Masine,Aparati i Operacije

f/,p C6eUlOMUp 1.(6Uj06Uh

gp Cl1060gaH Kowtap-Eyplje

gp PagMUJW 1.(6Uj06Uh

3A II, III U IVPA3PEIJ, C'l'P;Y'IHE IllKOJIE,

3A TI'OrO)J}lllllhE U 'IETBOPorOIJ,UIllIl,E

OGI'A30BAlhEY Ol>JIACrU XEMUJE U

HI'EPAJ.E XI'AHE 113A'IETIlOPOrOiJ,HllllbE

OlWA30BAIbE

Y

O\;JIACTH HEMETAJIA

3A130J13A YUbE! !VlKE VI f-1ACTABHA CPEJ.lCTBA, 5EOrPAJl,

4

C

XI6e,1fCoa: flapHH KOTaa H BO,,:(CBa napa .. 3. 3aKoH npeHoca TOfl.nOTC .

3.1. flpCflOC 1'OI1JI01'C npoBol)clhCM. 3.2. flpCHOC TOflJlOTC MCUJalbCl.,.l._ 3.3. flpCHOC TOllc!(ne 3p,l'lCH,eM . 3.4. Koeq:nll\HjcHT llpO}j,na TOfWOTC

XII fle.moo: PacnpocTHpalhc TomlOTC . 3.5. Mepel-hc TCMnep,rrypc XllI (fe.lIcoa: l\1cpClbC TCMnepilType, 4. Pa3MCI-hIlB<l'-lH TOnJ10TC .

XIV eC:ffc6tt: Pa3\-1elhIlHa'1Il TonJ10TC

5 YKYBfI'lH S.l. OTBOPCHH )'Kyn(l'lH . _ 5.2. 3,'lTnoperm yK}'nCl'lH 5.3. BHlllecTcncllO vK)'HilHan,e XVacllc6a: YKYlldBMhC. G, XJliloCthC 6.1. P;ICX.:lil!OIC \laWHJ!C_ 6.2. XMllH-b,I'IC !! X,:la,,\ll,aqll

HI. MAIIHH-IE If AfIAPATH 3/\ J],lN)Y3HOHE OrrEPAI~M.H:

YBO;\ y ;FHj'Y3!WHC Clnep,lIlJIj(' 2_ KpJlC"TaJfln;ll~lIiil II I'<1CTfl;lPillhC:' 2_1 PnnHClTC>l,:l P,lCl"IlOpa H CO.flIl . 2.2. Kp!!CTiUl!naTOpl1 23_ P,lCl"Bapalhe, . XVI (H':m:oa.· KPflCT'l.'TlrJn1\l!j;) 3. Bn{l)KelhC Ii CVllJClhC na:.IH\'\R . XVll 6eJ!c{ia: B:;;l)KllOCT H;-n;\~'xa

4. Cywclbe

4.1, CymeJ-hc 'lI)jXTlfX lI-lilTcpajaJla .

4.2 Cymclhl' Tccr:1CTHX t! 'l("lImx ~1aTt~pllja}l:l

4.3. CYlIlClhC Y lJ<IKyy~ry, . 4.4. CneqlljaJlJle cyJlllllll(e

XVIll ocm:oll". C')-.'I!lUI -" 'lBpcTm- ,,1,rrcpnJa;ji! 5. JleCTW1,ll\llj;\

5.1. Paml{lTC~K<1 TC'lIIOCTlllf ll'lpC 5.2. }l,cCT)I}lal\ltnllll ypd)<ljH. XiX (/('.Jlc(ia: JJCCTJl.'l<lI\lljil 6. l'cKT1-lfjmK<lJ1.l!ja . 6.1 BIllIICCTYl1ll<l lL:lll (11paKl(11(lWl J(CCTlfn'Hlll]<-l. 6.2 PCKTllli)HKal(Hja XX at.woo: PCKTl-lrlmK;JI\l-1j,") .. 7. A [lcnl'lll(l-1jil . 7.1. Ej!'HlH<1 CinCOpnl\lIjc_ 7.2. AfI("opfieplJ

XXI flc.J1C6a: ;\ flC(lprm.l-lja 0_ A!_\coplll\llja . XXfl (I('.lIcoa: Anco]'Il!!l1ja 9. EKCTpaKlll1ja 9.1. Brnl-ma CKCTjX1Kl\lljC. 9.2. EKCTP'lKTOpl1. . .. 148 151 · . 151 · , . 154 . .. 156 · .. 157 .100 ... 166 ... 171 · . 173 .. IBIJ · .. ISS .186 , 187 IxS .101 · . 105 1% 190 · .. 205 ... 209 209 _ .2)3 215 .. 217 .222 ... 22(i · . 229

ny

· . 23J ..235 236 DC) · .24k .248 25J 257 2M 2ri4 _ 266 27:1 ..276 276 .. 21S 282 .287 2':Jl · . 29.'1 295 · . 297 ••.. ,'; ..

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ITpenMeT

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-arraPflTH ..

Il

6ncpaqnje

npHIl3p3 rpyrrl1

Y:;Ke·.CTpy~IHI-iX

[lpcgMeTU.

J1'3yl.la~

Ea ee TOKOM ABC

ro;r:dme, a.-carW>T(aj

rrpOrpaM<l

lTH-He J-I eTC-reHa 3H01-Ml H3 l\IaTeManiKe._ qm3uKc_'Ij

MaUH-:1HCKUX enCMCHaTa.

J-13nO}KCna MaTcpnJa jc"paci10p~l]eHa TaJ{O' )];8 ytICI-HIK

najnpe

CaBJIa,p<lB8 jc,aH(iCTammjc,'a

':WTU-r..-j

CJIO}KCl-mje

rpailHBo.:~T6.· 'I-ic :'H-la'lH)-1'1 'iiaCT<lFllIHK

He MQ}Ke,

Y

~amTCnocT1f Q;rJ;

nCK}'CTBH.H'yC.TTOp':lpa-J~a, An Melba pcp,oenen""nOrn3BJha.

BC)K6e

cy

YCKnai)elIe

ca

M3TCpI{jOlVl

J-m

KOjy. FC

O,I.(~IOCC.

Aa

611 ce MOLTJe-", KopnCTHTH aUi:lpaType

KOJHJI,I3 IllKO;rC paenOJT<DKY; __ <;IG-JIJ,C ana,paTYP? KOJC

cy

naTe

y

BC}K6m.!a YOTIlUTCH

_Y

..

ty

II C}l;o:p;;'Ke C8Kfo

OCHOBHe cJIeMcHTc.

IT

pe

l13Bol)el:ba-

Be)J{6e. Y':IcmIK

yno3Haje l-heH

ca;o.p>Kaj

H I\HJh, li-"llpBT1l1eMa

ce

3_d

pai-~

;ua Gn

3Hao UITa

je

nO'rpe6HO

,IJ,eY-~1epll

l!l11TCl

he

ca:maTH HCl

OeI-IOBY THX .tvrepCH~a.

0133 M3Tcpnja ee

InyIaUa

Y

lUKOJIH

BHIli"e on

25

rOHuaa II eT,UTHO ce yeaBpmaBa 33XB,Ub

yjyhH

J-IaCTaBHOM nporpaMy Kojn

npaTH nallpeJ-l.3K

Hay-KC.

3H31.IajHa

KapaKTcpucTIlRa

OBor

YI.I6eHIIKa

.ie

ns OR npml nyT 06YXBllT<l IJ,CJIORYlll-lO rpa}11lBO Ka-KO

61-:1 6uo

YCK.'lIJtJeH ea aKTycmInM HaCTaBHHhl rrJIaHOM 11 nporpm.-1OM. 3601' Tora je

Mopao

6Irf'H

H30CTaR,ThCI-J 'matwjan 6poj BC)K6n KaKO YI.r6eJIJIK. H omlKO

o6r-H,raIf,

He

OIl 6no

.10m

o6u"tl-unrjH.

HaJ{.:l-!vIO

ce ;ua he y HeKOM O,lJ,

c.ncneh~-lx Il3g3Jh3

oBaj

np06}1eM 6UTH oo.the pcurell.

AYTOPH

he

pa;~o npnXBi:1THTH CBe cyrecl'uje Koje

6u

;O;Onp}IHeJIe n060_TJ~IIlmby OBor y:o:6em1Ka.

YEO)),

ITprr

na)KJbI1BOM nOCMaTpaJ:bY H3pafI.C HCKOr npOH3BOi_W

quja

je

rrpOH3BOIV-b3

y

Be:m ell XCMUjCKOM pCaKl~l1joM MO)J(C ce 3arra3IfTH ,rJ:<1 ce eBe rrpOMCHC KOjC ce llpH TOMe p;cmanajy l\1Ory no,oCJIHTl1 y J~BC rpync: XCMUjCKC H qJl13WiKC IlpOMcnc.

Upn

JJ,06J1jUlbY KpHCraJlHOr lIJiaBOT' KaMella Ofl.. 6UKpa 11 Cyl\UlOpHC Kl1CenHHC, J-ta npHMCp, nOTpe611O je H3Bpilll1Tl1 o;u,pel)CHC pa~\f-be npe xeMHjcKc npOMCHC, a 11 nOCJ1C I-be: ,l\OHCT!1

6;:u;:ap

(1 cyl\1fJOpHY Kl1CCJ£l1HY', rrpcnCTH 11X

Y

CYA

Y

KOMe

he

ce 01--111-['paTH xct.urjcKa peaKll,Hja:

H2SO<j. + ell

==

CUS04

+

1--12)

O,TJ,IIOCl-lO )"(OUHTH rL'I<lmt Kal\tclI

y

pacTBopy. OBl1M npon:.H30J])ha jam l-mje 3anpnrCHa.

