❘❆❋❆❊▲ ❊❉❯❆❘❉❖ ❘❯❱■❆❘❖ ❈❍❘■❙❚
❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦
❞❡
❜❛❝tér✐❛s
❞♦
❣ê♥❡r♦
❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ✉s❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧
❆❘❚✷ ❝♦♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s
r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s
❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❛❞♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ à ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❞❛ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛rt❡ ❞♦s r❡q✉✐s✐t♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❚ít✉❧♦ ❞❡ ▼❡str❡ ❡♠ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛✳
➪r❡❛ ❞❡ ❈♦♥❝❡♥tr❛çã♦✿ Pr♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❙✐♥❛✐s ❡ ■♥str✉♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❖r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r✿ Pr♦❢✳ ❉r✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❉✐❛s ▼❛❝✐❡❧
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s
❆ ❉❡✉s✳
❆♦s ♠❡✉s ♣❛✐s ♣♦r t♦❞♦ ❡s❢♦rç♦ q✉❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r❛♠ ♣❛r❛ q✉❡ ❡✉ ❝❤❡❣❛ss❡ ❛té ❛q✉✐✳ ❆ ♠❡✉ ♦r✐❡♥t❛❞♦r Pr♦❢✳ ❈❛r❧♦s ❉✐❛s ▼❛❝✐❡❧ ♣♦r t❡r ♠❡ ❝♦♥❝❡❞✐❞♦ ❛ ♦♣♦rt✉♥✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r❡❛❧✐③❛r ❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ♣❡❧❛ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ❡ ♣❡❧❛ ❛♠✐③❛❞❡✳
❆ ♠✐♥❤❛ ■r♠ã ▼❛r❛ ♣♦r t❡r q✉❡ ♠❡ ❛❣✉❡♥t❛r s❡♠♣r❡✳ ❆ P❛trí❝✐❛ ♣♦r s❡r tã♦ ♠❛r❛✈✐❧❤♦s❛✳
❆♦s ❞♦❝❡♥t❡s ❡ ❢✉♥❝✐♦♥ár✐♦s ❞♦ ❉❡♣❛rt❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❊❧étr✐❝❛ ❞❛ ❊s✲ ❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ♣❡❧❛ ❛t❡♥çã♦ r❡❝❡❜✐❞❛✳
❆ t♦❞♦s ♦s ❛♠✐❣♦s ♣❡❧♦ ❛♣♦✐♦✳
❘❡s✉♠♦
❈❤r✐st✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❘✉✈✐❛r♦ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ✉s❛❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❆❘❚✷ ❝♦♠ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛çã♦ ✭▼❡str❛❞♦✮✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❖s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛✱ s❡♥❞♦ ❝♦♠✲ ♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❜✐♦❣❡♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❊st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✵✪ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s✳ ❆ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡♥t❡s ❛♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐✲ ③♦❜✐✉♠ é ♣♦✉❝♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✜①❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ sã♦ ❝rít✐❝❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❝♦♠ ✷✺✪ ❞❛ s❛❢r❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧✳ ❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r✲ ♣❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❆❘❚✷✳ ❙ã♦ ✶✶✾ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢❡♥ót✐♣❛s ❞❡ ❇✳ ❡❧❦❛♥✐✐ ❡ ❇✳ ❥❛♣♦♥✐❝✉♠✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✸✸ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❘❋▲P✲P❈❘ ❞❡ ✸ r❡❣✐õ❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s✿ ✶✻❙✱ ✷✸❙ ❡ ■●❙✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦✿ ❈❢♦ ■✱ ❉❞❡ ■✱ ▼s♣ ■✱ ❍❛❡ ■■■✱ ❍❤❛ ■ ❡ ❍✐♥❢ ■✳ ❊st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t♦✉ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s q✉❡ ♣♦❞❡♠ ❛✉①✐✲ ❧✐❛r ♥♦ ❡st✉❞♦ t❛①ô♥♦♠✐❝♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞❡ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡✳ ❖s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❛q✉❡❧❡s ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❛✳
❆❜str❛❝t
❈❤r✐st✱ ❘❛❢❛❡❧ ❊❞✉❛r❞♦ ❘✉✈✐❛r♦ ✭✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ str❛✐♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❆❘❚✷ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ♥❡t✇♦r❦ ✉s✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♣❤♦r❡s✐s ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ❢r♦♠ r✐❜♦s♦✲ ♠❛❧ ❣❡♥❡s✳ ❉✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥ ✭▼❛st❡r✮✱ ❊s❝♦❧❛ ❞❡ ❊♥❣❡♥❤❛r✐❛ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐✲ ❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❙ã♦ P❛✉❧♦✱ ❙ã♦ ❈❛r❧♦s✱ ✷✵✵✼✳
❚❤❡ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s s❤♦✇ ❛♥ ❡♥♦r♠♦✉s ❣❡♥❡t✐❝ ❞✐✈❡rs✐t②✳ ❚❤❡② ❛r❡ r❛t❤❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts ♦❢ ❢♦♦❞ ❝❤❛✐♥s ❛♥❞ ❜✐♦❣❡♦❝❤❡♠✐❝❛❧ ❝②❝❧❡s✳ ■t ✐s ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ t❤❛t ❧❡ss t❤❛♥ ✶✵✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐✈✐♥❣ ♠✐❝r♦♦r❣❛♥✐s♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ st✉❞✐❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ t❛①♦♥♦♠② ♦❢ tr♦♣✐❝❛❧ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ❜❡❧♦♥❣✐♥❣ t♦ t❤❡ ❣❡♥✉s ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ✐s st✐❧❧ ♣♦♦r❧② ❦♥♦✇♥✳ ❚❤♦s❡N2 ✜①✐♥❣ ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥ ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛ ❛r❡ ❝r✐t✐❝❛❧ ❢♦r ❤✐❣❤ ✐♥❝♦♠❡ s♦②❜❡❛♥ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❇r❛③✐❧✱ r❡s♣♦♥s❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ✷✺✪ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞✲✇✐❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ✐s t♦ ❝❧❛ss✐❢② ❛ ❇r❛③✐❧✐❛♥ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✶✶✶ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ str❛✐♥s s❤♦✇✐♥❣ ♣❤❡♥♦t②♣✐❝ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐st✐❝s ♦❢ ❇✳ ❡❧❦❛♥✐✐ ❛♥❞ ❇✳ ❥❛♣♦♥✐❝✉♠✱ ✐s♦❧❛t❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ✸✸ tr♦♣✐❝❛❧ ❧❡❣✉♠❡ s♣❡❝✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♥s✐st ♦❢ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♣❤♦r❡s✐s ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ P❈❘✲❘❋▲P ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ♦❢ ✸ r✐❜♦s♦♠❛❧ r❡❣✐♦♥s✿ ✶✻❙✱ ✷✸❙ ❡ ■●❙✳ ❚❤❡② ✇❡r❡ ❞✐❣❡st❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ✸ r❡str✐❝t✐♦♥ ❡♥❞♦♥✉❝❧❡❛s❡✿ ❈❢♦■✱ ▼s♣■ ❛♥❞ ❉❞❡■✳ ❚❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ s♦♠❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❤❡❧♣ ✐♥ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❝ st✉❞✐❡s ♦❢ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ str❛✐♥s ✉s✐♥❣ ❡❧❡❝tr♦♣❤♦r❡s✐s ✐♥ ❛ ❣❡❧ ✐♠❛❣❡s✳ ❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ❛r❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r t♦ t❤❛t ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐t❡r❛t✉r❡✳
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s
✷✳✶ ❇❛❝tér✐❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às r❛í③❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♥ó❞✉❧♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽
✷✳✷ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ✼ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛♥❞❛s ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳ ✳ ✶✶
✷✳✸ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦✳ ●❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ■●❙ r❘◆❆ ❞❡ ✷✹ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞✐❣❡r✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ▼s♣ ■✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✷✳✹ ❆ ❡st✐r♣❡ ✶ é ❞❡s❝r✐t❛ ♣♦r ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ✾ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛s r❡❝♦rt❛❞❛s ❞♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❞♦ r❘◆❆ ❞✐❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣♦r ✉♠❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦✳ P❛r❛ q✉❡ ❛s ❡st✐r♣❡s ♣♦ss❛♠ s❡r ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷✱ ❡st❛s ❞❡✲ ✈❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✹
