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Use of solid waste for energy generation Campinas City Case Study - São Paulo
-
Brazil
Cha.-acterising biofuels and selecting the most appropriate burner fortheir combustion
Biogas
production
by anaerobic digestion of ol'ganic residuaIs from tropical rainfol'cst in EI Chaco
Production ofbiomcthanol by cellulosc fermcntation using Eucalyptus barl{
Biomass waste - An enCl"gy som'cc
Chat'acterization and combustion of ofive pomacc and forest residuc pellets
EIJects of scaling up on the pyrolysis pl
'
ocess of pine wood residue pellets
Which is the best Renewable technolog)
'
for electricitv geneI"3tion in Murcia'? Evaluation ofoptions
using the Analytical Hierarchy Process
Ditlercnt Purification Routes in the Catalvtic Carbon Monoxide Hydrogenation
Fixed Bed vs Slurry Rcactors in the Prodnction ofEthanol [rom Syngas
A Kinetic ModeI for the Synthesis of Ethanol over a Rhodium Based Catalyst
Determining ground thermal pl'opCl"ties
using
logs and thermal drill cutting analysis. Rclationship
with Thermal Response Test
Determining the Thermal Conductivitv and Volumetric Heat Capacity ofDI'i11 Cuttings
Transesterification ofvegetables oil under ultrasonic irradiation condition
A pl
'
edictive control system for sustainable supplv ofo renewable energies applied to PV installations
Partic1e emissions from a domestic pellets-fircd boiler
Technical and eco no mie feasibility of a geothermal facility fOi' air
conditioning
of an
intensive
piggery
Device for generating Electric Power from small movements
Dayllighting as a form generator for skylights
Heat loss bv the Earth, geothermal cnergy and geothermal heat pumps
Compara tive analysis of environmcntal
s
tudies aimed at the implementation and operation of eolic
parl{S built in Brazil and the USA
Comparison between solar energy collected by a two-axis tracked and fixed paneI undel' Ghardai"a
climate conditions, south Algcria
GIS-based optimization study for locating photovoltaie geneI"3tion plants
in
the southeast of the Region
ofMurcia (Spain)
Response of rapeseed to nitrogen fertilisation in a Mediterranean
environrnent
M. Ângelo Rodrigues, Arlindo Almeida, Jorge Ferreira, Tiago Ribeiro, Margarida
Arrobas
Morlntain Research Centre, Po/ytechnic Institute of Bragança
Phone number
+351273303237,
e-mail: [email protected]
1. Introdu.tion - Portugal needs urgenUy lo increase lhe production of vegetable oils to be able to meet lhe mandatory 10% minimum tnrget to be achieved by ali EU member states for lhe proportion of biofuels in petrol and diesel consumption by 2020 (Directive 2009128/EC).
Rapeseed oil is the main raw material used in Europe for the manufacture of biofuels. Portugal, however, does not produce rapeseed oil, in spite of some studies having indicated Ihat Ihere are favourable ecological conditions to do lhis throughout the country [I, 2].
Nitrogen (N) is one of the mos! significant ecological factors promoting crop yields [3, 4]. Rapeseed is considered to be a high demand crop for N [4, S, 6, 7, 8, 9], showing also low N use efficiency [S, 8, lO]. Excessive N fertilisation represents additional energy consumption and may cause the contamination of grouod waters through oitrate leaching and lead to lhe emission of enviroomeotally relevant nitrogenous gases to the atroosphere [II]. Splilting ofN fertilisation into!wo differeot applications is one ofthe best strategies to improve crop N use efficiency [12, 13]. ln Mediterranean climate, the growing cyc\e ofthe wioter crops begio in early aulUrnn and continue throughout the winter. The low temperatures and high precipitatioo rates ofthis period slow crop growth and cause nitrate leaching and denitrification. Nitrogen applied at pre-plant may be particularly inefficient due to lhe poor crop demand and the high leaching potential ofthe autumnlwinter period. On the other hand, farmers like to apply N at pre-plant lo promote the growth ofthe early vegetative phase, since this can be impottant to produce a good final yield.
ln this work, results of a N fertilisatioo field tria! are reported, where several N rates were applied as pre-plant and top-dress, to establish the best recommendation programme for this crop.