JJ,a 6n ce

,o:OOHO TP;DKCUH npmnBoli - KpHcTamm flJIaBH KaMCH ---

nOTlw6HO je

HCKPHCT<lIlHGlTll 1'<1, O)J,1'lOjUTli 0;.\ pacmopa, OCYllil1TU, l1CI1THl1TH n npeHenI ,0,0 Me--C'ra rAe-he ce l-IYBaTH,

PaAI-Lc KOjC npeTxoi~c XC"l\ll1jCKHM npoMcHaMa, Kao n OHC Hocne lbHX, He YTIP1Y n3 Xel\fHjcKY npnpony cnpOBHH<1 HH ILIIXOBl1X npOH3BOA3. MCH~a CC caMO IbHXOBO CPI13H1_{1KO CTatbC, OAl-IOCIlO} }~elllaBajy _{CC QJH3H'JKe npm,fCHC.}

:Vh

DB or npH!\'ICPJ BlIHll cc ga npn H3PU1J:11 XCMHjCKHX npOH3BOAa llnje )J,OBOJhHO )J;a cc o6aBIi ca!>w XCMujcKa rrpOMCTIa Hero je, Aa

on:

cc Ao6no npoH3BoJl )KeJhenor

oom:lKa H OCo6I:IHa, OCHM OBC, nOTpcoliO IBBpillHTH 11 MHor06pojne qm3lfQKC

npo-MeHe. 3<:1'1'0 CC, npel\13 HajHoBlljHM CXBaT<:tlbIlMCt, pa)J.H naKlUcr npoY'taBaI-ba, [(en8

xClvmjcKa rrpo113Bor.~l-ha ACJIll Ha gBa gella: npou,ece XCMJ1jCKl"

_H1-liwcrpuje

Ii onepau,H-je xeMHjcKc I1H,l1ycTpnjc. DpeMa (moj n()J_~enll, OCHOBHH npo~ecH cy xeMHjo::e pcaK-IU-:lje, Koje ce BpUle

y

uHnycTpI1jcKIHvl YCJIOI:H1Ma, a OCHOBHC onepal\uje cy Q)fJ3H'--IKc npoMenc. KOjC cy y BC3H ca HI-IAYCTPl1jCKl-:lM JlOcTym~HMa.

OBne c,:/

HagC,Il,CHH HCKH OCHOBJ-lH npOl~ecH H onepalU-Ijc: OCl-lOGIlU UpOL(eCU ~ caropenallic, - oKcHJ~aIWJa, pC)J.yKlUiJU, --- HeYTpamnail.lIja, ~ xaJIoremna11,llja, - nOJll1MepH3al~llja, -- JJ;BOCTPYK3 pa3McHa, ~. CJICKTpOnIna,

- cjJepMeHTaI\lIja_

OCHO(-)Hr! o//epm(ujc

- npOTH1~aJ-Le Te'-IHOCTH H raCOBa,

Memalhe,

~ q)k\J'lTpaI~l1ja, 11, e It T

P

wp

Y

I'll

P

aI--bC. - npeHolIlclbC TOIL'lOTC, - HcnapanaH;:.c, - J.I,CCTHJl~ll~HJa,

'- BJIa)l(eIbC f1 cymet-be raCOBU. - cymelf,e.

8

npOll3BogILa CBaKc M3Tcrmjc, Ma KOJIMKO )l.a H3rJICp;n C1I0)1<eH3, MO)Ke ce pa-CT3BHTl1 Ha OBe OCHOBHe eJIClvIClfTe.

OBn cneMeHTH ~Il1He CaCTaBlIe )J,CJIOBC XCMl1jCKC HHJl:YCTpHje npOll3BO):\lbC y naj-IlUfPCM CMHCHY, nil, C<lMH11 TI1M, IT HH)l.yC'rpl1jcKc rrpOH3BO)J,fLC npexpa:M6cfIHX npOl1-3BO)1,a.

IIoTpe6Ho je I-IaTIOMcuynI ua je,

npn nOMCHYToj npOH3BO)J,lhH rmaRor KaMel-la,

OCHOBHll.npouec HCTH IT

Y

JIa60paTopn,in II

y (l)a6pwlKoj

npOH3BO)JJhH. OCHOBHe onepauJ:lJc. cy TaKoi)e HeTe: npOTflI~a}he CyMHOpHC KHCeJII1HC, rrpcnoc 6aKpa,

KDH-C'ramT3al~TIJa

ITJIaBOr IGHvlcHa, 3aTHM qm':Yl'pnpm-hC, cynrC}bC, CHTl:bCI-bC 11

IIpe~oc

npoH3Boga AD CKJla,tWlUTa.

170 'U'"HY

ce

oHga

paa.,1W(yjy

(Joe gee iJPOU3(Wgl-l>C? P(13J1U1W jf' Y

l(()-/lip-llu-(nMG.

A Y l.ICMY

je

Cml'IHOcr? C111'tllOClIt je y OO/oI1I1ILM oifcjJaqllja.Aw U OCl-toIJlUI.H Dp()l~eC[r.M.(J.

J~rajrrpc hO-lO rroJ~p06HHjc pa3MoTpHTH p83JrHRC-

y

KO.!1WlHHaMCl..

UJI[!yciTipujCKY ilpOU3(Wgf-/.J)' rwpul(iTicpuwy (;CJUll(C K(UU'lllJ-lC AwiJleplljc ff

CI-tCp2uje. Be.TIHKC-KOJUFIHHC

MaTcpuje

Il3HCKyjy napOturry anap<:rrypy. Rao H Bem!-Ke 11 CH,DKI-IC MamHnc Koje 06aBJbajy oJl,ronapajyhn pal~ TIplI no6njaH-,Y TO[a

npoH-3BOp;3. UOK ce npl1

pallY Y

na6op<:nopnjn pc BOJUlMUOfO

P,Pl),lI<l

0 Il;cnH MaTcpnja}1('! o.u Kora_cy :lll'lH1-heHH anapllTu HJJI.i 0 e.Hcprnjn Roja ce npJ! pam-' l]lOllm, jer ce npn TOMe onpmHl BHmc rr3)Klbe xe1HiJCK0.l CTP,H-IH, .':I,OnTe je 3<1 HII)lYCTpnjy 113Y3eTHO HTITalbe Cf-lCprHje, K30 H MaTepnjanil o;n Ko1'a ce H3p(1)yjy J\·13UIHHC 11 ana paTH.

CJTI1'~lHOCT OCHOBHHX npOl~cca 11 Onepal(Hja TaKotJe je HeOMa 3H3'lTajna. TC-K OBaKnUJ\t parn'lJltlIbantlIbeM C'1O)KeUOr TOKa npOH3BO;rUbe Ba npou;ece 11 oITcpau,Hie MOLTTH c:y CC 3aceoHO rrpoy'fHTH H enn I-bemr ;a:enoBH, a :')(tTI-lM IT UJV'lHO

HCfIHTaTl-i.

3anmKcno.ie TaKobe ilL{ OCr-toB/-le oltcjJm{uje He 3GBUCC og

()CH.OElH()Z~

ilpm(eca.

Orrepau,nja KpHCT(UlH3<:UJ,l:Ijc CJTH'-IHJ je KpnCTaJH133Iwin ITJIaBOr KaMcna.

me-hepa,

KyxlfH~CKC COJUL BT£,\; onep<ll~Hja rrponu\al-h<1 CYMIlC;Pl-lC KHCCnIIl-Je, BohHO{, COK3, MJiC-Ka H!IH n()J~e TC\l<o'lje jc ClrWlJ--fa.

Yperyajn

3a KjlncTa.TJH3anHjy cy CJIJPTIIIL

Y

KpncT,ulfl3epHM(] BJla,n:ajy HCTI:f 3a-KOHli. llyl\HIC 33 Te'lHOCTIl cy CJIHtlHOr 06JIHKa jep npn np()THl~aH,y TC'UIQCTH U,-l)KC fleTH 3i-:tKOHI-I. 3Ha'lH, u ypeoaj/l aa ofi{{(l.·1){{f-l>(' jegHc G[Jcilic oficl'al-(uj(' cy ClIPflfll.

)lOK Ct paf1l1je

c:vrclTpaJ10 ll.<1

cc HCKa ollcpau,Hja MO>KC cauna;laTH H lH1Y'II-nH ca-MO npaKTH'lIHHM P3j\OM

y3

iFlT)' MalITHny y npmnEo;'JJhlL ;rtaHaC cc OCHORHa 3HaI--ba 3(1 H,HXOB l1cnpamm paIl. CTWIY

y

IlfKOJIH, 3aXBaJhYlyhH npaBI1JIHO rrOCTanJheIUIM TCO-pHjcI<.r1M OCHOBaI\·Ia. TIo3IIajyhn TC OCHOBe, )-nreHlu: cBoje 3H<:HbC, CTe'lJCHO y llJKOJHl, ynoTnYJ-byjc paJ~Ol\·l 11 HCKYCTBOM

Y

npoH3Bo,;J.I-hH.

3H[JlIH, ga 6ll ce npoH3BoAlha UITO 60JbC BO)lHJla, Huje )WBOJhHO n03HaBJTH ca-MO I-beH xCMH3aM Hero ce Mopajy n03lIanaTll11 CEa Q1H311'lIKa 3611Hal-ha 11 pa.rVbe KOjc CC

y

npmnBO)JJ-b1-1

npHMclbyjy,

a c THI\·f

y

BC3M II u.eJIi:l

anap,nypa

1-1

ypel)aj.

DpeA'iJ TOMe, ll,HJb OBor npe;'J,MeTCl jc ,.rl,a oMoryil.H Y''-IeHlill,Hl\ta,Un yno311ajy MnllIHHC IT

anapa-Te xeM11jcKe 11 !1pexpaM6eHe IIH)lYCTPHjC RaKO 6u CC UIT-O npe C1IalIIJIH y noraHY Ii KaKO 6u rzacHHJe Y lobeMY npamUH-IO P3)~HJ[11.

9

1I3BO)J,

ITPOI13BO;o;Hll IIOCTYlIaK

Y

npexpaM6enoj If xelvrnjcKoj

JIH)lYCTpHjrr

YOIIurfC l\.fO-)Ke ce

paUJ'lJIaHMTH

Ha OCHOBHC IIpou.ece (XCMHjcKe npOMeHe) H OCHOBHe OIIepaI~H­

je (q:Il13WIKe rrpOMene).

ITpn

rroperycIhy na60paTopHjcKe IT Iln;o;ycTpnjcKc rrpOH3BO)J:t-be 3anmKa ce cnlI-I..IHOCT y OCHOBHHM qJl13HtIKHM H xeMujcKHM npOMcnaMa, 3

pa3jlliKa

y yrroTpe6Jbc-HUM KOJIlI'IIIHaMa Mace H eHeprl1je.

OCHOBHe onepau;uje

He

3aBllce

on

OCHOBHor

npou;eca. Ypcl)ajH 3a 06aBn"aI--bC HCTe OCHOIme Ollepaqnjc cy CJ1WIHH.

nHTAlbA

1. Koje

cc i1Be

Bpcrc

rrpOMCH<l 3amDKajy aKO

ce np(lTH

TOK rrpOH3HOJ\IhC

on

YJ1<lCR<l CIIpOBHIIa ;:10 KpajI-'bCT' npOJBHoga?

