Universidade de Brasília
Instituto de Ciências Exatas Departamento de Ciência da Computação
❯♠ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ❙❡❣✉r♦
♣❛r❛ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s
❘♦❣ér✐♦ ❆❧✈❡s ❞❛ ❈♦♥❝❡✐çã♦
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t♦ ♣❛r❝✐❛❧
♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛
❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r
Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❇♦♥✐❢á❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛
❈♦♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❛
Pr♦❢✳➟ ❉r✳➟ ❊❞♥❛ ❉✐❛s ❈❛♥❡❞♦
Ficha catalográfica elaborada pela Biblioteca Central da Universidade de Brasília. Acervo 1017247.
Conce i ção , Rogé r i o A l ves da .
C744p Um p r o t oco l o de au t en t i cação e au t o r i zação segu r o pa r a a r qu i t e t u r as o r i en t adas a se r v i ços / Rogé r i o A l ves da Conce i ção . - - 2014 .
i x , 80 f . : i l . ; 30 cm.
Di sse r t ação (mes t r ado ) - Un i ve r s i dade de Br as í l i a , I ns t i t u t o de Ci ênc i as Exa t as , Depa r t amen t o de Ci ênc i a da Compu t ação , 2014 .
Or i en t ação : Rod r i go Bon i f ác i o de A lme i da ; Coo r i en t ação : Edna Di as Canedo .
I nc l u i b i b l i og r a f i a .
1 . S i s t emas de r ecupe r ação da i n f o rmação - Segu r ança . 2 . Ar qu i t e t u r a o r i en t ada a se r v i ços (Compu t ado r ) .
I . A lme i da , Rod r i go Bon i f ác i o de . I I .Canedo , Edna Di as . I I I . Tí t u l o .
❉❡❞✐❝❛tór✐❛
❉❡❞✐❝♦ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ à ♠✐♥❤❛ ❛♠❛❞❛ ❡s♣♦s❛ ▼✐❝❤❡❧❧❡ ❡ ❛♦s ♠❡✉s ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s♦s ✜❧❤♦s ▲ír✐s ❡ ❘❛❢❛❡❧✱ ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✱ ✐♥❝❡♥t✐✈♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥sã♦✳ ❙❡♠ ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ t❡r✐❛ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉✐❞♦ ❝♦♥❝❧✉✐r ❡ss❛ ❥♦r♥❛❞❛✳
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆❣r❛❞❡ç♦ ♣r✐♠❡✐r❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ❉❡✉s q✉❡ ✐❧✉♠✐♥♦✉ ❡ ❣✉✐♦✉ ♠❡✉s ♣❛ss♦s ❞✉r❛♥t❡ ❡ss❛ tr❛❣❡tór✐❛✱ ♠❡ ❞❛♥❞♦ s❛ú❞❡ ❡ ❢♦rç❛s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐❛s ♣❛r❛ s✉♣❡r❛r ❛s ❞✐✜❝✉❧❞❛❞❡s ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❝❛♠✐♥❤♦✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r❡s✱ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❘♦❞r✐❣♦ ❇♦♥✐❢❛❝✐♦ ❞❡ ❆❧♠❡✐❞❛ ❡ Pr♦❢➟✳ ❉r➟✳ ❊❞♥❛ ❉✐❛s ❈❛♥❡❞♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ❛♣♦✐♦ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥ç❛ ♥❡ss❡ ♣❡rí♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❛♠❛❞✉r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡♥r✐q✉❡♥❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❡ ✐♥t❡❧❡❝t✉❛❧✳ ❙❡r❡✐ ❡t❡r♥❛♠❡♥t❡ ❣r❛t♦ ♣♦r s✉❛s ✈❛❧✐♦s❛s ❝♦♥✲ tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡❧❛❜♦r❛çã♦ ❞❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
❆♦ ❛❧✉♥♦ ❆❧❡①❛♥❞r❡ ▲✉❝❝❤❡s✐✱ ❞♦ ❝✉rs♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❯◆❇✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çã♦ ✈❛❧✐♦s❛ ❞❛❞❛ ❛ ❡st❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦✳
❆♦s ❞❡♠❛✐s ♣r♦❢❡ss♦r❡s ❞♦ ▼❡str❛❞♦ Pr♦✜ss✐♦♥❛❧ ❡♠ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛✱ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡r✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❇r❛sí❧✐❛✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ q✉❡ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐r❛♠ ♦s ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦s ❡ ❡♥s✐♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❆♦s ❝♦♠♣❛♥❤❡✐r♦s ❞❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❛ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ q✉❡ ♠❡s♠♦ ❞✐❛♥t❡ ❞❛s ❝♦rr❡r✐❛s ❡ ♦❜stá❝✉❧♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s✱ s❡♠♣r❡ s❡ ❞✐s♣✉s❡r❛♠ ❛ ♠❡ ♣r❡st❛r ♦ ❛✉①í❧✐♦ ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❆ ❉■❚❊❈✱ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✲ ✭P❈❉❋✮✱ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛ ♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✱ ♠✉✐t❛s ✈❡③❡s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡♥✲ sí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ór❣ã♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❛❞♦s✳ ❉❛❞❛ ❛ ❝r✐t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r✲ t✐❧❤❛❞❛s✱ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çõ❡s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛s ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r tr❛t❛❞❛s s♦❜ ✉♠❛ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❞♦t❛ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡✲ ❣r❛çã♦✱ ❞❡s❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❛té ❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❝❡✐r❛s✳ ❊ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ s❡❣✉r♦✱ ❛❞❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t❛t❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ✭❘❊❙❚✮✱ q✉❡ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✲ ✐t❛r q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦✱ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❛♥❞♦ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ q✉❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛s r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s✳
❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❢♦✐ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❇❆◆✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ é ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❢❡❝❤❛❞♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ sã♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛♥t❡❝✐♣❛❞❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ✐ss♦ t♦r♥❛✲s❡ ✈✐á✈❡❧ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣ré✈✐♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♦❢❡rt❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳ ■ss♦ tr❛③ ❢♦rt❡ ✐♥✢✉ê♥❝✐❛ s♦❜ ♦s ♠❡❝❛♥✐s♠♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✳
❈♦♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❢♦✐ ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞♦s tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ♣r✐♠ár✐♦s q✉❡ ❞✐s❝✉t❡♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ ❢♦✐ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♥❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ✐♥st✐t✉✐çõ❡s ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐st♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s t❡st❡s ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t✐✉ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ❞❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡♠ t❡r♠♦s ❞♦ ❝✉st♦ ❛❞✐❝✐♦♥❛❧ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ às r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✳
