y p t o t h e c i u m p l a n i f r o n s i s o t h e r wi s e k n o wn o n l y f r o m Af r i c a , f r o m Ma da ga s c a r , Congol e s e Re p u b l i c , Ch a d , Ce nt r a l Af r i c a n Re p u b l i c , a n d Za mbi a ( Ar g e n t , 1 9 7 3 b ) . Th e i l l us t r a -t i ons of -t he Af r i c a n C. p l a n i f r o n s p r o v i d e d by Ar g e n -t r e s e mbl e -t he Br a z i l i a n s pe c i me ns down t o t he l a s t d e t a i l , i nc l udi ng t he g e mma e .
OTHER MOSSES DI SJ UNCT BETWEEN TROPI CAL AMERI CA AND TROPI CAL AFRI CA.
Re vi e w of l i t e r a t ur e r e ve a l s onl y a f e w o t h e r mo s s s p e c i e s k n o wn t o o c c u r d i s j u n c t l y i n Af r i c a a n d t r opi c a l Ame r i c a , but not e l s e wh e r e . Ho we v e r , i t i s l i ke l y t ha t s ome o r a l l o f t hos e l i s t e d be l ow wi l l p r o v e t o h a v e l a r ge r r a nge s e v e n t u a l l y f ol l owi ng r e vi s i ona r y s t u d i e s . Th i s d i s c u s s i o n i s r e s t r i c t e d t o mo s s e s of l ow t r opi c a l r a i n f o r e s t h a b i t a t s .
F i s s i d e n t a c e a e
F i s s i d e n s k e g e l i a n u s C. Mu e l l . - T h i s s p e c i e s r a n g e s wi d e l y i n t r o p i c a l a n d s u b t r o p i c a l r e g i o n s o f t h e Ame r i c a s , a n d wa s r e p o r t e d r e c e n t l y f r o m T a n z a n i a b y Bi z o t & P o c s ( 1 9 7 9 ) , wh o a l s o me n t i o n t h a t i t o c c u r s i n Ga b o n a n d t h e Re p u b l i c o f Ce n t r a l Af r i -c a a s we l l . T h i s mo s s p r o b a b l y h a s a p a n t r o p i -c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n ( p e r s o n a l -c o mmu n i -c a t i o n ,
R. A. P u r s e l
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1) . Di c r a n a c e a eCa mp y l o p u s s a v a n n a r u m ( C. Mu e l l . ) Mi t t . - F r a h m (19 8 2} r e p o r t e d o n d i s j u n c t i o n s b e t we e n Af r i c a a n d t h e Ame r i c a s i n Ca mp y l o p u s , i n c l u d i n g C. s a v a n n a r u m, wh i c h i s wi d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n Ce n t r a l Ame r i c a a n d e a s t e r n S o u t h Ame r i c a , a n d a l s o o c c u r s i n Af r i c a , i n Za i r e , Ca me r o o n , Z a mb i a , T a n z a n i a , a n d S o u t h Af r i c a . Ot h e r s p e c i e s o f Ca mp y l o p u s
s h o wn b y F r a h m t o b e d i s j u n c t b e t we e n Af r i c a a n d t h e Ame r i c a s a r e h i g h a l t i t u d e s p e c i e s , s u c h a s C. c h r i s ma r i i I C. Mu e l l . ) Mi t t , a n d C. I n c a c o r r a l i s He r z . , t h a t d o n o t o c c u r I n t r o p i c a l l o wl a n d s .
Ca l y mp e r a c e a e
Ca l y mp e r o p s í s d i s c i f o r mi s ( C. Mu e l l . ) T i x . - Ac c o r d i n g t o Ti x i e r ( I 9 6 7 ) , C. d i s c i f o r mi s o c c u r s i n Af r i c a i n Ca me r o o n , Gu i n e a , Co n g o , Ni g e r i a a n d Us a g a r a . Ri c h a r d s £ Ed wa r d s ( 1 9 7 2 ) r e p o r t e d t h i s s p e c i e s f r o m S i e r r a L e o n e , a n d Bi z o t & P õ e s ( 1 9 7 9 ) a d d e d Ta n z a n i a t o i t s r a n g e . I n t h e Ame r i c a s , a c c o r d i n g t o T i x i e r ( 19 6 7 ) , C. d i s c i f o r mi s
o c c u r s i n S u r i n a m, Ve n e z u e l a , P a n a ma , a n d Ni c a r a g u a .