✷✳✺ ❆ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛s ❡stá ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❜❛♥❞❛s✳ ❇❛♥✲ ❞❛s sã♦ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡s❝✉r❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❣❡♥é✲ t✐❝♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡❧❡tr♦✲ ❢❡r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣✐❝♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❜❛♥❞❛s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
①
✷✳✼ ❆rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❋✐❧❤♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✮✳ ❆ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❋✶ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛✱ ❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❋✷ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❛s ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ R é ✉s❛❞♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r❡s❡t✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✶
✷✳✽ ❖ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r r❡s✉♠✐❞♦ ♥❛s s❡❣✉✐♥✲ t❡s ❡t❛♣❛s✿ Pré✲♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡✱ ❈✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✸
✷✳✾ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ❡♠ ✸ ❞❛❞♦s tr✐❞✐♠❡♥✲ s✐♦♥❛✐s A✱ B ❡ C✳ ❆ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ❝r✐♦✉ ✷ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛s ❡s♣❛❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♣❡❧♦ ❝♦♥❡ ✶ ❡ ✷✱ ♣❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❡ss❡s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❖s ❞❛✲ ❞♦s A ❡ B ❡stã♦ ❞❡♥tr♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✶ ❡ ♦ ❞❛❞♦ C ♣❡rt❡♥❝❡ ❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✷ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❲❤✐t❡❧❡② ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✻✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✺
✷✳✶✵ ❱✐sã♦ ❞♦s s✉❜s✐st❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❛t❡♥çã♦ ❡ ♦r✐❡♥t❛çã♦ ♦s q✉❛✐s ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛♠ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞❛ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ♥❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❍❡✐♥s ❡ ❚❛✉r✐t③ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✻
✷✳✶✶ P❛ss♦ ✶ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❍❡✐♥s ❡ ❚❛✉r✐t③✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✮✳ ✷✽
✷✳✶✷ P❛ss♦ ✷ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❍❡✐♥s ❡ ❚❛✉r✐t③✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✮✳ ✷✾
✷✳✶✸ P❛ss♦ ✸ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❍❡✐♥s ❡ ❚❛✉r✐t③✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✮✳ ✷✾
✷✳✶✹ P❛ss♦ ✹ ❞♦ ❝✐❝❧♦ ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ✭♠♦❞✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❞❡ ✭❍❡✐♥s ❡ ❚❛✉r✐t③✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✮✳ ✸✵
✸✳✶ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ■r✐s ❝♦♠♣♦st❛ ♣♦r três ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ✢♦r❡s✿ ✭✶✮ ✐r✐s✲ s❡t♦s❛✱ ✭✷✮ ✐r✐s✲✈❡rs✐❝♦❧♦r ❡ ✭✸✮ ✐r✐s✲✈✐r❣✐♥✐❝❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✸✳✷ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡✳ ❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❡ q✉❛tr♦ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ❧❡✈❛ ❛ ❜❛❧❛♥ç❛ ❛ três ❡st❛❞♦s✿ ❡sq✉❡r❞❛✱ ❞✐r❡✐t❛✱ ♦✉ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r❛❞❛✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
①✐
✸✳✹ ❆s ♠❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ sã♦ ❛❣r✉♣❛❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ C ❛tr❛✈és ❞❡ ✭✸✳✷✮✳ ❆ ♠❛tr✐③ C s❡r✈❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❝♦♠ ▼❉❙✳ ❖ ❛❧❣♦rt✐♠♦ ❉■❙❚❆❚■❙ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛ C ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ♣♦♥t♦s ❡♠ q✉❡ ❝❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ é ✉♠ ❞❛❞♦I r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ ❡st✐♣r❡✳ ✹✸
✸✳✺ ❱❛❧♦r❡s ❞❡ ρ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❧♦❣❛rít♠✐❝❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦✲ r✐t♠♦ r❤♦❴❣❡♥❡r❛t♦r ❝♦♠ ✷✼ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ♥♦ ✐♥t❡r✈❛❧♦ 0.94≤ρ <1✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✻ ◆ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ρ✉s❛♥❞♦ ♦s ✈❛❧♦r❡s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✸✳✺✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝r❡s❝❡ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ ♦ ✈❛❧♦r ❞❡ ρ s❡ ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛ ❞❡ ✶✳ ❊st❡ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✸✳✼ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r ❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐✲ ❧â♥❝✐❛ ✭ρ✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♥ú✲ ♠❡r♦ ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ sã♦ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛❞❛s ✶✸ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ ρ= 0.9873✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✸✳✽ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❣r❛❢♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✭✶✮✳ ❆ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ❣❡r♦✉ ✸ ♣❛rt✐çõ❡s ❝♦♠ ✶✱ ✷ ❡ ✸ ❝❧❛ss❡s r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛♠❡♥t❡✳ ❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ♠♦s✲ tr❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❞❛❞♦s sã♦ r❡❞✐str✐❜✉í❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ q✉❛♥❞♦ s❡ ❛❧t❡r❛ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✽
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❧✐♥❤❛ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✹✳✷ ❇❛s❡ ■r✐s✳ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r ❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ✭ρ✮✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✸ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ ρ= 0.998121✳ ✺✶
✹✳✹ ❇❛s❡ ❲✐♥❡✳ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r ❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ρ✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✸ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ρ= 0.999318✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✷
✹✳✺ ❇❛s❡ ❩♦♦✳ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r ❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ρ✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✽ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ρ= 0.966478✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✻ ❇❛s❡ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡✳ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r ❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞❡ ρ✳ ❈❛❞❛ ♠✉❞❛♥ç❛ ♥♦ ❣rá✜❝♦ ♠♦str❛ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✶✸ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ ρ= 0.987316✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✸