P❛❧❛✈r❛s✲❝❤❛✈❡✿ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ ■♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦✱ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✱ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❇❆◆✱ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ❘❊❙❚✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❉■❚❊❈✱ ❚❡❝❤♥♦❧♦❣② ❉✐✈✐s✐♦♥ ❈✐✈✐❧ P♦❧✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❉✐str✐❝t✱ ✐s r❡s♣♦♥s✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✬s ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥ str❛t❡❣✐❝ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥t✱ ♦❢t❡♥ ♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ♥❡❡❞s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ s❤❛r✐♥❣ ♦❢ s❡♥s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ❣♦✈❡r♥♠❡♥t ✐♥s✉r❡❞✳ ●✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ s②st❡♠s ❛♥❞ s❤❛r❡❞ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✱ s❡❝✉r✐t② ❝♦♥❝❡r♥s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ tr❡❛t❡❞ ✉♥❞❡r ❛♥ ❛r✲ ❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❛❧ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ✇✐t❤✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ❛❞♦♣ts ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡s✱ ❢r♦♠ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s t♦ t❤❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❛t❛❜❛s❡s ❢♦r ♣❛rt♥❡r ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s ❛ s❡❝✉r❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ❢♦r ❛✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛❞❤❡r✲ ❡♥t ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t❛t❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r✭❘❊❙❚✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛✐♠s t♦ ❡♥❛❜❧❡ ❛ s❡r✈✐❝❡✲ ♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛❞♦♣t❡❞ ❛s t❤❡ s♦❧❡ ❛❧t❡r♥❛t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❜❛❧❛♥❝✐♥❣ s❡❝✉r✐t② r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts ✇✐t❤ ♦t❤❡r q✉❛❧✐t② ❛ttr✐❜✉t❡s✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r❧② t✐♠❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✐♥❣ ♦❢ r❡q✉❡sts✳
❚❤❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐s s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞✱ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r♠❛❧❧② ❛ss❡ss❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❇❆◆ ❧♦❣✐❝✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐s ❞❡s✐❣♥❡❞ ❢♦r ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❡♥✈✐r♦♥♠❡♥ts✱ ✇❤❡r❡ ♣♦t❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ❛r❡ ❦♥♦✇♥ ✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❢❡❛s✐❜❧❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐♦r ❡st❛❜❧✐s❤♠❡♥t ♦❢ ❝♦♥tr❛❝ts ❢♦r t❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ♦✛❡r❡❞ ❜② ❈✐✈✐❧ P♦❧✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❉✐str✐❝t✳ ❚❤✐s ❤❛s ❛ str♦♥❣ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠s t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❛✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳
❲✐t❤ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐t ✇❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♥❞✉❝t ❛ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r✐♠❛r② st✉❞✐❡s t❤❛t ❞✐s❝✉ss s❡❝✉r✐t② ✐ss✉❡s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ s❡r✈✐❝❡✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳ ❲❛s ❛❧s♦ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛ r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ ❛r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡ t❤❛t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜✉s✐♥❡ss ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s t❤❛t ♠❛② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s ✉s✐♥❣ s❡r✈✐❝❡✲♦r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t✐♥❣✳ ❇❡s✐❞❡s t❤✐s✱ ❛✉t♦♠❛t❡❞ t❡sts ✇❡r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣r♦t♦t②♣❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❛❧❧♦✇❡❞ t♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛❞♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧ ✐♥ t❡r♠s t❤❡ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ ❝♦st ✐♥ r❡s♣♦♥s❡ t✐♠❡ t♦ r❡q✉❡sts ❛♥❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤♣✉t✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧s ❆✉t❤❡♥t✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❆✉t❤♦r✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❇❆◆ ▲♦❣✐❝✱ ■♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ❖r✐❡♥t❡❞ ❆r❝❤✐t❡❝t✉r❡✱ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ❘❊❙❚✳
❙✉♠ár✐♦
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶ ✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸ ✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹
✷ ❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ✺
✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺ ✷✳✷ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻ ✷✳✷✳✶ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❆❝❝❡sss Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❙❖❆P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼ ✷✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❲❙❉▲✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽ ✷✳✷✳✸ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✱ ❉✐s❝♦✈❡r② ❛♥❞ ■♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ✭❯❉❉■✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✸ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t❛t❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✵ ✷✳✹ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❙❖❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹✳✶ ❈♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❇ás✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷ ✷✳✹✳✷ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸ ✷✳✹✳✸ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡ ❙✐♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹✳✹ ❈r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❞❡ ❈❤❛✈❡ ❆ss✐♠étr✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹✳✺ ❋✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ❍❛s❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✹✳✻ ❆ss✐♥❛t✉r❛ ❉✐❣✐t❛❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✻ ✷✳✹✳✼ ❈❡rt✐✜❝❛❞♦s ❉✐❣✐t❛✐s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✽ ✷✳✺ ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❙❖❆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✾ ✷✳✺✳✶ ❆❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✺✳✷ ◆❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡ ❆t❛q✉❡s ❞❡ ◆❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❉✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ✳ ✷✵ ✷✳✺✳✸ ❆t❛q✉❡s ❞❡ ❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ❊①t❡r♥❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✺✳✹ ■♥t❡r❝❡♣t❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶ ✷✳✻ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✻✳✶ ❖♣❡♥■❉ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✷ ✷✳✻✳✷ ❑❡r❜❡r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✻✳✸ ❙❆▼▲ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✻✳✹ ❖❆✉t❤ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺ ✷✳✻✳✺ ❚r❛✉st ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✻✳✻ ❡❳t❡♥s✐❜❧❡ ❆❝❝❡ss ❈♦♥tr♦❧ ▼❛r❦✉♣ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✼ ✷✳✼ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✽
✸ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ✷✾