2. Experimental - The field trial look place in Bragança (NE Portugal) in the winter-spring growing season of 2009/2010. The region benefits from a Mediterranean climate with some AUantic influence. Mean annual temperature and accumulated precipitation are 11.9 °C and 741 mm, respectively. The soil is loamy textured, 1.0% organic malter, pR S.I, and presents mean and high phosphorus and potassium leveis, respectively. Rapeseed had never been cultivated before in this soil. II was included in a wheat-fallow rotation, tnking the place ofwheat. The soil was limed before the trial stnrted with 1000 kg lime hal. A basal fertilization with phosphorus (supe!phosphate 18% P20,) and potassium (potassium chloride
60% K20) were also carried out by using 220 and 6S kg hal, respectively. Both lime and basal fertilisers
were inco!porated by soil tiI1age. A combinatioo of ten N fertilisation treatroeots (pre-planl plus top-dress) with Ihree replications were established. Anunooium nitrate was used as a fertiliser in pre-plaot and also io top-dress applications. At pre-plan!, the fertiliser was incotpOrated io the soil before sowing. At top-dress, the fertiliser was spread on the soil surface 00 March 13"'. A Napropamide based herbicide was ioco!porated in the soil with a field cultivator shortly before sowing. The cultivar
Es Hydromel
was mechanically sown on September 21 ",, at a rate of 4.3 kg seed hal.Sai! inorganic N (NO;, NR/) leveis were monitored on November 26'" and March II "'. Soil extracts were prepared from 20 g of soil and 40 mL 2 M KCI. The suspension was shaken for I hour and filtered in Watmann #42 filter paper. Nitrate and arnrnoDium concentmtions in the extracts were analyzed in a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Plaot N outritional status (tissue NO,-, aod total N as N nutritiooal indicators) aod dry malter yield were also determioed on November 26" aod March II ". Plant extracts for nitrate aoalysis were taken by adding SO mi of distilled water to 1.0 g of dry sample. Total N was deterrnined by a Kjeldabl procedure in a Kjeltec Auto 1030 Analyzer. Above-ground dry malter yields were estimated from nine (three per piaI) random samples of. square metre. Total N in plant tissues was determined on April \7"',36 days afier lhe top-dress N application, to evaluate the eifect of top-dress N treatroents. At harves!, July S"', dry malter yield was determioed from field samples of a square metre and straw was separated from seed afier threshing. Apparent N recovery (ANR) was estimated as: ANR (%)
=
100 x (N recovered in the fertilised treatroents - N recovered in the control)/N applied as fertiliser.3. Rcsulls aod Discussioo - 00 November 26"', soil inorgaoic N leveis were significaot1y higher in lhe plols where 50 kg N hOI were applied in comparison wilh lhe control (table I). Nitrate was a more significaot contributor Ihan ommonium lo lhe higher soil inorgonic N leveis recorded in mosl fertilised
plots. ln March, at the end af the winter, no significant differences were found in soil inorganic leveis
between pre-plant N trealmenls. The end result ofN applied as pre-plant fertiliser was in crop uptake, but
also in nitrate leaching and denitrification due to the autumn·winter rains. ln 3D excess af precipitation.
nitrale is readily mobile, being leached out from the soil [14]. The winler rains reduce soil aeratioo which
also promotes biological nitrification [IS].
Table 1. Soil inorganic N (NO,-N, NH,-N, NO,-N
+
NH,-N) during the autumn-winler period as a function ofN applied as pre-plan!.N applied kglha
o
25
50
November, 26ffi March, II ffi
NO,-N NH,-N Inorg.-N NO,-N NH,-N Inorg.-N
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m _ mg kg·1 ___ m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ m _ _ m _ _
9.0 b 3.6 a 12.6 c 2.7 o 3.6 a 6.3 8
9.4 b 3.8 a 13.2 b 2.4 a 3.6 a 6.0 a
11.4a 3.9a 15.3 a 2.7a 4.7 a 7.40 Mean separation wilhin columns by Tukey's tesl,
P
< 0.05.Nitrale coocentration and total N fi plaot tissues on November 26'" were significant1y higher fi lhe lrealmenl where lhe higher N rate was applied fi comparison wilh lhe control (table 2). Dry malter yields were higher in lhe fertilised plols in comparisoo to the control. Nitrogeo uptake, which reflects total plant N and dry malter yield, showed significanl differences amoog lhe lhree pre-plant trealmenls, being lhe higher values recorded fi mos! fertilised piais.