2. y ~lCMy .ie CJlIPHIOCT, il Y 'ICI\I)' p,n;lllKil H3~'fe1)~y JJaoopa'l'OpnjcKe 11 HU;O:yC-TpHjcRe npoH3BOnlhC?

3, lIlTa je noc:[c;O:lil~a

p;llwvlar-h,uwH-,a

HlI;'J:ycrpl1jcKe npOH3BOW-f,C

Ba

OCHOBHe

rrpouece

If

OCHOBIIC onepannje?

4. )J,a TIn OCHOBT-IC oncpaunjc

3,IBHCe o~_

OCHOBHHX npoueca? 3awTo?

CeTH

ce

HeK11X OITepal~Hja Roje ce npnMeH,yjy y p,13:nFIHTHM npOl~ecHMa.

5.

Koje

cn

OCHOUHe npOliece 1-1 orrepaUHje 3antl3HO y q)il6pHl~n 3a npeMe npaKce? _

6_ Koje

cy OCBOBHe orrepauaje

npn

npOIl3HO;\1-hIl y )J:oMatUTHCTBY H lIH;~yCTPHJU: xJlc6a,

Botmor COK3, HeKOl' rOTOIlor jC:Ja?

7. Y

"!eMY je pa3J1T1Ka H31vletjY npowmo;xn,e xpaJ-!e Y p;m.mhmlcTRY 11 npoJ-{3110p;H-,e y

m-IJlyc-Tpnjn?

OCHOBIiC

olicpali,lijc

BO;r:J;c,'Hl OCIiOUlinx onepalluja. - Y OBOj KIhH3H he ne:U1MW1HO 6HTI:I PC{IJ1 0

OCHOBHHM TeXHo.rrOIHKHM onepaHlljal\w KOjC

cy 33cryn.rbcHc y

npexpaM6enoj H xc-MUjO::Oj HI-IJJ.ycrpnjn, a l-IajmllnC 0 l\ranmHaMa 11 anapaTHMa n01\1Ohy KOjHX ce oc-TBapyjy nojenm-Ie onerm~nje.

l13)''-JaB<ULC one MClTepujc, 1(,)0 H CBaKe APyre, cHryp110

he

6111'11 omnmTano aKO CC

OCHOBHe

()nepaI.~lTie, M3IIIlUle H ana paTH Ha nO'leTRY

rpyrmllly

ITO HCKlTM 3aje;aHH-'lIKHM KapaKTepI1CTI1KaMa.

To

31Ia1_{1H P;3 .ie nOTpe6uo YO'111'fH lIITa je 33je,UHIr'IKO}

'Ii

orrep au njaM3 Koje cy

neh

nOMcBYTe. 3ana)KCnO je na cc rpynncafbe OCHOBIIHX one-paI.(Hja naj6oJ:bc MO}Ke H3BCCTH npeMa BpCTH IIorOHCKe

CHJIC

KojcHvr cc oCTBapyjy rroje)):H1-IC OCHOBHe onepan:uje.

Tux

ITOrOHCKHX CHJJa JiIMa

CHera

Tp:re pa3J1UK(I

Dpu-WU('l({J, pa3flll/W tTte"HilepaiTiypa u ]HJ3J/uK{J IWJn~ef/i1{PQL(l.lj{J·

rIa ocnony Tora ce 11 onepauI1jc Aene

y

TpU rpync: XUgP(HtCX{JN1.IL[KC,

iTioi7;w-iill-lC

u

guq)Y311()f-/C oi7cpaI{uje. . .

Xugp0.MeXaHWl!{(! or7.epaI{l/ic. I1oroHcKa CUITa KOP; OBUX onepau;u.JCl

JC

pa3JIUKa npWfI1CaKa. DOlliTO cc /l.ejcTBo n nOpeKJl(} rrpuTHcKa y TCt.IHOCTHMa f1 raconUMa (XIl-Apay.TJHT.1KU rrpwfHcaK) pa3JIHKyje 0)): npHTlicKa y t.IBpCTHM MaTcpnjaMR (MeXaHI1LlKll npUT11caK), TO ce OSC onepaI~IIje Aene Ha:

X!lgpOgW-la.1HU'-1KC O("lcpaqllje

~. np01'lm;al-be 1'e"II-lOCTl! H raCOBa, - Melliafbe,

- qmnTpnpafbe, - U;Cl-I'rpH<:pYf'npaI-bC,

AteXW-lU'--lKC oilepa«u/e - CHTI'bCI'bC,

- npeHOC '-IBPCTC MaTepnje, - cc)aI-be,

~ rrpeCOBalbc.

MO)KC CC YO"IHTH na KOJ]. HaBCneHI1X XHAPOAMHal\'1l:J~IKiIX onepa1wja no.ua 113 CJIaBl-1He Ha cYP;Y HCTiItIe 3aTO lllTO je npHTl1GlK y

cYAY

Bl1UlB O,ll" aTMoccpepCKor npVl.-1'l1CKa. MI1KCep Meilia Te~lHocr JaTO rnTO :lOIltlTHl.1;e 110Tl1CKyjy TC-"IHOCT, Koja ce

Kpehe H Mcrna 3a~rO.ll.lT0.ie rrpH'rH~aK Te~[HOCTH nopeI_1 J10naT1:II~C Befin nero npBTH-caK TC-"mOCTH KO.1a JC BaH lJ;O.'\-'l;U!lilP .:romtTl1IJ,a.

<PB]lTpHpalbC Kp03 ;w60paTOpl1jcKU ;[cB<11:-.: ca cfllL1TpHp-nanl1pOM Haj6p)Kt: je l-I<:1 nO'-ICTKY jep .ie !10rOlIn::;} CiEli.! (XllAPocr;:I"I"Wll<H npJ1THCaK cycnclI3Hjc

Y

nCI3KY) HaiBeha.

<

Dpn

IB;~I3ajaILY

l\-1C!-W H3 calla I-la

I~Cl-rrpHC!))-TH

lvWJl ce H3nBaja (Te'le) TeK Ka,Q

jc UPUTHCLlK KOjH cmapa l\ellTpHCI))T~Ul1Ul nwa ,TJ,OBOJhali

;la

nt rrOKpcnc.

CBC OBe OnCpalJ,Hjc c)-' YTOJIUKO 6p)KC YKOo'U-!K(l .ie Delia norOIICKa CllJra - p<n-JlllKa npHTHcaKa.

CJIl-fllHO je KO;'J, MCxallll'lKI1X oncpaqI-lja. Cuc HaBC-l~Clie :-..fCXaHI1QKC oncpaU;Hjc [Ua3HBa MeXclHH'IKJ CH.:ra, OJ~IlOC1IO l\tCXJJ1l1"!l(1l npHTHC<lK.

Toil/willf-{C Qn2pal(ufc. I10l'Ol-lCKa C!-l:ta 3a OI3C oncpau,Hje je pa:.WHKa TCMnepa· Typa. OBp.:C CC y6pajajy:

.- 3arpCBLUbC, XJlaQCI-bC,

KJ1)Y'IalbC,

KOH)l.CH3i1LI,HJ<t HT1\.

3ana)l{a ce na cc l-1HjcrVIa OA OBI-IX oncpalJ,uja He ~10)KC ocrnJ.pl-'rrn aKO HC no~ crO.lH pa3JlHK,J

Y

Tel'.mepaTypar-.-Ia, KilO tuTO CI: l-mjc;.v-w o;~ XHJl..p0,llI-IHaMWIKMX OITc-paUllja He MO){(c oC'l'J3apl-lTll aKO HCMa pa'3]IIIKC npHTHcaKa.

,aUrj)):\iU(}!lC (jiicpaqujc. rIofoHcKa CilJli1:J<"l OBe onep':Ul,l1j<: jc pa:~m-iKa

KOHlJ,eH-Tpau,Tlja, aTe OlICpalJ,Hje cy: _., BJIa)l(C1be,

cymclI,e, - paCTBapaI-be, - KpI-JCTaJUuaqH,la HTD;,

38

OBe 01Jepal~Hic

nOCl'oje

npH!>Icpn I({lKO H3 CBllKO!_U-lcBIIe np(lKcc TaKO IJ 113 HH;~yC'rpHje.

l:;p3HlIll OCIlOHlIIIX ollcpaunja. ~

3a

CBe TpH

BpeTC

onepau,Hja, 3Hal_{IH, HeOnxO,Il.-·}

1-1<1

je nOrOHCXa c[L'la

KOjOM

he

ce op,l'oBapajyhe onepanl1je

oC'rBapHTH. 3aj e

n

Hl1"[Ka je 11 "lHI-heHHlJ,a ;a;a jc Gp3HHa oncpatl..JIjc ynpano npOnOpr(HOmUlHa IlOrOl-ICKoj CHJIU.

AmI

KOJIHKa

he

Ta 6p311Ha 611TlT '3aBHCl-I H OJ]. OTIIOpa KO.11-1 cc

cynpoTCTaBJba

norOH-eKO] ClUm H YMJ.lbyjy IbCHO

)J.ejcTBo.

Ouo ce MQ)Ke npc)J,cTaBl1nl

crrc.uei'ioM

3aKOHH-TOCTH, Koja Ba)KE 3a CBe OCHOBIfe oIIepat~I-ije:

. norOHCKa cJ-ma Ep:mua OCHOBl:le Onepall,HJc:= -~-"---'

OTrrop

11

C6W.;;a oUepat~uja UMa woiy (ivzmlCKY CUAY U cauf mTW.op:

XI1Apay~'lWIKe oIlcpau,llje -- XIlApaYJll1"IKl1 OTTIOP, MCX;Ul11"IKC oncpau;nje - ivfe-xaHH"IKH OTIlOP, TOIIJlOTHe orrCpaIJ;l1je - TOrIJIOTHll OTrrop, AHcpYTl-iOHe onepaU;Hje _.

mrcpY3HOHII OTITOp.

