Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous

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Review: Present Simple, Present Continuous

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do Present Simple e do Present

Continuous.

From: NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC KIDS. World Atlas. Fourth Edition. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2013, p.38.

No texto “Leading Languages”, as primeiras frases apresentam fatos sobre

algumas línguas. Nelas, encontramos os verbos no Present Simple (have, stand out,

has, account for). Já a última frase do texto expressa uma tendência atual para o uso

da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o Present Continuous (is becoming).

Usamos o Present Simple para:

• falar de fatos e generalizações.

“Some languages have only a few hundred speakers…”

“…23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each."

“Earth’s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin…”

“Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the

other most widely spoken languages.”

• falar de rotinas, hábitos, ações do dia a dia.

They always speak English at school.

We have Portuguese classes every Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday.

da língua inglesa e, dessa forma, utilizou-se o

90 122 144 178 181 182 221 328 329 845 Chinese (Mandarin) Spanish English Arabic Hindi Bengali Portuguese Russian Japanese German Languages Population of first language

speakers (in millions)

Leading Languages

Some languages have only a few hundred speakers, but 23 languages stand out with more than 50 million speakers each.

Earth’s population giant, China, has 845 million speakers of Mandarin, more than double the next largest group of language speakers. Colonial expansion, trade, and migration account for the spread of the other most widely spoken languages.

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Usamos o Present Continuous para:

• falar de ações que ocorrem no momento da fala/escrita.

They are talking about leading languages.

He is exploring a graph right now.

• expressar mudanças que ocorrem momentaneamente (tendências atuais).

“English is becoming the language of the technology age.”

Many people are using English on the Internet nowadays.

Veja, no quadro a seguir, as regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing.

Regras ortográficas para verbos terminados em -ing Exemplos A maioria dos verbos:

verbo + ing

do + ingѧ doing

talk + ingѧ talking

Verbos terminados em e: verbo - e + ing

use - e + ingѧusing

become - e + ingѧbecoming

Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: verbo + última consoante + ing

stop + p + ingѧstopping

swim + m + ingѧswimming

Verbos terminados em ie: verbo - ie + y + ing

die - ie + ingѧdying

lie - ie + ingѧlying

Extra Practice

The text below is about school enrolment. Complete

it with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Use

the Present Simple or the Present Continuous tense.

Education

(prepare) children to

participate in society and to find a place in the world of

work. School enrolment rates

(rise),

but many children still

(grow up) without

access to a basic education. There are many reasons why children

(not get) even a primary education. (...)

From: COLLINS World Watch: a dynamic visual guide packed with fascinating facts about the world. 2nd_{edition. Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2012, p. 34. (fragment)}

Future with will

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso de will.

What is the Future of the English Language?

English, as any other language, is a living and dynamic system,

and it transforms according to the way its speakers use it. For this

reason, today’s English will be very different in about a century. (...)

From: <http://termcoord.eu/2014/07/future-english-language>.

Accessed in: March 2015. (fragment)

Pal Teravagimov/Shutterstock/Glow Images

CLS Design/Shutterstock/

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No texto “What is the Future of the English Language?”, o trecho “today’s

English will be very different in about a century” refere-se ao futuro da língua

inglesa daqui a aproximadamente cem anos.

• Usamos will para nos referirmos ao futuro.

New varieties of English will spread.

Forma afirmativa I

will be very different in the future. You

He / She / It We / You / They

Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa de will.

• Em frases negativas, usamos not depois do will e antes do verbo principal.

English will not be the same in about a hundred years.

Forma negativa I

will not be the same in the future. You

(will not = won’t)

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos will antes do sujeito.

According to the text, will English be different in the future? Yes, it will.

Forma interrogativa Will I be different in the future? you he / she / it we / you / they Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, I will_. _No, I won’t_. you you he / she / it he / she / it

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Making Comparisons (The Comparative Form)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Comparative Form.