✸✳✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✷ ▼❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✸ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❊st✉❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾ ✸✳✹ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✭◗P✮ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✺ ❊str❛té❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❇✉s❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✵ ✸✳✻ ❈r✐tér✐♦s ❞❡ ■♥❝❧✉sã♦ ❡ ❊①❝❧✉sã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶ ✸✳✼ ❈♦❧❡t❛✱ ❆r♠❛③❡♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ❡ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷ ✸✳✽ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✽✳✶ ◗P ✶ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✶ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✽✳✷ ◗P ✷ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✷ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹ ✸✳✽✳✸ ◗P ✸ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✸ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✽✳✹ ◗P ✹ ◗✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ✹ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✽✳✺ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ s♦❜r❡ ♦s ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✾ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✹ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✸✾ ✹✳✶ ❘❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❧♦❝♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷✳✶ ❱✐sã♦ ●❡r❛❧ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✶✳✶ Pr✐♠❡✐r♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✿ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❡stá ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✸ ✹✳✷✳✶✳✷ ❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✿ ❈❧✐❡♥t❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠❛ ❝r❡❞❡♥❝✐❛❧ ❞❡ ❛✉t♦✲
r✐③❛çã♦ t❡♠♣♦rár✐❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻ ✹✳✸ ❋♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✸✳✶ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❇❆◆ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✸✳✶✳✶ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❇ás✐❝❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✸✳✶✳✷ P♦st✉❧❛❞♦s ▲ó❣✐❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✸✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❋♦r♠❛❧ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ Pr♦♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✸✳✷✳✶ ■❞❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✸✳✷✳✷ ❙✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷ ✹✳✸✳✷✳✸ Pr♦✈❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸ ✹✳✸✳✷✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✹✳✹ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✹✳✶ Pr♦tót✐♣♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✺ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞♦ ❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✺✽ ✺✳✶ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✶✳✶ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❞❛ s❡ssã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✽ ✺✳✶✳✷ ❘❡s♣♦♥s❛❜✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦s ✉s✉ár✐♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✶✳✸ ❆t❛q✉❡s ❞❡ r❡♣❡t✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾ ✺✳✶✳✹ ❆t❛q✉❡s ❞❡ ♥❡❣❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶✳✺ ❘♦✉❜♦ ❞❡ ❝r❡❞❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵ ✺✳✶✳✻ P♦♥t♦ ú♥✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❛t❛q✉❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✶✳✼ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✷ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶ ✺✳✷✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s✱ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ❡ ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✶✳✷ ◗✉❡stõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷ ✺✳✷✳✶✳✸ ▼étr✐❝❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✸ ✺✳✷✳✷ ❈♦♥✜❣✉r❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✷✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷✳✹ ❊st✉❞♦s ❈♦rr❡❧❛t♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽ ✺✳✷✳✺ ❙í♥t❡s❡ ❞❛ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❉❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✷
✻ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✼✸
✻✳✶ ❈♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹ ✻✳✷ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❋✉t✉r♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
❘❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛s ✼✻
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❙❉▲✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✸❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✾ ✷✳✷ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦s t❡r♠♦s ❜ás✐❝♦s ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✺✵❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✸ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ s✐♠étr✐❝❛ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✺✷❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹ ✷✳✹ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝r✐♣t♦❣r❛✜❛ ❛ss✐♠étr✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺ ✷✳✺ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛ss✐♥❛t✉r❛ ❞✐❣✐t❛❧ ❝♦♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❤❛s❤✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼ ✷✳✻ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❖♣❡♥■❞✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✷✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸ ✷✳✼ Pr♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❑❡r❜❡r♦s✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✾❪✳ ✷✹ ✷✳✽ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❖❆✉t❤ ✷✳✵ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✷✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✸✳✶ ●rá✜❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ♣♦r ✈❡í❝✉❧♦ ❞❡ ♣✉✲ ❜❧✐❝❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷ ●rá✜❝♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐✈♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺ ✸✳✸ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ s♦❧✉çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✹ ●rá✜❝♦ ❞♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❙♦❧✉çã♦ ♠❛✐s ♣r♦♣♦st♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼
✹✳✶ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❞❡ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦✱ ❝r❡❞❡♥❝✐❛✐s ❡ ✉s✉ár✐♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶ ✹✳✷ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✹✳✸ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ✶➸ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✹ ✹✳✹ ❋❧✉①♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦✴❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✱ ✷➸ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼ ✹✳✺ ❉✐❛❣r❛♠❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦✴❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦✲
♣♦st♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✶