✹✳✼ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠✳ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ✐♥t❡r ❡ ✐♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ❝♦♠♦ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛ ✭ρ✮✳ ❖ ♣♦♥t♦ ❞❡ ✐♥t❡rs❡❝çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡q✉❛çõ❡s ❞❡✜♥❡ ♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s✱ ♥❡st❡ ❝❛s♦ ✹ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ ρ= 0.994893✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✹✳✽ ●r❛❢♦ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❉r❛✇●r❛♣❤ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠✳ ❖ ❣r❛❢♦ ✐❧✉str❛ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✼ ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✱ ✐♥✐❝✐❛♥❞♦ ❝♦♠ ✶ ❝❧❛ss❡ ❛té ✶✵ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ✺✻ ✹✳✾ ❉❡♥❞r♦❣r❛♠❛ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ♣❡❧♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❯P●▼❆ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s
①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s
✸✳✶ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞♦s ✶✻ ❛tr✐❜✉t♦s ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✶✵✵ ❛♥✐♠❛✐s ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❩♦♦ ✭❋♦rs②t❤✱ ✶✾✾✵✮✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✷ ❉❡s❝r✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❜❛s❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♥❛ ✈❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻ ✸✳✸ P❛râ♠❡tr♦s ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✹ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❝á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ❡s❝♦r❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞♦s t❡st❡s r❡❛❧✐③❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ r❡❞❡
❆❘❚✷ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❜❛s❡ ■r✐s ❝♦♠ρ= 0.98✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✽
✸✳✺ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❡♥tr❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡ r❡s♣❡❝t✐✈❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s ❛ q✉❡ s❡ r❡❢❡r❡♠✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦s ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ♣❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾ ✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦ ❞♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛s ❜❛s❡s ■r✐s✱ ●❧❛ss✱ ❲✐♥❡✱
❩♦♦ ❡ ❇❛❧❛♥❝❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✹ ✹✳✸ ❉✐str✐❜✉✐çã♦ ❞❛s ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞❡ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠✱ ❝♦rt❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❣r❛❢♦ ❡♠
✹ ❝❧❛ss❡s✳ ❆s ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❇✳ ❥❛♣♦♥✐❝✉♠ ❡ ❇✳ ❡❧❦❛♥✐✐ ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❞❡st❛q✉❡✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼ ✹✳✹ ❘❡❧❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞❡ r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❇✳ ❥❛♣♦♥✐❝✉♠ ❡ ❇✳
①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s
❆❘❚ ❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❚❤❡♦r②
❉◆❆ ❉❡♦①②r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❆❝✐❞
❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❊♠♣r❡s❛ ❇r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛ ❞❡ P❡sq✉✐s❛ ❆❣r♦♣❡❝✉ár✐❛
❋❇◆ ❋✐①❛çã♦ ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ◆✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦
▼❈❉ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ ❈✉rt❛ ❉✉r❛çã♦
▼❉❙ ▼✉❧t✐❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❙❝❛❧✐♥❣
▼▲❉ ▼❡♠ór✐❛ ❞❡ ▲♦♥❣❛ ❉✉r❛çã♦
P❈❆ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s
P❈❘ P♦❧②♠❡r❛s❡ ❈❤❛✐♥ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥
❘❇❋ ❘❛❞✐❛❧ ❇❛s✐s ❋✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❘❋▲P ❘❡str✐❝t✐♦♥ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t ▲❡♥❣t❤ P♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐s♠
❘◆❆ ❘✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❆❝✐❞
❘◆❆s ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s
r❘◆❆ ❘✐❜♦s♦♠❛❧ ❘✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❆❝✐❞
❙❖▼ ❙❡❧❢✲❖r❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ ▼❛♣
❯P▼●❆ ❯♥✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ P❛✐r ●r♦✉♣ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✇✐t❤ ❆r✐t❤♠❡t✐❝ ♠❡❛♥
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s
a, b ♣❡s♦s ✜①♦s ❞❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❋✶
α t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❞♦
biJ ♣❡s♦s ❜♦tt♦♥✲✉♣
c ♣❡s♦ ✜①♦ ✉s❛❞♦ ♥♦ t❡st❡ ❞❡ r❡s❡t
d ❛t✐✈❛çã♦ ❞♦ ♥ó ✈❡♥❝❡❞♦r J ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❋✷
e ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ♣❛r❛ ♣r❡✈❡♥✐r ❛ ❞✐✈✐sã♦ ♣♦r ③❡r♦
i í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r
I ❞❛❞♦
J í♥❞✐❝❡ ❞♦ ♥ó ✈❡♥❝❡❞♦r ♥❛ ❝❛♠❛❞❛ ❋✷
m ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝r✐❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷
n ❞✐♠❡♥sã♦ ❞♦ ✈❡t♦r
p ❝♦♠♣r✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛ ♠❡❞✐❞♦ ❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣✐①❡❧s
q ❛❧t✉r❛ ❞❛ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛ ♠❡❞✐❞❛ ❡♠ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ♣✐①❡❧s
ρ ♣❛râ♠❡tr♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛
t ❡❧❡tr♦❢❡r♦❣r❛♠❛
tJ i ♣❡s♦s t♦♣✲❞♦✇♥
❈♦♥t❡ú❞♦
❆❣r❛❞❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦s ✐✐✐
❘❡s✉♠♦ ✈
❆❜str❛❝t ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❋✐❣✉r❛s ✈✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❚❛❜❡❧❛s ①✐✐✐
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❆❜r❡✈✐❛t✉r❛s ❡ ❙✐❣❧❛s ①✈
▲✐st❛ ❞❡ ❙í♠❜♦❧♦s ①✈✐✐
✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦ ✶
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ●❡r❛✐s ❡ ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺
✷ ❚❡♦r✐❛ ✼
✷✳✺✳✺ ❆♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✶
✸ ▼❛t❡r✐❛✐s ❡ ▼ét♦❞♦s ✸✸
✸✳✶ ❇❛s❡s ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✸ ✸✳✷ ❱❛❧✐❞❛çã♦ ❞♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✼ ✸✳✸ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❊st✐r♣❡s ❚r♦♣✐❝❛✐s ❞♦ ●ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r✐③❤♦❜✐✉♠ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✹ ❘❡❣✐õ❡s ❘✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s ❆♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s ❡ ❊♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ ❘❡str✐çã♦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾ ✸✳✺ ●❡r❛çã♦ ❞❛s ▼❛tr✐③❡s ❞❡ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ DP ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵ ✸✳✺✳✶ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❋✐♥❛❧ C ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✻ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞❛ ▼❛tr✐③ ❞❡ P♦♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ▼❉❙ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷ ✸✳✼ ❈á❧❝✉❧♦ ❞♦ ◆ú♠❡r♦ Ót✐♠♦ ❞❡ ❈❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❆❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ✳ ✹✹ ✸✳✽ ❘❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ●rá✜❝❛ ❞❛ ❉✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❉❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❊st✐r♣❡s
❞❡ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✻
✹ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❡ ❉✐s❝✉ssã♦ ✹✾
