Chlorophyll in sunflower plants with omission of N, P and K in nutrient solution
Clorofila em plantas de girassol com omissão de N, P e K em solução nutritiva
DOI:10.34117/bjdv6n3-503
Recebimento dos originais: 25/02/2020 Aceitação para publicação: 31/03/2020
Uasley Caldas de Oliveira
Doutorando em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais pela Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Biologia.
Endereço: Avenida Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte - Feira de Santana - Bahia E-mail: [email protected]
Janderson do Carmo Lima
Doutorando em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais pela Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Departamento de Biologia.
Endereço: Avenida Transnordestina, s/n - Novo Horizonte - Feira de Santana - Bahia E-mail: [email protected]
Mariana Nogueira Bezerra
Engeneheira Florestal pela Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas.
Endereço: Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro - Cruz das Almas, Bahia E-mail:[email protected]
Aline dos Anjos Souza
Doutoranda em Produção Vegetal pela Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Depertamento de Solos
Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Jorge Amado, Km 16 - Salobrinho, Ilhéus -BA E-mail: [email protected]
Anacleto Ranulfo dos Santos
Professor Titular da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas. Endereço: Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro - Cruz das Almas, Bahia.
E-mail: [email protected]
Girlene Santos de Souza
Professora Associada Nível III da Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas.
Endereço: Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Centro - Cruz das Almas, Bahia. E-mail:[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Helianthus annuus L. popularly known as sunflower is among the four largest crops interested in
the production of fuel oil in the world, with great adaption to the different edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil which makes it an important economic alternative in rotation, consortium and succession systems of crops in grain-producing regions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the chlorophyll indices in sunflower plants, submitted to the omission of N, P and K in nutrient
solution.The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, located at the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia – UFRB. The treatments studied were: T1- Complete Solution; T2- 50% diluted solution; T3- Omission of N; T4- Omission of P; T5 – Omission of K. The application of treatments started 15 days after emergence, data were collected and submitted to Tukey analysis of variance at 5% probability.The omission of the studied macronutrients negatively affects the levels of chlorophyll a, b and total of sunflower plants.
Key-words: Helianthus annuus L., mineral nutrition, Macronutrients.
RESUMO
Helianthus annuus L., popularmente conhecido como girassol, está entre as quatro maiores culturas interessadas na produção de óleo combustível no mundo, com grande adaptação às diferentes condições edafoclimáticas do Brasil, o que a torna uma importante alternativa econômica nos sistemas de rotação, consórcio e sucessão de culturas nas regiões produtoras de grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os índices de clorofila em plantas de girassol, submetidos à omissão de N, P e K em solução nutritiva. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, localizada na Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia - UFRB. Os tratamentos estudados foram: T1 - Solução Completa; T2 - solução diluída a 50%; T3- Omissão de N; T4- Omissão de P; T5 - Omissão de K. Na aplicação dos tratamentos iniciados 15 dias após a emergência, os dados foram coletados e submetidos à análise de variância de Tukey com probabilidade de 5%. A omissão dos macronutrientes estudados afeta negativamente os níveis de clorofila a, be total de girassol. plantas.
Palavras-chave: Helianthus annuus L., nutrição mineral, Macronutrientes.
1 INTRODUCTION
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) initially had Peru as its center of origin, however, archaeological research has revealed the use of sunflower by North American Indians, with at least one reference indicating cultivation in the states of Arizona and New Mexico, around 3000 years BC (SELMECZI-KOVACS, 1975).
Chlorophylls are pigments responsible for capturing light used in photosynthesis, and chlorophylls a and b are the most abundant pigments in green plants, and are associated with the potential of the photosynthetic activity of the plant, and consequently with its growth and adaptability to different environments, being that chlorophyll ais used by the plant in the photochemical step for the production of chemical energy, in the form of ATP and NADPH, and chlorophyllb, which is an accessory pigment, responsible for assisting in the absorption of light in the transfer of radiant energy to the centers of reaction with other accessory pigments (SILVA et al., 2014; TAIZ et al., 2016).
Coelho and collaborators (2018) affirm that portable equipment, such as the chlorophyll meter, allows a fast and non-destructive determination of the levels of chlorophyll a andb. As used by Morais et al., (2011) when he studied the relationship between the chlorophyll meter readings and the macro and micronutrient contents in oil palm leaflets.
The assessment of plant nutritional requirements may involve quantitative or qualitative aspects (Malavolta, 1980). As an initial step, qualitative assessment is a simple and efficient tool, providing subsidies for further quantitative studies using commonly the Missing Element Technique (SANCHES, 1981; RAIJ, 1991).