Available at: <www.gocomics.com/peanuts/1950/11/01>. Accessed in: February, 2015.

Na tirinha, a menina faz várias comparações entre Charlie Brown e o outro

menino. Usamos o comparativo de superioridade (more… than) para dizer que

um elemento é superior a outro em algum aspecto.

“Are you stronger than Charlie Brown?”

“Are you older than Charlie Brown?”

“Are you smarter than Charlie Brown?”

Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos no grau comparativo Exemplos

Adjetivos curtos

A maioria dos adjetivos: adjetivo + er strong + er ѧstronger old + er ѧolder Adjetivos terminados em e: adjetivo + r wise + r ѧwiser nice + r ѧnicer

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:

adjetivo + última consoante + er

fat + t + er ѧfatter

big + g + er ѧbigger

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y: adjetivo - y + ier

angry - y + ier ѧangrier

funny - y + ier ѧfunnier

Adjetivos

longos more + adjetivo

difficultѧmore + difficult

importantѧmore + important Formas irregulares goodѧ better badѧ worse

farѧ farther / further

/Dist. by Universal Uclick

Extra Practice

In each item below, put the words into the correct order to make sentences.

a.

_{be/Online learning/a more efficient way to learning languages/will}

b.

_{will/English/be/the most important language in the future}

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Extra Practice

Based on the characteristics of the following characters, complete the

sentences below with the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses.

Lucy

bossy, crabby (bad-tempered)

Patty

not so smart, good at sports

Marcie smart, bad at sports

a.

_{Lucy is}

_{than Marcie. (bossy)}

b.

_{Lucy is}

_{than Patty. (crabby)}

c.

_{Patty is}

_{at sports than Marcie. (good)}

d.

_{Marcie is}

_{than Patty. (smart)}

Making Comparisons (The Superlative Form)

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso da Superlative Form.

Speaking of São Paulo state without using superlatives is difficult. The southern

hemisphere’s largest city! Its finest museums! Its best restaurants! Its worst traffic!

(Well, you can’t have everything.) São Paulo city – Sampa to locals – serves as

Brazil’s Boom Town, commercially, financially, industrially and culturally (...).

From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th_{Edition, November 2013, p. 215.}

No texto, vemos que São Paulo é a maior cidade do hemisfério sul, com os

melhores museus e restaurantes, mas o pior trânsito. Usamos o superlativo (the

most…) para dizer que um elemento, em um grupo, alcança o grau mais alto no

aspecto em que é comparado.

“The southern hemisphere’s largest city.”

São Paulo has the fi nest museums, the best restaurants, but the worst traffi c.

Ilustrações: © Peanuts Worldwide LLC./Dist. by Universal Uclick

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Regras ortográficas para formar adjetivos

no grau comparativo Exemplos

Adjetivos curtos

A maioria dos adjetivos: the + adjetivo + est

the + strong + est ѧthe strongest

the + old + est ѧthe oldest

Adjetivos terminados em e: the + adjetivo + st

the + large + st ѧthe largest

the + fine + st ѧthe finest

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante:

the + adjetivo + última consoante + est

the + fat + t + est ѧthe fattest

the + big + g + est ѧthe biggest

Adjetivos terminados em consoante + y: the + adjetivo - y + iest

the + angry - y + iest ѧthe angriest

the + funny - y + iest ѧthe funniest

Adjetivos

longos the most + adjetivo

difficultѧthe most + difficult

importantѧthe most + important

Formas irregulares

goodѧ the best

badѧ the worst

farѧ the farthest/the furthest

Extra Practice

Complete the following sentences with the superlative form of the

adjectives in parentheses.

a.

_{Brazil has some of}

_{beaches on earth. (fine)}

b.

_{Spread between Argentina and Brazil, Iguaçu Falls are some of}

waterfalls on earth. (spectacular)

c.

_{Seen from the peak of Pão de Açúcar, Rio is undoubtedly}

city in the world. (beautiful)

d.