The effee! of pre-plaot trealmeols was less eviden! on March II'" after lhe winter raios (table 2). Nitrogeo uptnke aod dry malter yields were DO! statistically differen! amoog trealmenls. This resul! provides lhe firsl evidence of lhe poor efficacy of N applied aI pre-plnnl on crop growth and developmen!. Thus, lhe
effect of pre-plant N on the iDcrease of foliage growth W8S only evideDt for lhe early growth phase fi lhe
auturnn.
Table 2. Tissues' oitrate-N (NO,-N), total-N (Total-N), dry malter yield (DMY) and N uptake ofrapeseed
young planls during lhe autumn-winter groWiDg period as a function ofN applied as pre-plan!.
N applied kglha
o
25 50 NO,-N mgkg- I 205.9 b 192.2 b 316.9 aNovember, 26ffi March, II ffi
Total-N DMY N uptake NO,-N Total-N DM g kg"1 kglha kg/l18 mg kg-I g kg-I kglha 32.1 b 718.4b 23.1 c 32.2 a 19.2b 1960.38 32.1 b 808.78 25.9 b 37.2 a 20.78b 2243.3 a 34.6 o 808.0 a 28.0 8 41.5 a 21.3 a 2096.6 8 Mean separation wilhin columns by Tukey's lesl,
P
< 0.05.
Nuptake
kglha
37.7 a 46.3 a
44.6
aOn April 17Jh, after lhe applicatioo ofN in lhe top-dress trealmenls, lhe N nutriliooal status of planls was
closely related lo lhe rale ofN applied. There were fouod lo be significanl differences in total N io slems and leaves amoog lhe lop-dress N trealmeDIs independeDt1y oflhe pre-plaDI N rale (table 3). ln spring lhe lemperature rises, enhancing crop growth nnd ficreasing crop demnnd for N. On lhe olher hand, io Ihis period, lhe precipitation rate reduces, increasiog lhe opportunity for N uptake by roots.
AI hnrvesl, 00 July 5"', dry malter accumulated in straw aod seeds was significaolly differenl among
top-dress N trealmeols (table 4). The more highly fertilised plols produced higher dry malter yields of slems
and seeds. The dry malter accumulated in seeds was 4534 kg hal wheo 150 kg N h.- I was applied aI pre-plnnl (0:150 trealmeot). Olher highly productive plols were Ihose where high N rales were applied aI pre-pino!, such as 50:150 kg N hol aod 25:125 kg N hOI.
The N concentrations io straw and seeds were significant1y higher in lhe lrealmenls correspooding lO lhe higher N rales applied as lop-dress (table 5). Nitrogen uptnke by straw, seeds nnd lotai was also
significantly differenl among lop-dress N trealments, as lhe resull of lhe cumulative effecI of lhe higher N
concentrations in planl tissues and dry malter yields. A spring rapeseed crop accumulales 50-60 kg N for every lonne of seed produced. The equivalenl for winler rapeseed is aboul 70 kg N [5]. ln lhe preseo!
study, lhe rapeseed crop accumulated between 25 lO 35 kg N for every lonne of seed, values significant1y lower Ihan lhe afore-mentioned, eveo compared lo a spriog rapeseed crop. This resul! suggesls a higher
internal N use efficiency, which may be due either to the wanner growing condirions of lhe
Mediterranean region or a eharaeteristie of lhe eultivar Es Hidromel used in lhis study. lt is well doeumented lhat bolh oflhese faetors may affeet lhe optimal N demand [8]. ln addition, Rodrigues et aI.
[2] have also reported good rapeseed yields obtained wilh moderate N doses in similar agro-eeologieal
conditions.
Table 3. Total N in plant tissues on 17 April (36 days after the applieation oftop-dress N treatments) as a
funetion ofseveral N rates applied as pre-plant (Pp), top-dre55 (td) and tolal N (tI).