Ca l y mp e r o p s í s ma r t I nI c e n s ls ( Br o t h . ) , Br o t h . T i x i e r ( 1 9 6 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h i s s p e -c i e s f r o m t r o p i -c a l Af r i -c a i n Ca me r o o n , Co n g o , Ga b o n , a n d Ce n t r a l Af r i -c a n Re p u b l i -c , wh i l e Ri c h a r d s 6 Ed wa r d s ( 19 72) a d d e d Ni g e r i a , t o i t s r a n g e . Ac c o r d i n g t o T i x i e r , t h i s mo s s o c c u r s i n t r o p i c a l Ame r i c a I n Ma r t i n i q u e a n d S u r i n a m,
S y r r h o p o d o n c r y p t o c a r p o s Do z y f> Mo l k , - Re p o r t e d b y Or b ã n ( 1 9 8 1 ) f r o m Af r i c a i n Za i r e a n d Ga b o n , wh e r e i t h a d p r e v i o u s l y b e e n k n o wn a s S . l i n e a e f o l i u s P. Va r d e . Th i s s p e c i e s o c c u r s i n t h e Ame r i c a n t r o p i c s i n T r i n i d a d , Ve n e z u e l a , n o r t h e r n Br a z i l , e a s t e r n Bo l i v i a a n d P e r u , a n d Co l o mb i a .
S y r r h o p o d o n g a u d i c h a u d i i Mo n t . - T h i s mo s s wa s s h o wn b y Or b á n ( I 9 8 I ) t o h a v e a wi d e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n Af r i c a wh e r e i t h a d b e e n k n o wn u n d e r ma n y s y n o n y ms . Or b ã n d e s c r i b e d i t s Af r i c a n d i s t r i b u t i o n a s " Ea s t Af r i c a n i s l a n d s , t h e wh o l e t r o p i c a l a n d S o u t h Af r i c a ( e x c e p t d r y a r e a s ) ; T r i s t a n d a Cu n h a . . . . " T h i s s p e c i e s i s a l s o wi d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d i n t r o p i c a l a n d s u b t r o p i c a l Ame r i c a , f r o m F l o r i d a a n d Me x i c o s o u t h t o n o r t h e r n Ar g e n t i n a . I t i s v e r y l i k e l y t h a t i t wi l l a l s o t u r n u p u n d e r v a r i o u s n a me s i n As i a .
t u r n u p u n d e r o t h e r n a m e s t o t h e n o r t h i n t r o p i c a l A f r i c a .
Ra c o p i I a c e a e
Ra c o p i l u m t o me n t o s u m ( He d w. )
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
B rid. - Schu1tze-Motel (1975) noted the occurrence of R. t o me n t o s u m in Africa in Guinea and Fernando Po, and I have seen a specimen atNY from Cameroon (Dusén, VI I-12-1893 ) , under the name R, mu c r o n a t u m P. Beauv. , that is apparently identica l to the American R, t o me n t o s u m.
Le u c o d o n t a c e a e
Le u c o d o n t o p s i s g e n i c u l a t a ( M i t t . ) Cr u m ε S t e e r e - R i c h a r d s ε A r g e n t
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
( 19 & 8 ) f i r s t n o t e d t h e d i s j u n c t o c c u r r e n c e i n A f r i c a o f t h i s m o s s , o r i g i n a l l y d e s c r i b e d f r o mt r o p i c a l A m e r i c a . I n A f r i c a t h i s s p e c i e s w a s k n o w n u n d e r t h e n a m e L. c a me r u n i a e ( B r o t h . ) B r o t h . Sc h u l t z e - M o t e l ( 1 9 7 5 ) s u m m a r i z e d i t s A f r i c a n d i s t r i b u t i o n a s N i g e r i a , G h a n a , C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u b l i c , C a m e r o o n , a n d G a b o n ; i t h a s a w i d e d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t r o p i c a l a n d s u b t r o p i c a l A m e r i c a .
P t e r o b r y a c e a e
Ca l y p t o t h e c i u m p l a n i f r o n s ( R e n . ε P a r . ) A r g e n t - Se e d i s c u s s i o n a b o v e .