KO.TfHKII fie Aa 6y,n:c OTIIOP cnpoBoi)elbY XHJJ.p0,lJ,HI-IaMWIKHX OIIcpau:uja

Haj"lIe-whe 3aRRCll 0):\ gyJ/fWW 11 o6Jllu:a ilyaJa TC"ll-IOCTH liJIII raca, ilpeilpClce na nyTy n

Lue'llbuGoc1l7u TC"II-lOCTU, OnIlOCHO raca. OBe ncmFHmc yTl1'-ly I-Ia ycnopanal-bC CBHX onepau,Hja

Koje cy Bell

nOMeHYTC.

OTIIOP cnpoHoi)CH>:Y l\-ICXaHII"IKI-IX OI1CPaI~Hja HacTajc ycncg Mace H MeXaH1-1QKe ()TIIOPHOCTII rVlaTepnjaJT<l (Cl1Tl-bCI-bC).

Ha

npm"lCp, KOI\KY l11cbcpa jc JJaKO 113~~pO-6HT11 Ha CRTHl1.iC /-!J;CIl.OHe, KcU"leHH yraJb - Te)Ke, a Mcpuep - jom Te)Ke.

~TnOpl1. cnpoBoi)eI-bY TOITJrOTHl1X 11 j\I1qYy'3HHX onepau.llja 3aBl1Cl1 0):( /-lao,·

J1(n~uJeJ GC/1U'/f./I-lC gogup!-lC LlO(3PWWlC I-l /,-PCfUOHdt iIiC'IHociIiu

lUm raca.

OTIlOprr ce lWBchaHajy llJOJlJIl,l1jm.L (I. CM~Hbyjy cc rrOnChal-bCM nOBpWlmc

,Il.O-Aupa. TaKoiJe cc CM~HLyj)' )-"CJlC,il. KpeTa[-!~a TCtlllOCTll U]]Jl raca y3 rrOBpllll1HY Kp03

1Wj)' ce OCTl3tlpyje TOnJTOTUa pa3Mcna.

113BO)J

ITpcAMeT npoYQa13<111,;1 OCllOBHllX one.paIJ,Hja jccy q.m:ml.lKe. npoMcHc Koje ce oCTBapyjy Kao PC3YJITaT IlocfojalbJ TpH 13pCTe norOIICKHX CH.lla: pa3JIHKc nplnI-lca-Ka, pa3J1lIKC Tct--mepaTypa n p~n;IHKe KO!-n~eHTpaU:Hja.

Ha

OCI-10BY TOnt OCIlOBI-le oncpalU1je .Il,CJle ce H<i XI-tHp0l\-·teXaI-Hll.IKC, TOILlOTHC 11 JJ,HCPY3HOHC onepaI~H.ie.

q)lBWIKC npoMcHc Koje ce oCTBapyjy OCl-IOBHHl\l onepal~HjaMa jaBJbajy cc Kao npaTHoIJ,11 xeMHjcKI-lX nporvlCI-Ia.

Ep3IUIa OCIIOBHC oIlcpaIJ,l[jc je ynpam) TIp0f10pl~110HaJIl-la norol-ICKoj CnITH, <3

06p1-1y1'o IIpOnOpL~I-:lOr-Ia:IHa OTIlOpy. DPI-l CllpOBOi)ClbY XHp,PO,rVUI.<-lMIT'-[KUX OnepaI~H­ ja OTIlOP '-lHHC AY)KHW1 II 06Jll!K nyTa Te'IHOCTI1 I1JlH eaea, KaO}1 1b}1XOBa Te'-UbHBOCT. OTllOP MeXaHH'-IKHM orrepaqnjaM<1 ,Il,a.jy Maca H MCXal-IWIKa OTTIOPI-IOCT Ma'repH~ lana.

OTllOP TOnJlOTI-ll-IM H Al:-lq)Y3110HHM onCPat~l1j'll\'W noneliaBa CC 1130JlanHjOM, a CM!:l1byjC

BeJIWIlmOM

IIOBpunmc AOimpa H KpeTaI-beM TCl.-ll-IOCTII HJfJ-I

raca.

llHTAlbA

1. KaKo cc npCM3. nOrOUCKJI~l CHJ!aMil jte;lC OClIOB1Ie orrcpaJ.U-fje?

2. H,-\Bc;\l! rpyny KOjOj npHna;~ctjy OCI-IOBHC oncpau,uje KOjC Cll ,)-'llo:mao TOKOM

l!POH:.HlO)J,ltOL' pa;~a HJlH 11<1 HC1(OM ;WYl'0:>r ~recTy.

3. OA '[era JaBHCH 0P:lHU<t OCHOBllC oncpaql1je?

4. lllTa cy IlO['OHCKa cnna H OTHOP KO;\. CJlcp:chux orrepau,uja:

- nYlhcfbC pCClq)BOapa BO;10M H3 u,peB<l npIlKJhY'-lcHor H3. BO;:I.OBO;J)ly MpC)l(y. - Mcwal±.C rplna HIlH Ka'ra~'laKa 3a BPCMC KYBaI±.a (TC'J:hHBOCT),

- O}1,Bajalhc BO,ll,C

(ciH!JlTpnpaH,c)

Oi~

MctKapOlltl

nOCJJe K')-'B<Uba.

- 3arpcBalhc H HcnapaBa}bC

BOJ,e l-Ja CJICKTPH'-lHOM 11 raCBOM lllTCAI-b<lKY. ... xnal)elhc mlBa y paCXnJAHOM ypel)ajy,

- KOHt~eH1'PllCJlhe BohHor COKa

ncnapaBafucM

H3 OTBopcHor cYAa, - M:leBC[-be Meca

..

ManHme H ana paTH

llOJl;CJl3 M3U1HH3 H anapaTa. -

OCHoBHe onepaw:rje

y

IU:IAYCTPIljlI peamnyjy cc

y

anapaTHMa IT ~mIInIHaMa.

MauUlHe

II arrapaTH

Y

npexpaM6cJfOj 11 XCMHjCKOj

HU,n:yC-TpnjII Mory ce nogeJUITfl npeM3 OCHOBHHM onepartHja:r.m Koje Tpe6a oCTBapiiTH

y

fbl:IMa HJIH rroMofiy J:bHX:

AW1LlUHC LI anapafftu ao xugpo,McXaHU'Il{C Or(cpa/~uje! KOjC ofiyx(wiliajy:

M311IHHe if anapaTC 38 onepar~Hje ca Te'-lHOM l1 raCOBHTOM MaTepujoM

(nYMIIe, MeIllaJlBI~e, BCHTJ1JJaTopn HT)I.),

ManHm:e H anapaTC 3(] orreparwje ea tIBIJCTOM l\WTcpnjoM (MJIJ1Horm, CIna,

TpaHcrropTepM, rrpece Inn.),

MalIIHHe H anapaTC 33 pa3ABajaFhc '-mpCTC M;;ncpnje OJl, Te'-IHOCTH 11JIH raea

(ll;eH'rpucpyre. c})J-VITPH,

TaJ10)l{HHl~!.1 IITn.)~

.MallflillC u m{apniTtu 3(1 iTiOlf.!IOiTifl-C oilcp(IIwic

(pacx.n:a.r:o-IH ype'l)aju, rpeja<IH.

KOH,ueH3~TopH, l1CnapHB;:PIH UTI-I.);

Mm({[,/HC u afiapmTlu .w gUCF)'.'iUill-/(' o(lcpaquje

(cYlTn-mn,c.

KpnCTrL1TL'Iqnl. CK-CTpaKTopl1 I1T,uJ.

HaMchc

ce mn,HhC KaKO CC npHC'rynJ H3pann. O~~HOCHO npOH3BO,Il;IbH

J-..falllImZl

H anapaTa, H Kojn

3aXTeBII 1\lOpajy.6HTH HcnYI-bCHIl,u:a 6n

ypetJtlj

6HO KOHCT}1yncaH 11

Aa

6ll

pa.n.no

Ha 3anOBOJbaBajyhn Ha'IHH,

Y

CBaKOM

U1Y'Wjy.

Y 1-he:\"IY lvmpa

W'l

ce 06aBH

Tpa)J(Cna

onCPJl~nja. Me'bYTHM. Ha !-"iaI-IaW}beM crencny npYIlITRCHOr

pcnnoja

TO

fiITje

r~OH();hl-lO.

DpncTynajyhu

H3-pa,uu TUm naoalm,H l\laWHHa IlJIE anapclTa, Mopa ce BO,uIITH p<l'Iyna na OlII!

HCTI).r-I-hat'wjy

CJIe]Icnc YC}IOBC: i-(GottO/CKe, /wUCiJipy,{lTilllJl-IC. erW/-{(MJe/{C Ii CClIie{uCKC. 1(ao

H )],a He yrpQ)IGlBajy I-HI paJ~HHKa KOjU HX onCJ1Y)l(yje HH )!(HBOTHY CpC,IUmy y :qC.TU1IIIJ.

RaMella. - Alaull-u--lc U ailapW[lU HO.HCfbC/-l/{ cy ociIiAapU(WI-f.»)' i1oiTipe6l-1c oDe-paqllje.

Dpu

TOMe

Tpe6a

Ol\WrynHTH HajnOBOJhHl1je YC.TJOBC 3a I-bHXOB pan.

OmI

yc-nOBl-! 3aBilce on Bperc onepau.nje, arpcraTHor CTalba Mi,lTepl1je, xeMujcKor CaCT<:1Ba, K<10 H CPII3llQKUX oco6Fma MaTepHje ca KOjOM ce

pallH.

YKP<1TKO, l\laUfHlIC n

anapaTII

Mopajy 611TI1 CBPCI-1CXOJIJ-IJI.

3/1(I'iiljl-l(l /mpmdTicpuclllllfW "'Mfllll/lW 11 ailapaiTia./e l/JUXOf3 /{mIGqu-iijdii 11-eqJUf{(1cHociJI.

[(mla/~IlITicm je l((}/lUL_{UtlW .1wulepUlfL1fI /\'oja CC} oopa[Jyje aa OgpC[Jfl-lO _ApC..\IC.

K(mm~HTeT ce M())Ke npHKa3<1TH l1JIIf KOJlIPIlIJIOM YJla'H-IOT'

\Jinepujao'1a

(CHpomme)

I:IJrH KOnH'HIHOM Jl3Jltl3HOr l\-IWrepHja..'13 (npCH13fl01W).

Ha

npnMCp, KanaqHTcT nehH 33 ne-'IeH~e

xnc6a

Onpet;eH je 6HJTO KOJIWIHHOM TeCTa Koja

y

!-bY yrra:m, 6n.'lo

KOJHI-1111l-l0M

HJ111 6pojeM

KOMa,u,a

ne'--IeHor xJ1e6a Kojn cc npOH3Bcp,e 33 jCJJ:aI-l '-lac.