_{By far}

_{diving in the country is in the Fernando de}

Noronha archipelago. (good)

From: LONELY Planet Brazil. 9th_{Edition, November 2013.}

Past Simple (Verb To Be)

Leia o texto a seguir e observe o uso do verb to be no Past Simple.

FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

3. When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?

18 July

4. How old was Nelson Mandela?

The late former President Mandela was 95 when he died.

5. What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?

His father was Nkosi (Chief) Mphakanyiswa Mandela and his mother was

Nosekeni Mandela.

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• Was e were são a forma do verb to be no Past Simple.

“When was Nelson Mandela’s birthday?”

“How old was Nelson Mandela?”

“What were the names of Nelson Mandela’s parents?”

Forma afirmativa

I was

from South Africa.

You were

He / She / It was

We / You / They were

Veja, nos quadros a seguir, as formas negativa e interrogativa do verb to be no

Past Simple.

Extra Practice

Based on the FAQ about Nelson Mandela, complete the following

sentences with was or were.

a.

_{Nelson Mandela}

_{born on 18 July.}

b.

_He

_{95 when he died.}

c.

_{His parents}

_{Nkosi Mandela and Nosekeni Mandela.}

• Em frases negativas, usamos not

depois do verb to be (was/were).

Mandela’s parents were not

teachers.

Forma negativa

I was

not from South Africa.

You were

He / She / It was We / You / They were

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos o

verb to be (was/were) antes do sujeito.

Was

_{Mandela an anti-apartheid}

leader? Yes, he was.

Forma interrogativa Was I from South Africa? Were you Was he / she / it Were we / you / they

(was not = wasn’t; were not = weren’t)

Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, I was. No, I wasn’t.

you were. you weren’t.

he / she / it was. he / she / it wasn’t.

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Past Simple (Regular Verbs)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.

DAVIS, Jim. Garfield. Available at: <http://garfield.com/comic/2013-10-14>. Accessed in: March 2015.

Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield ficou acordado

por muito tempo na tarde passada. Note que, na tirinha, foi utilizado o verbo

regular no Past Simple (stayed).

• Todos os verbos regulares no Past Simple terminam em ed.

“I stayed up too late last afternoon.”

He watched TV in the morning.

Regras ortográficas para verbos regulares no Past Simple Exemplos A maioria dos verbos:

verbo + ed stay ѧ stayed watch ѧ watched Verbos terminados em e: verbo + d live ѧ lived use ѧ used

*Verbos terminados em consoante + vogal + consoante: verbo + última consoante + ed

shop ѧ shopped

plan ѧ planned

Verbos terminados em consoante + y: verbo - y + ied

cry ѧ cried

study ѧ studied

* Exceto os verbos terminados em w, x, y. Também não dobramos a última consoante quando a primeira sílaba for tônica, como em offered, visited.

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados

completos no passado.

We studied English yesterday.

They visited their grandparents last weekend.

Forma afirmativa I

lived in Brazil last year. You

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• Em frases negativas, usamos

didn’t (= did not) antes do verbo

principal. Note que o verbo

principal está em sua forma básica.

She

didn’t work last Saturday.

They

didn't attend the same

school when they were kids.

Forma negativa I

didn’t live in Mexico last year. You

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did

antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo

principal está em sua forma básica.

Did

you study English yesterday?

Yes, we did.

Did

she work last Saturday?

No, she didn’t.

Forma interrogativa

Did I

live in Brazil last year? you he / she / it we / you / they Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, I did. No, I didn’t. you you he / she / it he / she / it

we / you / they we / you / they

Extra Practice

The following text is about the organizations Nelson Mandela established.

Complete it with the verbs in parentheses. Use the Past Simple tense as in

the example.

