Primary, Final & Useful Energies

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Primary, Final & Useful Energies

Samuel Niza

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Gestão de Energia15/16

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Forms of Energy

• Primary energy

– embodied in resources

as it is found in nature

• Final energy – sold to final

consumers such as households or firms

(electricity, diesel, processed natural gas)

• Useful energy – in the form that is

used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical

power (stationary or transport)

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A sua unidade física depende da forma de energia, kWh na eletricidade, litros na gasolina, m3 no gás natural, kg no fuelóleo e propano.

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Forms of Energy

• Primary energy

– embodied in resources

as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas

in the ground)

• Final energy

– sold to final

consumers such as households or firms

Useful energy – in the form that is

used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical

power (stationary or transport)

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Forms of Energy

• Primary energy

– embodied in resources

as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas

in the ground)

• Final energy

– sold to final

consumers such as households or firms

(electricity, diesel, processed natural gas)

• Useful energy

– in the form that is

used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical

power (stationary or transport)

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Forms of Energy

• Primary energy

– embodied in resources

as it is found in nature (coal, oil, natural gas

in the ground)

• Final energy

– sold to final

consumers such as households or firms

(electricity, diesel, processed natural gas)

• Useful energy

– in the form that is

used: light, heat, cooling and mechanical

power (stationary or transport)

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Gestão de Energia15/16 IAAS A -G lo ba l E nergy Asse ssme n t 20 12 Energy Supply energy flows driven by resource

availability and conversion technologies

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nergy Asse ssme n t 20 12

The energy supply sector dealing with primary energy is referred as

“upstream” activities

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Gestão de Energia15/16 IAAS A -G lo ba l E nergy Asse ssme n t 20 12

The energy supply sector dealing with secondary energy is referred as

“downstream” activities

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nergy Asse ssme n t 20 12

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Energy Units and Scales

• How much energy we ingest daily?

• How much energy do you spend per

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• Joule (J)

- A force of 1 N moving an object for 1 m

• Calorie (cal)

- Heat 1g of water at 14.5º by 1ºC (4,186J)

• Watt hour (Wh)

- 1J/s x 3600 s =3600 J

• Ton of oil equivalent (toe)

- The amount of energy released by burning one ton of crude oil, approximately 41,9 GJ /11,630 MWh / 7,4 barrels of oil

• Ton of coal equivalent (tce)

- The amount of energy released by burning one ton of coal, approximately 29,3

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Energy Units and Scales

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Energy Units and Scales

Activities (kJ)

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Energy Units and Scales

Activities (MJ-GJ or kWh=3.6MJ)

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Energy Units and Scales

Activities (MJ-GJ or kWh=3.6MJ)

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Energy Units and Scales

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Energy Units and Scales

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Energy Units and Scales

Activities (GJ-TJ or toe=41.87GJ)

• In early agricultural societies

– 10-20 GJ/capita/year

• 2/3 for food and feed

• 1/3 for cooking, heating and early industrial activities

• In UK in the mid-19

th

_century

– 100 GJ/capita/year

• In Portugal in 2010

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Energy Units and Scales

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Energy Units and Scales

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Energy in Portugal

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Energy in Portugal

• Oil is the main energy used

• Some energy sources are mainly used to produce electricity

(e.g. coal)

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Energy transition

Samuel Niza

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Primary Energy Use 1800-2000

Lines - Population

Bars - Primary energy use*

White - industrialized countries Gray - developing countries

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• Primary energy use increased more than 20-fold in 200 years

• Heterogeneity in per capita primary energy use:

• In industrialized countries population increased linearly while primary energy use increased exponentially until recently

• In developing countries energy use increased proportionally to population until recently

• Primary Energy Mix ?

Primary Energy Use 1800-2000

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• Mostly biomass in 1850

• Increasing diversification of energy vectors

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Primary Energy Mix 1800-2040

• Energy Transition: The switch from an economic system

dependent on one or a series of energy sources and

technologies to another (Fouquet & Pearson, 2012)

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World electricity production

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World electricity production

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World electricity production

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World electricity production

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World Final Energy, 1900-2000

Solids: Coal and biomass

Liquids: Oil

Grid: Natural gas and electricity

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Grubler, A. “Energy Transitions”

Heterogeneity in final energy quality

Developing

OECD

Solids: Coal and biomass

Liquids: Oil

Grid: Natural gas and electricity

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Gestão de Energia15/16 IAAS A – Gl oba l E ner gy Assessme n t 2012

UK 1800-2000

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• Regular expansion of

energy services in 19

th

– dominated by heat and transport

• High volatility

– due to political and economic

events

• Moderated growth after 1950

– Decline in industrial energy services compensated by strong growth in

transport

• Saturated at a level of 6 EJ or 100 GJ/capita

What is Final Energy used for?

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From Primary Energy to Energy Services

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• Increasing efficiencies in converting primary energy to

energy services

– Ranges between a factor of 5 for transportation and 600 for lighting

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• Lower prices of energy services

– Ranges between a factor of 10 for heating and 70 for lighting

Price of Energy Services

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Sankey Diagrams

Samuel Niza

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Representação esquemática dos fluxos energéticos

Diagrama de Sankey

Energia primária

Energia final

Energia útil

Energia produtiva

Degradação de energia primária

Degradação de energia final

Desperdício de energia

Transformação de energia:

 Barragens, centrais termoeléctricas, torres eólicas, ...  Refinarias, …

 Transp. combustíveis, redes eléctricas, …

Conversão de energia:  Motores eléctricos, ...  Lâmpadas, …  Motores térmicos, … Utilização de energia:  Produção, ...  Transporte, …  Conforto, … Of er ta Pr ocu ra

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final primary E E



 useful final

E





productive useful

E





Diagrama de Sankey

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Diagrama de Sankey

Exemplo – Iluminação para leitura de um livro

Gás natural

Electricidade

Luz

Calor, …

Calor, radiação não visível

Transformação de energia:

 Extracção

 Ciclo combinado

 Transporte de electricidade na rede eléctrica

Conversão de energia:  Lâmpadas Utilização de energia:  Iluminação Of er ta Pr ocu ra 45% 90% 50% 100% 55% 5,5%

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Exemplo – Transporte de casa ao IST

Petróleo Gasolina Movimento Calor, … Calor, … Transformação de energia:  Extracção  Refinação  Transporte de combustível Conversão de energia:  Motor térmico Utilização de energia:  Transporte Of er ta Pr ocu ra 5% 70% 20% 100% 95% 66%

Diagrama de Sankey

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World Sankey Diagram in 2005

l E ner gy Assessme n t 2012

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World Sankey Diagram in 2005

IAAS A – Gl oba l E ner gy Assessme n t 2012 Unit:EJ

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World Sankey Diagram in 2005

l E ner gy Assessme n t 2012

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World Sankey Diagram in 2005

IAAS A – Gl oba l E ner gy Assessme n t 2012 Unit:EJ

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