EqmI(aCHOCT

ypel)aja

MQ)KC ce

op:pe;o;nn!

KaWl ce lherOB Kanau,UTCT ynopC)~B ca HeKOM 3Ha'{[ajHoM KapaKTepncnrKOM

ypelJaja.

Ona 3Ha'-rajna KapaKTepncTHKa

ypebaja.ie Haj"-lclllnc nOTpOlUH,(:l cHeprvrje Hmf BenH'-lHHl:1 anapaTa. OgHOC

KaLiau,u-[TieiZla u yi1"lpoweJiC

C1-tepiuje

Ha3U6a

ce

eHepzeiUClW eqnuwcHociJ1 .

;iit'

OgHOC lWUflljUWelUil U Be .• 1U"Wle alii/pawa (iiie.JlCUHe) jCc/lle lWH···.·a,

{ CiUpyKI.~UOl-ta eqmxacHociTi ypetJaja.

Ari!f

nC36e.u;nOCT II 3alllT01'3 )J{IIBOTHC cpc.u;uuc. - nOTpe-OHO je JW M8IIlllHC I-:I.

ana-paTH

oy;w

113rpai)CHU TaKO ll,a He yrpmKaBajy 6e36eJ\HOCT pa;rnlHKa Kojn paAH y3 lbl:lX.

To

3H<1'In

;o;a

Tpe6a.n:a cy COJm.n:HO MCXalIl1'IKH KOHcTpYIlcaHB, cHa6;n;CBCHH

110-Tpe6HHM 3amTHTHl:Ill,lfMa 0):\ nOKpcnUIx J~CJJOBa 11 cnrypHocHHM BeHTl-IJUTM<l.

TaKo-l)e, Tpe6a na je npc)J.RHi)eno aYTot.'JaTCKO lfCKJhy~mBaJbe HJHf npyre Mcpe KojHMa

ce

yHafIpe)_~ Cnpe'-IaBajy },wryhHocTH eRCTIJ!o3uje 11JIH KEapa.

I1PH rrpmI3EOW-Lll xervmjcKHx 11 npexparvr6cHHx npOH3BO)la UCTIywTajy ec HelmKe KOJ{H~IHHC pa3JTH'UITl1X (rrpOBlnrX n IlITCTHHX raeona, 3arai)yjc ce BOlFl H

0i\6anyjy

BcnUKe KOJTIPJHHe '-lBpcnlx OTna]laKa.

Ha

Taj na1_{IHfl :wrai)yjc ce )KJ1BOTJIa}

cpcp,HHa. 3ap,aTaK. cmIX JhynH je Aa cc 60pc

nponm

3aral)nBaIL3 )KHBOTTlC cpcp,rmc, Kao li 3a 3,UHTHTY npnpoge yonlIne.

3Ha'Iajl-lY )'.1or:y

y

oCTsapelhY onora 3;:q;-lTKa HMajy !<-ramHHC Ii (lnapaTIL O}f}l

Mopajy 6HTH TaKO OT\a6paHI1 II Mopajy Ta1(O 7-1;,1 pane ,<:\a CTBap<ljy IT.1'TH HcnYlIITajy

lIITO

Mal~C :-mratJyjyhux cyncTaHi~ll,

Kmw

.ie TO nCMoryhe,

Tpc6a

HX nOBc3T-;-'H naj·· norO)J,HlfJHM npC\IllCTWUlMa ncrrYCHHX raCOBa II OTna;lHHX EOlIa.

Y

rrpexpaMoenoj lIHflYCTpUjl1 janJha

ce

jOUI jc.rran BeOM3 3Ha'IajaH 3aXTCB.

To

ey caHHTapHo-xarnjcHcKH YCJIorH-!, Kojn ce

l\-wpajy

Onp)]{aBaTH HR BCOl\,ta BHCOK01\l HI1BOy. ORM

3aXTeHIl

npOlB.rra3e

H3

HClMeHe

rrpexpaM6cHHx

npon3BOna.

OCTBap)rjy

ce

noce6HHM KOJICTPYKIUljat.1a MaUIlIml

n

arrapaTJ - xepJ\ICTII'IKH},'f 3ElTUapal-h01, TeMeJbHHM npalheM 11

'(ImnteIheM,

,TyToMaTH3aI~HjoM, Ho6pHM InoopoM

M,nepH-j;uta 3a H3pam' HT~~.

Ho

H rropen cnera Tora BenHKH Ylleo

y

OgP)l«HHUhY OBUX

yUlO-n3 liMa 11 caM paflHHK.

KOHCTP)'KI~lIja. - 3aXTenH KOjH CC op,IJoce tIa KOHCTpYKqnjy IIOBC3aHH cy Cd npojcKToB3lheM,

TpancnopTOM 11

MOHT,l)l(OM

:--.rannn-Ia H anapaTa.

Hamvie,

nOTpeo-HO .ie Aa yperyaj 6y~e CT<-lI-J;t.I<:lP,D}I30H<:ln 11 J~a cc pC3CpBHlf )wnOBH Mory :J3KO llJ6aBH-Til II MOHTHpaTH.

YpelJclj

Tpc6a

na

fJYAC norOnaH 3a

TpancrrOpTOBaI-be,

pacTan.Thmhe

l-J cacntB~ Th'YfbC.

I£eroBH OCHOBHr1 ,n:e.'IOBH 11 npaTehn npnoop

Tpe6a

l'(3

6yp.y

mum 11 je):~Hoc TaHHH 3a ync)Tpe6y.

AnapclT

Tpeoa

)1a je

~'1enor

J\H'_:.ajHa.

EKOIIOl\IlPiHOCT.

Mmunne

H anapaTH KOJH

HcnYThJBa.1Y

nClMCIICl(C II

,n;pyre

nOTpconc

YC'10nc

ogroBapajy H

CKOIJOl\KKHM 3aXTeBHMa.

I1cnma.

MQ)Ke cc !~CCHTH )J;3

je

canpeMcHH ypel)aj CI;:YT1JhH.

AJ1l1.

flOUlTO .ie, 110 npaB1w)', OIlaKaB

ype1)aj

e(i'm-J.:<lclmjn, OlUla jc npon:mOJ1l-hfl

jeqnHI-mja

If

cpenC'rna

YJJmKeHa

Y

CKyn.lbH VI ecl)HKac-Hujn

ype'i)aj

pemrnlBHo

6p30 ce npaTc nYTeM

110jcqlTI1IhCH,a rrpOH3BO,D,11,e.

IVlaTclmja:uf. P<lil1ln BCK MalUHI-lt' n anapaTa

y

3IIaTHOj Mepn 3aBHcn OJ!.

11360-pa

MaTepnjana

33

IhHXOBY 113pany, OJVlOCHO, Kao UITO je 13Cn pe~lCI-lO, l\--f{ITcpnjan

Tpe6a )J;a 6y)~e H3<l6pmr TaKO p;a

6yne

OTIlOpan H<1 MexaHH'fKe H xCMnjcKc y'nn~a.ie.

AmI,

y npexpaM6eJ-IOj HHlIyC'rpnjn jc nCOMa B,DKHO .o:a MaTepnja.ll o)J;ronapa 11 CaJ-IH-TapHo-xunrjeHcKHM J1cYfpe6arvIa.

TaKo.,

na rrpUMep, [UlKOXOJI np0l-i3Be.o:CH

y

fBO)Ki)C ;(OBOJbHO MCXaHWIKH I1 XCl\mjcKH OTIIOpnO 3a )WrOTpajaH pan 11 npOH3BOP>

Iny

<1JIKOXOJI<:l, OIlO

llrraK He

3aAOBOJhaBa

y

OHO!-.t CJly~mjy. HaI1MC, MI1HUMamla KOJUI-'-IHI-Ia cyMIIopa

H3 JUmCHor

rBQ)K~a

npCJl<:13H

y aJIKOXOJl 11 {(Bapn My yKyC IT lVmpIIc.

To

3Ha'-[ll Aa ana paT Hche 6p30

KopOAlipaTllll

61lTH

oIlnellen,

ami he

npoH3Bog

611-Til HeynoTpe6JbllB.

Mory

ce HaBeCTH cJlcl\eha njJ<lBH!Ia npn rn60py MaTepl1ja.'1a 33 MaUUiHC 11 anapaTe:

nOTpeOlIO .Ie .u:a liMa JJ:0BOJhIlY MCXaI-BFJKY OTlIopnOCT 3a ,lJ;aTC YCJ10Be pana. Kao 11 MoryfiHocT cpopl\HlpaH>a (caBl1jaH~c, 06JIHKOBal-he, pe3aI-bC, cnajaH:>C 11 pa3HC opere 3UBapHBar-ba);

lvtaTepnjaJl y U.CJIHHH H CIlOjlJa MeCTa Tpc6a na

6yPS

OTIlOPI-UJ l[a xCMHjcrw (Kopo3Hja) II

:-'1CX8I-lH'-IKO (cpo3uja) nejC'fBO

Man.~pujc KOj(l ce y l-heMY

Ha-6apa

CC MtrreplIjan KOjH jc !l(tKO na6aBflTI-I U<l Tp:lKl1ll1TY:

!-.laTcpHjaJl Mopa )1,<1 HcnyHl1 caJ-lI-rrapIIo-xHrlljcHcKC 3aXTCBC 6UTHC '~a

npOl-l-:mo;_:(11,

y.

Vl3BO)J,

Y

Iv1<llilHHa1la If <lnapaTHMa ocmapyjy CC UCHOBHe oncpan,Hje, I\-iawHI-K 11

CtllapaTH

3d

XHiWOivteXaHWIKC onepalJ,uje )~e.!lC cc ua TpH

rpync:

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'mpcrc

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Tepl1je. l\r1alluflIc H

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cy TaKO ;1<:1 3afJ,OBOJbaBajy

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1

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3. lILTa 3Wl'Hl ctlmKacHocT ypci)aja':

4. [liT::l CHe YTHYC 11<\ OC:.lGCJ,HOCT paJJ)lIllGl KOjH pyKyje ?l-1<lJl1HllO,\:(?