J a e g e r i n a s c a r i o s a ( L o r . ) A r z e n i - T h i s s p e c i e s w a s k n o w n i n A f r i c a u n d e r o t h e r n a m e s u n t i l A r g e n t 0 9 7 3 a ) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e A f r i c a n p l a n t s w e r e t h e sa m e a s t h o s e
k n o w n i n t h e A m e r i c a s a s
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J. s c a r i o s a . I t s r a n g e i n A f r i c a i n c l u d e s C a m e r o o n , G a b o n , G h a n a , N i g e r i a , a n d C e n t r a l A f r i c a n R e p u b l i c , a s r e p o r t e d b y A r g e n t . Sc h u l t z e - M o t e l( 19 7 5 ) , a d d e d G u i n e a t o t h e r a n g e i n h i s r e v i e w o f A f r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e o n m o s s e s .
Ne c k e r a c e a e
Ne c k e r o p s i s d i s t i c h a (Hedw.) Kindb. - [n his review of African moss liter a tu r e (1975), Schultze-Motel noted the occurrence in Africa of this species in Ghana, Togo, Central African Repu b lic, Cameroon, Fernando Po, Gabon, and Congo, and De Sloover (1977) reported Ν. d i s t i c h a new for Burundi. In the Americas, Ν. d i s t i c h a occu pies a wide range from Florida and Mexico south throughout tropica l South America.
Plagiotheciaceae
S t e r e o p h y l l u m r a d i c u l o s u m (Hook.) M itt. - This species was included by Schu ltze-Motel (1975) in h is review of African moss l iter a tu r e, from Cameroon. Egunyom) ( I98O)
reported S . radiculosum new to N iger ia . fn the Americas, th is species ranges widely from the southern United States throughout the American tr op ics .
S e ma t o p h y l l a c e a e
Ta x i t h e l i u m planum ( B r id . ) M itt. - This species was reported from Africa in
Ni g e r i a b y Mi t t e n ( 1 8 6 3 ) b u t a p p a r e n t l y h a s n o t b e e n r e c o r d e d f r o m t h e r e s i n c e . I t
h a s a wi d e r a n g e i n t h e Ame r i c a s , f r o m F l o r i d a a n d Me x i c o s o u t h wa r d s .
Hy p n a c e a e
Ra c o p i l o p s i s t r i n i t e n s i s ( C Mu e l l . ) Br i t t . £ Di x . - Re p o r t s o f t h i s mo s s i n
Af r i c a we r e s u mma r i z e d b y S c h u 1 t z e - Mo t e l
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
( 1 9 7 5 ) : Gh a n a , Ni g e r i a , Ce n t r a l Af r i c a n Re p u b l i c , Ca me r o o n , Ga b o n , a n d Co n g o , a n d i t wa s a l s o d i s c u s s e d b y Ri c h a r d s & Ar g e n t( 1 9 6 8 ) wh o n o t e d i t s o c c u r r e n c e i n Ma d a g a s c a r , a n d Bi z o t t P õ e s ( 1 9 8 2 ) , wh o r e p o r t e d
i t f r o m T a n z a n i a . I n t h e Ame r i c a s , R. t r i n i t e n s i s o c c u r s i n Ce n t r a l Ame r i c a a n d n o r t h e a s t e r n S o u t h Ame r i c a .