✹✳✶ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❘❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ❈♦♠♣❛r❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❖✉tr♦s ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r❡s ✹✾ ✹✳✷ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❉✐stâ♥❝✐❛s ■♥t❡r ❡ ■♥tr❛✲❝❧❛ss❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵ ✹✳✸ ❘❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❇❛s❡ ❞❡ ❊st✐r♣❡s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ✳ ✳ ✺✹
✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉sã♦ ✺✾
✺✳✶ Pró①✐♠♦s P❛ss♦s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✶
■♥tr♦❞✉çã♦
❖s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❡ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤❛♠ ❢✉♥çõ❡s ❝r✉❝✐❛✐s ♥❛ ♠❛♥✉t❡♥çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦s❢❡r❛✱ ✉♠❛ ✈❡③ q✉❡ sã♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❢✉♥✲ ❞❛♠❡♥t❛✐s ❞❡ ❝❛❞❡✐❛s ❛❧✐♠❡♥t❛r❡s ❡ ❝✐❝❧♦s ❜✐♦❣❡♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ✭❙❝❤✐♠❡❧✱ ✶✾✾✺❀ ▼❡②❡rs✱ ✶✾✾✻✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❡ s✉❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛✱ ❡st✐♠❛✲s❡ q✉❡ ♠❡♥♦s ❞❡ ✶✵✪ ❞♦s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s✲ ♠♦s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s t❡♥❤❛♠ s✐❞♦ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛❞♦s ❡ ❞❡s❝r✐t♦s ✭❈❛♥❤♦s ❡ ▼❛♥✜♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❆ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ❞♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ❡ ❡s❢♦rç♦s ♣❛r❛ ✉s♦ s✉st❡♥tá✈❡❧ ❞❛ ❜✐♦❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❢♦❝❛ ♦s ♠❛❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ❊st✐♠❛t✐✈❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ q✉❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❡ ✐♥✈❡rt❡❜r❛❞♦s ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ q✉❛s❡ ✾✵✪ ❞❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❛ ❚❡rr❛ ✭❈❛♥❤♦s ❡ ▼❛♥✜♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊♠❜♦r❛ s❡❥❛♠ ♠❡♥♦s ❡st✉❞❛❞♦s✱ sã♦ ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛✐s ♣❛r❛ ❛ s♦❜r❡✈✐✈ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛s ❢♦r♠❛s ❞❡ ✈✐❞❛ ♥❛ ❚❡rr❛ ✭❍❛♠♠♦♥❞✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳
▼✉✐t♦s ❛✈❛♥ç♦s ❞❛ ❜✐♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠♦❞❡r♥❛ ❡ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛ sã♦ ❞❡r✐✈❛❞♦s ❞❡ ❞❡s❝♦✲ ❜❡rt❛s r❡❝❡♥t❡s ♥❛s ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛✱ ✜s✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❡ ♠❡t❛❜♦❧✐s♠♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ❙✉❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❡ ♠❡t❛❜ó❧✐❝❛ é ❡①♣❧♦r❛❞❛ ✈✐s❛♥❞♦ à ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r♦❞✉t♦s ❜✐♦t❡❝♥♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦✿ ❛♥t✐❜✐ót✐❝♦s✱ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ♣r♦❝❡ss❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s✱ ❜❡✲ ❜✐❞❛s ❛❧❝♦ó❧✐❝❛s✱ á❝✐❞♦s ♦r❣â♥✐❝♦s✱ á❧❝♦♦✐s✱ ❛❧✐♠❡♥t♦s ❢❡r♠❡♥t❛❞♦s✱ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡sí❞✉♦s✱ ❡✱ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ♥❛ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❡ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❡ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦ ❞❡ ♣r❛❣❛s ❡ ❞♦❡♥ç❛s ✭❈❛♥❤♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳
✷
✺✳✵✵✵ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s✱ s❡♥❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ ♠❛✐♦r✐❛ ♥ã♦ é ❞❡ s♦❧♦s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ❡♠ ✶ ❣ ❞❡ s♦❧♦ ❤á ❛♣r♦①✐♠❛❞❛♠❡♥t❡ ✷✵ ❛ ✹✵ ♠✐❧ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✭❈❛♥❤♦s ❡ ▼❛♥✜♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
❆tr❛✈és ❞♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s✱ ♦s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐♦❧♦❣✐st❛s ❡stã♦ ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝♦♠❡ç❛♥❞♦ ❛ ❞❡s✈❡♥❞❛r ❛ ❡♥♦r♠❡ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥❛ ❞♦s s♦❧♦s ✭❈❛♥❤♦s ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s r❡❧❛❝✐♦♥❛❞♦s à ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ s♦❧♦s ❡stã♦ ❡♠ ❡stá❣✐♦ ♠❛✐s ❛✈❛♥ç❛❞♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ■ss♦ ❞❡❝♦rr❡ ❞♦ ❛♥s❡✐♦ ♣❡❧❛ s✉st❡♥t❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐❝✉❧t✉r❛✱ ❝♦♠ r❡❞✉çã♦ ❞❛ ❞❡♣❡♥❞ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ✐♥s✉♠♦s q✉í♠✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ❢❡rt✐❧✐③❛çã♦ ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ sã♦ ❜❛s❡❛❞♦s ♥♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛♥t❡s ♠✐❝r♦❜✐❛♥♦s✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✜①❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✳
❆ s♦❥❛ ✭●❧②❝✐♥❡ ♠❛① ✭▲✳✮ ▼❡rr✳✮ t❡♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ s❡♥❞♦ ♦ s❡❣✉♥❞♦ ♠❛✐♦r ♣r♦❞✉t♦r ❝♦♠ ✷✺✪ ❞❛ s❛❢r❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ✭✺✵ ♠✐❧❤õ❡s ❞❡ t♦♥❡❧❛❞❛s✮ ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❙✉❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ✉♠❛ ❡❧❡✈❛❞❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ♣♦r ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❞❡✈✐❞♦ ❛♦s ❛❧t♦s t❡♦r❡s ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s ❡♠ s❡✉s ❣rã♦s✳ ❉❡♣♦✐s ❞❛ á❣✉❛✱ ♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ é ♦ ♥✉tr✐❡♥t❡ ♠❛✐s ❧✐♠✐t❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❛❣rí❝♦❧❛✳
❋❡rt✐❧✐③❛♥t❡s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞♦s ❝♦♠♦ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✳ ❈♦♥✲ t✉❞♦✱ tê♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❛♣r♦✈❡✐t❛♠❡♥t♦✱ ❝❡r❝❛ ❞❡ ✺✵✪✱ ❝✉st♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ❡ r✐s❝♦ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❛✲ ♠✐♥❛çã♦ ❛♠❜✐❡♥t❛❧✳ ❯sá✲❧♦s ❝♦♠♦ ú♥✐❝❛ ❢♦♥t❡ ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ t♦r♥❛ ♦ ♣❧❛♥t✐♦ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧ ✐♥✈✐á✈❡❧ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡✳ P♦r ♦✉tr♦ ❧❛❞♦✱ ❛ ❋✐①❛çã♦ ❇✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ❞❡ ◆✐tr♦✲ ❣ê♥✐♦ ✭❋❇◆✮ ♣♦❞❡ s✉♣r✐r t♦t❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡ss❛ ❞❡♠❛♥❞❛ ❝♦♠ ✉♠ ❝✉st♦ ♠✉✐t♦ ♠❡♥♦r ✭❈❤✉❡✐r❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆ ❋❇◆ é ✉♠ ❞♦s ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t❡s ❝rít✐❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ♣r♦❞✉çã♦ ❝♦♠ ❛❧t♦s r❡♥❞✐♠❡♥t♦s ❡♠ ❝✉❧t✐✈♦s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ♥♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✳
✸