S. 0 lieMY CC :.\opa llOJl,I1Tll pWlylW !lpl! lJaGaB1JJI HOBe MtlUHIHC'?

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;W

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ce TCLlIlocnr H racDEn 3ajC):(HO nD.Jlmajy (j).:rYH,LI,J.L

Koje cy

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Je,nyma 6nT1Ia

pa3JIIIK<l H3i\.ld)y

racona H TetfHOCTD .ic

Y

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npO\wfJe

11,1'1-xonc 3anpel\1JInc

(rycnmc)

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Am-1,

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cc rac Kpehe

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Oi~aKJIC np0I1:-wa3R Jln je ryCJ'l-lHa raca ynpaBo rrporrOpU110HI.lJll-Ia npHTHcKy. JCHHHHlJ,a rycnHrc je:

BnCK03110CT. - Pc'-I BHCKo:mocr BO~\H nOpeKJlO 0).1. nClTHHCKe pe'-UI visCUD), Koja 3na'-fll m::f:<lK- H 11i\ILl :.:H!'P1CfhC C:yI!PVTHO OJl. "TC'L'LHU·· Y'..'lJC, MC,lI, nUIi~epH11 llT;a:. cy BUCKO:.lH!!JC, O)l110CHO jI,·{(lI!Je Te'i~hHBC Tt:tllJOCTlI vi.1 BOAC, aJIKOXOJia, oeH3Hua nTl~. BUCfJ)JfWjU (j;.·7yUgu gair (Jchu uilli!.op Dpu "peillut-/J)'. TC'·/flUC1TIU c), (jLlU{03!1uic ()(]

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oojalIlHJCI-ba.

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Apyrora.

AIW ce ropIMI

C'loj

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npocropy

HCIIO;~ tbera, OH;'(<l

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he

ce flOl\ICPHTH ropu,2i, llpBLl KapTa, a llajt-falbc nOrna, I!OCHC;UhCl, Koja .~lC)KH Illl HCIIOKPCTllOM cro,ny. CJ:1e KapTe

he,

TaKO flUi\1t~-pe[-lC_ rpa:~UT!l CHOjUM 1l0npll_Umal\lLl y llPLlDlJ,)' nOMcpalLLl jC;:lllY rp(lHY napa6oJJc.

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Mopa Ylllrrpc6r'ITH JILl on

cc r'opl'bH

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npnw

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19

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Y

KOMe ce OEft CJlOjCBll nOCMa-Tpajy_ YKOJmKO je qlJIYUIl. BJ1CK031urjil, YTOJIHKO

he 6liTH IloTpc6Ha Beha oma. Ta

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6UTH IIoTpe6na 11 Beha CHna,Ua 611 ce nOCTU[JIa )KCJLCml 6p3HI-ra.

11

Haj3a{l, YKO.rIHKO cy CJIOjcBH yp;aJbCI-mjH, 6Hhc nOTpe6Ha Maleba CH.na Jl:a

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cnc,Ll,Clilnvt

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AW F ~ f l

-L

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. jC,UHlLIllJ,a

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je;J,lllHu~a

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= ____

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t

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:=

1 Pa

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1

1"a ' s.

Ha

)KcUJOCT, y MHOfI1M llOCTOjchHM TaOemlMJ i~Hlf3.MH'IKa BllCKOJHOCT He 1\'10--)KC CC

Hahn y

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Bch y

crapHM

jCJ..\Hl-H1uaMa -

IJ;CHTHllO(\311M<1

(cr'j.

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COS

jei.\l-1llHIW (t1):::':

1

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je 1 N.o..: 10-'1 dyn, a 1 m2 :::. 104 ell,2, TO .Ie:

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I'!a'tm , V 1111'rCpHa.J.~HOllaJmOM CHCTCMY je.QliHlll~a jeyww.LVf ('!/-{CI{U.J!lOCiTllI jeuue XUJbagy-[{yUia eeho jeyw{U[w oy [(CliiIiu[(OLl.30 ('raoclIa

1).

BnCKOJHOCT 33.BHCl1 O.L\ Tct.mcpaType cpJIYH,Ua.

Yn,e

je Uil IIHCKHl\l TeMncpaTY-paM<l ueOMa Bl1CK03HO - TelliKO ce H3JIlmU H'3 cyna. AKO ce YJbC '3arpClCta, IJOCTaje CBe Mal·be BlICK03HO -'" noC'ralie CBe cpnYH.CIHHjc _ .. TaKO )J,a

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ce MohH mlKO YBepuTH Kil)J,

t

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1.

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2 .

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To 3HC!'TH An aKO ce rOBopn 0 BHCK03HOCTI1 HCKC IvtaTCPHJC, 1\10pa CC BO;\HTH

pa'-lyn3 11 0 TCMnep,-nypn U3 1<ojo.1 je 3arpcjana. Y Tancm-T

1 npUK83<lH<I je 3anHCHOCT

HHCK03HOCTTI o~ TC\fITCpclTypc.

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21

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Y

11C1I01l-( KpaK)' U-D;CBH

(err. 4) TC'-IiIUCT hc, 3Gor Beller npHTIICKU, OHTll nOTl1ClI}-'T'-l ltal-[tf>Kt, ;~OK he y nc-CHOM

kP,H'::Y

~lOpaTH HCTO TOJU1KO WI ce IlOilHn-re. Pa6!-1O{[ieJ{(({ HO gHy

he

ce ycilo-c{i/.{/uwT!u O!lga gaga 30UfJ ifpwuII-cw::a y JlC(50 . .H KpUKy

6ygc

jC[J!-ulf.:a 36upy

fipLllTiU-C({!((l Y g~Cl-IOAi.

HPHTHC1J,H Koj1-1

JJ,CjCl'Byjy

Y

JIeBOM KpaKy cy:

~ cm.l-ThHH npwrHc3K, PI,

.- xHl.\pOCT<1TWIKH npHTHC<:lK cl)JIYII,[I,a

B,

Pv .

g

(1\./1

+

m), - XI1i-WOCTJ.TI1'-IKH npHTl1CJK TCT_{·IHOCTll/\' I .}

P

_{II . g.}

y l--\CCHOi\"l KpaKy npJ-l'I'nCaK \.f11l!e: - CllOIJ>iiH nplITHcaK, P2\

!~

i

- Xl1;J,poC'raTwlKIf npHTUG1K tl)J!y!l).~<l B,

rn .

Pi! .

g, _ XHI1POCT<1TWIK1J llpHT11C<lK Te'-lIlOCTH I t PA . g . (l -I-f:!.h).

OrJ,<1BilC npOH3jla3H jCi_lJta'Ilina 38 YClOB paBHOTC)KC:

PI

+-

(f.,h

+-

m)PH'

g

+ /.

Pll .

g":-o

p:,

+-

m·

PD'

g

+-

(/+

/~h)·

P.-)·

g.

AKO CC 113BpIUH Ha31-I(FICHO MIlO/KCI-bC, ):\06nja ce:

PI

+-

Ah .

P

/3 .

g

+-

In .

P!l .

g

+- ,.

P/I .

g

=

P2

+-

In .

P

13 .

g

+-

!.

P

1\ .

g +

L\h· PA .

g

H aKO

ce

CBC,[I,C,

noGl-ija ce

na je pa3"'lI1!Gl npHTHG1Ka

Y

lICROM If gCCHOl\l KpaKy:

bP:::: t.h(p/\ -

P'f))'

g.

23

Arw

cc l\1anOMCTap YBCK

nyllH

HCTOM TC'-II-lOllihy H m::o

ce

I-~nM MepH npuTlH:aK YllCK 11CTor ClH1YH)l,<1, OII)Ja je. pa3.'ll1K<-l. rycTl-n-r<:t KOHCT3HTI-Ia, TO .leeT p!\ PI.!::: conI"!, Te

he

ce pa:3JIl-lK<l npHTHGlKa OAP,DJ(;-iBaTH jCiJ,IUlO KaG pa3JlllKI1 tn-10m3 lIHBOa TC'l-HOCTH ;)'h. YI-;'(UU!(() .ie pa3.:uuu.1 CipwTiucaJw (-;eha, )'lilO.;IW(() he u pa;'uw{{{ ItU(;()(i 6ui7111 (;cha.

Kocu

MllnoMcTap. ~ .. AIW cc Mcpe Ma.'lC pa:Ul1lKC npl1THGtKil, OH,IJ,a

he

t.h 6HTH MaJIO, na

he

H T3'-IHOCT '-IMTalba 6HTH TaKobe M~L'Ia. D,a 011 ce OHa nOBcha.'1a, KOpl-l~ ern cc Mi.tl-lOl\lCTap C KOCOM l~CBH (CJL

5). Ha

lJ,CBH CC He "'-niTa pcUIIHK<.t BHCHlUl

Y

o?a

KpaK<1, ncro caMO npOMella BHClHlC y ,n:eCHOM KpaKY· OBO CC rrOc"l'll~e TaKO IllTOJC-}J,aH KpaK HMa BCOMa BCJH1KY nOBp1l1HUY, TIa KOJIH'-HlH<-l TC'-IHOCTH KOP 113 Tora T.l,CJla OJ(na3111UlH yn<13H

Y

)J,CCI-lH KpaK yorml're He YT:WlC OCCTHO Ha BflCHUY Hl-moa"'./ I-hCMy. BOIllTO jc )J,CCHH KpaK MHoro Y)Kl1 , TO ce, H 3a HajMalbc npHTHCKC, HMBO Te"'-IHOCTH

y

I-beMY 3H<1THO Mel-ba.

KaKo

jc OH KOCO TIoC'raBJbCH, TO CC BllCHHa HC ~lrrra no BCP-THKaJIH (KaTCTU) Ben ITO XHI10TCHY3H, Koja je, Kao UlTo.ie II03H3TO 113 rCOMCTpH.1C,

24

30

CiUlla!

.5

,IJ,y>Ka, ITa je Ii '-[HTaThC TWII-rnje, AKO je :~anpC}'HmCKa MaC8 '[e'l!JOC-TH ne.mm:a, 011i\3 fie, Ka; IlTTO H3 np,C-TXonw_: jel~mpIHJ!e npOIBJlWHI, 3a HCT), p,U"1HKY P I ~ P 2 MopaTH

5h p,Ct

oyne Mal-be. 3HWUL 3KO CC P{JHH Cet HehoM p33JIHKOJ\'1 nprnncaJG1,

nOTpeGno.ie

Y3CTH Te~II-:IOCTH Behe 3anpcMHnCKc J\l<lCe (nnp. )fomy) jcp ce TaKO

b.h

C\lathyje, ITa ce Mo)KC rvrCpUTH pa3.ilHKa npnnfC<lKa H nn hJallOl\-1CTPY M<'U1HX nY)I(HH3.