D I S C U S S I O N
Du e t o t h e r e l a t i v e l y p o o r s t a t e o f k n o wl e d g e o f t h e b r y o f l o r a s o f t r o p i c a l
a r e a s o f t h e wo r l d i n g e n e r a l , a s n o t e d i n p a r t i c u l a r b y T o u w ( 19 71* ) , i t i s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s ma l l l i s t o f a mp h i a t I a n t i c mo s s e s g i v e n a b o v e i s n o t e x h a u s t i v e , a n d
d o u b t l e s s I h a v e o v e r l o o k e d o t h e r e x a mp l e s . I t a l s o s e e ms c e r t a i n t h a t f u r t h e r
e x a mp l e s o f a mp h i a t 1 a n tic mo s s e s wi l l t u r n u p wh e n r e v i s i o n s a r e p e r f o r me d o f a p p r o p r i -a t e t -a x -a . Is o p t e r y g i u m t e n e r u m ( S w. ) Mi t t .f f o r e x a mp l e , i s a l i k e l y c a n d i d a t e t o
t u r n u p i n t r o p i c a l Af r i c a u n d e r o t h e r n a me s b e c a u s e i t i s s o wi d e s p r e a d i n t h e
Ame r i c a s , r a n g i n g f r o m t h e e a s t e r n Un i t e d S t a t e s d e e p i n t o S o u t h Ame r i c a . Ad d i t i o n a l l y ,
t h e r e a r e a f e w t a x a n o w r e c o g n i z e d a s v i c a r i a d s a t t h e l e v e l o f s u b s p e c i e s t h a t mi g h t ,
o n c l o s e r e x a mi n a t i o n , b e a c c e p t e d a s d i s j u n c t s p e c i e s . T o u w ( ' 9 7 6 ) f p r e x a mp l e ,
r e c o g n i z e d t wo s u b s p e c i e s o f T h u i d i u m i n v o l v e n s ( He d w. ) Mi t t . , o n e i n Af r i c a a n d t h e o t h e r i n t h e Ame r i c a s . He n o t e d , h o we v e r , t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s s e p a r a t i n g t h e t wo
we r e n o t g r e a t . Al s o E d wa r d s (19 8 0 ) , i n h i s r e v i s i o n o f we s t t r o p i c a l Af r i c a n Ca l y mp e r e s , r e c o g n i z e d s u b s p e c i e s o f C. 1 o n c h o p h y 1 1 u m S c h wa e g r . a n d C. p a l i s o t l i
S c h wa e g r . d i s j u n c t b e t we e n Af r i c a a n d Ame r i c a . Me n t i o n h a s a l r e a d y b e e n ma d e a b o v e
t h a t t h e r e i s a g o o d p o s s i b i l i t y f o r s p e c i e s d i s c u s s e d h e r e t o t u r n o u t t o h a v e
g r e a t e r r a n g e s t h a n a r e k n o wn a t p r e s e n t . S u c h s p e c i e s ma y p r o v e t o o c c u r a l s o i n
As i a a n d t h u s h a v e a t r i c e n t r i c p a t t e r n o f d i s t r i b u t i o n , o r ma y p r o v e t o b e mo r e o r
l e s s p a n t r o p i c a l , a s i s a l r e a d y k n o wn f o r c e r t a i n mo s s e s , Qc t o b l e p h a r u m a lb i d u m He d w . , f o r e x a mp l e .
F u t u r e wo r k e r s o n r e v i s i o n a r y s t u d i e s o f t r o p i c a l mo s s e s s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d
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a m p hi a t l a n t i c mo s s e s mi g h t b e a p p r o p r i a t e ; I a l s o t h a n k t h e P r o j e t o F l o r a p r o g r a m f o r s u p p o r t i n g t h e f i e l d wo r k t h a t l e d t o my c o l l e c-t i o n s o f C. p l a n i f r o n s i n Br a z i l i a n Ama z o n i a .
R e f e r e n c e s
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I. J. B r y o l . , 7 : 3 5 3 - 3 7 8 .
- 1 9 7 3 b . A t a x o n o m i c s t u d y of A f r i c a n P t e r o b r y a c e a e and M e t e o r i a c e a e I I , P t e r o b r y a c e a e - c o n t i n u e d . J. B r y o l , , 7 : 5 6 3 - 6 0 2 .
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-tion T o t t o r i U n i v . , N a t . S c i . , 2 3 ( 1 ) : 1 - 1 2 6 .
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U n i v . , N a t . S c i . 2 9 ( 2 ) : 4 9 - 1 5 4 . O r b á n , S . - 1 9 8 1 . S t u d i e s on A f r i c a n Calyraperaceae, 1 1 1 . C o n s p e c t u s of t h e A f r i c a ns p e c i e s of S y r r h o p o d o n S c h w a e g r . A c t a B o t . A c a d . S c i . H u n g a r i c a e , 2 7 ( 1 - 2 ) : 1 6 9 - 1 7 7 .
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8 0 : 2 - 3 1 .
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8 1 : 1 8 9 - 2 2 5 ,
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