❉❡♥tr❡ ♦s r✐③ó❜✐♦s✱ ♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ é ❞❡ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❛❣r✐✲ ❝✉❧t✉r❛✳ ❊ss❛s ❜❛❝tér✐❛s sã♦ ❝❛♣❛③❡s ❞❡ ✜①❛r ♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❛t♠♦s❢ér✐❝♦ ❡♠ s✐♠❜✐♦s❡ ❝♦♠ ❛ s♦❥❛✳ ◆♦ ❇r❛s✐❧✱ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❇✳ ❥❛♣♦♥✐❝✉♠ ❡ ❇✳ ❡❧❦❛♥✐✐ tê♠ s✐❞♦ ❛♠♣❧❛♠❡♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❝♦♠♦ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛♥t❡s ♥❡ss❛ ❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛ ✭❈❤✉❡✐r❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❆ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ss❛s ❜❛❝tér✐❛s é ❝♦♥✜r♠❛❞❛ ♣❡❧♦ ❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ✐♥t❡r❡ss❡ ❞❛ ❊♠✲ ❜r❛♣❛✳ ❆ ❊♠❜r❛♣❛ ❙♦❥❛ é r❡❢❡rê♥❝✐❛ ♠✉♥❞✐❛❧ ♥♦ ❞❡s❡♥✈♦❧✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝✉❧t✉r❛ ❡♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ❡ ♣♦ss✉✐ ✈ár✐❛s ❧✐♥❤❛s ❞❡ ♣❡sq✉✐s❛ ❡♠ ▼✐❝r♦✲ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞♦ s♦❧♦ ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✿ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦ ♠❛✐s ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡s ❡ ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❛s❀ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛✱ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝❛ ❡ ❣❡♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ ♣♦♣✉❧❛çõ❡s ❡s✲ t❛❜❡❧❡❝✐❞❛s ❞❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦❀ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ♠✉t❛♥t❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ ❛♦Al ✭❆❧✉♠í♥✐♦✮ ❡M n ✭▼❛♥❣❛♥ês✮ ❞♦ s♦❧♦❀ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ ✐♥♦❝✉❧❛çã♦❀ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣♦s ❞❡ s♦❥❛ ❞❡ ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❋❇◆✳ ❚♦❞♦s ❡ss❡s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ❜❡♥❡✜❝✐❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ ♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ ❞♦s r✐③ó❜✐♦s ❡♥✈♦❧✈✐❞♦s ♥❛ ❋❇◆ ❞❛ s♦❥❛✳
❍á ✉♠ ❣r❛♥❞❡ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢❛t♦r❡s q✉❡ ❛❢❡t❛♠ ♦s ♥í✈❡✐s ❞❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦s ♥♦ s♦❧♦ ❡ ♦ ❞❡s❡♠♣❡♥❤♦ ❞❛ ❋❇◆ ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✿ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✜①❛r ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦✱ t♦❧❡râ♥❝✐❛ à ❛❝✐❞❡③ ❞♦ s♦❧♦✱ à ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♣❡st✐❝✐❞❛s✱ ❛♦ tr❛t❛♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ s❡♠❡♥t❡s ❡ ❛ s❡❝❛s ♣r♦❧♦♥❣❛❞❛s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ é ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦ ✉♠ ♠❡❧❤♦r ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❡st✐r♣❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ♣❛r❛ ♦❜t❡r ❛❧t❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ♥❛ ❋❇◆✳
❆ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❛s ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ é ♣♦✉❝♦ r❡✜♥❛❞❛✳ ■♥✐❝✐✲ ❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ ❝❛♣❛❝✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ♥♦❞✉❧❛r ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞❡ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛ ✭❏♦r❞❛♥✱ ✶✾✸✽✮ ❛♣✉❞ ✭▼✐❧❛❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆t✉❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❤á r❡s✉❧t❛✲ ❞♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s ♦❜t✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❢❡♥ót✐♣❛s ❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣❛s ✭❙♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✹❀ ❘♦s✲ s✉♠❛ ❡ ❙❝❤✉✉r♠❛♥s✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s ♠♦str♦✉ q✉❡ ✈ár✐❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❡r❛♠ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❛♠❡♥t❡ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s✱ t❡♥❞♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❛r❡♥t❡s❝♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ♥ã♦ ✜①❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ✭●❛rr✐t② ❡ ❍♦❧t✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
✹
♥✐❝❛s✳ ❆ ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛çã♦ ❞❛s t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛s ❞❡ P♦❧②♠❡r❛s❡ ❈❤❛✐♥ ❘❡❛❝t✐♦♥ ✭P❈❘✮ ✭❙❛✐❦✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✽✮ ❝♦♠ ♦ ♠ét♦❞♦ ❞❡ ❘❡str✐❝t✐♦♥ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t ▲❡♥❣t❤ P♦❧②♠♦r♣❤✐s♠ ✭❘❋▲P✮ ✭▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮ ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝r♦♠♦ssô♠✐❝♦s ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♣❡r♠✐t❡♠ ❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♣❧❛ ❣❛♠❛ ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✭▼✐❧❛❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s ❝r♦♠♦ssô♠✐❝♦s✱ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❘◆❆r ✶✻❙ é ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛❞❛ ❡♠ t♦❞❛s ❛s ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ❡ t♦r♥♦✉✲s❡ ♣❛❞rã♦ ✉♥✐✈❡rs❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ s✉❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠ é s✉❣❡r✐❞♦ ♦ ✉s♦ ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❝♦♠♦ ✷✸❙ ❡ ■●❙ ✭▼✐❧❛❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❡ss❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ❢♦r♥❡❝❡ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s✉✜❝✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❜❛❝tér✐❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♠❡♠❜r♦ ❞❡ ✉♠❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡ ♦✉ ❣r✉♣♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦ ♦✉ ❝♦❧♦❝á✲❧❛ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ♥♦✈❛ ❡s♣é❝✐❡✳
❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ ❡❝♦❧♦❣✐❛ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡s ♥♦s s♦❧♦s ❞❛s r❡✲ ❣✐õ❡s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s é ❛✐♥❞❛ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ r❡str✐t♦ ✭❙á ❡ ❱❛r❣❛s✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❆ ❝❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛çã♦ ❣❡✲ ♥ét✐❝❛ ❞❡ss❡s ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s é ❞❡ ❡①tr❡♠❛ ✐♠♣♦rtâ♥❝✐❛ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❡ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦♥❤❡❝❡r ♠❡❧❤♦r s✉❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ❡❝♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s✳ ❙❡♥❞♦ ❛ss✐♠✱ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ♣♦❞❡rã♦ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛r ♥ã♦ só ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦s ❡♠ s♦❧♦s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✱ ❝♦♠♦ t❛♠✲ ❜é♠ ❛❥✉❞❛r ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ♠❛①✐♠✐③❛r ❛ ❡✜❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❛ ❋❇◆ ✭❍❛r❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳
❖ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ♥♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦s ♥❛t✐✈♦s é ❡ss❡♥❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦♣ós✐t♦s ❞❡ ❜✐♦♣r♦s♣❡❝çã♦ ❡ ❜✐♦t❡❝♥♦❧♦❣✐❛✳ ❖ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ ❜✐♦❣❡♦❣r❛✲ ✜❛ é ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡str❛té❣✐❛s ❞❡ ❜✉s❝❛ ❡ ❞❡s❝♦❜❡rt❛✱ ♦✉ s❡❥❛✱ ✏♦♥❞❡ ♣r♦❝✉r❛r✑ ♣♦r r❡❝✉rs♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ♣♦t❡♥❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥♦✈♦s✱ ❡ ♥❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ár❡❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛çã♦ ❞❡ r❡❝✉rs♦s ❜✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s ❡ ♣♦♦❧s ❣ê♥✐❝♦s r✐❝♦s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ✭❈❛♥❤♦s ❡ ▼❛♥✜♦✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳ ❊ss❡ ❛✉♠❡♥t♦ ❞♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦ é ✐♠♣✉❧s✐✲ ♦♥❛❞♦ ♥ã♦ s♦♠❡♥t❡ ♣♦r ♥♦✈❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ♠❛s t❛♠❜é♠ ♣❡❧♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣♦ ❞❡ té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❡ ❛❣r✉♣❛♠❡♥t♦✳
✺