1Z;]0

TCl.H-JO-eT11 3<:1 ny!bCl-bC M<1HOMCTfKI C.1TY;'KH: aJIKOXOJ1, ROtHl, nCTpO.1ICYM, X.TfOpoq)()p]l.!, )KIIB,L

Oml CC YJl(npe6Jh8Bajy

J-f<1jrIClllhc rrpn

\ercpen:>y

6p3HTfC

rrpOTHl1;<lT-b<l cl)]IYUI1:iL

EYPgOHOn ManOMeTap.

OBaj

M3HOj\·JeTap crY)KH 3a lvtepeH~e anCC)]TJ''THOr npn-THCKa n.'1H lI<1TnpHTlICKa, 3JBllCHO 0)1. TOf(1 KaKO jc OOCJIC)KCHa CKana lIil lbCMV.

AKO opOjCBH Bet CIG1JIVi nO'-THTh)' 011 nYJIc", 3Ha'IH Wl tvf<lHOMCT<lP C'lY;KH '3(1 MCpeH->e H<:lTrrpHTHCK'\.

E~ypnoHOB(1 L,eB je T,H-IK<l nJhocnaTa UIaCTJPlH<l IWB, on<lJll-lor llnH CJ1HnCC1CTor rrpeCCKi:L

Ha

c.:urqn

6

mCMJTCKH.ie npHlG13<1n EYP/lOHOB l\1aIIO\lCTap.

Gua

rwn .ie IIaj'-lenri1e lwnyKpy>Kno CaJH1jCHtl

(1),

U1TO ce JHll\II fora CJIVlIVi

6.

aHa je ca jeJ-1Ile CTpal-IC umopeHa lL l1PCKO HJBpTKC (2), l\W)Ke .n;Cl ce cnojH ca cynOJV1, Y KOMe BJli:l):\a BHCOKH rrpunrcaK. )~pY1'H Kp!1j lI,eHH jc xepMCTWIKI1 3aTBOpeI-l11 crrojelI 3<1 nOJ1yry

(3),

Koja npeKo cenvfeHTI-IOl' 3yn'·HllTHKa

(4)

H KpY>KIIor 3YIT'fallI1TGl

(5)

o6phc Ka3aJbKY

(6).

CenlcllTIII'1 3Yll'lmmK o6phe ce OKO CBOjC ocomnre

(7).

npl'lI-!l~m! Ha KO;"{C pann EYPJ\OHOIW 1l..eB.ie cnc)leftu: Kapa

y

IhOj 3aBJ13J_,a HeKH npWrHCaK, Ta)1;) he DB )1,cjc-rBoBRTH 11 T-l(1 CnO.fhlry mmpl1nmy H na

ynyTjXl1lJl-hY

nOBpIIIlIl-Iy. DOIIITO jc

CnOJh!Hl.mmpunma neha

011

ynyrp,ulllhc

110npnHme, TO

he

CHJra KOP nOTWIe o,n; Ollor rrpHTlICIGl nO'JCTII na Hcnpamba

l(CB, Tj. I-he]-] Kpaj

he

Te)J{JJTI-l na cc nO\1cpn

y

ClViCpy Kojn je C.aW:ll ()

03IW.r.ren crpCnnLl,O\L

OBO

he

nOBJla'IHTH 33 C060M nOJlyry C~), lwja

he

npcKo 3YTI'lamIK3

nOMepaTJ-I

Ka3<l.ThKY

(6).

I1cDl1'I'HBm·beM.ie YCfaJ-JOnJbeno ila je rrYT

Kojn Kpaj U,CBH npe'l)c YC11Cll pa::UTHKe npHTHcaKa npOrrOpI\Hotl<!JI(1H npHTucKy nO)1

KO.iH~1 ce l-JaJl<:l'3H YUYTpaUII-hOCT BYPJl.OHOne l~eBH. 3()oz- npOnOpl~lI()IUVll-iOciIiu U3.Me&y i7Plfl{lUcaKO 11 C.r1aCiIiLf<I/f/{X gcrjwP_1Wl{uja lVAIi u iJogow f{{f O((UI-1I je

parnw-.MCpfUl. Ka,ll rrpnTIicaK npCCTaI-le na nejcTByje, H.en ce, 3601' eJ!aCTwmOCTI1

I-I1vfaTepH-jclJIa 0)]; K01'8 je H3pa'l)ena npab.a

Y

npno6HTHo CTaJ-he.

AKO cc npH ynoTpe6H MaHOMeT]Xl C BYPJ~oHonOM IWBI1

rrpei)y

.lJ,03B0J1~eH.c

rpa-HI-me npHTTfCKa, oHga ce, Kao np13a nOCJIeiUHW, nojaBJhyje Hcnponopru-IOHaJIHOC1'

Y

25

nOKa311B3JbY, Tj. 3a MaJIH nopac1' npTI1'HCK<:l )];o11a he go 3H3THO Bcher CKpeTal-b<:l

Hr-.IIe Hero lilTO

6n

Tpe6aJlO

.ua

6YAe.

. rIOllITO Ha )1:CQ)OpMHCal-he EYP,UOJ-fOBe U,CBl1 YTIFle Ii TCMnepaTypa, TIOTPCOHO .1e CIIpe-':IlITH Aa y H"y 1'OKOM pa,11.a yl)e Bpe;1H CPJlyJI,U "lIl1jH CC rrpHTI1CaK Mepf1.

113BOI~

CTaH~e cp.nYHP;a KOjn: ce He Kpche O)J;pei)eHo je lLeI.'OBOl'vl ryc1'lIHO!\-"J 11 CTaTH-'IKVlM npHTHcKOM. Q)}lYHg YBCK BpIIlH npuTHcaK na 3lfHOBe Cy;~3 Y KOMe ce H3JI3'm.

CflJIa KOjOM OH rt:eJ1yje Ha 3H)lOBC cyna nOCJICnUwl je CTJT1FTKOT npHTllcK8. HaTnpiiTHcaK je P<l'J.TIHK3 yKym-roT H iYrMocqJepCKOr rrpIITHCIGl.

HHcrpYI\·ieIITII 3(1 l\·repClhe n}1JITIlCK<l MCpC CTaT1FJKlI rrpnTl-lCaK.

TIHje3OJ"rCTapcK<J neB IT M'H-JO]I.-fCTap

ea

Te~-fJJonrhy Mcpe pa3JI1lK)' npHTHcaKR. EypnoHoB )vranOMeTap MCpH anco.'1)'TIW npWl'nC<lK HJ1l-1 P<l3.:fH-Ky MepeHor H <lTlvrocrIJCpcKOf' rrpllTllcKa.

rll'ITAlhA

BE

! _ TlTTa jc jeTtH11Ill\<1 npnTHcKa? 2. lllTil JC J-liiTnpllTHcRX?

:-1.

UITa.ie

l111jC30MCT'lj"lCKIl npITTIlCJK?

4. KaTt8 cc KOpneTTl (l-ManoMcT<tp. a K<t;J;il KOCll M<lnOMcTap? 5. UlTJ

ce

;,Icpn EypnOllOBJHll MalloMCTpo~l?

6. P,13mma npnTHC<lK<1 BOne \OlepH CC U-hf<lUOl\·leTpo}.!. KoiTl he MCllloMcTap TTOKa-3,lTIl Hche cKpcTan,e ~ M;moMcTap nanyn,eH :tKHBO!l.-1 nJm ilJJKOX0JIO\1?

liA

MEI'El\,E I1I'HTl1CKA

3ajJ: .. lTaK

-I.

noiTfj)CtJl-fO

ic

If.1 .. \lCPU1Ull 1-f1llTiiipuiJil-lc({g /(IC'/J-I0-c/Tll/ Y iloiTilic/-IO . .-\I I(CfH--/o_H (wrJ), /w 3agaiTio,\! AH'ClTiy.

flpllliiu-em,

iTipc6a . .\fc{JwTiIl:

a)

K.aga ny.Mila }Jogu, a inc'lIwc/li rr 1-1(' r:pche jep cy 6t'HITiU .. 7lI :wi/"i(j0PCl-/If,

6)

/{aga jc i7)' . .Hfin )' i7o?rJl-r),. a ITic'lllOu7i (C

7.:J7chc

"po:; l(('RU.

floiTipe6Ho je {]pCg.1/-IOf-hC. Yn031l,lTTl )le4H1f-Hn~H.iy II 3I-Ia~rCH-,e npnTIIcKa, K;-10 1'1 HHcTpY!l.1eHTc C1<1 MepcJ-J~e npl1THCKCl (nOLTJaBJbC

1.2 -

Caiailhu(((

rj7Ilyuga).

AI/(f, .. lII_;]a .1ogmTiI{(l. <P.llVlfJI KOjl1 HCnVl-baBil ll,eB BpUHI rrpl-ITI1CaK Ha 31111 I~eml.

OBaj npl-ITI1C<1K 6J.1Jlo n<l CC

~).TrYHJl.·

Kpehc- lInH He, Ha"nma ce cTaTWIKH np1-lTIlC3K II M(»Ke 6wrn RllUIH Ium lHl)J(H OJI <lTJI,-wcq)epCKOr.

Y

nOTHCHOM BO,11.Y Kojn ce n3n(l'3H 113a lI,pnKe rrpllTl-IG1K

he

6HTH RnUII1 OJ!, aTMocqJepCKor. 3I-la~·m:, npnTIlcaK Kojn he H3MCPUTH ManOl\'leTap rrp1-lKJhY"ICH n<:l 3anaTOM MeCTY nOKa3HR3he Beny npe,o;nocT 0,0; aTMoCCIJel)cKor T1pHTHcKa.

OBaj

npHT11caK he 6111'11

najmnllH

K3g

cy I3CHTJIJm

3a-'l1WpeHH, a II)'l\UIa HCToBpcMeno pagl-J. ChnapaI-beM BCHTmra H nOKpCnlI-beM qJJrYH-,o;a CTaTH'-IKH npHTHcaK qJJ1Yl-I,IW I-ra 3H,U u,eBH he cc CMi:\l-bHBaTIL

26

c:=.