FAQ

Frequently Asked Questions

15. Which organisations did Nelson Mandela establish?

Mr. Mandela

(help) to found the African National Congress Youth

League in 1944. He also

(help) in 1961 to establish Umkhonto

we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress and was its first

Commander-in-Chief. When he was President of South Africa he

(start) the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund and

(donate) one-third

of his salary every month to the organisation. In 1999 after he stepped down

(step down) as President he

(start) the Nelson Mandela Foundation

as a post-presidential office and charity to assist in various causes. In 2003 he

(found) the Mandela Rhodes Foundation to assist postgraduate

students from throughout Africa to further their studies. He also

(establish) the Mandela Institute for Education and Rural Development.

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Past Simple (Irregular Verbs)

Leia a tirinha a seguir e observe o uso do Past Simple.

Na tirinha, o Past Simple é utilizado para dizer que Garfield emprestou/deu

seu livro a Odie. Note que, no texto, foram utilizados os verbos irregulares no

Past Simple (lent e gave).

• Usamos, geralmente, o Past Simple para falar de ações e estados

completos no passado.

“I lent

Odie a book.”

“I gave

Odie a book.”

Forma afirmativa I became popular. You He / She / It We / You / They

• Em frases negativas, usamos didn’t (= did not) antes do verbo principal.

Note que o verbo principal está em sua forma básica.

Odie didn’t read Garfi eld’s book.

Garfi eld didn’t get back his book.

Forma negativa I

didn’t become popular. You

• Em frases interrogativas, usamos Did antes do sujeito. Note que o verbo

principal está em sua forma básica.

Did Garfi eld lend his book to Odie? Yes, he did.

Did Odie read Garfi eld’s book? No, he didn’t.

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Forma interrogativa Did I become _popular? you he / she / it we / you / they Respostas curtas Afirmativa Negativa Yes, I did_. _No, I didn’t_. you you he / she / it he / she / it

we / you / they we / you / they

Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por ordem alfabética

Forma básica* Passado Tradução**

be was, were ser, estar

bear bore suportar; ser portador de

beat beat bater

become became tornar-se

begin began começar

behold beheld contemplar

bend bent curvar

bet bet apostar

bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta

bind bound unir, vincular, comprometer

bite bit morder

bleed bled sangrar, ter hemorragia

blow blew assoprar; explodir

break broke quebrar

breed bred procriar, reproduzir

bring brought trazer

broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar

build built construir

burn burnt/burned queimar

buy bought comprar

can could poder

catch caught pegar, capturar

choose chose escolher

come came vir

cost cost custar

cut cut cortar

deal dealt negociar, tratar

dig dug cavar, escavar

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draw drew desenhar

dream dreamt/dreamed sonhar

drink drank beber

drive drove dirigir, ir de carro

eat ate comer

fall fell cair

feed fed alimentar

feel felt sentir(-se)

fight fought lutar

find found achar, encontrar

flee fled fugir, escapar

fly flew voar; pilotar

forbid forbade proibir

forget forgot esquecer

forgive forgave perdoar

freeze froze congelar; paralisar

get got obter

give gave dar

go went ir

grow grew crescer, cultivar

hang hung*** pendurar

have had ter; beber; comer

hear heard ouvir

hide hid esconder

hit hit bater

hold held segurar

hurt hurt machucar

keep kept guardar; manter

know knew saber, conhecer

lay laid colocar em posição horizontal, assentar

lead led liderar, conduzir

learn learnt/learned aprender

leave left deixar, partir

lend lent emprestar (dar emprestado)

let let deixar; alugar

lie lay deitar

lose lost perder, extraviar

make made fazer, fabricar

mean meant significar, querer dizer

meet met encontrar, conhecer

overcome overcame superar

overtake overtook alcançar; surpreender

pay paid pagar

put put colocar

quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir

read read ler

ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.), andar a (cavalo)

ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)

rise rose subir, erguer-se

run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir

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* Forma básica = infinitivo sem a partícula to.

** Apresentamos aqui os sentidos mais comuns dos verbos listados. Em vários casos, os verbos podem assumir outros sentidos. É necessário sempre observar o contexto para compreender o significado do verbo em uso.