sã♦ ❛♣❧✐❝❛❞❛s ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛ ❝♦♥str✉çã♦ ❞❡ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛s ✜❧♦❣❡♥ét✐❝❛s ❡ ❛✈❛✲ ❧✐❛çã♦ ❞❛ ❜✐♦❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ❣r✉♣♦s ❞❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♥❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s ✭❚❛❧❛✈❡r❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❡①✐st❡♥t❡s✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ ❛s ❘❡❞❡s ◆❡✉r❛✐s ❆rt✐✜❝✐❛✐s ✭❘◆❆s✮ ♣♦✐s ♣r♦✈ê♠ ✉♠❛ ❛❜♦r❞❛❜❡♠ r♦❜✉st❛ ♣❛r❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ✭▼✐t❝❤❡❧❧✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳
❆❞❛♣t✐✈❡ ❘❡s♦♥❛♥❝❡ ❚❤❡♦r② ✭❆❘❚✮ é ✉♠❛ t❡♦r✐❛ q✉❡ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❛rq✉✐t❡t✉r❛s ❞❡ ❘◆❆s ♣❛r❛ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦✲s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ♣r♦♣♦st❛s ♣♦r ❈❛r✲ ♣❡♥t❡r ❡ ●r♦ss❜❡r❣ ✭●r♦ss❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✼✻✮✳ ❆s r❡❞❡s ❆❘❚ sã♦ ✉s❛❞❛s ❡♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❆ r❡❞❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❆❘❚✶ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❜✐♥ár✐♦s ❝♦♠ ❛♣r❡♥❞✐③❛❣❡♠ ♥ã♦✲ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛ ✭❈❛r♣❡♥t❡r ❡ ●r♦ss❜❡r❣✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❏á✱ ❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ é s✉❛ ❡①t❡♥sã♦ ♣❛r❛ ❞❛❞♦s ❛♥❛❧ó❣✐❝♦s ✭❈❛r♣❡♥t❡r ❡ ●r♦ss❜❡r❣✱ ✶✾✽✼❜✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ s❡r ♥ã♦ s✉♣❡r✈✐s✐♦♥❛❞❛✱ é ♣♦ssí✈❡❧ ❝♦♥tr♦❧❛r ♦ ❣r❛✉ ❞❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♥tr❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠ ♠❡s♠❛ ❝❧❛ss❡ ✭❋❛✉s❡tt✱ ✶✾✾✼✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡✲s❡ ❣❡r❛r ❝❧❛ss❡s ❝♦♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ❣r❛♥✉❧❛r✐❞❛❞❡s ♣❛r❛ ✉♠❛ ♠❡s♠❛ ❜❛s❡✳ ❊ss❡ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞❛r ❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❛s ❡st✐r♣❡s ❡♠ ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♣❛rt✐❝✐♦♥❛♠❡♥t♦s✳
✶✳✶ ❖❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ●❡r❛✐s ❡ ❊s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s
❖ ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦ ❞❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦ é ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ✉♠❛ ❝♦❧❡çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❜r❛s✐❧❡✐r❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛♥❞♦ ✉♠❛ r❡❞❡ ♥❡✉r❛❧ ❆❘❚✷✳ ❙ã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ✶✶✾ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❝♦♠ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❢❡♥ót✐♣❛s ❞❡ ❇✳ ❡❧❦❛♥✐✐ ❡ ❇✳ ❥❛♣♦♥✐❝✉♠✱ ✐s♦❧❛❞❛s ❞❡ ✸✸ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ ❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♥s✐st❡♠ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♥s ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ♦❜t✐❞❛s ❛ ♣❛rt✐r ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❘❋▲P✲P❈❘ ❞❡ ✸ r❡❣✐õ❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s✿ ✶✻❙✱ ✷✸❙ ❡ ■●❙✳ ❋♦r❛♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛s ❛s ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦✿ ❈❢♦ ■✱ ❉❞❡ ■✱ ▼s♣ ■✱ ❍❛❡ ■■■✱ ❍❤❛ ■ ❡ ❍✐♥❢ ■ ✭●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❍á t❛♠❜é♠ ♦s s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s✿
✶✳ ❈r✐❛r ✉♠❛ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛çã♦ ❣rá✜❝❛ q✉❡ ♠♦str❡ ❛ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛ ❜❛s❡ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ ♥♦s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥t❡s ♥ú♠❡r♦s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❣❡r❛❞❛s ♣❡❧❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷❀
✻
✸✳ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛r ✉♠ ❛♣❧✐❝❛t✐✈♦ ♣❛r❛ ❣❡r❛r ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛♠❡♥t❡ ✈❛❧♦r❡s ❞♦ ♣❛râ♠❡✲ tr♦ ❞❡ ✈✐❣✐❧â♥❝✐❛✱ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ r❤♦●❡♥❡r❛t♦r❀
✹✳ ❱❛❧✐❞❛r ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❞♦ ❞❛ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ ❡ ♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t♠♦ ❉✐st❛♥❝❡ ❡♠ ❜❛s❡s ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❝✉❥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ é ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞❛ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐❀
❈❛♣ít✉❧♦ ✷
❚❡♦r✐❛
❚❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ é ❛ ❝✐ê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s✳ ❆ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❡①✐st❡ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡st❛❞♦ ❞✐♥â♠✐❝♦✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦s ❡sq✉❡♠❛s ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✐❝r♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s sã♦ ♠♦❞✐✲ ✜❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❞♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❝♦♥tí♥✉♦ ❞❡ ♥♦✈♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ■♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡✱ ❡r❛♠ ✉s❛✲ ❞❛s ❛♣❡♥❛s ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❡❝♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✱ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s ❡ ♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝❛s✳ P♦st❡r✐♦r♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣❛ss♦✉ ❛ r❡s♣❡✐t❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ❛s r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡✈♦❧✉t✐✈❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦r❣❛♥✐s♠♦s ✭✜❧♦❣❡♥✐❛✮✱ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❜❛s❡❛❞❛s ♥❛ s❡♠❡❧❤❛♥ç❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❛s✳
❆ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❡♥✈♦❧✈❡ ♦ ❡st✉❞♦ ❞♦ ❉◆❆ ✭❉❡♦①②r✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❆❝✐❞✮ ❝r♦♠♦ssô♠✐❝♦ ❡ ❘◆❆ ✭❘✐❜♦♥✉❝❧❡✐❝ ❆❝✐❞✮ r✐❜♦ssô♠✐❝♦✳ ❊ss❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ♣♦✲ ❞❡♠ s❡r ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ❡♠ ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ♥í✈❡✐s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❤✐❡rárq✉✐❝♦s✳ ❉❡s❞❡ ♦ ❡st❛❜❡❧❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ r❡❧❛çõ❡s ✐♥❢r❛✲❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❧✐♥❤❛✲ ❣❡♥s ❛té r❡❧❛çõ❡s ❡♥tr❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s✱ ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❡ ♥í✈❡✐s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s s✉♣r❛ ❣❡♥ér✐❝♦s ✭❲✐❧❧✐❛♠s♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
✷✳✶ ❘✐③ó❜✐♦s✿ ❇❛❝tér✐❛s ❋✐①❛❞♦r❛s ❞❡ ◆✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦
✽
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✶✿ ❇❛❝tér✐❛s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠✱ q✉❛♥❞♦ ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s às r❛í③❡s ❞❡ s♦❥❛✱ ❢♦r♠❛♠ ♥ó❞✉❧♦s✱ ♦♥❞❡ ♦❝♦rr❡ ❛ ❝♦♥✈❡rsã♦ ❞♦ ♥✐tr♦❣ê♥✐♦ ❞❛ ❛t♠♦s❢❡r❛ ❡♠ ❝♦♠♣♦st♦s ♥✐tr♦❣❡♥❛❞♦s✱ q✉❡ s❡rã♦ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ♣❧❛♥t❛ ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳
P❛r❛ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛r ❛s ❞✐✈❡rs❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦✱ ❢♦r❛♠ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛✲ ❞♦s t❡st❡s ♠♦r❢♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ✜s✐♦❧ó❣✐❝♦s✱ ❜✐♦q✉í♠✐❝♦s ❡ s✐♠❜✐ót✐❝♦s ❝♦♠♦✿ t❛①❛ ❞❡ ❝r❡s❝✐♠❡♥t♦✱ ❤❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡♠ ✉t✐❧✐③❛r ❢♦♥t❡s ❞❡ ❝❛r❜♦♥♦ ❡ ❞❡ ♥♦❞✉❧❛r ❧❡❣✉♠✐♥♦s❛s ❤♦s♣❡❞❡✐r❛s✳ ❈♦♥t✉❞♦✱ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r♠❡♥t❡ ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞✉❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r ❣❛♥❤❛r❛♠ ♠❛✐s ❡s♣❛ç♦ ♥♦s ❡st✉❞♦s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s ❞♦s r✐③ó❜✐♦s ✭❈❤✉❡✐r❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✷✳✷ ❇✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ▼♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r