✺✳✶ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❞❡ t❡st❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐✲ ③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺ ✺✳✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼ ✺✳✸ ❚❡♠♣♦ ♠é❞✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ✺ ❡ ✶✵ ✉s✉ár✐♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾ ✺✳✹ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ❞❡ P❛②❧♦❛❞ ❡ ❍❡❛❞❡r ❡ ❚❡♠♣♦ ▼é❞✐♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❝❡s✲
s❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❙❖❆P ❡ ❘❊❙❚ ❬✺✶❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✵ ✺✳✺ ❚❡♠♣♦s ❞❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦s t❡st❡s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♠ ❡ s❡♠ ❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦
❲❙✲❙❡❝✉r✐t②✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❬✶✻❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✹✳✶ ◆♦t❛çã♦ ❜ás✐❝❛ ❞❛ ▲ó❣✐❝❛ ❇❆◆✱ ❛❞❛♣t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❬✺❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽ ✹✳✷ ❙✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ❛♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✺✳✶ ❈❡♥ár✐♦s ❞❡ t❡st❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✷ ❆♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹ ✺✳✸ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛♥❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐✲
③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✹ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ s❡♠ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦✲
r✐③❛çã♦✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻ ✺✳✺ ❆♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❙❡❣✉r♦s ❬✹✽❪✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✽
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❆s ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ♥♦ q✉❡ ❞✐③ r❡s♣❡✐t♦ à s✉❛ ❝♦♠✲ ♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❏✉❞✐❝✐ár✐❛✱ t❛♥❣❡♥❝✐❛♠ ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s ♣♦♥t♦s ❛s ❛tr✐❜✉✐çõ❡s ❞♦ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❡ ❚❡rr✐tór✐♦s✱ ❞♦ ❚r✐❜✉♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉st✐ç❛ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❡ ❚❡rr✐tór✐♦s ❡ ❞❛ ❉❡❢❡♥s♦r✐❛ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳ ❉❡ ❢♦r♠❛ q✉❡ ❛ ❝♦♠♣❡tê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❞❡ss❡s Ór❣ã♦s✱ ♣♦r ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛r❡♠ ♣♦♥t♦s q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛♠✱ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ✐♥t❡♥s❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✳
❆ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ s✉❛ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✱ t❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r s❡✉s ♣ró♣r✐♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s✳ ❊st❛ ❛t✐✈✐❞❛❞❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ✉♠❛ ✈❛♥t❛❣❡♠ ❡str❛té❣✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ t♦r♥❛ ❞❡t❡♥t♦r❛ ❞♦s s♦❢t✇❛r❡s ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s✱ ❡✈✐t❛♥❞♦ ❞❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❡ ❛❞♠✐♥✐str❛t✐✈❛ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s ♣r✐✈❛❞❛s✳
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ t❡♠✲s❡ ❜✉s❝❛❞♦ ❡st✉❞❛r té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ♣r♦♠♦✈❛♠ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡❢❡t✐✈❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ✐♥t❡r♥♦s ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ór❣ã♦s ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s ❡ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡♠ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ s❡❣✉r❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♦r✐✉♥❞♦s ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❧❡❣❛❞♦s ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳
✶✳✶ Pr♦❜❧❡♠❛ ❞❛ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛
◆❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦✱ ✉♠ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❞❡s❛✜♦s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❉■❚❊❈ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à ♥❡❝❡s✲ s✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛ s❡❣✉r❛✱ ♦❜s❡r✈❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦ ❡ ❛ ✐♥✲ t❡❣r❛çã♦ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ór❣ã♦s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❛❞♦s✱ t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❚r✐❜✉♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉st✐ç❛ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❡ ❚❡rr✐tór✐♦ ✭❚❏❉❋❚✮✱ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ Pú❜❧✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❯♥✐ã♦ ✭▼P❯✮✱ ❉❡♣❛rt❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❚râ♥s✐t♦ ❞♦ ❉❋ ✭❉❊❚❘❆◆✲❉❋✮✱ ❙❡❝r❡tár✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ✭❙❙P✲❉❋✮✱ ❙❡❝r❡tár✐❛s ❞❡ ❏✉st✐ç❛ ❞♦ ❉❋ ❡ ❊st❛❞♦s✳
❖ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ ❡①♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s s❡♥sí✲ ✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦❞❡r✐❛ ❝♦♠♣r♦♠❡t❡r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ♣♦❧✐❝✐❛✐s✳ ❖✉tr❛ ♣r❡♦❝✉♣❛çã♦ ❡stá r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞❛
à ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛❝❡ss♦s ❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✲ ✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♣❡ss♦❛❧ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛❞♦✳ ❈❛s♦ ✐ss♦ ♥ã♦ s❡❥❛ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦✱ ♣❡ss♦❛s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡ ✈❛❧❡r ❞♦ ❛♥♦♥✐♠❛t♦ ❡ ❞✐✈✉❧❣❛r ❞❛❞♦s s✐❣✐❧♦s♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❝r✐♠✐♥♦s❛✱ ♦ q✉❡ t❛♠❜é♠ ❛❝❛rr❡t❛r✐❛ ✐♥ú♠❡r♦s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ♦r❞❡♠ ❥✉rí❞✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✳
❉❡ss❛ ❢♦r♠❛✱ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ à ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❡❧❛s ❞❡✈❡♠ t❡r ✉♠ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥❝✐❛❞♦ ❝♦♠ r❡❧❛çã♦ ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ♥❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞❛s ✈❡③❡s✱ ❛ ❉■❚❊❈ ✉t✐❧✐③❛ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♥ã♦ s❡❣✉r❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛✲ çã♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ❛ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♦ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❡ ❡①✐st✐r❡♠ ❛❧❣✉♠❛s ✐♥✐❝✐❛t✐✈❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜✳
◆♦ ✐♥t✉✐t♦ ❞❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r q✉❡ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ✐♥t❡❣r❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ s❡❣✉r❛ ❝♦♠ ♦✉tr♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❛ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❜✉s❝❛ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❡r ✉♠❛ ♠❡t♦❞♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ ♠❡❧❤♦r❛r ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♥♦ â♠❜✐t♦ ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦✱ ♦♣t♦✉✲s❡ ♣❡❧❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ q✉❡ ♣r♦♣õ❡♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛r✱ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r✱ ♣✉❜❧✐❝❛r ❡ ✐♥✈♦❝❛r s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❡♥ár✐♦✱ ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣♦✉ ❛s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿
✶✳ ◗✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❛ ❆rq✉✐✲ t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❙❖❆✮❄ ❊ss❛ q✉❡stã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ é r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞❛ ♥♦s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s ✷ ❡ ✸ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
✷✳ ◗✉❛✐s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ❡♠ ❙❖❆ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡❢❡t✐✲ ✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞♦s ór❣ã♦s ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s❄ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦✱ ❛ r❡s♣♦st❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡ss❛ q✉❡stã♦ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
❆s r❡s♣♦st❛s ❛ ❡ss❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛r❛♠ ❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✱ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❛✈❛❧✐❛❞♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ♦✉tr❛s q✉❡stõ❡s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛✿
✸✳ ❖ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❛❞❡q✉❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ tr♦❝❛s ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s❄
✹✳ ◗✉❛❧ ♦ ✐♠♣❛❝t♦ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❞♦ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ às r❡q✉✐s✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦✲ ❝♦❧♦❄
✺✳ ❯♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✱ s❡♠ ❢♦❝♦ ❡♠ ♦t✐♠✐③❛çã♦✱ ❝♦♥s❡❣✉❡ s✉♣♦rt❛r ❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣r❡✈✐st❛❄
❊ss❛s ♣❡r❣✉♥t❛s sã♦ r❡s♣♦♥❞✐❞❛s ♥♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺✱ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞♦ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳
✶✳✷ ▼♦t✐✈❛çã♦ ❡ ❏✉st✐✜❝❛t✐✈❛
❯♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈❛ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♠❛✐s s❡❣✉r♦s✱ q✉❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❡♠ ♥♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛t✐✈♦✱ ❡❧❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛rá s❡✉ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛✐s ❡❢❡t✐✈❛✱ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❞✐r❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦ ❝♦♠❜❛t❡ ❞❛ ❝r✐♠✐♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ❣❡r❛❧ ❡ t♦❞♦s ♦s ór❣ã♦s ❞✐str✐t❛✐s ❡ ❢❡❞❡r❛✐s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ Pú❜❧✐❝❛ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ❚r✐❜✉♥❛❧ ❞❡ ❏✉st✐ç❛ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧✱ ▼✐♥✐stér✐♦ ❞❛ ❏✉st✐ç❛✱ ❙❡❝r❡t❛r✐❛s ❞❡ ●♦✈❡r♥♦ ❉✐str✐t❛✐s✱ ❞❡♥tr❡ ♦✉tr♦s ór❣ã♦s✱ q✉❡ ♥❡❝❡ss✐t❡♠ ❞❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♥st✐t✉✐çã♦ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r q✉❛❧q✉❡r t✐♣♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡✳
◆❡ss❡ s❡♥t✐❞♦✱ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✱ ❡①✐st❡ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ór❣ã♦ ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ P❈❉❋✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥ã♦ ❤á ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ s❡❣✉r♦ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ♥❛ ■♥st✐t✉✐çã♦✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ❛❝❡ss♦ ❞✐r❡t♦ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ r❡♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♦✉ ❛✐♥❞❛✱ ❡❧❛ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ♠❛♥✉❛❧ ❡ ❞✐s♣❡♥❞✐♦s❛✳ ❋❛❧❤❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ♥❡ss❡ ❝♦♥t❡①t♦ ♣♦❞❡♠ ✐♥✈✐❛❜✐❧✐③❛r ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛çõ❡s ❡ ❧❡✈❛r ❛ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞❡ ❛çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ❢♦rt❡ ♣r❡❥✉í③♦ ❛ s♦❝✐❡❞❛❞❡ ✭❝♦♠♦ ❛s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✐♥✐❝✐❛❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛❞✉❧t❡r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠❛♥❞❛❞♦ ♣r✐sã♦✮✳
✶✳✸ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❣❡r❛❧ ❞❡ss❛ ❞✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ é ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡r ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ s❡❣✉r♦ ❡♠ ❙❖❆✱ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✱ ❛❞❡r❡♥t❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t❛t❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r ✭❘❊❙❚✮✱ q✉❡ ♣♦ss❛ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛ ❉✐✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ❚❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❛ P♦❧í❝✐❛ ❈✐✈✐❧ ❞♦ ❉✐str✐t♦ ❋❡❞❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡❢❡t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❞❡ s❡✉s s✐st❡♠❛s ❝♦♠ ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❞♦s ór❣ã♦s ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s✳ ▼❛✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❢♦r❛♠ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛❞♦s✿
❛ ✮ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♠♣r❡❡♥❞❡r ♦ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞❛ ❛rt❡ ❡ ❞❛ ♣rát✐❝❛ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ❙❖❆❀
❜ ✮ ■❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ❡ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r q✉❛✐s sã♦ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛❞♦çã♦ ❞❡ ❙❖❆❀
❝ ✮ ❊st✉❞❛r ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❲❡❜ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ s❡❧❡❝✐♦♥❛r ♣❛✲ ❞rõ❡s ❡ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ♣❛r❛ ❣❛r❛♥t✐r ❝♦♥✜❞❡♥❝✐❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛s ✐♥t❡❣r❛çõ❡s ❞❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ ❊ss❛ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡✈❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛r ♦ ✐♠✲ ♣❛❝t♦ ♥❛ ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♥♦ t❡♠♣♦ ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s❀
❞ ✮ ❆✈❛❧✐❛r ❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛r ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s✱ ❢❡rr❛♠❡♥t❛s ❡ ♣r♦❝❡❞✐♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❣❛r❛♥t❛♠ ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❛ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r ♦s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐③❛r ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❡♥tr❡ ór❣ã♦ ♣❛r❝❡✐r♦s ✭❚❏❉❋❚✱ ▼P❯✱ ❉❊❚❘❆◆✱ ❙❙P✮✳
❡ ✮ ❘❡❛❧✐③❛r ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ✈♦❧t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❙❖❈✱ ❡♠ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♦s q✉❡ s❡❣✉❡♠ ♦ ❡st✐❧♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❘❊❙❚✳
✶✳✹ ❖r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❚r❛❜❛❧❤♦
❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❡stá ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛❞♦ ❡♠ s❡✐s ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐✲ sã♦ ❞❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s ❣❡r❛✐s s♦❜r❡ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❙❖❆✮✱ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ❘❊❙❚✱ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ✈✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❙❖❆✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ t❛♠❜é♠ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ❛❧❣✉♥s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✸ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ✉♠ ♠❛♣❡❛♠❡♥t♦ s✐st❡♠át✐❝♦ ❡ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❛ s✉❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✹ é ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦ ♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ ❛✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛✉t♦r✐③❛çã♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦ ❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ❡ ❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦✲s❡ ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❇❆◆✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ t❛♠❜é♠ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ à ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♣r♦tót✐♣♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ♣r♦♣♦st♦✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✺ é r❡❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡❣✉r❛♥ç❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞♦s ❡①♣❡r✐♠❡♥t♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ◆♦ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✻ sã♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♥❝❧✉sõ❡s ❞♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❜❡♠ ❝♦♠♦ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦s ❢✉t✉r♦s✳
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❘❡✈✐sã♦ ❞❡ ▲✐t❡r❛t✉r❛
❊st❡ ❝❛♣ít✉❧♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ r❡✈✐sã♦ ❞♦s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛✐s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s ❛♦ t❡♠❛ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡♥❞♦ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡✱ ❘❊❙❚✱ ❙❡❣✉✲ r❛♥ç❛ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❖❆✱ ❱✉❧♥❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❡♠ ❙❖❆ ❡ Pr♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❆✉t❡♥t✐❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❆✉t♦r✐✲ ③❛çã♦✳
✷✳✶ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s
❆ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞❛ ❛ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦s ✭❙❖❆✮✱ ❝♦♥s✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s q✉❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡♠ ❡ ♦✉ ❝♦♥s♦♠❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❬✼❪✱ t❡♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❡♠♣r❡s❛s✳
❙❖❆ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t✐✈❛ ♦♥❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝r✐❛❞♦s✱ r❡✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ◆❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ❛s ❢✉♥✲ ❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ sã♦ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦st❛s ❡♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡rá✈❡✐s ♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❛ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ❙❖❆ é ❡str✉t✉r❛r s✐st❡♠❛s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛s ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ r❡❣r❛s ❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❬✷✼❪✳
❊①✐st❡♠ ♠✉✐t❛s ❞❡✜♥✐çõ❡s ♣❛r❛ ❙❖❆✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦ ❡❧❛s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝♦♠✉♥s ♣♦✐s ❡♠ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s sã♦ ❛❜♦r❞❛❞♦s t❡♠❛s q✉❡ r❡♠❡t❡♠ ❛♦ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ❞❛ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠❛çã♦✱ ❞❛ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✢❡①✐❜✐✲ ❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❛❣✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❡♥❝✐❛r ✉♠ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ❬✶✹❪✳ ❖ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙❖❆ ❜❛s❡✐❛✲s❡ ❡♠ três ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦s✿ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❬✷✼❪✳
P♦r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡♥t❡♥❞❡✲s❡ ❙❖❆ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ♥❡✉tr❛✱ q✉❡ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈❛ ❛❜str❛✐r ❛ r❡❛❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥♦s ❛s♣❡❝t♦s ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✱ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t❛♥❞♦ q✉❡ s✐st❡♠❛s s❡❥❛♠ ❝♦♥s✲ tr✉í❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✜♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❛ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ✐ss♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❢❡✐t♦ ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ✢❡①í✈❡❧ ♣♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❞✐s♣♦✲
♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛✳ P♦rt❛♥t♦✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ✈✐st♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢✉♥çõ❡s✱ ❛❜str❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❜❡♠ ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛✳ ❆ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✈✐s❛ à ✐♥t❡❣r❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❡s s✐st❡♠❛s ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❞❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✱ ♣♦✐s ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ r❡❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♦✉tr♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❡str❛té❣✐❝♦s✳ ■ss♦ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧✱ ♣♦✐s ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❙❖❆ é q✉❡ s❡✉s s❡r✈✐ç♦s sã♦ r❡✉t✐❧✐③á✈❡✐s✱ ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦✱ t❡♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦s ❢♦r♠❛✐s ❡ sã♦ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡ss❡s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡st❡❥❛♠ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s ❛♦s ❝❧✐❡♥t❡s ❡❧❡s ♥ã♦ ♣r❡❝✐s❛♠ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♦✉ ♦s ♣r♦❝❡ss♦s ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐r ❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛r s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❛ s✉❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s✳