N applied [pp:td (ti)] Tolal N, stern Total N,leaf
kglha g kg" g kg" 0:0 (O) 6.5 d 24.2 d 0:50 (50) 7.4 e 30.6 e 0:100 (100) 8.4 b 33.5 b 0:150 (150) 8.9 a 44.6 a 25:25 (50) 6.5 e 25.0 e 25:75 (100) 7.7 b 29.8 b 25:125 (150) 9.1 a 40.7 a 50:0 (50) 7.8 b 27.1 b 50:50 (100) 8.4 a 34.8 a 50:100 (150) 8.4 a 34.1 a
Mean separation within eolumns Df eaeh pre-plant group oftreatments by Tukey's tes!,
P
< 0.05.Table 4. Dry malter (DM) yields of straw and seed at harvest as a funetion of several N rates applied as pre-plant (Pp), top-dress (td) and total N (ti).
N applied [pp:td (tI)] DM straw DM seed
kglha Mglha kglha
0:0 (O) 7.2 e 2059 e 0:50 (50) 10.1 b 2931 b O: 100 (100) 1l.1 b 2868 b 0:150 (150) 12.5 a 4534 a 25:25 (50) 8.1 b 1744 e 25:75 (100) 9.1 b 3425 b 25:125 (150) 11.6 a 4026 a 50:0 (50) 7.3 e 2064 b 50:50 (100) 9.1 b 1883 b 50:100 (150) 12.5 a 4278 a
Mean separation wilhin eolumns Df eaeh pre-plant group oftreatraents by Tukey's test,
P
< 0.05.Table 5. Tolal N in straw and seed, N uptake (Nup) in straw and seed and apparent N reeovery (ANR) as
a funetion ofseveral N rates applied as pre-plant (Pp), top-dress (td) and total N (ti).
N applied [pp:td (ti)] N straw Nseed NUpstraw NUp seed NUp total ANR
kglha g kg" g kg" kglha kglha kglha %
0:0 (O) 0.8 b 19.7 e 5.7 e 40.5 d 46.2 d 0:50 (50) 0.8 b 22.5b 7.9 b 66.0 e 73.9 e 55.3 0:100 (100)
1.3
a 26.0b 14.8 a 74.5 b 89.3 b 43.1 0:150 (150) 1.2 a 25.1 a 15.0 a 113.7 a 128.7 a 55.0 25:25 (50) 0.9 b 24.2b 7.3 b 42.2 e 49.5 e 6.5 25:75 (100) 1.0 b 23.9b 8.7 b 82.0b 90.7b 44.5 25:125 (150) 2.9 a 25.6 a 33.5 a 103.0 a 136.5 a 60.2 50:0 (50) 0.6c 22.2 c 4.lc 45.8 b 49.9 c 7.4 50:50 {I 00) 1.5 b 25.6 b 13.2 b 48.3 b 61.5 b 15.2 50:100 (150) 2.2 a 27.6 a 27.4 a 117.9 a 145.3 a ·66.1Mean separation wilhin eolurnos of eaeh pre-plant group oftreatraents by Tukey's test,
P
< 0.05.Apparent N reeovery varied from less Ihan 10% if the N is applied at pre-plant, to values up to 50% if aboost ali lhe N is applied as top-dress (table 5). Apparent N reeoveries found for rapeseed erop have
beeo around or less lhan 50% [5, 10), a low value but oot much dissimilar lhan Ihat reported for olher
field crops [12). Completely ioacceptable were the particularly low apparent N recoveries found for the N applied as pre-plan!.
4. Concluslons - Top-dress N fertiiisation was unequivocally more effective in promoting seed yield lhan pre-plant N. Apparent N recovery was also completely different for lhe 0:50 N lrealment (55.3%) when compared to lhe 50:0 trealment (7.4%). The applicatioo ofN after lhe winter rains (as top-dress) is a more environmeotally sound fertilisation strategy for lhis crop. ln autumn and wioter, the demand of rapeseed for N is poor due to de low temperatures. On the contrary, tbe risk is high for nitrate leaching aod
denitrification due to lhe heavy rains Ihat usually occur. The applicatioo of N at pre-plant is usually
recommended for increasing crop biomass at the early vegetative pbase. The results of tbis experiment
question lhis fertilisation strategy due to lhe poor performance ofpre-plant N to improve the fmal yield.