With this, the technique of cultivating plants in nutrient solution allows greater control of the composition of the medium and eliminates the heterogeneity and complexity that are typical of soil cultivation(SARRUGE, 1975).
Knowing that there is a direct relationship between mineral nutrition and plant growth, knowledge about nutritional needs becomes essential so that corrections can be made in the face of deficiencies, and thus contribute to their cultivation in differenttypes of soil (NAMBIAR, 1989).
Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the chlorophyll indices in sunflower plants, submitted to omissions of N, P and K in nutrient solution.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
The work was carried out from January to March 2016, in a greenhouse at the Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, in the municipality of Cruz das Almas. The species used to conduct the experiment was the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a helium 360 hybrid, whose seedlings were produced from seeds, in polyethylene trays, using washed sand as a substrate. Eight days after emergence, the seedlings were transplanted into plastic pots with a capacity 2 dm3containing sand washed with substrate.
The experimental design was completely randomized, composed of five treatments and five repetitions, totaling twenty-five experimental units. The treatments were applied in a nutrient solution suggested by Hoagland and Arnom (1950), modified by Sarruge (1975). The studied treatments were: T1- Complete Solution; T2- 50% diluted solution; T3- Omission of N; T4- Omission of P; T5 – Omission of K. The application of treatments started 15 days after emergence.The pH of the solutions was corrected weekly and kept at 5,7 (±1), using 0,01N NaOH or 0,01N HCl, as needed.
After 30 days, the chlorophyll index a, b (CFI – Chlorophyll Folker Index) were analyzed using the electronic chlorophyll content meter Falker model-CFL 1030. The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance and the significant effects of the F test were compared using the Tukey (5%), using the statistical program SISVAR 5.3® (FERREIRA, 2008).
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The omission of nutrients in the nutrient solution interfered in the chlorophyll indexes a, b, the relationship between chlorophyll (a/b) and total chlorophyll of sunflower plants, with significant differences (p<0,01) between the evaluated indexes.
The chlorophyll a indexes of plants grown in the presence of the complete solution showed the best results among the treatments (Table 1). Differently, Lobo et al., (2012) when working with peanut plants subjected to omission of macronutrients, observed that the treatments did not show great variations, highlighting only the omission of potassium that showed higher values than those observed in the cultivation with the solution complete.
Silva et al. (2011), state that since chlorophylls are directly related to the photosynthetic efficiency of vegetables, consequently this will be in line with their development and their ability to adapt to the environment in which they are inserted.
Souza et al., (2012) points out that the essential elements must be present in satisfactory quantities, with alterations in the metabolism of plants when there is a deficiency in plant cells.
Table 1 – Chlorophyll indexes a and b, chlorophyll ratio (a/b) and total chlorophyll index (a+b), of sunflower with
omission of N, P and K in greenhouse. Cruz das Almas, BA, 2016.
Treatments with Chlorophylla Chlorophyllb Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
Omission (mg g-1 MF) (mg g-1 MF) (a / b) (a + b) Complete 24,61 a 7,92 a 3,11 b 32,54 a Diluted 20,84 ab 6,27 b 3,33 b 27,11 ab -N 8,78 c 2,17 c 4,05 a 10,96 c -P 19,95 b 6,14 b 3,24 b 26,10 b -K 20,89 ab 6,20 b 3,41 b 27,09 ab CV (%) 11,39 14,33 8,39 11,87
*Means followed by different letters in the column differ statistically from each other by the Tukey test (P<0,01).
The chlorophyll a/b ratio showed a significant difference between treatments with nitrogen omission, presenting a higher value. Thornber (1975) states that this relative increase may be linked to an increase in the proportion of the chlorophyll a/b collector complex, associated with photosystem I in the "grana", in relation to theP 700 complex (which contains only chlorophyll a – protein) of photosystem II in thylakoids and is easily photooxidized. Mitchell (1979), on the other hand, reports that it may be associated with another factor such as the higher proportion of "grana" in shadow leaf chloroplasts.
Chlorophylla, band total had the lowest averages in the treatment whit N omission, which can be corroborated by Rilner and collaborators (2012), who, when studying suppressed solutions of macronutrients in chili peppers, obtained a reduction in the relative chlorophyll index resulting in
Malavolta et al., (1997) states that the omission of nitrogen in a nutrient solution interfers in both the biochemical and physiological processes of the plant, as well as in ionic absorption, photosynthesis, respiration, multiplication and cell differentiation.Thus, it is clear that these values vary from species to species, as each one has its preference for a certain amount of the nutrient.
4 CONCLUSION
The omission of any of the studied elements drastically affects the chlorophyll indexes in sunflower plants.
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