IIoL"TipeuJ-la Mepel-bLl u fipopa'iYIl. CTJTWIKH npliTHcaK TeqHOCTH MO)J(C ce Me-PUTH Byp~Ol-lOBl:1t\'1 h1aHO}'lCTPOM Ii IInjC:Jm.1CTapCKO.lvt U;CHH. f10l.llTO H'3a u;pllKe npn-THcaK MO)KC Aa 6YAe :HWTHO BHJlH1 0):1, <1TMOC¢epCKor, rrOTpeOHO je J.13a6paTM

Eyp-nOHOB MaHOlvreTap, jep 611 BHCHlIa TC'-IHOCTH

Y

lUljc30MentpCKoj ll,eBH Morna ga I-13-HoeH H HCKomiKO 1l,ecennra MCTapa.

IIoiTipeuan

apOjJWtYH. D()TpcGHO je GlMO O"IHTaTH TP(1)KeJ-IC npl1THCKe H, aKO cy Ha MaIfoMcTpy

crape

jeAm-IHI~c (at), npcp;FlyuaTH fiX

y je;.1Hl1uU,C

YlIrrepHal~HO~

H,UII-IOr CHCTelvla.

J1apaga

3agclLTt"~U.

DC)TPCOHO

je npllKJhjl<IHHl

EypnOJ-IOB

M3HolvlcTap Ha

3a}«lTOM j\·fCCTY ,nCBHor BO)~a.

I1ynrrarbCM qpIlKC

y

pall YBOHH ce TC'H10CT

Y

lJ,CBH, a 3an'IJvl CC 3<'lT130PC BeH· THJlIlH Ollwra cc mrnrpHTHcaK

(P

I)' OTl.\apalbC1Il BCllTlL'l<J YCI!OCT3BJbajy ce

IJ(WOI-j-CKIT

YCJ10BH

H

o'un;}na

!lOBI!

IJaTnpHTllGlK

(p)}

Tpl~6a CKHIJ,HpaTl:I

anapclTYPY.

PeJ.)-""nTiaUtu. nouno jc l\tal-lO~vlCTap rpa,riYl1GlH

Y

aTMoCCpCpaI\W, a n:.a.Tl<l nOl.IH-H"e OIl, UYJIC, TO ee ()tlHTaB(llbC:'l ):wouji.l:

P,

~ 2,)

at.

OBaj II'-lTIlPllTJ1C(1K TpeCia p~ttlymlTH y 51 CHCTel\1 jC;_\HHHLl,(I (Hl-1J_\eTFI rtpliMe~~G) Ha Kpajy 331WTKa).

Dourro je:

1

at ~

9.81

N/em'

~

9,81 10'

N/rn',

TO .Ie:

P,

~ 24,5 . ICY' Pa, P, ~

15,7· 10

4 _Fa.

OBO cy npe)J,1l0CTH H:1THpHTHcka, AIICO:IYTHI-1 npHTHc::tK jc BHlLlH Oil llUTUPU-THCKa 3a I-I3HOC '-ITMOCCPCPCKO], apUTIlCIGJ., Kojn ce O'!!1TaBa Ila 6apoMcrpy.

npuJo-fcg6u. CK<l.:Ia t,.ml.{OMCTpa MO;'1(C 1l0'lHlb<1TIi nyJlOl\f (T<1ALt

MepullClTnpHTH-em::)

liJIH C8

9,8]

lO:' Pa (1

al) h:aWl MCpU y'KyllilU llPUT11CctJ(, :~aHcMilpyjytm npOMClll.:_

y

ilTMOc(l)cpn::o~'1 npHTl1CKY.

11360p EypnoH()BOl" l\1al101\-!(:Tpa Gnu.ic ,n:06ap. ,[.\a je wmplJ.lcI-l uOKymaj MCpC~ i-b!:t HCTO[, npWrI1CK<l W!j(30)V1CTapC!«()l\t qCBll. uOTpc6na mfCHU<l t~CBll 6WI<l

Go

nCOMi:l

~eJll-fK3. floTpeGna 13I1CIlHa UCBH '3a npaJ30 MCPClbC MO:>l{C CC "<laKO rnp,PlYH<'tTH 113 .1CI\Hi:l-O;II1HC:

£'--__

=_!:':l

p-g

110IlJTO je n::lTllpl:!T!1.C<lK

PI' - Po;;::;

Pi = 24,5 . 10':) Pa, TO Bl1ClIHa TeliHOCTH

3aBlf-cn Ol-~ 3anpCl\UmCKC Mace TC'1l[OCTH. AKO jc TU BO).I,a, 'fli.faje rYCrilll<1

P

= 1 000 kg/m't,

TO je p . g :::::

9 810 N/m"

rra je Bl-ICHHa:

__ 24.510

4

N/m

2 _

25

L - -:( ~- 111.

9,81 ·10N/m'

3aA31'aK 2. 113Mcpwuu uoiI1pe6HY UoZOI-lCKY Cl-L,1Y JG gfJeiriaH~e UJ.MeOy g6a

aa-gail/a Meuua (Medilo

1

U Mecil10

2,

CIl. 6a):

a)

gaga U.yAHfil pagll, il iIic'u-lOctU cc He /(pcne fep cy GCHLTiUJIU 3QLU60pe/-lU,

x.5

6)

Kaga ic nYMua

y

ilo2oH}' [( iiie'1Hocw. ce Kpehe Kpoa 1~e6U.

" 7"

_,

,,2"

~

LJ

Q2

/r~'

--1.

;l.h

noi71pcGl-w npQj3HuHJe. Yllo3Hanl [Jo;~CJly OClIOBHllX onepal1.HjaHCl OCHOBY 110-rOHCKHX CIIlla, Kao H MCPClbC Ii 3HJ'-tCtbC pa3J1liKa CTaTll'-lKl-fX npHTlfG1K<1 (U-MaHo-MCTap norJIaBJbC

1.2).

AHaJIU3{/ aagaw.,,-a. [101'oHcKa Clma 3(1 oncpau,ajc ca q)JJYH;aHMa jc pa3JIHK3 npHTl1eaKa,

n

pCl\fa TOMC, 3a)J)1T<1K Ce cnoAn Ita MepCthC CTaTWIKHX npWI'I'rCaKa, O!J:~ HOCHO I-bllXOBe pa3JUIKe n<l 3a,u<lTilM MeCTHMa. Pa3JIUKa npHTHCaK<1 MQ)KC ce MCPl-:l-I'll I-1J1H IIoje]J,HH3"-lHHM MCPClhCM npHTHCftK:1 n l-hI1XOBHl'I-l ogY3HM<1I-beM HJIH HI-ICTpy-MCHTOM 3a p;I-lpeKTl-lO :-'-lcpelhC pa3JlHKC rrpI1THC<lKa. CB31«}KO fJ,a je lIOrOAl-tl:tjH oHaj APyrl1 nal.IliH. 3<11'0 he 6I1TH_ 113a6paI-I U-M<ll-lOlvlcTap. . Ilmupc6Ha MCPCH-,U u upopa<lyf-t. DpOP<l'lYH ce 3<1CHllB<1 lIa IlPHMCHH je)nra-qHI-Ie:

KOP YKi13YJe Aa ce pa3JIHKCl npHTl1CaKa H3pa1_{-IYBi:lB3 Hi1 OCI-lOB)--' H3MCPCHC paJ.TlHKC}

1U1Boa

(l\/i)

Y

MaHOMCTp)--'. JJa 6B npopwlyn Morao,aa ce ypanH, }I(npeGHo jc 3H<'tTH I1 rYCTIIIlC PA H Pn·

3Haqn flOTpe6ao .ic IBa6paTll l\l<lnOMCTapCKY Te'-HIoeT 1-1 HaBH )-! Ta6!IHqaMa

!-beHY rycnmy

(Pc')'

nOTpe6no je, TaKoi)e, y Ta6m-tl~aMa J-tah.11 rycTI1H)' Te'--UIOCTH '--Il:l-jll ce npl1Tl-lCClK MCpH (PI;) 11 Koja

he

Ce

y

ManoMeTpy J-Iana3HTH kUBan ManOMCTapCKe TC-O;IHOCTl1

(eJ1.

3

H

4).

J1Jpaga 3agmTil<u. 3aW:l'ra MeC1.'a Tpe6a nOrO,!l,HHM u,penoM npUK}LY'-IHTH 33

KpajeBc U-MaHOMeTpa (CJI.

6

a).

Ha Taj

Ha-O;Hfn he npHTI1CIJ;H PI H

P2

611TH npCBeTH ,!l,0 ManOMeTpi:l,. KOj11

hc,

0,0,.-eTyuaH~eM HlIBoa MaHoMeTapcKc TCl.lHOCTl1 o,u, paBHOTC)I(HOr n0J10)Kajil, 03HaQl1Tli

,u,a nocTojH pa3JIHKa rrpWrl1CaKa. CIG·ru;npaTH anapaTYPY npe crrajalba II Y TORY

28

I13a6paHO je Aa M3HOMCTapCKa TC"'-lHOCT 6Yl~C )K11£3. 3H3l..JH:

PA

~ 13,6.101 kg/mJ

Pe3Yiliiia{i!u.

I1oroncKY CHJIY, OAHOCHO pa331IiKY npliTHcaKa Tpe6a H3pa'-IYHaTB Y TOKY

paga,

Tj. nOA 3aAaTHM pa)J,HHM YCJTOBHM3.

TIpn

3aJ];aToj 6p3IUIH KpCTaI-ba TC-"LTHOCTll, cKpcTafbc

y

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/',h ~ 0,1 0 m.

f10UTTO CC :Mcpn pa3JIHKa npHTllCKa mrrpe6Ha 33

KpenUhC y::t,3,

TO jc (n3

1'3-6JIHu,a) PB ;:;::; 800 kg/m-'. eaga

je Tpa)KCT-Hl rrOf'OHCKa CH.fI(I:

P, -

P,

~

111'

=

0,10

m

(13 600 - 800) kg/m'· 9,8! mis'

=

12 560 p"

=

12,56 kPa.

Ilplt.Her;6a.

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(qm,):

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Y

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ce

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y

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(t),

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II

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Y

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(Cl. 9) JB

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(2).

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Y

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nperpaJ\c

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nop,ewe-He ita ce

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He MO)KC )~CCI1TI1 ,L\a 01'-BOp 3a ym13 raca

(3)

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jc 113Han l'be H OTI30P 33 113Jta'3

raca.

fac ce

J.~OBOJW

uKcnja;mo

{(pen

KpaTKy I~CB

(3),