The internal N use efficiency was high in comparison to values recorded in lhe literature. Per each tonne
of seed, N uptake was in lhe range of 25 to 35 kg N. Under the agro-ecological conditioos of lhis
experiment (growing seasoo, cultivar, crop
ratitioo,
...
), it
seems possible to get high rapeseed yields even with moderate N rates.5. Rorereoees
[I) Lourenço, M.E., Paboa, P.M. 2006. A cultura da colza: aspectos da técnica cultural. Universidade de Évora, Portugal.
[2] Rodrigues, M.A., Ferreira, I., Arrobas, M. 2010. Eosaios com cultivares de colza de Inveroo, doses de
azoto e profundidades de sementeira em Trãs-os-Montes. Revista de Ciências Agrárias XXXIII
(2): 27-39.
[3) Santos, J.Q. 1996. Fertilização. Fundamentos da utilização dos adubos e correctivos. Publ.
Europa-América, Mero Martins.
[4] Meisinger, J.J., Schepers, 1.S., Raun, W.R. 2008. Crop oitrogeo requiremeot and fertilizatioo. p. 563-612. ln: Schepers, J.S., Raun, W.R. (Eds.). Nitrogeo in Agricultural Systems. Agronomy Monograph No. 49. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
[5] Pouze~ A. 1995. Agronomy. ln: Kimber, D. & McGregor, D.1. (Eds.) Brassica oilseeds. Productioo and utilizatioo. Cab interoatiooal, Wallingford, UK, pp. 65-64.
[6] Ozer, H. 2003. Sowing date aod nitrogeo rate effects on growth, yield and yield coroponents of!wo
summer rapeseed cultivars. Eur. J. Agron. 19: 453-463.
[7] Rathke, G.-W.; Christen, O., Diepenbrock, W. 2005. Effects of nitrogen source and rate on productivity aod quality of wioter oilseed rape (Brassica "ap"s L.) grown in differeot crop rotations. Field crops Res. 94: 103-113.
[8] Rathke, G.-W.; Behrens, T., Diepenhrock, W. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to
improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency ofwinter oilseed rape (Brassica l1apus L.):
a review. Agric. Ecosys. Eoviroo. 117: 80-108.
[9) Némelh, T.; Málhé-Gáspár, G.; Radimszky, L., Gyõri, Z. 2009. Nitrogen and sulfur conteot of caoola
grown on n calcareous Cheroozem soil. Cornrnun. Soil Sci. Plan! Anal. 40: 825-834.
[lO) Fismes, J.; Vong, P.C.; Guckert, A., Frossard, E. 2000. Influence of sulfur on appareot N-use efficiency, yield and quaüty of oilseed rape (Brassica lIapllS L.) grown 00 a calcareous soil. Eur. J.
Agron. 12: 127-141.
[II] Raun, W.R., Schepers, J.S. 2008. Nitrogeo mnnagement for improved use elficieDcy. p. 675-693. ln:
Schepers, J.S., Raun, W.R. (Eds.). Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems. Agronomy Mooogroph No. 49. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madisoo, WI, USA.
[12] Boswell F.C., Meisioger J.J., Case N.L. 1985. Productioo, marketing aod use ofnitrogen fertilizers.
p. 229-292. ln: Engelstad O.P. (Ed.), Fertilizer Techoology and Use. 3'" Ed. SSSA, Wis.
[13) Havlin J.L., Beatoo J.D., Tisdale S.L., Nelson W.L. 2005. Soil fertility and fertilizers. An iotroductioo to outrient managemen!. 7"' ed. Pearsoo Prentice Hall, USA.
[14] Mulla, DJ., Struck, J.S. 2008. Nitrogeo transport io soil. p. 361-400. ln: Schepers, J.S., Raun, W.R. (Eds.). Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems. Agronomy Mooograph No. 49. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madison, WI, USA.
[15] Coyne, M.S. 2008. Biological denitrification. p. 201-253. ln: Schepers, J.S., Rauo, W.R. (Eds.). Nitrogen in Agricultural Systems. Agronomy Mooogroph No. 49. ASA, CSSA, SSSA, Madisoo, WI,USA.