❖ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ♦✉ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢r❛❝♦ é ✉♠ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ✈✐t❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ ❡❧❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ q✉❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt❡s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥❛❧✐✲ ❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ s❡❥❛♠ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡s ✉♠❛s ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s✱ ❞❡ss❛ ♠❛♥❡✐r❛✱ ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♦✉ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛ ♥ã♦ tr❛rá ❝♦♥s❡q✉ê♥❝✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡st♦ ❞♦ s✐st❡♠❛✱ tr❛③❡♥❞♦ ❜❡♥❡❢í❝✐♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❡s❝❛❧❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✱ ✢❡①✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛ ❢❛❧❤❛s✳ ❆❝♦✲ ♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ ❢r❛❝♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠í♥✐♠♦ ❞❡ s✉♣♦s✐çõ❡s ♠út✉❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ ❡♠✐ss♦r ❡ ♦s ❞❡st✐♥❛tár✐♦s✱ r❡❞✉③✐♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ q✉❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ♦✉ ♠ó❞✉❧♦ ❢♦r❝❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❡♠ ♦✉tr❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♦✉ ♠ó❞✉❧♦✳
❙❖❆ é ✉♠ ❡st✐❧♦ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛❧ ❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉♠❛ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♥❡✉tr❛✳ P❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥tá✲❧❛ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣♦r ❡①❡♠♣❧♦✿ ❲❡❜ s❡r✲ ✈✐❝❡s✱ s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❘❊❙❚✲✭❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❙t❛t❡ ❚r❛♥s❢❡r✮ ❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❬✶✺❪✳ P♦ré♠✱ ❛t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♠❛✐s ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ❙❖❆ sã♦ ♦s ✇❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❡ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❘❊❙❚✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♥❛s s❡çõ❡s ✷✳✷ ❡ ✷✳✸✱ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳
✷✳✷ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s
❲❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❝♦♠♦ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ ♣r♦❥❡t❛❞♦ ♣❛r❛ s✉♣♦rt❛r ✐♥t❡r❛çõ❡s ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡rá✈❡✐s ♠áq✉✐♥❛✲❛✲♠áq✉✐♥❛ s♦❜r❡ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ❬✹❪✳
❯♠ ❞♦s ❢❛t♦r❡s ❞❛ ❛❝❡✐t❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❡stá ♥♦ ❢❛t♦ ❞❡❧❡ ✉s❛r ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❛❜❡rt♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛çã♦ ♥❛ ■♥t❡r♥❡t ❡ ❳▼▲ ♣❛r❛ tr❛♥s❛❝✐♦♥❛r ♦ s❡✉ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦✳ ❯♠ ❲❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡ é✱ ♣♦rt❛♥t♦✱ ✉♠ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ s♦❢t✇❛r❡ q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡ ❛❣✐r ❛ ♣❡❞✐❞♦ ❞❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❝♦♠♣✉t❛❞♦r ❝♦♥❡❝t❛❞♦ à r❡❞❡ ❡ q✉❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❳▼▲ ❬✹✺❪✳
P♦r ♠❡✐♦ ❞❡st❛ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ♣r♦♠♦✈❡r ❛ ✐♥t❡r♦♣❡r❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡ q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s t♦r♥❛♥❞♦✲❛s ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ♣❡r♠✐✲ t✐♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛s ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♥✈✐❡♠ ❡ r❡❝❡❜❛♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❢♦r♠❛t♦s ✈❛r✐❛❞♦s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡ t❡r ❛ s✉❛ ♣ró♣r✐❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠✱ q✉❡ é tr❛❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧✱ ❝♦♠♦ é ♦ ❝❛s♦ ❞♦ ❢♦r♠❛t♦ ❳▼▲✳
❆ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞❛s ❛ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ❲❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡s ❡stã♦ ❝❡♥tr❛❞❛s ♥♦ ❝♦♥❝❡✐t♦ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ t❛♥t♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦s q✉❛♥t♦ ❛ ♥í✈❡❧ t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦✱ ❡ ❝♦♠♣❛rt✐❧❤❛♠ ♦s ♠❡s♠♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s ❬✸❪✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s ♣r✐♥❝í♣✐♦s q✉❡ ♠❛✐s s❡ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❝✐t❛❞♦s✿
❼ ❆✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✿ P❛r❛ ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s r❡❛❧✐③❛r❡♠ s✉❛s ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ♠♦❞♦ ❝♦♥✲ s✐st❡♥t❡ ❡ ❝♦♥✜❛♥t❡✱ s✉❛ ❧ó❣✐❝❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❛ t❡r ✉♠ ❣r❛✉ s✐❣♥✐✜❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ s♦❜r❡ s❡✉ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡ ❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❬✶✹❪✳
❼ ❇❛✐①♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦✿ ❆❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❞♦ r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❞♦✐s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✳ ❯♠❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❞❡ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r❛ ❛ ✉♠ ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞❡♣❡♥✲ ❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❬✶✹❪✳ ❉❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❢♦r♠❛ ♣♦❞❡ ❞✐③❡r q✉❡ ♦ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛❝♦♣❧❛♠❡♥t♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❣❡♠ ❡♠ q✉❡ ❛s ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ♠í♥✐♠❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥✲ ❝✐❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♦✉tr❛s ♦ q✉❡ r❡❞✉③ ♦ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ❡ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ✉♠❛ ❞❛s ♣❛rt❡s ❢♦rç❛r ❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥❛ ♦✉tr❛ ♣❛rt❡ ♥ã♦ ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞❛✳
❼ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧✿ ❖ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ ❙❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢❛③ ❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡❧❡ s❡ ❝♦♠✉♥✐❝❛ ✭♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ r❡❝❡❜❡r ❡ ♦ q✉❡ ❞❡✈❡ ❡♥tr❡❣❛r✮✳ ❊♠ ♦✉tr❛s ♣❛❧❛✈r❛s✱ ❈♦♥tr❛t♦s sã♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦s t❡①t✉❛✐s q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡♠ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❢❛③ ❡ ❡❧❡s sã♦ ♦ ❢♦❝♦ ❞♦ ❞❡s✐❣♥ ❞❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ♣♦rq✉❡ r❡❣❡♠ ♣r❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ t✉❞♦ q✉❡ é ❢❡✐t♦ ♣❡❧♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❬✶✹❪✳ ▲♦❣♦✱ t♦❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr❛t♦ ❡♥tr❡ ♦ r❡q✉✐s✐t❛♥t❡ ❡ ♦ ♣r♦✈❡❞♦r ❞❡st❡ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳
❙❡❣✉♥❞♦ ❬✸❪✱ ❝❛❞❛ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❛çã♦ t❡♠ q✉❡ t❡r ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡①❡r❝❡r ✉♠ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ✐♥❞❡✲ ♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ s♦❜r❡ ♦s s❡✉s s❡r✈✐ç♦s✳ P❛r❛ ✐ss♦ ❛ ❛✉t♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦ ♥❡❣ó❝✐♦ t❡♠ q✉❡ s❡r ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥✲ ❞❡♥t❡ ❛ ❞♦ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡ ♥♦ ♠♦♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❡①❡❝✉çã♦ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦✳
❆ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❞❡ ❲❡❜ s❡r✈✐❝❡s é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✈ár✐♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❞❛ ✐♥❞ústr✐❛ s✉♣♦rt❛❞♦s ♣♦r t♦❞❛s ❛s ❝♦♠✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s ❞❡ ❢♦r♥❡❝❡❞♦r❡s✳ ❊ss❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡stá ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛ à ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❛❞rõ❡s ❡ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❛❜❡rt❛s t❛✐s ❝♦♠♦ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❆❝❝❡ss Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❙❖❆P✮✱ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❲❙❉▲✮ ❡ ❯♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❉✐s✲ ❝♦✈❡r② ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✭❯❉❉■✮✳ ◆❛s s❡çõ❡s ❛ s❡❣✉✐r s❡rá ❢❡✐t♦ ✉♠❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠❛ ❞❡ss❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❖❜❥❡❝t ❆❝❝❡sss Pr♦t♦❝♦❧ ✭❙❖❆P✮
❙❖❆P é ✉♠ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❞❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❡ q✉❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ tr♦❝❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❡♥✲ tr❡ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çõ❡s ❡♠ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❡s ❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ❡ ❞❡s❝❡♥tr❛❧✐③❛❞♦s✳ ❊ s❡❣✉❡ ✉♠ ♣❛❞rã♦ q✉❡ ❢♦✐ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ♥♦r♠❛s ❞❛ ❲✸❈✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦ ❡♠ ❳▼▲✱ ♦ q✉❡ ♦ t♦r♥❛ t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ❡ ❝♦♠ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♥s q✉❡ t❡♥❤❛♠ s✉♣♦rt❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♠❛✲ ♥✐♣✉❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐✈♦s ❳▼▲✳ ❙❡✉ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ é ❝♦♠♣♦st♦ ♣♦r ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡ ❡str✉t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❬✶✵❪✳
❆ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❙❖❆P é ❞❡✜♥✐❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲✱ s✉❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ♣♦ss✉✐ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❡♥✈❡❧♦♣❡✱ ❜♦❞② q✉❡ sã♦ ♦❜r✐❣❛tór✐♦s ❡ ❤❡❛❞❡r ❡ ❢❛✉❧t q✉❡ sã♦ ♦♣❝✐♦♥❛✐s✳ ❆s s❡❣✉✐r ✉♠❛ ❜r❡✈❡ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ss❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿
❼ ❊♥✈❡❧♦♣❡✿ ❊st❡ é ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ r❛✐③ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❙❖❆P s❡♥❞♦ r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ✐❞❡♥✲ t✐✜❝❛r ♦ ❞♦❝✉♠❡♥t♦ ❳▼▲ ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❙❖❆P ❡ ♣♦r ❞❡✜♥✐r ♦ ❝♦♥t❡ú❞♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠❀
❼ ❍❡❛❞❡r ✭♦♣❝✐♦♥❛❧✮✿ ❈♦♥tê♠ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞♦ ❝❛❜❡ç❛❧❤♦✱ ❡st❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛s ❞♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❙❖❆P❀
❼ ❇♦❞②✿ ❈♦♥té♠ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❝❤❛♠❛❞❛ ❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❛♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r✱ ❡❧❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♠ ❙❖❆P ♣r❡t❡♥❞✐❞❛ q✉❡ ♦ ✉s✉ár✐♦ ❡s♣❡r❛❀
❼ ❋❛✉❧t✿ ❊st❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ❞♦s ❡rr♦s ♦❝♦rr✐❞♦s ♥♦ ❡♥✈✐♦ ❞❛ ♠❡♥s❛✲ ❣❡♠✳ ❊ss❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ só ❛♣❛r❡❝❡ ♥❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ r❡s♣♦st❛ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐❞♦r✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❲❙❉▲✮
❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s ❉❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ▲❛♥❣✉❛❣❡ ✭❲❙❉▲✮ é ✉♠❛ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❡ s❡r✲ ✈✐ç♦s ❡s❝r✐t❛ ❡♠ ❳▼▲✳ ❙ã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ♦s s❡r✈✐ç♦s ❡①t❡r♥♦s✱ ♦✉ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡s q✉❡ sã♦ ♦❢❡r❡❝✐❞♦s ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❡ ❞❡ s✉❛ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛ ♦✉ ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ♣r♦✲ ❣r❛♠❛çã♦✳ ❆❧é♠ ❞✐ss♦✱ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛s ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❛s ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ✭♠ét♦❞♦s ♦✉ s❡r✈✐ç♦s✮ q✉❡ ❢❛③❡♠ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛✲s❡ ♥❛ ✈❡rsã♦ ✷✳✵✳
❲❙❉▲ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ♠❛♣❡❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ q✉❛❧q✉❡r ❧✐♥❣✉❛❣❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛çã♦✱ ♣❧❛t❛❢♦r♠❛✱ ♠♦❞❡❧♦ ❞❡ ♦❜❥❡t♦ ❡ ♦✉ s✐st❡♠❛ ❞❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❬✸❪✳ ➱ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ♣❛rt❡ ❛❜str❛t❛✱ ♦♥❞❡ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ❛ ✐♥t❡r❢❛❝❡ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ♦✉tr❛ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♦♥❞❡ sã♦ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦s ♦s ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦s ❞❡ ❝♦♥❡①ã♦ ❡ ♦✉tr❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s✱ ❝♦♥❢♦r♠❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✳
❆ ♣❛rt❡ ❛❜str❛t❛ é ❝♦♥st✐t✉í❞❛ ♣❡❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❚✐♣♦s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s q✉❡ ❞❡✜♥❡♠ ♦s t✐♣♦s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❡❧♦s ❲❡❜ ❙❡r✈✐❝❡s✱ ♥❡❧❡s sã♦ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♦s t✐♣♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ tr♦❝❛❞♦s ♥❛s ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛ ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦❀ ▼❡♥s❛❣❡♠✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ ♣❡r♠✐t❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❞❡ ❢♦r♠❛ ❛❜str❛t❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s q✉❡ s❡rã♦ tr❛♥s♠✐t✐❞♦s ❡♥tr❡ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡ ♦ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐❞♦r ❞♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦❀ ❖♣❡r❛çõ❡s✱ q✉❡ é ✉♠ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ é s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥t❡ à ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ♠ét♦❞♦✱ ♥♦ ❡♥t❛♥t♦✱ só ♣❡r♠✐t❡ q✉❡ s❡❥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐❞♦ ❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ s❛í❞❛ ❡ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡rr♦ q✉❡ ❡stã♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ♦♣❡r❛çã♦ ❡ P♦rt❚②♣❡✱ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦s ❞❡ ♦♣❡r❛çõ❡s ❛❜str❛t❛s✱ q✉❡ sã♦ s✉♣♦rt❛❞❛s ♣♦r ✉♠ s❡r✈✐ç♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥t❡♥❞♦ ♠❡♥s❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❡ s❛í❞❛✳
❆ ♣❛rt❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t❛ ❞♦ ❲❙❉▲✱ ❧♦❝❛❧ ❞❡ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞♦ ♣r♦t♦❝♦❧♦ ❡ ❞♦ ❡♥❞❡r❡ç♦ ♦♥❞❡ ♦ s❡r✈✐ç♦ ❡st❛rá ❞✐s♣♦♥✐❜✐❧✐③❛❞♦✱ ❝♦♠♣õ❡✲s❡ ♣❡❧♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s✿ ❖ ❜✐♥❞✐♥❣ ✭❧✐❣❛çã♦✮✱ q✉❡ é ♦ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦ q✉❡ é r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣♦r ❧✐❣❛r ♦s ❡❧❡♠❡♥t♦s ❛❜str❛t♦s ❡ ❝♦♥❝r❡t♦s ❡♠ ✉♠