✾
❢♦r❡s❡ ✭❲❡st❡r♠❡✐❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✱ ❤✐❜r✐❞✐③❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ✭●❧♦✈❡r✱ ✷✵✵✷✮✱ P❈❘ ✭❙❛✐❦✐ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✽✽✮ ❡ ❘❋▲P ✭▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ❊ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❧❡✈❛r❛♠ ❛♦ rá♣✐❞♦ ❛❝ú♠✉❧♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ♥❛s ú❧t✐♠❛s ❞é❝❛❞❛s✱ ❛✉♠❡♥t❛♥❞♦ ♦ ❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ s♦❜r❡ ❛ t❛✲ ①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s✳ ■ss♦ é ❝♦♠♣r♦✈❛❞♦ ♣❡❧❛s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡rá✈❡✐s ❛❧t❡r❛çõ❡s ♥❛s ♣♦s✐✲ çõ❡s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ♥♦ ▼❛♥✉❛❧ ❞❡ ❙✐st❡♠át✐❝❛ ❇❛❝t❡r✐♦❧ó❣✐❝❛ ✭●❛rr✐t② ❡ ❍♦❧t✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❉❡♥tr❡ ❡ss❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s ❞❡ ❜✐♦❧♦❣✐❛ ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r✱ ❞❡st❛❝❛♠✲s❡ s❡qü❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦✱ P❈❘ ❡ ❘❋▲P✳
❆ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡qü❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❛ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞♦s ♥✉✲ ❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❛♠♦str❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦ ✭❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ◆✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s sã♦ ♦s ❜❧♦❝♦s q✉❡ ❝♦♥st✐t✉❡♠ ♦s á❝✐❞♦s ♥✉❝❧é✐❝♦s✳ ❍á ✈ár✐♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ❞❡ s❡qü❡♥❝✐❛✲ ♠❡♥t♦ ❞✐s♣♦♥í✈❡✐s✱ ♠❛s t♦❞♦s ❝♦♠ ❝✉st♦ ❡❧❡✈❛❞♦ ✭❈❤✉❡✐r❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❆♣❡s❛r ❞❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ s❡qü❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ s❡r ❡✜❝✐❡♥t❡✱ ❡①✐st❡♠ ♦✉tr♦s ♠ét♦❞♦s ♠❛✐s ❜❛r❛t♦s ♣❛r❛ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛r ❣❡♥❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s ✭▼✐❧❛❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
❖ ✉s♦ ❞❛s té❝♥✐❝❛s P❈❘✲❘❋▲P ❛ss♦❝✐❛❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❣❡♥❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ♠❛✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❡ ♣❛r❛ ❡st✉❞♦s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝♦s✿ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❜❛✐①♦ ❝✉st♦✱ ❜♦❛ ❝♦♥✲ ❝♦r❞â♥❝✐❛ ❝♦♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❞❡ s❡qü❡♥❝✐❛♠❡♥t♦ ❡ ❛❧t❛ r❡♣r♦❞✉③✐❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ✭●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❛✈❛❧✐❛r ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ♣♦s✐çã♦ t❛✲ ①♦♥ô♠✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s✳ ❊s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ♣♦❞❡♠ s❡r út❡✐s ❝♦♠♦ ♣❛ss♦ ✐♥✐❝✐❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ✐♥✈❡st✐❣❛r ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ❞♦s r✐③ó❜✐♦s ♥♦s tró♣✐❝♦s✳ ❖s ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ r✐③ó✲ ❜✐♦s✱ ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛♠✲s❡ ❡♠ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s t❡♠♣❡r❛❞❛s✳ ❍á ♣♦✉❝♦s ❡st✉❞♦s s♦❜r❡ r✐③ó❜✐♦s ❞❡ r❡❣✐õ❡s tr♦♣✐❝❛✐s✱ ❛♣❡s❛r ❞❛s ✐♥❞✐❝❛çõ❡s ❞❡ q✉❡ ❡ss❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ♣♦ss✉✐ ❛❧t❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐❞❛❞❡ ✭▼✐❧❛❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳ ❉❡st❡ ♠♦❞♦✱ ❛ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞♦s ♣❛❞rõ❡s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s ♣♦r ❘❋▲P✲P❈❘ ♣♦❞❡ s❡r ❝rít✐❝❛ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❝♦rr❡t❛ ❛ss❡rçã♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss❡s ❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ss❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✭▼✐❧❛❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✶✵
❆ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦s ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦s ♥♦r♠❛❧♠❡♥t❡ ♦❜❡❞❡❝❡ às s❡❣✉✐♥t❡s ❡t❛✲ ♣❛s ✭❇✉t❧❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✿ ❛✮ ❡①tr❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❘◆❆ q✉❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❛ s❡r ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞❛❀ ❜✮ ❡s❝♦❧❤❛ ❞♦ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦ ❛ s❡r ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❡ ♦❜t❡♥çã♦ ❞❡ ♣r✐♠❡rs ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝♦s ♣❛r❛ ♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐♠❡♥t♦ ❞❡ss❡ s❡❣♠❡♥t♦❀ ❝✮ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛çã♦ q✉❡ ❞❛rá ♦r✐❣❡♠ ❛ ✈ár✐❛s ❝ó♣✐❛s ❡ ❞✮ ❧❡✐t✉r❛ ❞♦ ♣r♦❞✉t♦ ❛♠♣❧✐✜❝❛❞♦ ❛♣ós ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ❡ ❝♦❧♦r❛çã♦✳
❘❋▲P é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t❛çã♦ ❞♦ r❘◆❆ ❛tr❛✈és ❞♦ ✉s♦ ❞❡ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ✭▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✷✮✳ ➱ ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♠ ❛♥á❧✐s❡ ❞❡ ❣❡♥♦♠❛s ✭❇❤❛t ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❊♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ sã♦ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s q✉❡ ❝♦rt❛♠ ♦ r❘◆❆ ❡♠ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ♠❡♥♦r❡s✳ ❯♠❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝❡ ✉♠❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ ♥✉❝❧❡♦tí❞❡♦s ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ✭sít✐♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦✮✱ ❝♦rt❛♥❞♦ ♦ r❘◆❆ ❡♠ ❝❛❞❛ ♣♦♥t♦ ♥♦ q✉❛❧ ❡ss❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ♦❝♦rr❡ ✭▲❡✇✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❖ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞♦s é ✐❣✉❛❧ ❛♦ ♥ú♠❡r♦ ❞❡ sít✐♦s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ r❡❝♦♥❤❡❝✐❞♦s ♣❡❧❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞❛✳ ◗✉❛♥t♦ ♠❛✐s ♣❛r❡s ❞❡ ❜❛s❡ ♥♦ sít✐♦ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦✱ ♠❡♥♦r é ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ s❡ ❡♥❝♦♥tr❛r ✉♠ ❧♦❝❛❧ ♣❛r❛ ❝♦rt❛r✳ ❆s ❞✐❢❡r❡♥ç❛s ♥❛ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛ ❞❡ r❘◆❆ ❞♦s ✐♥❞✐✈í❞✉♦s r❡s✉❧t❛ ❡♠ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ t❛♠❛♥❤♦s ❞✐st✐♥t♦s✳
❊❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ❡♠ ❣❡❧ é ✉♠❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ s❡♣❛r❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ♠♦❧❡❝✉❧❛r❡s ❡♠ ✉♠ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❛❞♦ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ s❡✉ t❛♠❛♥❤♦ ✭❲❡st❡r♠❡✐❡r✱ ✷✵✵✺✮✳ ❋r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠♦❧é❝✉❧❛s ❞❡ ❉◆❆ ♦✉ ❘◆❆ sã♦ ❝♦❧♦❝❛❞♦s ❡♠ ♣❡q✉❡♥♦s ♣♦ç♦s ❞❡ ❛♠♦str❛s✳ ❖s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ♠✐❣r❛♠ ❝♦♠ ❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ✉♠ ❝❛♠♣♦ ❡❧étr✐❝♦ ❢♦r♠❛♥❞♦ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛s✱ ✈❡r ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✳ ❊ss❡ ♠♦✈✐♠❡♥t♦ ♣r♦❞✉③ ✉♠❛ sér✐❡ ❞❡ ❜❛♥❞❛s✳ ❈❛❞❛ ❜❛♥❞❛ ❝♦r✲ r❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❞❡ ♠❡s♠♦ t❛♠❛♥❤♦✳ ❈♦♠♦ ♦s ❢r❛❣♠❡♥t♦s ❝♦♠ ♠❡♥♦r ♠❛ss❛ ♠✐❣r❛♠ ♠❛✐s r❛♣✐❞❛♠❡♥t❡✱ ❛s ❜❛♥❞❛s sã♦ s❡♣❛r❛❞❛s ❡♠ ♦r❞❡♠ ❞❡❝r❡s❝❡♥t❡ ❛♦ ❧♦♥❣♦ ❞♦ ❣❡❧ ✭▲❡✇✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳
✶✶
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✷✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ✐♠❛❣❡♠ ♣r♦❞✉③✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ té❝♥✐❝❛ ❞❡ ❣❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡✳ P♦❞❡✲s❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛r ✼ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛s ❝♦♠ ❜❛♥❞❛s ❡♠ ♣♦s✐çõ❡s ❞✐st✐♥t❛s✳
❖ r✐❜♦ss♦♠♦ é ✉♠❛ ❡str✉t✉r❛ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r r❡s♣♦♥sá✈❡❧ ♣❡❧❛ sí♥t❡s❡ ❞❡ ♣r♦t❡í♥❛s✳ ❖s r✐❜♦ss♦♠♦s ❜❛❝t❡r✐❛♥♦s s❡ ❞✐ss♦❝✐❛♠ ❡♠ ❞✉❛s s✉❜✲✉♥✐❞❛❞❡s✳ ❆ ✉♥✐❞❛❞❡ ♠❛✐♦r ❝♦♥té♠ ♦ r❘◆❆ ✷✸❙ ❡ ❛ ♠❡♥♦r✱ ♦ r❘◆❆ ✶✻❙✳ ❆ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❧♦❝❛❧✐③❛❞❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ✶✻❙ ❡ ✷✸❙ é ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✐♥t❡r❣ê♥✐❝❛ ✭■●❙✮ ✭▲❡✇✐♥✱ ✷✵✵✶✮✳ ❊ss❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣♦❞❡♠ r❡✈❡❧❛r r❡❧❛çõ❡s t❛①♦♥ô♠✐❝❛s ❡♥tr❡ ♦s ❞✐✈❡rs♦s ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❡ ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ r✐✲ ③ó❜✐♦s✳ ❖ ❘◆❆ r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛❧ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ❝❛r❛❝t❡ríst✐❝❛s ❜❛st❛♥t❡ ❝♦♥s❡r✈❛❞❛s ♣♦r s❡r ❝rít✐❝♦ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❢✉♥çã♦ ❝❡❧✉❧❛r✳ ❆s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ss❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ♣♦ss✉❡♠ ✉♠ ❛s♣❡❝t♦ ❛❧t❛♠❡♥t❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐✈♦ ❡ s❡✉s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s sã♦ ❢❛❝✐❧♠❡♥t❡ r❡♣r♦❞✉tí✈❡✐s ✭❚❤órss♦♥ ❡ ❏ó♥ss♦♥✱ ✷✵✵✵✮✳
✶✷
❜✐✉♠ ✭◗✐❛♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✸❀ ❈❤❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✵❀ ❱✐♥✉❡s❛ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✶✾✾✽✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❞❡✈❡✲s❡ ❡st✉❞❛r t❛♠❜é♠ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❝♦♠ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡✳
❆ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✷✸❙ r❘◆❆ ♣♦❞❡ ❛✉①✐❧✐❛r ♣❛r❛ ❞❡❧✐♥❡❛r r❡❧❛çõ❡s ♣ró①✐♠❛s ❡♥tr❡ ❜❛❝✲ tér✐❛s✳ ❊❧❛ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛ ♠❛✐♦r ✈❛r✐❛❜✐❧✐❞❛❞❡ ❡ ❝♦♥té♠ ♠❛✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s q✉❡ ❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ✶✻❙ r❘◆❆ ✭❖❧s❡♥ ❡ ❲♦❡s❡✱ ✶✾✾✸✮✳ ❊ss❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ é út✐❧ ♣❛r❛ ❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ♠✉✐✲ t♦s ❣ê♥❡r♦s ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✭▲✉❞✇✐❣ ❡ ❙❝❤❧❡✐❢❡r✱ ✶✾✾✹✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ r✐③ó❜✐♦s ✭●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❚❛♠❜é♠✱ ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❡ s❡qüê♥❝✐❛s ❞♦ ❡s♣❛ç♦ ✐♥t❡r❣ê♥✐❝♦ ■●❙ sã♦ ❡♠♣r❡❣❛❞❛s ♥❛ ❡s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❜❛❝tér✐❛s ✭●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳
❉❛❞♦ q✉❡ ❛ t❛①♦♥♦♠✐❛ ❞♦s r✐③ó❜✐♦s ❞♦ ❣ê♥❡r♦ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦❜✐✉♠ é ♣♦✉❝♦ r❡✜♥❛❞❛ ❡ ❡①✐st❡♠ r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s ❝♦♥✢✐t❛♥t❡s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❢❡♥ót✐♣❛s ❡ ❣❡♥ót✐♣❛s ✭❘♦ss✉♠❛ ❡ ❙❝❤✉✉r♠❛♥s✱ ✶✾✾✺✮✳ ❉❡✈❡✲s❡ ✉s❛r t❛♠❜é♠ ❞❛❞♦s ❞❛s ❛♥á❧✐s❡s ❞❛s r❡❣✐õ❡s ✷✸❙ ❡ ■●❙✱ q✉❡ ❛♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ♠❛✐♦r ♥í✈❡❧ ❞❡ ❞✐✈❡r❣ê♥❝✐❛ ❡♥tr❡ ❛s ❡s♣é❝✐❡s ❞❡ ❇r❛❞②r❤✐③♦✲ ❜✐✉♠ ✭▼✐❧❛❣r❡✱ ✷✵✵✸✮✳
✷✳✸ ❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s ♥❛ ❈♦♠♣✉t❛çã♦
❈❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦ ❞❡ ❉❛❞♦s é ✉♠ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ q✉❡ s❡ ✐♥✐❝✐❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s ❡ t❡r♠✐♥❛ ❝♦♠ ❛ ✐♥t❡r♣r❡t❛çã♦ ❞♦s r❡s✉❧t❛❞♦s✿
✶✳ ❆q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❞❛❞♦s✱ ♦s q✉❛✐s ♣♦❞❡♠ ❡st❛r ❞✐s♣❡rs♦s ❡♠ ✈ár✐♦s s✐st❡♠❛s✱ ❛❧é♠ ❞❡ ❝♦♥t❡r r❡❞✉♥❞â♥❝✐❛s ❡ ✐♥❝♦♥s✐stê♥❝✐❛s❀
✷✳ ▲✐♠♣❡③❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❝♦♠ r❡♠♦çã♦ ❞❡ r✉í❞♦s✱ ❞❛❞♦s ❡s♣úr✐♦s ❡ ❡rr♦s❀
✸✳ ❚r❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♥tr❛❞❛ ❝♦♠♣❛tí✈❡❧ ❝♦♠ ♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ✉t✐❧✐③❛❞♦❀
✹✳ ❙❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ❝♦♠ ❜❛s❡ ♥❛ q✉❛♥t✐❞❛❞❡ ❞❡ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❡ ♥♦s ♦❜❥❡t✐✈♦s ❞♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss♦ ❞❡ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛çã♦❀
✺✳ ❆♣❧✐❝❛❝ã♦ ❞♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ♥❛ ❜❛s❡ ❢♦r♠❛t❛❞❛❀
✶✸
❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞❡ ❛ ✉♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❣❡r❛❞♦ ❞❡ ❛❝♦r❞♦ ❝♦♠ ●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✱ ✐♥❝❧✉✐♥❞♦ ❛s ❡t❛♣❛s ❞❡ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❡ ❧✐♠♣❡③❛ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s✳ ❯♠ ❡♥s❛✐♦ ❝♦♥té♠ ✈ár✐♦s t❡st❡s ❝♦♠ ✉♠❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ❡♠ ✉♠❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❡s♣❡❝í✜❝❛ ❞♦ r❘◆❆ ♣❛r❛ ✉♠ ❝♦♥❥✉♥t♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡s✳ ❊ss❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦ r❡❢❡r❡✲s❡ à r❡❣✐ã♦ ■●❙ r❘◆❆ ❞✐❣❡r✐❞❛ ♣❡❧❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ▼s♣ ■ ❞❛s ❡st✐r♣❡s ✺✶ ❛ ✼✺✳
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✸✿ ❊①❡♠♣❧♦ ❞❡ ❡♥s❛✐♦✳ ●❡❧ ❞❡ ❡❧❡tr♦❢♦r❡s❡ ❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ■●❙ r❘◆❆ ❞❡ ✷✹ ❡st✐r♣❡s ❞✐❣❡r✐❞❛s ❝♦♠ ❛ ❡♥③✐♠❛ ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ▼s♣ ■✳
➱ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡ ❡♥t❡♥❞❡r ❛ ❞❡✜♥✐çã♦ ❞❡ ❡st✐r♣❡ ❛❞♦t❛❞❛ ♥❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✳ ◆❛ ❛q✉✐s✐çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ✸ r❡❣✐õ❡s r✐❜♦ss♦♠❛✐s ❢♦r❛♠ ❛♥❛❧✐s❛❞❛s✿ ✶✻❙✱ ✷✸❙ ❡ ■●❙ ✭❊♠❜r❛♣❛✱ ✷✵✵✼✮✳ P❛r❛ ❝❛❞❛ r❡❣✐ã♦ ❢♦r❛♠ ✉s❛❞❛s ✸ ❡♥③✐♠❛s ❞❡ r❡str✐çã♦ ❞❡s❝r✐t❛s ❡♠ ✭●❡r♠❛♥♦ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✷✵✵✻✮✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❡st✐r♣❡ é r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛❞❛ ♣♦r ✾ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛s✳ ❆ ❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✹ ✐❧✉str❛ ❝♦♠♦ ♦s ❡♥s❛✐♦s sã♦ ✉s❛❞♦s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ❛s ❡st✐r♣❡s✳
✶✹
✶✺
❋✐❣✉r❛ ✷✳✺✿ ❆ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞❛s ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛s ❡stá ♥❛ ♣♦s✐çã♦ ❞❡ s✉❛s ❜❛♥❞❛s✳ ❇❛♥❞❛s sã♦ r❡❣✐õ❡s ❡s❝✉r❛s q✉❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❛♠ ❛ ♣r❡s❡♥ç❛ ❞❡ ♠❛t❡r✐❛❧ ❣❡♥ét✐❝♦✳ ◆❡st❡ tr❛❜❛❧❤♦✱ ❝❛❞❛ ❝❛♥❛❧❡t❛ é tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞❛ ❡♠ ✉♠ ❡❧❡tr♦❢❡r♦❣r❛♠❛✱ ❝✉❥♦s ♣✐❝♦s r❡♣r❡s❡♥t❛♠ ❛s ❜❛♥❞❛s✳
❖s ❞❛❞♦s ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛❞♦s ❛♥t❡s ❞❛ ❛♣❧✐❝❛çã♦ ♥♦ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r✳ ❆ r❡❞❡ ❆❘❚✷ é ✉♠ ❝❧❛ss✐✜❝❛❞♦r ❞❡ ✈❡t♦r❡s✳ ❆ss✐♠✱ ❛s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛çõ❡s ✉s❛❞❛s ♣❛r❛ ❞❡s❝r❡✈❡r ✉♠❛ ❡st✐r♣❡ ❞❡✈❡♠ s❡r ❝♦♠♣r✐♠✐❞❛s ❡♠ ✉♠ ✈❡t♦r✳ ❖s ♣❛ss♦s ♥❡❝❡ssár✐♦s sã♦✿ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛çã♦ ❞♦s ❞❛❞♦s ❡♠ ✉♠❛ ú♥✐❝❛ ♠❛tr✐③ ❞❡ ❞✐stâ♥❝✐❛ ❡ s❡❧❡çã♦ ❞❛s ✈❛r✐á✈❡✐s ♠❛✐s ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t❡s✳