*** Quando hang é usado no sentido de enforcar, é um verbo regular (hang/hanged).

say said dizer

see saw ver

seek sought procurar obter, objetivar

sell sold vender

send sent mandar

set set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em determinada

condição; marcar; ajustar

shake shook sacudir, tremer

shine shone brilhar

shoot shot atirar, alvejar

show showed mostrar, exibir

shrink shrank encolher, contrair

shut shut fechar, cerrar

sing sang cantar

sink sank afundar, submergir

sit sat sentar

sleep slept dormir

slide slid deslizar, escorregar

smell smelled/smelt cheirar

speak spoke falar

spend spent gastar

spin spun girar; fiar

spit spit/spat cuspir

spread spread espalhar

stand stood parar; ficar de pé; aguentar

steal stole roubar

stick stuck furar, fincar, enfiar

stink stank cheirar mal

strike struck golpear, desferir, atacar

strive strove esforçar-se, lutar

swear swore jurar, prometer, assegurar

sweep swept varrer

swim swam nadar

swing swung balançar, alternar

take took tomar

teach taught ensinar, dar aula

tear tore rasgar, despedaçar

tell told contar, dizer

think thought pensar

throw threw atirar, arremessar

undergo underwent submeter-se a, suportar

understand understood entender

uphold upheld sustentar, apoiar; defender

wear wore vestir, usar; gastar

weep wept chorar

win won vencer, ganhar

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Verbos irregulares no passado agrupados por formas

semelhantes

Forma básica e Passado com a mesma forma

Forma básica Passado Tradução

bet bet apostar

bid bid oferecer, fazer uma oferta

broadcast broadcast transmitir, irradiar

cast cast atirar, deitar

cost cost custar

cut cut cortar

hit hit bater

hurt hurt machucar

let let deixar, alugar

put put colocar

quit quit deixar, abandonar, desistir

read read ler

set set estabelecer; colocar; pôr em

determinada condição; marcar; ajustar

shut shut fechar, cerrar

spread spread espalhar

Passado com o som /an/ /D /

begin began começar

drink drank beber

run ran correr, concorrer; dirigir

ring rang tocar (campainha, sinos, telefone etc.)

shrink shrank encolher, contrair

sing sang cantar

sink sank afundar, submergir

stink stank cheirar mal

swim swam nadar

Passado com o som /

/

break broke quebrar

choose chose escolher

drive drove dirigir, ir de carro

freeze froze congelar, paralisar

ride rode andar de (bicicleta, carro etc.),

andar a (cavalo)

rise rose subir, erguer-se

speak spoke falar

steal stole roubar

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Passado com o som /

W/

bring brought trazer

buy bought comprar

fight fought lutar

seek sought procurar obter, objetivar

think thought pensar

catch caught pegar, capturar

teach taught ensinar, dar aula

Passado com o som /X /

blow blew assoprar, explodir

draw drew desenhar

fly flew voar, pilotar

grow grew crescer, cultivar

know knew saber, conhecer

throw threw atirar, arremessar

Passado com o som / QW/

bend bent curvar

lend lent dar emprestado

send sent mandar

spend spent gastar

Passado com o som /HSW/

keep kept guardar, manter

sleep slept dormir

sweep swept varrer

weep wept chorar

Extra Practice

The following text is about Steve Jobs, a famous inventor. Complete it with the verbs

from the box below. Use the Past Simple tense as in the example.

be born give go teach not want

Steven Paul Jobs

was born

on February 24, 1955, to a pair of graduate

students who

him up for adoption because their parents

them to marry. Steve was adopted at birth by Clara and

Paul Jobs. His mother

him to read before he

to school. Steve and his father would work on electronics in the family garage,

taking apart and reassembling televisions, radios and stereos.

Available at: <http://mrnussbaum.com/steve-jobs>. Accessed in: March 2015. Steve Jobs, inventor